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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

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,T,O ALL :O >E CAPABLE ( NEW IMPRESSIONS & FRE% ?\<T1 SOME MODIFICATION ( =M] BELIEFS & HOPES HAS BE5 BR\<T BY ! W>4 ,:AT ! MODIFICATION HAS BE5 HAS DEP5D$1 9 EA* CASE1 UPON *>ACT] & CIRCUM/ANCE2 BUT 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R IT HAS BE5 ALMO/ UNIV]SAL4 ,TO ME1 ! *IEF ?+ TO BE LE>N$ ?R\< ! W> HAS BE5 A C]TA9 VIEW ( ! SPR+S ( HUMAN ACTION1 :AT !Y >E1 & :AT WE MAY LEGITIMATELY HOPE ?AT !Y WILL BECOME4 ,?IS VIEW1 IF IT IS TRUE1 SEEMS TO AF=D A BASIS = POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY MORE CAPABLE ( /&+ ]ECT 9 A TIME ( CRISIS ?AN ! PHILOSOPHY ( TRADITIONAL ,LIB]ALISM HAS %[N ITSELF TO BE4 ,! FOLL[+ LECTURES1 ?\< ONLY ONE ( !M WILL DEAL ) W>1 ALL >E 9SPIR$ BY A VIEW ( ! SPR+S ( ACTION :I* HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ! W>4 ,& ALL ( !M >E 9=M$ BY ! HOPE ( SEE+ SU* POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,EUROPE AS %ALL MAKE M5 AV]SE TO W>--A HOPE :I* ,I FIRMLY BELIEVE TO BE REALIZABLE1 ?\< NOT )\T A GREAT & FUNDAM5TAL RECON/RUCTION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE4 

,TO ONE :O /&S \TSIDE ! CYCLE ( BELIEFS & PASSIONS :I* MAKE ! W> SEEM NECESS>Y1 AN ISOLATION1 AN ALMO/ UNBE>ABLE SEP>ATION FROM ! G5]AL ACTIVITY1 BECOMES UNAVOIDABLE4 ,AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! UNIV]SAL DISA/] RAISES COMPASSION 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE1 COMPASSION ITSELF COMPELS ALO(NESS FROM ! IMPULSE TO SELF-DE/RUCTION :I* HAS SWEPT OV] ,EUROPE4 ,! HELPLESS LONG+ TO SAVE M5 FROM ! RU9 T[>DS :I* !Y >E HA/5+ MAKES IT NECESS>Y TO OPPOSE ! /REAM1 TO 9CUR HO/ILITY1 TO BE ?\<T UNFEEL+1 TO LOSE = ! MOM5T ! P[] ( W9N+ BELIEF4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PREV5T O!RS FROM FEEL+ HO/ILE1 BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID ANY RECIPROCAL HO/ILITY ON ONE'S [N P>T1 BY IMAG9ATIVE UND]/&+ & ! SYMPA?Y :I* GR[S \T ( IT4 ,& )\T UND]/&+ & SYMPA?Y IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D A CURE = ! EVIL FROM :I* ! WORLD IS SUFF]+4 ,!RE >E TWO VIEWS ( ! W> NEI!R ( :I* SEEMS TO ME ADEQUATE4 ,! USUAL VIEW 9 ?IS C\NTRY IS ?AT IT IS DUE TO ! WICK$NESS ( ! ,G]MANS2 ! VIEW ( MO/ PACIFI/S ?AT IT IS DUE TO ! DIPLOMATIC TANGLE & TO ! AMBITIONS ( ,GOV]NM5TS4 ,I ?9K BO? !SE VIEWS FAIL TO REALIZE ! EXT5T TO :I* W> GR[S \T ( ORD9>Y HUMAN NATURE4 ,G]MANS1 & ALSO ! M5 :O COMPOSE ,GOV]NM5TS1 >E ON ! :OLE AV]AGE HUMAN BE+S1 ACTUAT$ BY ! SAME PASSIONS ?AT ACTUATE O!RS1 NOT DIFF]+ MU* FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORLD EXCEPT 9 !IR CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,W> IS ACCEPT$ BY M5 :O >E NEI!R ,G]MANS NOR DIPLOMATI/S ) A READ9ESS1 AN ACQUIESC5CE 9 UNTRUE & 9ADEQUATE REASONS1 :I* W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE IF ANY DEEP REPUGNANCE TO W> W]E WIDESPREAD 9 O!R NATIONS OR CLASSES4 ,! UNTRUE ?+S :I* M5 BELIEVE1 & ! TRUE ?+S :I* !Y DISBELIEVE1 >E AN 9DEX TO !IR IMPULSES--NOT NECESS>ILY TO 9DIVIDUAL IMPULSES 9 EA* CASE 7S9CE BELIEFS >E CONTAGI\S71 BUT TO ! G5]AL IMPULSES ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,WE ALL BELIEVE MANY ?+S :I* WE HAVE NO GOOD GR\ND = BELIEV+1 BECAUSE1 SUBCONSCI\SLY1 \R NATURE CRAVES C]TA9 K9DS ( ACTION :I* !SE BELIEFS W\LD R5D] REASONABLE IF !Y W]E TRUE4 ,UNF\ND$ BELIEFS >E ! HOMAGE :I* IMPULSE PAYS TO REASON2 & ?US IT IS ) ! BELIEFS :I*1 OPPOSITE BUT SIMIL>1 MAKE M5 H]E & 9 ,G]MANY BELIEVE IT !IR DUTY TO PROSECUTE ! W>4 

,! FIR/ ?\<T :I* NATURALLY OCCURS TO ONE :O ACCEPTS ?IS VIEW IS ?AT IT W\LD BE WELL IF M5 W]E MORE UND] ! DOM9ION ( REASON4 ,W>1 TO ?OSE :O SEE ?AT IT MU/ NECESS>ILY DO UNTOLD H>M TO ALL ! COMBATANTS1 SEEMS A M]E MADNESS1 A COLLECTIVE 9SANITY 9 :I* ALL ?AT HAS BE5 KN[N 9 TIME ( PEACE IS =GOTT54 ,IF IMPULSES W]E MORE CONTROLL$1 IF ?\<T W]E LESS DOM9AT$ BY PASSION1 M5 W\LD GU>D !IR M9DS AGA9/ ! APPROA*ES ( W> FEV]1 & DISPUTES W\LD BE ADJU/$ AMICABLY4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 BUT IT IS NOT BY ITSELF SUFFICI5T4 ,IT IS ONLY ?OSE 9 :OM ! DESIRE TO ?9K TRULY IS ITSELF A PASSION :O WILL F9D ?IS DESIRE ADEQUATE TO CONTROL ! PASSIONS ( W>4 ,ONLY PASSION CAN CONTROL PASSION1 & ONLY A CONTR>Y IMPULSE OR DESIRE CAN *ECK IMPULSE4 ,REASON1 AS IT IS PREA*$ BY TRADITIONAL MORALI/S1 IS TOO NEGATIVE1 TOO LITTLE LIV+1 TO MAKE A GOOD LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT BY REASON ALONE ?AT W>S CAN BE PREV5T$1 BUT BY A POSITIVE LIFE ( IMPULSES & PASSIONS ANTAGONI/IC TO ?OSE ?AT LEAD TO W>4 ,IT IS ! LIFE ( IMPULSE ?AT NE$S TO BE *ANG$1 NOT ONLY ! LIFE ( CONSCI\S ?\<T4 

,ALL HUMAN ACTIVITY SPR+S FROM TWO S\RCES3 IMPULSE & DESIRE4 ,! P>T PLAY$ BY DESIRE HAS ALWAYS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,:5 M5 F9D !MSELVES NOT FULLY CONT5T$1 & NOT ABLE 9/ANTLY TO PROCURE :AT WILL CAUSE CONT5T1 IMAG9ATION BR+S BE=E !IR M9DS ! ?\<T ( ?+S :I* !Y BELIEVE W\LD MAKE !M HAPPY4 ,ALL DESIRE 9VOLVES AN 9T]VAL ( TIME BETWE5 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( A NE$ & ! OPPORTUNITY = SATISFY+ IT4 ,! ACTS 9SPIR$ BY DESIRE MAY BE 9 !MSELVES PA9FUL1 ! TIME BE=E SATISFACTION CAN BE A*IEV$ MAY BE V]Y LONG1 ! OBJECT DESIR$ MAY BE SOME?+ \TSIDE \R [N LIVES1 & EV5 AFT] \R [N DEA?4 ,WILL1 AS A DIRECT+ =CE1 CONSI/S MA9LY 9 FOLL[+ DESIRES = MORE OR LESS DI/ANT OBJECTS1 9 SPITE ( ! PA9FULNESS ( ! ACTS 9VOLV$ & ! SOLICITATIONS ( 9COMPATIBLE BUT MORE IMM$IATE DESIRES & IMPULSES4 ,ALL ?IS IS FAMILI>1 & POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY HI!RTO HAS BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY BAS$ UPON DESIRE AS ! S\RCE ( HUMAN ACTIONS4 

,BUT DESIRE GOV]NS NO MORE ?AN A P>T ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 & ?AT NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT BUT ONLY ! MORE CONSCI\S1 EXPLICIT1 & CIVILIZ$ P>T4 

,9 ALL ! MORE 9/9CTIVE P>T ( \R NATURE WE >E DOM9AT$ BY IMPULSES TO C]TA9 K9DS ( ACTIVITY1 NOT BY DESIRES = C]TA9 5DS4 ,*ILDR5 RUN & %\T1 NOT BECAUSE ( ANY GOOD :I* !Y EXPECT TO REALIZE1 BUT BECAUSE ( A DIRECT IMPULSE TO RUNN+ & %\T+4 ,DOGS BAY ! MOON1 NOT BECAUSE !Y CONSID] ?AT IT IS TO !IR ADVANTAGE TO DO SO1 BUT BECAUSE !Y FEEL AN IMPULSE TO B>K4 ,IT IS NOT ANY PURPOSE1 BUT M]ELY AN IMPULSE1 ?AT PROMPTS SU* ACTIONS AS EAT+1 DR9K+1 LOVE-MAK+1 QU>REL+1 BOA/+4 ,?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT MAN IS A RATIONAL ANIMAL WILL SAY ?AT PEOPLE BOA/ 9 ORD] ?AT O!RS MAY HAVE A GOOD OP9ION ( !M2 BUT MO/ ( US CAN RECALL OCCASIONS :5 WE HAVE BOA/$ 9 SPITE ( KN[+ ?AT WE %\LD BE DESPIS$ = IT4 ,9/9CTIVE ACTS NORMALLY A*IEVE SOME RESULT :I* IS AGREEABLE TO ! NATURAL MAN1 BUT !Y >E NOT P]=M$ FROM DESIRE = ?IS RESULT4 ,!Y >E P]=M$ FROM DIRECT IMPULSE1 & ! IMPULSE IS (T5 /RONG EV5 9 CASES 9 :I* ! NORMAL DESIRABLE RESULT CANNOT FOLL[4 ,GR[N M5 LIKE TO IMAG9E !MSELVES MORE RATIONAL ?AN *ILDR5 & DOGS1 & UNCONSCI\SLY CONCEAL FROM !MSELVES H[ GREAT A P>T IMPULSE PLAYS 9 !IR LIVES4 ,?IS UNCONSCI\S CONCEALM5T ALWAYS FOLL[S A C]TA9 G5]AL PLAN4 ,:5 AN IMPULSE IS NOT 9DULG$ 9 ! MOM5T 9 :I* IT >ISES1 !RE GR[S UP A DESIRE = ! EXPECT$ CONSEQU5CES ( 9DULG+ ! IMPULSE4 ,IF SOME ( ! CONSEQU5CES :I* >E REASONABLY TO BE EXPECT$ >E CLE>LY DISAGREEABLE1 A CONFLICT BETWE5 =ESI<T & IMPULSE >ISES4 ,IF ! IMPULSE IS WEAK1 =ESI<T MAY CONQU]2 ?IS IS :AT IS CALL$ ACT+ ON REASON4 ,IF ! IMPULSE IS /RONG1 EI!R =ESI<T WILL BE FALSIFI$1 & ! DISAGREEABLE CONSEQU5CES WILL BE =GOTT51 OR1 9 M5 ( A H]OIC MOLD1 ! CONSEQU5CES MAY BE RECKLESSLY ACCEPT$4 ,:5 ,MACBE? REALIZES ?AT HE IS DOOM$ TO DEFEAT1 HE DOES NOT %R9K FROM ! FI<T2 HE EXCLAIMS3- 

,LAY ON1 ,MACDUFF1 

,& DAMN$ BE HIM ?AT FIR/ CRIES1 ,HOLD1 5\<6 

,BUT SU* /R5G? & RECKLESSNESS ( IMPULSE IS R>E4 ,MO/ M51 :5 !IR IMPULSE IS /RONG1 SUCCE$ 9 P]SUAD+ !MSELVES1 USUALLY BY A SUBCONSCI\S SELECTIV5ESS ( ATT5TION1 ?AT AGREEABLE CONSEQU5CES WILL FOLL[ FROM ! 9DULG5CE ( !IR IMPULSE4 ,:OLE PHILOSOPHIES1 :OLE SY/EMS ( E?ICAL VALUATION1 SPR+ UP 9 ?IS WAY3 !Y >E ! EMBODIM5T ( A K9D ( ?\<T :I* IS SUBS]VI5T TO IMPULSE1 :I* AIMS AT PROVID+ A QUASI-RATIONAL GR\ND = ! 9DULG5CE ( IMPULSE4 ,! ONLY ?\<T :I* IS G5U9E IS ?AT :I* SPR+S \T ( ! 9TELLECTUAL IMPULSE ( CURIOSITY1 LEAD+ TO ! DESIRE TO KN[ & UND]/&4 ,BUT MO/ ( :AT PASSES = ?\<T IS 9SPIR$ BY SOME NON9TELLECTUAL IMPULSE1 & IS M]ELY A MEANS ( P]SUAD+ \RSELVES ?AT WE %ALL NOT BE DISAPPO9T$ OR DO H>M IF WE 9DULGE ?IS IMPULSE4.<#a.> 

,:5 AN IMPULSE IS RE/RA9$1 WE FEEL DISCOM=T OR EV5 VIOL5T PA94 ,WE MAY 9DULGE ! IMPULSE 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS PA91 & \R ACTION IS !N ONE :I* HAS A PURPOSE4 ,BUT ! PA9 ONLY EXI/S BECAUSE ( ! IMPULSE1 & ! IMPULSE ITSELF IS DIRECT$ TO AN ACT1 NOT TO ESCAP+ FROM ! PA9 ( RE/RA9+ ! IMPULSE4 ,! IMPULSE ITSELF REMA9S )\T A PURPOSE1 & ! PURPOSE ( ESCAP+ FROM PA9 ONLY >ISES :5 ! IMPULSE HAS BE5 MOM5T>ILY RE/RA9$4 

,IMPULSE IS AT ! BASIS ( \R ACTIVITY1 MU* MORE ?AN DESIRE4 ,DESIRE HAS ITS PLACE1 BUT NOT SO L>GE A PLACE AS IT SEEM$ TO HAVE4 ,IMPULSES BR+ ) !M A :OLE TRA9 ( SUBS]VI5T FICTITI\S DESIRES3 !Y MAKE M5 FEEL ?AT !Y DESIRE ! RESULTS :I* WILL FOLL[ FROM 9DULG+ ! IMPULSES1 & ?AT !Y >E ACT+ = ! SAKE ( !SE RESULTS1 :5 9 FACT !IR ACTION HAS NO MOTIVE \TSIDE ITSELF4 ,A MAN MAY WRITE A BOOK OR PA9T A PICTURE UND] ! BELIEF ?AT HE DESIRES ! PRAISE :I* IT WILL BR+ HIM2 BUT AS SOON AS IT IS F9I%$1 IF HIS CREATIVE IMPULSE IS NOT EXHAU/$1 :AT HE HAS DONE GR[S UN9T]E/+ TO HIM1 & HE BEG9S A NEW PIECE ( WORK4 ,:AT APPLIES TO >TI/IC CREATION APPLIES EQUALLY TO ALL ?AT IS MO/ VITAL 9 \R LIVES3 DIRECT IMPULSE IS :AT MOVES US1 & ! DESIRES :I* WE ?9K WE HAVE >E A M]E G>M5T = ! IMPULSE4 

,DESIRE1 AS OPPOS$ TO IMPULSE1 HAS1 IT IS TRUE1 A L>GE & 9CREAS+ %>E 9 ! REGULATION ( M5'S LIVES4 ,IMPULSE IS ]RATIC & AN>*ICAL1 NOT EASILY FITT$ 9TO A WELL-REGULAT$ SY/EM2 IT MAY BE TOL]AT$ 9 *ILDR5 & >TI/S1 BUT IT IS NOT ?\<T PROP] TO M5 :O HOPE TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,ALMO/ ALL PAID WORK IS DONE FROM DESIRE1 NOT FROM IMPULSE3 ! WORK ITSELF IS MORE OR LESS IRKSOME1 BUT ! PAYM5T = IT IS DESIR$4 ,! S]I\S ACTIVITIES ?AT FILL A MAN'S WORK+ H\RS >E1 EXCEPT 9 A FEW =TUNATE 9DIVIDUALS1 GOV]N$ MA9LY BY PURPOSES1 NOT BY IMPULSES T[>DS ?OSE ACTIVITIES4 ,9 ?IS H>DLY ANY ONE SEES AN EVIL1 BECAUSE ! PLACE ( IMPULSE 9 A SATISFACTORY EXI/5CE IS NOT RECOGNIZ$4 

,AN IMPULSE1 TO ONE :O DOES NOT %>E IT ACTUALLY OR IMAG9ATIVELY1 WILL ALWAYS SEEM TO BE MAD4 ,ALL IMPULSE IS ESS5TIALLY BL9D1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT DOES NOT SPR+ FROM ANY PREVISION ( CONSEQU5CES4 ,! MAN :O DOES NOT %>E ! IMPULSE WILL =M A DIFF]5T E/IMATE AS TO :AT ! CONSEQU5CES WILL BE1 & AS TO :E!R ?OSE ?AT MU/ 5SUE >E DESIRABLE4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION WILL SEEM TO BE E?ICAL OR 9TELLECTUAL1 :]EAS ITS REAL BASIS IS A DIFF]5CE ( IMPULSE4 ,NO G5U9E AGREEM5T WILL BE REA*$1 9 SU* A CASE1 SO LONG AS ! DIFF]5CE ( IMPULSE P]SI/S4 ,9 ALL M5 :O HAVE ANY VIGOR\S LIFE1 !RE >E /RONG IMPULSES SU* AS MAY SEEM UTT]LY UNREASONABLE TO O!RS4 ,BL9D IMPULSES SOMETIMES LEAD TO DE/RUCTION & DEA?1 BUT AT O!R TIMES !Y LEAD TO ! BE/ ?+S ! WORLD CONTA9S4 ,BL9D IMPULSE IS ! S\RCE ( W>1 BUT IT IS ALSO ! S\RCE ( SCI5CE1 & >T1 & LOVE4 ,IT IS NOT ! WEAK5+ ( IMPULSE ?AT IS TO BE DESIR$1 BUT ! DIRECTION ( IMPULSE T[>DS LIFE & GR[? RA!R ?AN T[>DS DEA? & DECAY4 

,! COMPLETE CONTROL ( IMPULSE BY WILL1 :I* IS SOMETIMES PREA*$ BY MORALI/S1 & (T5 5=C$ BY ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 IS NOT REALLY DESIRABLE4 ,A LIFE GOV]N$ BY PURPOSES & DESIRES1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( IMPULSE1 IS A TIR+ LIFE2 IT EXHAU/S VITALITY1 & LEAVES A MAN1 9 ! 5D1 9DIFF]5T TO ! V]Y PURPOSES :I* HE HAS BE5 TRY+ TO A*IEVE4 ,:5 A :OLE NATION LIVES 9 ?IS WAY1 ! :OLE NATION T5DS TO BECOME FEEBLE1 )\T 5\< GRASP TO RECOGNIZE & OV]COME ! OB/ACLES TO ITS DESIRES4 ,9DU/RIALISM & ORGANIZATION >E CON/ANTLY =C+ CIVILIZ$ NATIONS TO LIVE MORE & MORE BY PURPOSE RA!R ?AN IMPULSE4 ,9 ! LONG RUN SU* A MODE ( EXI/5CE1 IF IT DOES NOT DRY UP ! SPR+S ( LIFE1 PRODUCES NEW IMPULSES1 NOT ( ! K9D :I* ! WILL HAS BE5 9 ! HABIT ( CONTROLL+ OR ( :I* ?\<T IS CONSCI\S4 ,!SE NEW IMPULSES >E APT TO BE WORSE 9 !IR EFFECTS ?AN ?OSE ?AT HAVE BE5 *ECK$4 ,EXCESSIVE DISCIPL9E1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT IS IMPOS$ FROM )\T1 (T5 ISSUES 9 IMPULSES ( CRUELTY & DE/RUCTION2 ?IS IS ONE REASON :Y MILIT>ISM HAS A BAD EFFECT ON NATIONAL *>ACT]4 ,EI!R LACK ( VITALITY1 OR IMPULSES :I* >E OPPRESSIVE & AGA9/ LIFE1 WILL ALMO/ ALWAYS RESULT IF ! SPONTANE\S IMPULSES >E NOT ABLE TO F9D AN \TLET4 ,A MAN'S IMPULSES >E NOT FIX$ FROM ! BEG9N+ BY HIS NATIVE DISPOSITION3 )9 C]TA9 WIDE LIMITS1 !Y >E PR(\NDLY MODIFI$ BY HIS CIRCUM/ANCES & HIS WAY ( LIFE4 ,! NATURE ( !SE MODIFICATIONS \<T TO BE /UDI$1 & ! RESULTS ( SU* /UDY \<T TO BE TAK5 ACC\NT ( 9 JUDG+ ! GOOD OR H>M ?AT IS DONE BY POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! W> HAS GR[N1 9 ! MA91 \T ( ! LIFE ( IMPULSE1 NOT \T ( REASON OR DESIRE4 ,!RE IS AN IMPULSE ( AGGRESSION1 & AN IMPULSE ( RESI/ANCE TO AGGRESSION4 ,EI!R MAY1 ON OCCASION1 BE 9 ACCORDANCE ) REASON1 BUT BO? >E OP]ATIVE 9 MANY CASES 9 :I* !Y >E QUITE CONTR>Y TO REASON4 ,EA* IMPULSE PRODUCES A :OLE H>VE/ ( ATT5DANT BELIEFS4 ,! BELIEFS APPROPRIATE TO ! IMPULSE ( AGGRESSION MAY BE SE5 9 ,B]NH>DI1 OR 9 ! E>LY ,MOHAMM$AN CONQU]ORS1 OR1 9 FULL P]FECTION1 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,JO%UA4 ,!RE IS FIR/ ( ALL A CONVICTION ( ! SUP]IOR EXCELL5CE ( ONE'S [N GR\P1 A C]TA9TY ?AT !Y >E 9 SOME S5SE ! *OS5 PEOPLE4 ,?IS JU/IFIES ! FEEL+ ?AT ONLY ! GOOD & EVIL ( ONE'S [N GR\P IS ( REAL IMPORTANCE1 & ?AT ! RE/ ( ! WORLD IS TO BE REG>D$ M]ELY AS MAT]IAL = ! TRIUMPH OR SALVATION ( ! HI<] RACE4 ,9 MOD]N POLITICS ?IS ATTITUDE IS EMBODI$ 9 IMP]IALISM4 ,EUROPE AS A :OLE HAS ?IS ATTITUDE T[>DS ,ASIA & ,AFRICA1 & MANY ,G]MANS HAVE ?IS ATTITUDE T[>DS ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE4 

,CORRELATIVE TO ! IMPULSE ( AGGRESSION IS ! IMPULSE ( RESI/ANCE TO AGGRESSION4 ,?IS IMPULSE IS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,ISRAELITES TO ! ,PHILI/9ES OR ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE TO ! ,MOHAMM$ANS4 ,! BELIEFS :I* IT PRODUCES >E BELIEFS 9 ! PECULI> WICK$NESS ( ?OSE :OSE AGGRESSION IS FE>$1 & 9 ! IMM5SE VALUE ( NATIONAL CU/OMS :I* !Y MI<T SUPPRESS IF !Y W]E VICTORI\S4 ,:5 ! W> BROKE \T1 ALL ! REACTION>IES 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE BEGAN TO SPEAK ( ! DANG] TO DEMOCRACY1 AL?\< UNTIL ?AT MOM5T !Y HAD OPPOS$ DEMOCRACY ) ALL !IR /R5G?4 ,!Y W]E NOT 9S9C]E 9 SO SPEAK+3 ! IMPULSE ( RESI/ANCE TO ,G]MANY MADE !M VALUE :ATEV] WAS 5DANG]$ BY ! ,G]MAN ATTACK4 ,!Y LOV$ DEMOCRACY BECAUSE !Y HAT$ ,G]MANY2 BUT !Y ?\<T !Y HAT$ ,G]MANY BECAUSE !Y LOV$ DEMOCRACY4 

,! CORRELATIVE IMPULSES ( AGGRESSION & RESI/ANCE TO AGGRESSION HAVE BO? BE5 OP]ATIVE 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES 5GAG$ 9 ! W>4 ,?OSE :O HAVE NOT BE5 DOM9AT$ BY ONE OR O!R ( !SE IMPULSES MAY BE R\<LY DIVID$ 9TO ?REE CLASSES4 ,!RE >E1 FIR/1 M5 :OSE NATIONAL S5TIM5T IS ANTAGONI/IC TO ! ,/ATE TO :I* !Y >E SUBJECT4 ,?IS CLASS 9CLUDES SOME ,IRI%1 ,POLES1 ,F9NS1 ,JEWS1 & O!R MEMB]S ( OPPRESS$ NATIONS4 ,FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW1 !SE M5 MAY BE OMITT$ FROM \R CONSID]ATION1 S9CE !Y HAVE ! SAME IMPULSIVE NATURE AS ?OSE :O FI<T1 & DIFF] M]ELY 9 EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,! SECOND CLASS ( M5 :O HAVE NOT BE5 P>T ( ! =CE SUPPORT+ ! W> HAVE BE5 ?OSE :OSE IMPULSIVE NATURE IS MORE OR LESS ATROPHI$4 ,OPPON5TS ( PACIFISM SUPPOSE ?AT ALL PACIFI/S BELONG TO ?IS CLASS1 EXCEPT :5 !Y >E 9 ,G]MAN PAY4 ,IT IS ?\<T ?AT PACIFI/S >E BLOODLESS1 M5 )\T PASSIONS1 M5 :O CAN LOOK ON & REASON ) COLD DETA*M5T :ILE !IR BRO!RS >E GIV+ !IR LIVES = !IR C\NTRY4 ,AMONG ?OSE :O >E M]ELY PASSIVELY PACIFI/1 & DO NO MORE ?AN AB/A9 FROM ACTIVELY TAK+ P>T 9 ! W>1 !RE MAY BE A C]TA9 PROPORTION ( :OM ?IS IS TRUE4 ,I ?9K ! SUPPORT]S ( W> W\LD BE RI<T 9 DECRY+ SU* M54 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ! DE/RUCTION :I* IS WR\<T BY ! IMPULSES ?AT LEAD TO W>1 !RE IS MORE HOPE = A NATION :I* HAS !SE IMPULSES ?AN = A NATION 9 :I* ALL IMPULSE IS DEAD4 ,IMPULSE IS ! EXPRESSION ( LIFE1 & :ILE IT EXI/S !RE IS HOPE ( ITS TURN+ T[>DS LIFE 9/EAD ( T[>DS DEA?2 BUT LACK ( IMPULSE IS DEA?1 & \T ( DEA? NO NEW LIFE WILL COME4 

,! ACTIVE PACIFI/S1 H[EV]1 >E NOT ( ?IS CLASS3 !Y >E NOT M5 )\T IMPULSIVE =CE BUT M5 9 :OM SOME IMPULSE TO :I* W> IS HO/ILE IS /RONG 5\< TO OV]COME ! IMPULSES ?AT LEAD TO W>4 ,IT IS NOT ! ACT ( A PASSIONLESS MAN TO ?R[ HIMSELF A?W>T ! :OLE MOVEM5T ( ! NATIONAL LIFE1 TO URGE AN \TW>DLY HOPELESS CAUSE1 TO 9CUR OBLOQUY & TO RESI/ ! CONTAGION ( COLLECTIVE EMOTION4 ,! IMPULSE TO AVOID ! HO/ILITY ( PUBLIC OP9ION IS ONE ( ! /RONGE/ 9 HUMAN NATURE1 & CAN ONLY BE OV]COME BY AN UNUSUAL =CE ( DIRECT & UNCALCULAT+ IMPULSE2 IT IS NOT COLD REASON ALONE ?AT CAN PROMPT SU* AN ACT4 

,IMPULSES MAY BE DIVID$ 9TO ?OSE ?AT MAKE = LIFE & ?OSE ?AT MAKE = DEA?4 ,! IMPULSES EMBODI$ 9 ! W> >E AMONG ?OSE ?AT MAKE = DEA?4 ,ANY ONE ( ! IMPULSES ?AT MAKE = LIFE1 IF IT IS /RONG 5\<1 WILL LEAD A MAN TO /& \T AGA9/ ! W>4 ,SOME ( !SE IMPULSES >E ONLY /RONG 9 HI<LY CIVILIZ$ M52 SOME >E P>T ( COMMON HUMANITY4 ,! IMPULSES T[>DS >T & SCI5CE >E AMONG ! MORE CIVILIZ$ ( ?OSE ?AT MAKE = LIFE4 ,MANY >TI/S HAVE REMA9$ :OLLY UNT\*$ BY ! PASSIONS ( ! W>1 NOT FROM FEEBL5ESS ( FEEL+1 BUT BECAUSE ! CREATIVE 9/9CT1 ! PURSUIT ( A VISION1 MAKES !M CRITICAL ( ! ASSAULTS ( NATIONAL PASSION1 & NOT RESPONSIVE TO ! MY? 9 :I* ! IMPULSE ( PUGNACITY CLO!S ITSELF4 ,& ! FEW M5 9 :OM ! SCI5TIFIC IMPULSE IS DOM9ANT HAVE NOTIC$ ! RIVAL MY?S ( W>R+ GR\PS1 & HAVE BE5 L$ ?R\< UND]/&+ TO NEUTRALITY4 ,BUT IT IS NOT \T ( SU* REF9$ IMPULSES ?AT A POPUL> =CE CAN BE G5]AT$ :I* %ALL BE SUFFICI5T TO TRANS=M ! WORLD4 

,!RE >E ?REE =CES ON ! SIDE ( LIFE :I* REQUIRE NO EXCEPTIONAL M5TAL 5D[M5T1 :I* >E NOT V]Y R>E AT PRES5T1 & MI<T BE V]Y COMMON UND] BETT] SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y >E LOVE1 ! 9/9CT ( CON/RUCTIV5ESS1 & ! JOY ( LIFE4 ,ALL ?REE >E *ECK$ & 5FEEBL$ AT PRES5T BY ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* M5 LIVE--NOT ONLY ! LESS \TW>DLY =TUNATE1 BUT ALSO ! MAJORITY ( ! WELL-TO-DO4 ,\R 9/ITUTIONS RE/ UPON 9JU/ICE & AU?ORITY3 IT IS ONLY BY CLOS+ \R HE>TS AGA9/ SYMPA?Y & \R M9DS AGA9/ TRU? ?AT WE CAN 5DURE ! OPPRESSIONS & UNFAIRNESSES BY :I* WE PR(IT4 ,! CONV5TIONAL CONCEPTION ( :AT CON/ITUTES SUCCESS LEADS MO/ M5 TO LIVE A LIFE 9 :I* !IR MO/ VITAL IMPULSES >E SACRIFIC$1 & ! JOY ( LIFE IS LO/ 9 LI/LESS WE>9ESS4 ,\R ECONOMIC SY/EM COMPELS ALMO/ ALL M5 TO C>RY \T ! PURPOSES ( O!RS RA!R ?AN !IR [N1 MAK+ !M FEEL IMPOT5T 9 ACTION & ONLY ABLE TO SECURE A C]TA9 MODICUM ( PASSIVE PLEASURE4 ,ALL !SE ?+S DE/ROY ! VIGOR ( ! COMMUNITY1 ! EXPANSIVE AFFECTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ! P[] ( VIEW+ ! WORLD G5]\SLY4 ,ALL !SE ?+S >E UNNECESS>Y & CAN BE 5D$ BY WISDOM & C\RAGE4 ,IF !Y W]E 5D$1 ! IMPULSIVE LIFE ( M5 W\LD BECOME :OLLY DIFF]5T1 & ! HUMAN RACE MI<T TRAVEL T[>DS A NEW HAPP9ESS & A NEW VIGOR4 ,TO URGE ?IS HOPE IS ! PURPOSE ( !SE LECTURES4 

,! IMPULSES & DESIRES ( M5 & WOM51 9 SO F> AS !Y >E ( REAL IMPORTANCE 9 !IR LIVES1 >E NOT DETA*$ ONE FROM ANO!R1 BUT PROCE$ FROM A C5TRAL PR9CIPLE ( GR[?1 AN 9/9CTIVE URG5CY LEAD+ !M 9 A C]TA9 DIRECTION1 AS TREES SEEK ! LI<T44 ,SO LONG AS ?IS 9/9CTIVE MOVEM5T IS NOT ?W>T$1 :ATEV] MIS=TUNES MAY OCCUR >E NOT FUNDAM5TAL DISA/]S1 & DO NOT PRODUCE ?OSE DI/ORTIONS :I* RESULT FROM 9T]F]5CE ) NATURAL GR[?4 ,?IS 9TIMATE C5T] 9 EA* HUMAN BE+ IS :AT IMAG9ATION MU/ APPREH5D IF WE >E TO UND]/& HIM 9TUITIVELY4 ,IT DIFF]S FROM MAN TO MAN1 & DET]M9ES = EA* MAN ! TYPE ( EXCELL5CE ( :I* HE IS CAPABLE4 ,! UTMO/ ?AT SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN DO = A MAN IS TO MAKE HIS [N GR[? FREE & VIGOR\S3 !Y CANNOT =CE HIM TO GR[ ACCORD+ TO ! PATT]N ( ANO!R MAN4 ,!RE >E 9 M5 SOME IMPULSES & DESIRES--= EXAMPLE1 ?OSE T[>DS DRUGS--:I* DO NOT GR[ \T ( ! C5TRAL PR9CIPLE2 SU* IMPULSES1 :5 !Y BECOME /RONG 5\< TO BE H>MFUL1 HAVE TO BE *ECK$ BY SELF-DISCIPL9E4 ,O!R IMPULSES1 ?\< !Y MAY GR[ \T ( ! C5TRAL PR9CIPLE 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 MAY BE 9JURI\S TO ! GR[? ( O!RS1 & !Y NE$ TO BE *ECK$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( O!RS4 ,BUT 9 ! MA91 ! IMPULSES :I* >E 9JURI\S TO O!RS T5D TO RESULT FROM ?W>T$ GR[?1 & TO BE LEA/ 9 ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 UNIMP$$ 9 !IR 9/9CTIVE DEVELOPM5T4 

,M51 LIKE TREES1 REQUIRE = !IR GR[? ! RI<T SOIL & A SUFFICI5T FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION4 ,!SE CAN BE HELP$ OR H9D]$ BY POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! SOIL & ! FRE$OM REQUIR$ = A MAN'S GR[? >E IMMEASURABLY MORE DIFFICULT TO DISCOV] & TO OBTA9 ?AN ! SOIL & ! FRE$OM REQUIR$ = ! GR[? ( A TREE4 ,& ! FULL GR[? :I* MAY BE HOP$ = CANNOT BE DEF9$ OR DEMON/RAT$2 IT IS SUBTLE & COMPLEX1 IT CAN ONLY BE FELT BY A DELICATE 9TUITION & DIMLY APPREH5D$ BY IMAG9ATION & RESPECT4 ,IT DEP5DS NOT ONLY OR *IEFLY UPON ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T1 BUT UPON BELIEFS & AFFECTIONS1 UPON OPPORTUNITIES = ACTION1 & UPON ! :OLE LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! MORE DEVELOP$ & CIVILIZ$ ! TYPE ( MAN ! MORE ELABORATE >E ! CONDITIONS ( HIS GR[?1 & ! MORE DEP5D5T !Y BECOME UPON ! G5]AL /ATE ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* HE LIVES4 ,A MAN'S NE$S & DESIRES >E NOT CONF9$ TO HIS [N LIFE4 ,IF HIS M9D IS COMPREH5SIVE & HIS IMAG9ATION VIVID1 ! FAILURES ( ! COMMUNITY TO :I* HE BELONGS >E HIS FAILURES1 & ITS SUCCESSES >E HIS SUCCESSES3 ACCORD+ AS HIS COMMUNITY SUCCE$S OR FAILS1 HIS [N GR[? IS N\RI%$ OR IMP$$4 

,9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 ! PR9CIPLE ( GR[? 9 MO/ M5 & WOM5 IS HAMP]$ BY 9/ITUTIONS 9H]IT$ FROM A SIMPL] AGE4 ,BY ! PROGRESS ( ?\<T & KN[L$GE1 & BY ! 9CREASE 9 COMM& OV] ! =CES ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD1 NEW POSSIBILITIES ( GR[? HAVE COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 & HAVE GIV5 RISE TO NEW CLAIMS :I* MU/ BE SATISFI$ IF ?OSE :O MAKE !M >E NOT TO BE ?W>T$4 ,!RE IS LESS ACQUIESC5CE 9 LIMITATIONS :I* >E NO LONG] UNAVOIDABLE1 & LESS POSSIBILITY ( A GOOD LIFE :ILE ?OSE LIMITATIONS REMA94 ,9/ITUTIONS :I* GIVE MU* GREAT] OPPORTUNITIES TO SOME CLASSES ?AN TO O!RS >E NO LONG] RECOGNIZ$ AS JU/ BY ! LESS =TUNATE1 ?\< ! MORE =TUNATE /ILL DEF5D !M VEHEM5TLY4 ,H5CE >ISES A UNIV]SAL /RIFE1 9 :I* TRADITION & AU?ORITY >E >RAY$ AGA9/ LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 ,\R PR(ESS$ MORALITY1 BE+ TRADITIONAL1 LOSES ITS HOLD UPON ?OSE :O >E 9 REVOLT4 ,COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! DEF5D]S ( ! OLD & ! *AMPIONS ( ! NEW HAS BECOME ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AN 9TIMATE DISUNION HAS 5T]$ 9TO ALMO/ ALL ! RELATIONS ( LIFE 9 CONT9UALLY 9CREAS+ MEASURE4 ,9 ! FI<T = FRE$OM1 M5 & WOM5 BECOME 9CREAS+LY UNABLE TO BREAK D[N ! WALLS ( ! ,EGO & A*IEVE ! GR[? :I* COMES FROM A REAL & VITAL UNION4 

,ALL \R 9/ITUTIONS HAVE !IR HI/ORIC BASIS 9 ,AU?ORITY4 ,! UNQUE/ION$ AU?ORITY ( ! ,ORI5TAL DESPOT F\ND ITS RELIGI\S EXPRESSION 9 ! OMNIPOT5T ,CREATOR1 :OSE GLORY WAS ! SOLE 5D ( MAN1 & AGA9/ :OM MAN HAD NO RI<TS4 ,?IS AU?ORITY DESC5D$ TO ! ,EMP]OR & ,POPE1 TO ! K+S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 TO ! NOBLES 9 ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 & EV5 TO EV]Y HUSB& & FA!R 9 HIS DEAL+S ) HIS WIFE & *ILDR54 ,! ,*UR* WAS ! DIRECT EMBODIM5T ( ! ,DIV9E AU?ORITY1 ! ,/ATE & ! LAW W]E CON/ITUT$ BY ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,K+1 PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 L& GREW \T ( ! AU?ORITY ( CONQU]+ B>ONS1 & ! FAMILY WAS GOV]N$ BY ! AU?ORITY ( ! PAT]-FAMILIAS4 

,! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES P]MITT$ ONLY A =TUNATE FEW TO DEVELOP FREELY3 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( MANK9D EXI/$ TO M9I/] TO ! FEW4 ,BUT SO LONG AS AU?ORITY WAS G5U9ELY RESPECT$ & ACKN[L$G$ EV5 BY ITS LEA/ =TUNATE SUBJECTS1 M$IEVAL SOCIETY REMA9$ ORGANIC & NOT FUNDAM5TALLY HO/ILE TO LIFE1 S9CE \TW>D SUBMISSION WAS COMPATIBLE ) 9W>D FRE$OM BECAUSE IT WAS VOLUNT>Y4 ,! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,WE/]N ,*RI/5DOM EMBODI$ A !ORY :I* WAS REALLY BELIEV$1 AS NO !ORY BY :I* \R PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE DEF5D$ IS N[ BELIEV$4 

,! M$IEVAL !ORY ( LIFE BROKE D[N ?R\< ITS FAILURE TO SATISFY M5'S DEM&S = JU/ICE & LIB]TY4 ,UND] ! /RESS ( OPPRESSION1 :5 RUL]S EXCE$$ !IR !ORETICAL P[]S1 ! VICTIMS W]E =C$ TO REALIZE ?AT !Y !MSELVES ALSO HAD RI<TS1 & NE$ NOT LIVE M]ELY TO 9CREASE ! GLORY ( ! FEW4 ,GRADUALLY IT CAME TO BE SE5 ?AT IF M5 HAVE P[]1 !Y >E LIKELY TO ABUSE IT1 & ?AT AU?ORITY 9 PRACTICE MEANS TYRANNY4 ,BECAUSE ! CLAIM TO JU/ICE WAS RESI/$ BY ! HOLD]S ( P[]1 M5 BECAME MORE & MORE SEP>ATE UNITS1 EA* FI<T+ = HIS [N RI<TS1 NOT A G5U9E COMMUNITY B\ND TOGE!R BY AN ORGANIC COMMON PURPOSE4 ,?IS ABS5CE ( A COMMON PURPOSE HAS BECOME A S\RCE ( UNHAPP9ESS4 ,ONE ( ! REASONS :I* L$ MANY M5 TO WELCOME ! \TBREAK ( ! PRES5T W> WAS ?AT IT MADE EA* NATION AGA9 A :OLE COMMUNITY ) A S+LE PURPOSE4 ,IT DID ?IS BY DE/ROY+1 = ! PRES5T1 ! BEG9N+S ( A S+LE PURPOSE 9 ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD AS A :OLE2 BUT !SE BEG9N+S W]E AS YET SO FEEBLE ?AT FEW W]E MU* AFFECT$ BY !IR DE/RUCTION4 ,M5 REJOIC$ 9 ! NEW S5SE ( UNITY ) !IR COMPATRIOTS MORE ?AN !Y M9D$ ! 9CREAS$ SEP>ATION FROM !IR 5EMIES4 

,! H>D5+ & SEP>ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! C\RSE ( ! FI<T = FRE$OM HAS BE5 9EVITABLE1 & IS NOT LIKELY EV] TO BE :OLLY UNDONE4 ,:AT IS NECESS>Y1 IF AN ORGANIC SOCIETY IS TO GR[ UP1 IS ?AT \R 9/ITUTIONS %\LD BE SO FUNDAM5TALLY *ANG$ AS TO EMBODY ?AT NEW RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS RI<TS :I* MOD]N FEEL+ DEM&S4 ,! M$IEVAL ,EMPIRE & ,*UR* SWEPT AWAY ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!RE W]E H]ETICS1 BUT !Y W]E MASSACR$ REL5TLESSLY1 )\T ANY ( ! QUALMS >\S$ BY LAT] P]SECUTIONS4 ,& !Y1 LIKE !IR P]SECUTORS1 W]E P]SUAD$ ?AT !RE \<T TO BE ONE UNIV]SAL ,*UR*3 !Y DIFF]$ ONLY AS TO :AT ITS CRE$ %\LD BE4 ,AMONG A FEW M5 ( >T & LETT]S1 ! ,R5AISSANCE UND]M9$ ! M$IEVAL !ORY1 )\T1 H[EV]1 REPLAC+ IT BY ANY?+ BUT SKEPTICISM & CONFUSION4 ,! FIR/ S]I\S BREA* 9 ?IS M$IEVAL !ORY WAS CAUS$ BY ,LU!R'S ASS]TION ( ! RI<T ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T & ! FALLIBILITY ( ,G5]AL ,C\NCILS4 ,\T ( ?IS ASS]TION GREW 9EVITABLY1 ) TIME1 ! BELIEF ?AT A MAN'S RELIGION C\LD NOT BE DET]M9$ = HIM BY AU?ORITY1 BUT MU/ BE LEFT TO ! FREE *OICE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT WAS 9 MATT]S ( RELIGION ?AT ! BATTLE = LIB]TY BEGAN1 & IT IS 9 MATT]S ( RELIGION ?AT IT HAS COME NE>E/ TO A COMPLETE VICTORY4.<#b.> 

,! DEVELOPM5T ?R\< EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM TO /RIFE1 & !NCE1 ONE HOPES1 TO A NEW RE9TEGRATION1 IS TO BE SE5 9 ALMO/ EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( LIFE4 ,CLAIMS >E ADVANC$ 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE1 & RESI/$ 9 ! NAME ( TRADITION & PRESCRIPTIVE RI<T4 ,EA* SIDE HONE/LY BELIEVES ?AT IT DES]VES TO TRIUMPH1 BECAUSE TWO !ORIES ( SOCIETY EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE 9 \R ?\<T1 & M5 *OOSE1 UNCONSCI\SLY1 ! !ORY :I* FITS !IR CASE4 ,BECAUSE ! BATTLE IS LONG & >DU\S ALL G5]AL !ORY IS GRADUALLY =GOTT52 9 ! 5D1 NO?+ REMA9S BUT SELF-ASS]TION1 & :5 ! OPPRESS$ W9 FRE$OM !Y >E AS OPPRESSIVE AS !IR =M] MA/]S4 

,?IS IS SE5 MO/ CRUDELY 9 ! CASE ( :AT IS CALL$ NATIONALISM4 ,NATIONALISM1 9 !ORY1 IS ! DOCTR9E ?AT M51 BY !IR SYMPA?IES & TRADITIONS1 =M NATURAL GR\PS1 CALL$ 0NATIONS10 EA* ( :I* \<T TO BE UNIT$ UND] ONE C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! MA9 ?IS DOCTR9E MAY BE CONC$$4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE ! DOCTR9E TAKES A MORE P]SONAL =M4 0,I BELONG10 ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALI/ >GUES1 0BY SYMPA?Y & TRADITION TO NATION ,A1 BUT ,I AM SUBJECT TO A GOV]NM5T :I* IS 9 ! H&S ( NATION ,B4 ,?IS IS AN 9JU/ICE1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALISM1 BUT BECAUSE NATION ,A IS G5]\S1 PROGRESSIVE1 & CIVILIZ$1 :ILE NATION ,B IS OPPRESSIVE1 RETROGRADE1 & B>B>\S4 ,BECAUSE ?IS IS SO1 NATION ,A DES]VES TO PROSP]1 :ILE NATION ,B DES]VES TO BE ABAS$40 ,! 9HABITANTS ( NATION ,B >E NATURALLY DEAF TO ! CLAIMS ( AB/RACT JU/ICE1 :5 !Y >E ACCOMPANI$ BY P]SONAL HO/ILITY & CONTEMPT4 ,PRES5TLY1 H[EV]1 9 ! C\RSE ( W>1 NATION ,A ACQUIRES ITS FRE$OM4 ,! 5]GY & PRIDE :I* HAVE A*IEV$ FRE$OM G5]ATES A MOM5TUM :I* LEADS ON1 ALMO/ 9FALLIBLY1 TO ! ATTEMPT AT =EIGN CONQUE/1 OR TO ! REFUSAL ( LIB]TY TO SOME SMALL] NATION4 0,:AT8 ,Y\ SAY ?AT NATION ,C1 :I* =MS P>T ( \R ,/ATE1 HAS ! SAME RI<TS AGA9/ US AS WE HAD AGA9/ NATION ,A8 ,BUT ?AT IS ABSURD4 ,NATION ,C IS SW9I% & TURBUL5T1 9CAPABLE ( GOOD GOV]NM5T1 NE$+ A /RONG H& IF IT IS NOT TO BE A M5ACE & A DI/URBANCE TO ALL ITS NEI<BORS40 ,SO ! ,5GLI% US$ TO SPEAK ( ! ,IRI%1 SO ! ,G]MANS & ,RUSSIANS SPEAK ( ! ,POLES1 SO ! ,GALICIAN ,POLES SPEAK ( ! ,RU!NES1 SO ! ,AU/RIANS US$ TO SPEAK ( ! ,MAGY>S1 SO ! ,MAGY>S SPEAK ( ! ,S\? ,SLAV SYMPA?IZ]S ) ,S]BIA1 SO ! ,S]BS SPEAK ( ! ,MAC$ONIAN ,BULG>S4 ,9 ?IS WAY NATIONALISM1 UNOBJECTIONABLE 9 !ORY1 LEADS BY A NATURAL MOVEM5T TO OPPRESSION & W>S ( CONQUE/4 ,NO SOON] WAS ,FRANCE FREE FROM ! ,5GLI%1 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 ?AN IT EMB>K$ UPON ! CONQUE/ ( ,ITALY2 NO SOON] WAS ,SPA9 FRE$ FROM ! ,MOORS ?AN IT 5T]$ 9TO MORE ?AN A C5TURY ( CONFLICT ) ,FRANCE = ! SUPREMACY ( ,EUROPE4 ,! CASE ( ,G]MANY IS V]Y 9T]E/+ 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,G]MAN CULTURE WAS ,FR5*3 ,FR5* WAS ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,C\RTS1 ! LANGUAGE 9 :I* ,LEIBNITZ WROTE HIS PHILOSOPHY1 ! UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE ( POLITE LETT]S & LE>N+4 ,NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS H>DLY EXI/$4 ,!N A S]IES ( GREAT M5 CREAT$ A SELF-RESPECT 9 ,G]MANY BY !IR A*IEVEM5TS 9 POETRY1 MUSIC1 PHILOSOPHY1 & SCI5CE4 ,BUT POLITICALLY ,G]MAN NATIONALISM WAS ONLY CREAT$ BY ,NAPOLEON'S OPPRESSION & ! UPRIS+ ( #a#h#a#c4 ,AFT] C5TURIES DUR+ :I* EV]Y DI/URBANCE ( ! PEACE ( ,EUROPE BEGAN ) A ,FR5* OR ,SW$I% OR ,RUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,G]MANY1 ! ,G]MANS DISCOV]$ ?AT BY SUFFICI5T EF=T & UNION !Y C\LD KEEP =EIGN >MIES (F !IR T]RITORY4 ,BUT ! EF=T REQUIR$ HAD BE5 TOO GREAT TO CEASE :5 ITS PURELY DEF5SIVE PURPOSE HAD BE5 A*IEV$ BY ! DEFEAT ( ,NAPOLEON4 ,N[1 A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 !Y >E /ILL 5GAG$ 9 ! SAME MOVEM5T1 :I* HAS BECOME ONE ( AGGRESSION & CONQUE/4 ,:E!R WE >E N[ SEE+ ! 5D ( ! MOVEM5T IT IS NOT YET POSSIBLE TO GUESS4 

,IF M5 HAD ANY /RONG S5SE ( A COMMUNITY ( NATIONS1 NATIONALISM W\LD S]VE TO DEF9E ! B\ND>IES ( ! V>I\S NATIONS4 ,BUT BECAUSE M5 ONLY FEEL COMMUNITY )9 !IR [N NATION1 NO?+ BUT =CE IS ABLE TO MAKE !M RESPECT ! RI<TS ( O!R NATIONS1 EV5 :5 !Y >E ASS]T+ EXACTLY SIMIL> RI<TS ON !IR [N BEHALF4 

,ANALOG\S DEVELOPM5T IS TO BE EXPECT$1 ) ! C\RSE ( TIME1 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR :I* HAS EXI/$ S9CE ! GR[? ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 & 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 :I* IS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY4 

,:AT IS WANT$1 9 !SE V>I\S CONFLICTS1 IS SOME PR9CIPLE1 G5U9ELY BELIEV$1 :I* WILL HAVE JU/ICE = ITS \TCOME4 ,! TUG ( W> ( MUTUAL SELF-ASS]TION CAN ONLY RESULT 9 JU/ICE ?R\< AN ACCID5TAL EQUALITY ( =CE4 ,IT IS NO USE TO ATTEMPT ANY BOL/]+ UP ( 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ ON AU?ORITY1 S9CE ALL SU* 9/ITUTIONS 9VOLVE 9JU/ICE1 & 9JU/ICE ONCE REALIZ$ CANNOT BE P]PETUAT$ )\T FUNDAM5TAL DAMAGE BO? TO ?OSE :O UPHOLD IT & TO ?OSE :O RESI/ IT4 ,! DAMAGE CONSI/S 9 ! H>D5+ ( ! WALLS ( ! ,EGO1 MAK+ !M A PRISON 9/EAD ( A W9D[4 ,UNIMP$$ GR[? 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL DEP5DS UPON MANY CONTACTS ) O!R PEOPLE1 :I* MU/ BE ( ! NATURE ( FREE COOP]ATION1 NOT ( 5=C$ S]VICE4 ,:ILE ! BELIEF 9 AU?ORITY WAS ALIVE1 FREE COOP]ATION WAS COMPATIBLE ) 9EQUALITY & SUBJECTION1 BUT N[ EQUALITY & MUTUAL FRE$OM >E NECESS>Y4 ,ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 IF !Y >E NOT TO HAMP] 9DIVIDUAL GR[?1 MU/ BE BAS$ AS F> AS POSSIBLE UPON VOLUNT>Y COMB9ATION1 RA!R ?AN ! =CE ( ! LAW OR ! TRADITIONAL AU?ORITY ( ! HOLD]S ( P[]4 ,NONE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS CAN SURVIVE ! APPLICATION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE )\T GREAT & FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES2 BUT !SE *ANGES >E IMP]ATIVELY NECESS>Y IF ! WORLD IS TO BE )HELD FROM DISSOLV+ 9TO H>D SEP>ATE UNITS EA* AT W> ) ALL ! O!RS4 

,! TWO *IEF S\RCES ( GOOD RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS >E 9/9CTIVE LIK+ & A COMMON PURPOSE4 ,( !SE TWO1 A COMMON PURPOSE MI<T SEEM MORE IMPORTANT POLITICALLY1 BUT1 9 FACT1 IT IS (T5 ! \TCOME1 NOT ! CAUSE1 ( 9/9CTIVE LIK+1 OR ( A COMMON 9/9CTIVE AV]SION4 ,BIOLOGICAL GR\PS1 FROM ! FAMILY TO ! NATION1 >E CON/ITUT$ BY A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE ( 9/9CTIVE LIK+1 & BUILD !IR COMMON PURPOSES ON ?IS F\NDATION4 

,9/9CTIVE LIK+ IS ! FEEL+ :I* MAKES US TAKE PLEASURE 9 ANO!R P]SON'S COMPANY1 F9D AN EXHIL>ATION 9 HIS PRES5CE1 WI% TO TALK ) HIM1 WORK ) HIM1 PLAY ) HIM4 ,! EXTREME =M ( IT IS BE+ 9 LOVE1 BUT ITS FA9T] =MS1 & EV5 ! V]Y FA9TE/1 HAVE POLITICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,! PRES5CE ( A P]SON :O IS 9/9CTIVELY DISLIK$ T5DS TO MAKE ANY O!R P]SON MORE LIKABLE4 ,AN ANTI-,SEMITE WILL LOVE ANY FELL[-,*RI/IAN :5 A ,JEW IS PRES5T4 ,9 ,*9A1 OR ! WILDS ( ,AFRICA1 ANY :ITE MAN W\LD BE WELCOM$ ) JOY4 ,A COMMON AV]SION IS ONE ( ! MO/ FREQU5T CAUSES ( MILD 9/9CTIVE LIK+4 

,M5 DIFF] 5ORM\SLY 9 ! FREQU5CY & 9T5SITY ( !IR 9/9CTIVE LIK+S1 & ! SAME MAN WILL DIFF] GREATLY AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,ONE MAY TAKE ,C>LYLE & ,WALT ,:ITMAN AS OPPOSITE POLES 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,TO ,C>LYLE1 AT ANY RATE 9 LAT] LIFE1 MO/ M5 & WOM5 W]E REPULSIVE2 !Y 9SPIR$ AN 9/9CTIVE AV]SION :I* MADE HIM F9D PLEASURE 9 IMAG9+ !M UND] ! GUILLOT9E OR P]I%+ 9 BATTLE4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO BELITTLE MO/ M51 F9D+ SATISFACTION ONLY 9 ?OSE :O HAD BE5 NOTABLY DE/RUCTIVE ( HUMAN LIFE--,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT1 ,DR4 ,FRANCIA1 & ,GOV]NOR ,EYRE4 ,IT L$ HIM TO LOVE W> & VIOL5CE1 & TO DESPISE ! WEAK & ! OPPRESS$--= EXAMPLE1 ! 0?IRTY ?\S& DI/RESS$ NE$LEWOM510 ON :OM HE WAS NEV] WE>Y ( V5T+ HIS SCORN4 ,HIS MORALS & HIS POLITICS1 9 LAT] LIFE1 W]E 9SPIR$ ?R\< & ?R\< BY REPUGNANCE TO ALMO/ ! :OLE HUMAN RACE4 

,WALT ,:ITMAN1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAD A W>M1 EXPANSIVE FEEL+ T[>DS ! VA/ MAJORITY ( M5 & WOM54 ,HIS QUE] CATALOGS SEEM$ TO HIM 9T]E/+ BECAUSE EA* ITEM CAME BE=E HIS IMAG9ATION AS AN OBJECT ( DELI<T4 ,! SORT ( JOY :I* MO/ PEOPLE FEEL ONLY 9 ?OSE :O >E EXCEPTIONALLY BEAUTIFUL OR SPL5DID ,WALT ,:ITMAN FELT 9 ALMO/ EV]YBODY4 ,\T ( ?IS UNIV]SAL LIK+ GREW OPTIMISM1 A BELIEF 9 DEMOCRACY1 & A CONVICTION ?AT IT IS EASY = M5 TO LIVE TOGE!R 9 PEACE & AMITY4 ,HIS PHILOSOPHY & POLITICS1 LIKE ,C>LYLE'S1 W]E BAS$ UPON HIS 9/9CTIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ORD9>Y M5 & WOM54 

,!RE IS NO OBJECTIVE REASON TO BE GIV5 TO %[ ?AT ONE ( !SE ATTITUDES IS ESS5TIALLY MORE RATIONAL ?AN ! O!R4 ,IF A MAN F9DS PEOPLE REPULSIVE1 NO >GUM5T CAN PROVE TO HIM ?AT !Y >E NOT SO4 ,BUT BO? HIS [N DESIRES & O!R PEOPLE'S >E MU* MORE LIKELY TO F9D SATISFACTION IF HE RESEMBLES ,WALT ,:ITMAN ?AN IF HE RESEMBLES ,C>LYLE4 ,A WORLD ( ,WALT ,:ITMANS W\LD BE HAPPI] & MORE CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ ITS PURPOSES ?AN A WORLD ( ,C>LYLES4 ,= ?IS REASON1 WE %ALL DESIRE1 IF WE CAN1 TO 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( 9/9CTIVE LIK+ 9 ! WORLD & DIM9I% ! AM\NT ( 9/9CTIVE AV]SION4 ,?IS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL ! EFFECTS BY :I* POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS \<T TO BE JUDG$4 

,! O!R S\RCE ( GOOD RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS IS A COMMON PURPOSE1 ESPECIALLY :]E ?AT PURPOSE CANNOT BE A*IEV$ )\T KN[+ ITS CAUSE4 ,ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES >E CON/ITUT$ ALMO/ :OLLY BY A COMMON PURPOSE2 :ATEV] 9/9CTIVE LIK+ MAY COME TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) !M IS ! RESULT ( ! COMMON PURPOSE1 NOT ITS CAUSE4 ,ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS RAILWAY COMPANIES1 SUBSI/ = A PURPOSE1 BUT ?IS PURPOSE NE$ ONLY ACTUALLY EXI/ 9 ?OSE :O DIRECT ! ORGANIZATION3 ! ORD9>Y WAGE-E>N] NE$ HAVE NO PURPOSE BEYOND E>N+ HIS WAGES4 ,?IS IS A DEFECT 9 ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 & \<T TO BE REM$I$4 ,ONE ( ! OBJECTS ( SYNDICALISM IS TO REM$Y ?IS DEFECT4 

,M>RIAGE IS 7OR %\LD BE7 BAS$ ON 9/9CTIVE LIK+1 BUT AS SOON AS !RE >E *ILDR51 OR ! WI% = *ILDR51 IT ACQUIRES ! ADDITIONAL /R5G? ( A COMMON PURPOSE4 ,IT IS ?IS *IEFLY :I* DI/+UI%ES IT FROM AN IRREGUL> CONNECTION NOT 9T5D$ TO LEAD TO *ILDR54 ,(T51 9 FACT1 ! COMMON PURPOSE SURVIVES1 & REMA9S A /RONG TIE1 AFT] ! 9/9CTIVE LIK+ HAS FAD$4 

,A NATION1 :5 IT IS REAL & NOT >TIFICIAL1 IS F\ND$ UPON A FA9T DEGREE ( 9/9CTIVE LIK+ = COMPATRIOTS & A COMMON 9/9CTIVE AV]SION FROM =EIGN]S4 ,:5 AN ,5GLI%MAN RETURNS TO ,DOV] OR ,FOLKE/ONE AFT] BE+ ON ! ,CONT95T1 HE FEELS SOME?+ FRI5DLY 9 ! FAMILI> WAYS3 ! CASUAL PORT]S1 ! %\T+ PAP] BOYS1 ! WOM5 S]V+ BAD TEA1 ALL W>M HIS HE>T1 & SEEM MORE 0NATURAL10 MORE :AT HUMAN BE+S \<T TO BE1 ?AN ! =EIGN]S ) !IR /RANGE HABITS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,HE IS READY TO BELIEVE ?AT ALL ,5GLI% PEOPLE >E GOOD S\LS1 :ILE MANY =EIGN]S >E FULL ( DESIGN+ WICK$NESS4 ,IT IS SU* FEEL+S ?AT MAKE IT EASY TO ORGANIZE A NATION 9TO A GOV]NM5TAL UNIT4 ,& :5 ?AT HAS HAPP5$1 A COMMON PURPOSE IS ADD$1 AS 9 M>RIAGE4 ,=EIGN]S W\LD LIKE TO 9VADE \R C\NTRY & LAY IT WA/E1 TO KILL US 9 BATTLE1 TO HUMBLE \R PRIDE4 ,?OSE :O COOP]ATE ) US 9 PREV5T+ ?IS DISA/] >E \R FRI5DS1 & !IR COOP]ATION 9T5SIFIES \R 9/9CTIVE LIK+4 ,BUT COMMON PURPOSES DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! :OLE S\RCE ( \R LOVE ( C\NTRY3 ALLIES1 EV5 ( LONG /&+1 DO NOT CALL \T ! SAME FEEL+S AS >E CALL$ \T BY \R COMPATRIOTS4 ,9/9CTIVE LIK+1 RESULT+ L>GELY FROM SIMIL> HABITS & CU/OMS1 IS AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T 9 PATRIOTISM1 &1 9DE$1 ! F\NDATION UPON :I* ! :OLE FEEL+ RE/S4 

,IF M5'S NATURAL GR[? IS TO BE PROMOT$ & NOT H9D]$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T1 IF AS MANY AS POSSIBLE ( !IR DESIRES & NE$S >E TO BE SATISFI$1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS MU/1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 EMBODY COMMON PURPOSES & FO/] 9/9CTIVE LIK+4 ,!SE TWO OBJECTS >E 9T]CONNECT$1 = NO?+ IS SO DE/RUCTIVE ( 9/9CTIVE LIK+ AS ?W>T$ PURPOSES & UNSATISFI$ NE$S1 & NO?+ FACILITATES COOP]ATION = COMMON PURPOSES SO MU* AS 9/9CTIVE LIK+4 ,:5 A MAN'S GR[? IS UNIMP$$1 HIS SELF-RESPECT REMA9S 9TACT1 & HE IS NOT 9CL9$ TO REG>D O!RS AS HIS 5EMIES4 ,BUT :51 = :ATEV] REASON1 HIS GR[? IS IMP$$1 OR HE IS COMPELL$ TO GR[ 9TO SOME TWI/$ & UNNATURAL %APE1 HIS 9/9CT PRES5TS ! 5VIRONM5T AS HIS 5EMY1 & HE BECOMES FILL$ ) HATR$4 ,! JOY ( LIFE AB&ONS HIM1 & MALEVOL5CE TAKES ! PLACE ( FRI5DL9ESS4 ,! MALEVOL5CE ( HUN*BACKS & CRIPPLES IS PROV]BIAL2 & A SIMIL> MALEVOL5CE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 CRIPPL$ 9 LESS OBVI\S WAYS4 ,REAL FRE$OM1 IF IT C\LD BE BR\<T AB\T1 W\LD GO A LONG WAY T[>DS DE/ROY+ HATR$4 

,!RE IS A NOT UNCOMMON BELIEF ?AT :AT IS 9/9CTIVE 9 US CANNOT BE *ANG$1 BUT MU/ BE SIMPLY ACCEPT$ & MADE ! BE/ (4 ,?IS IS BY NO MEANS ! CASE4 ,NO D\BT WE HAVE A C]TA9 NATIVE DISPOSITION1 DIFF]5T 9 DIFF]5T PEOPLE1 :I* COOP]ATES ) \TSIDE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 PRODUC+ A C]TA9 *>ACT]4 ,BUT EV5 ! 9/9CTIVE P>T ( \R *>ACT] IS V]Y MALLEABLE4 ,IT MAY BE *ANG$ BY BELIEFS1 BY MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BY SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 & BY 9/ITUTIONS4 ,A ,DUT*MAN HAS PROBABLY MU* ! SAME NATIVE DISPOSITION AS A ,G]MAN1 BUT HIS 9/9CTS 9 ADULT LIFE >E V]Y DIFF]5T [+ TO ! ABS5CE ( MILIT>ISM & ( ! PRIDE ( A ,GREAT ,P[]4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! 9/9CTS ( CELIBATES BECOME PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( O!R M5 & WOM54 ,ALMO/ ANY 9/9CT IS CAPABLE ( MANY DIFF]5T =MS ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( ! \TLETS :I* IT F9DS4 ,! SAME 9/9CT :I* LEADS TO >TI/IC OR 9TELLECTUAL CREATIV5ESS MAY1 UND] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 LEAD TO LOVE ( W>4 ,! FACT ?AT AN ACTIVITY OR BELIEF IS AN \TCOME ( 9/9CT IS !RE=E NO REASON = REG>D+ IT AS UNALT]ABLE4 

,?IS APPLIES TO PEOPLE'S 9/9CTIVE LIKES & DISLIKES AS WELL AS TO !IR O!R 9/9CTS4 ,IT IS NATURAL TO M51 AS TO O!R ANIMALS1 TO LIKE SOME ( !IR SPECIES & DISLIKE O!RS2 BUT ! PROPORTION ( LIKE & DISLIKE DEP5DS ON CIRCUM/ANCES1 (T5 ON QUITE TRIVIAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,MO/ ( ,C>LYLE'S MISAN?ROPY IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DYSPEPSIA2 PROBABLY A SUITABLE M$ICAL REGIM5 W\LD HAVE GIV5 HIM A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T \TLOOK ON ! WORLD4 ,! DEFECT ( PUNI%M5T1 AS A MEANS ( DEAL+ ) IMPULSES :I* ! COMMUNITY WI%ES TO DISC\RAGE1 IS ?AT IT DOES NO?+ TO PREV5T ! EXI/5CE ( ! IMPULSES1 BUT M]ELY 5DEAVORS TO *ECK !IR 9DULG5CE BY AN APPEAL TO SELF-9T]E/4 ,?IS ME?OD1 S9CE IT DOES NOT ]ADICATE ! IMPULSES1 PROBABLY ONLY DRIVES !M TO F9D O!R \TLETS EV5 :5 IT IS SUCCESSFUL 9 ITS IMM$IATE OBJECT2 & IF ! IMPULSES >E /RONG1 M]E SELF-9T]E/ IS NOT LIKELY TO CURB !M EFFECTUALLY1 S9CE IT IS NOT A V]Y P[]FUL MOTIVE EXCEPT ) UNUSUALLY REASONABLE & RA!R PASSIONLESS PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ?\<T TO BE A /RONG] MOTIVE ?AN IT IS1 BECAUSE \R MOODS MAKE US DECEIVE \RSELVES AS TO \R 9T]E/1 & LEAD US TO BELIEVE ?AT IT IS CONSI/5T ) ! ACTIONS TO :I* WE >E PROMPT$ BY DESIRE OR IMPULSE4 

,?US ! COMMONPLACE ?AT HUMAN NATURE CANNOT BE *ANG$ IS UNTRUE4 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT \R [N *>ACT]S & ?OSE ( \R ACQUA9TANCE >E GREATLY AFFECT$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES2 & :AT IS TRUE ( 9DIVIDUALS IS TRUE ALSO ( NATIONS4 ,! ROOT CAUSES ( *ANGES 9 AV]AGE HUMAN NATURE >E G5]ALLY EI!R PURELY MAT]IAL *ANGES--= 9/ANCE1 ( CLIMATE--OR *ANGES 9 ! DEGREE ( MAN'S CONTROL OV] ! MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,WE MAY IGNORE ! PURELY MAT]IAL *ANGES1 S9CE !SE DO NOT MU* CONC]N ! POLITICIAN4 ,BUT ! *ANGES DUE TO MAN'S 9CREAS$ CONTROL OV] ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 BY 9V5TIONS & SCI5CE1 >E ( PR(\ND PRES5T IMPORTANCE4 ,?R\< ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 !Y HAVE RADICALLY ALT]$ ! DAILY LIVES ( M52 & BY CREAT+ HUGE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y HAVE ALT]$ ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,! G5]AL BELIEFS ( M51 :I* >E1 9 ! MA91 A PRODUCT ( 9/9CT & CIRCUM/ANCE1 HAVE BECOME V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT !Y W]E 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,BUT \R 9/ITUTIONS >E NOT YET SUIT$ EI!R TO ! 9/9CTS DEVELOP$ BY \R NEW CIRCUM/ANCES1 OR TO \R REAL BELIEFS4 ,9/ITUTIONS HAVE A LIFE ( !IR [N1 & (T5 \TLA/ ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* MADE !M A FIT G>M5T = 9/9CT4 ,?IS APPLIES1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 TO ALMO/ ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS :I* WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/3 ! ,/ATE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 ! ,*UR*ES1 >MIES & NAVIES4 ,ALL ( !SE HAVE BECOME 9 SOME DEGREE OPPRESSIVE1 9 SOME MEASURES HO/ILE TO LIFE4 

,9 ANY S]I\S ATTEMPT AT POLITICAL RECON/RUCTION1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO REALIZE :AT >E ! VITAL NE$S ( ORD9>Y M5 & WOM54 ,IT IS CU/OM>Y1 9 POLITICAL ?\<T1 TO ASSUME ?AT ! ONLY NE$S ) :I* POLITICS IS CONC]N$ >E ECONOMIC NE$S4 ,?IS VIEW IS QUITE 9ADEQUATE TO ACC\NT = SU* AN EV5T AS ! PRES5T W>1 S9CE ANY ECONOMIC MOTIVES ?AT MAY BE ASSIGN$ = IT >E TO A GREAT EXT5T MY?ICAL1 & ITS TRUE CAUSES MU/ BE S\<T = \TSIDE ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,NE$S :I* >E NORMALLY SATISFI$ )\T CONSCI\S EF=T REMA9 UNRECOGNIZ$1 & ?IS RESULTS 9 A WORK+ !ORY ( HUMAN NE$S :I* IS F> TOO SIMPLE4 ,[+ *IEFLY TO 9DU/RIALISM1 MANY NE$S :I* W]E =M]LY SATISFI$ )\T EF=T N[ REMA9 UNSATISFI$ 9 MO/ M5 & WOM54 ,BUT ! OLD UNDULY SIMPLE !ORY ( HUMAN NE$S SURVIVES1 MAK+ M5 OV]LOOK ! S\RCE ( ! NEW LACK ( SATISFACTION1 & 9V5T QUITE FALSE !ORIES AS TO :Y !Y >E DISSATISFI$4 ,SOCIALISM AS A PANACEA SEEMS TO ME TO BE MI/AK5 9 ?IS WAY1 S9CE IT IS TOO READY TO SUPPOSE ?AT BETT] ECONOMIC CONDITIONS WILL ( !MSELVES MAKE M5 HAPPY4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY MORE MAT]IAL GOODS ?AT M5 NE$1 BUT MORE FRE$OM1 MORE SELF-DIRECTION1 MORE \TLET = CREATIV5ESS1 MORE OPPORTUNITY = ! JOY ( LIFE1 MORE VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION1 & LESS 9VOLUNT>Y SUBS]VI5CE TO PURPOSES NOT !IR [N4 ,ALL !SE ?+S ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! FUTURE MU/ HELP TO PRODUCE1 IF \R 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE & P[] OV] ,NATURE IS TO BE> ITS FULL FRUIT 9 BR++ AB\T A GOOD LIFE4 

,FROM 3 ,WIKI,S\RCE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaf 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,OCTOB] #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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