,:O ,>E ! ,GLOBAL ,T]RORI/S8 

#bb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JEFFREY ,L[Y1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,AFT] ! ATROCITIES ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 ! VICTIM DECL>$ A 'W> ON T]RORISM'1 T>GET+ NOT JU/ ! SUSPECT$ P]PETRATORS1 BUT ! C\NTRY 9 :I* !Y W]E LOCAT$1 & O!RS *>G$ ) T]RORISM WORLDWIDE4 ,PRESID5T ,BU% PL$G$ TO 'RID ! WORLD ( EVILDO]S' & 'NOT LET EVIL /&'1 E*O+ ,RONALD ,REAGAN'S D5UNCIATION ( ! 'EVIL SC\RGE ( T]RORISM' 9 #aihe -- SPECIFICALLY1 /ATE-SUPPORT$ 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM1 :I* HAD BE5 DECL>$ TO BE ! CORE ISSUE ( ,U,S =EIGN POLICY AS HIS ADM9I/RATION CAME TO (FICE4.<#a.> ,! FOCAL PO9TS ( ! FIR/ W> ON T]ROR W]E ! ,M,IDDLE ,EA/ & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 :]E ,HONDURAS WAS ! MAJOR BASE = ,U,S OP]ATIONS4 ,! MILIT>Y COMPON5T ( ! RE-DECL>$ W> IS L$ BY ,DONALD ,RUMSFELD1 :O S]V$ AS ,REAGAN'S SPECIAL REPRES5TATIVE TO ! ,M,IDDLE ,EA/2 ! DIPLOMATIC EF=TS AT ! ,U,N BY ,JOHN ,NEGROPONTE1 ,REAGAN'S ,AMBASSADOR TO ,HONDURAS4 ,PLANN+ IS L>GELY 9 ! H&S ( O!R LEAD+ FIGURES ( ! ,REAGAN-,BU% 7,SNR7 ADM9I/RATIONS4 

,! CONDEMNATIONS ( T]RORISM >E S\ND1 BUT LEAVE SOME QUE/IONS UNANSW]$4 ,! FIR/ IS ',:AT DO WE MEAN BY 0T]RORISM08' ,SECOND1 ',:AT IS ! PROP] RESPONSE TO ! CRIME8' ,:ATEV] ! ANSW]1 IT MU/ AT LEA/ SATISFY A MORAL TRUISM3 IF WE PROPOSE SOME PR9CIPLE ?AT IS TO BE APPLI$ TO ANTAGONI/S1 !N WE MU/ AGREE -- 9 FACT1 /R5U\SLY 9SI/ -- ?AT ! PR9CIPLE APPLY TO US AS WELL4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT RISE EV5 TO ?IS M9IMAL LEVEL ( 9TEGRITY PLA9LY CANNOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY :5 !Y SPEAK ( RI<T & WRONG1 GOOD & EVIL4 

,! PROBLEM ( DEF99TION IS HELD TO BE VEX+ & COMPLEX4 ,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 PROPOSALS ?AT SEEM /RAI<T=W>D1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,U,S ,>MY MANUALS1 :I* DEF9E T]RORISM AS '! CALCULAT$ SE ( VIOL5CE OR ?REAT ( VIOL5CE TO ATTA9 GOALS ?AT >E POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 OR IDEOLOGICAL 9 NATURE444?R\< 9TIMIDATION1 CO]CION1 OR 9/IL+1 FE>'4.<#b.> ,?AT DEF9ITION C>RIES ADDITIONAL AU?ORITY BECAUSE ( ! TIM+3 IT WAS (F]$ AS ! ,REAGAN ADM9I/RATION WAS 9T5SIFY+ ITS W> ON T]RORISM4 ,! WORLD WAS *ANG$ LITTLE 5\< SO ?AT !SE REC5T PREC$NETS %\LD BE 9/RUCTIVE1 EV5 AP>T FROM ! CONT9UITY ( LEAD]%IP FROM ! FIR/ W> ON T]RORISM TO ITS REC5T 9C>NATION4 

,! FIR/ ,U,S W> ON T]RO RECEIV$ /RONG 5DORSEM5T4 ,! ,U,N ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY CONDEMN$ 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM TWO MON?S AFT] ,REAGAN'S D5UNCIATION1 AGA9 9 MU* /RONG] & MORE EXPLICIT T]MS1 9 #a#i#h#g4.<#c.> ,SUPPORT WAS NOT UNANIM\S1 H[EV]4 ,! #aihg RESOLUTION PASS$ #aec TO #b1 ,HONDURAS AB/A9+4 

,EXPLA9+ !IR NEGATIVE VOTE1 ! ,U,S & ,ISRAEL RESOLUTION C\LD 9 ANY WAY PREJUDICE ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 FRE$OM1 & 9DEP5D5CE1 AS D]IV$ FROM ! ,*>T] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 ( PEOPLE =CIBLY DEPRIV$ ( ?AT RI<T4441 P>TICUL>LY PEOPLES UND] COLONIAL & RACI/ REGIMES & =EIGN OCCUPATION'4 ,?AT WAS UND]/OOD TO APPLY TO ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS AGA9/ ! AP>!ID REGIME ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 7A ,U,S ALLY1 :ILE ! ,A,N,C WAS (FICIALLY LABEL$ A 'T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION'72 & TO ! ,ISRAELI MILIT>Y OCCUPATION1 !N 9 ITS #b? YE>1 SU/A9$ BY ,U,S MILIT>Y & DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT 9 VIRTUAL 9T]NATIONAL ISOLATION4 ,PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( ,U,S OPPOSITION1 ! ,U,N RESOLUTION WAS SC>CELY REPORT$ 7IF AT ALL7 & HAS BE5 EFFECTIVELY ]AS$ FROM ! HI/ORICAL RECORD2 ?AT IS FAIRLY /&>D PRACTICE4.<#d.> 

,REAGAN'S #aihe CONDEMNATION REF]R$ SPECIFICALLY TO T]RORISM 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 SELECT$ AS ! LEAD /ORY ( #aihe 9 AN ,ASSOCIAT$ ,PRESS POLL4 ,BUT = ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,GEORGE ,%ULTZ1 ! ADM9I/RATION MOD]ATE1 ! MO/ 'AL>M+' MANIFE/ATION ( '/ATE-SPONSOR$ T]RORISM'1 A PLAGUE SPREAD BY 'DEPRAV$ OPPON5TS ( CIVILIZATION ITSELF' 9 'A RETURN TO B>B>ISM 9 ! MOD]N AGE'1 WAS FRI<T5+LY CLOSE TO HOME4 ,!RE IS 'A CANC]1 RI<T H]E 9 \R L& MASS'1 ,%ULTZ 9=M$ ,CONGRESS1 ?REAT5+ TO CONQU] ! HEMISPH]E 9 A 'REVOLUTION )\T BORD]S' -- AN 9T]E/+ FABRICATION EXPOS$ AT ONCE BUT REGUL>LY REIT]AT$ ) APPROPRIATE %UDD]S4.<#e.> 

,SO SEV]E WAS ! ?REAT ON ,LAW ,DAY 7,MAY #a7 #a#i#h#e1 ! PRESID5T ANN\NC$ AN EMB>GO '9 RESPONSE TO ! EM]G5CY SITUATION CREAT$ BY ! ,NIC>AGUAN ,GOV]NM5T'S AGGRESSIVE ACTIVITIES 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA'4 ,HE ALSO DECL>$ A NATIONAL EM]G5CY1 R5EW$ ANNUALLY1 BECAUSE '! POLICIES & ACTIONS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NIC>AGUA CON/ITUTE AN UNUSUAL & EXTRAORD9>Y ?REAT TO ! NATION SECURITY & =EIGN POLICY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES'4 

',! T]RORI/S -- & ! O!R /ATES ?AT AID & ABET !M -- S]VE AS GRIM REM9D]S ?AT DEMOCRACY IS FRAGILE & NE$S TO BE GU>D$ ) VIGILANCE'1 ,%ULTZ W>N$4 ,WE MU/ 'CUT .<! ,NIC>AGUAN CANC].> \T'1 & NOT BY G5TLE MEANS3 ',NEGOTIATIONS >E A EUPHEMISM = CAPITULATION IF ! %AD[ ( P[] IS NOT CA/ ACROSS ! B>GA9+ TABLE'1 ,%ULTZ DECL>$1 CONDEMN+ ?OSE :O ADVOCATE 'UTOPIAN1 LEGALI/IC MEANS \TSIDE M$IATION1 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 & ! ,WORLD ,C\RT1 :ILE IGNOR+ ! P[] ELEM5T ( ! EQUATION' ) M]C5>Y =CES BAS$ 9 ,HONDURAS1 UND] ,NEGROPONTE'S SUP]VISION1 & SUCCESSFULLY BLOCK+ ! 'UTOPIAN1 LEGALI/IC MEANS' PURSU$ BY ! ,WORLD ,C\RT & ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN ,CONTADORA NATIONS -- AS ,WA%+TON CONT9U$ TO DO UNTIL ITS T]RORI/ W>S W]E WON4.<#f.> 

,REAGAN'S CONDEMNATION ( ! 'EVIL SC\RGE' WAS ISSU$ AT A MEET+ 9 ,WA%+TON ) ,ISRAELI ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,%IMON ,P]ES1 :O >RIV$ TO JO9 9 ! CALL TO EXTIRPATE ! EVIL %ORTLY AFT] HE HAD S5T HIS BOMB]S TO ATTACK ,TUNIS1 KILL+ #ge PEOPLE ) SM>T BOMBS ?AT TORE !M TO %R$S1 AMONG O!R ATROCITIES RECORD$ BY ! PROM95T ,ISRAELI J\RNALI/ ,AMNON ,KAPELI\K ON ! SC5E4 ,WA%+TON COOP]AT$ BY FAIL+ TO W>N ITS ALLY ,TUNISIA ?AT ! BOMB]S W]E ON !IR WAY4 ,%ULTZ 9=M$ ,ISRAELI ,=EIGN ,M9I/] ,YITZHAK ,%AMIR ?AT ,WA%+TON 'HAD CONSID]ABLE SYMPA?Y = ! ,ISRAELI ACTION'1 BUT DREW BACK :5 ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL UNANIM\SLY D5\NC$ ! BOMB+ AS AN 'ACT ( >M$ AGGRESSION'4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AB/A9$ 9 ! VOTE4.<#g.> 

,A SECOND C&IDATE = MO/ EXTREME ACT ( ,MIDEA/ 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM 9 ! PEAK YE> ( #aihe IS A C>-BOMB+ 9 ,BEIRUT ON ,M>* #h ?AT KILL$ #h PEOPLE & W\ND$ #b#e#f4 ,! BOMB WAS PLAC$ \TSIDE A MOSQUE1 TIM$ TO EXPLODE :5 WOR%IP]S LEFT4 ',AB\T #be GIRLS & WOM5 9 FL[+ BLACK *ADORS1 P\R+ \T ( ,FRIDAY PRAY]S AT ! ,IMAM ,RIDA ,MOSQUE1 TOOK ! BRUNT ( ! BLA/'1 ,NORA ,B\/ANY REPORT$4 ,! BOMB ALSO 'BURN$ BABES 9 !IR B$S'1 KILL$ *ILDR5 'AS !Y WALK$ HOME FROM ! MOSQUE' & 'DEVA/AT$ ! MA9 /REET ( ! D5SELY POPULAT$' ,WE/ ,BEIRUT SUBURB4 ,! T>GET WAS A ,%I'ITE LEAD] ACCUS$ ( COMPLICITY 9 T]RORISM1 BUT HE ESCAP$4 ,! CRIME WAS OGRANIZ$ BY ! ,C,I,A & ITS ,SAUDI CLI5TS ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,BRITI% 9TELLIG5CE4.<#h.> 

,! ONLY O!R COMPETITOR = ! PRIZE = ! MO/ EXTREME T]RORI/ ATROCITY 9 ! ,MIDEA/ 9 ! PEAK YE> ( #aihe IS ! ',IRON ,FI/' OP]ATIONS ?AT ,P]ES DIRECT$ 9 ,M>* 9 OCCUPI$ ,LEBANON4 ,!Y REA*$ NEW DEP?S ( 'CALCULAT$ BRUTALITY & >BITR>Y MURD]'1 A ,WE/]N DIPLOMAT FAMILI> ) ! >EA OBS]V$1 AS ! ,ISRAELI ,DEF5SE ,=CES 7,I,D,F7 %ELL$ VILLAGES1 C>T$ (F ! MALE POPULATION1 KILL$ DOZ5S ( VILLAG]S 9 ADDITION TO MANY MASSACR$ BY ! ,I,D,F'S P>AMILIT>Y ASSOCIATES1 %ELL$ HOSPITALS & TOOK PATI5TS AWAY = '9T]ROGATION'1 ALONG ) NUM]\S O!R /ROCITIES4.<#i.> ,! ,I,D,F ,HI< ,COMM& DESCRIB$ ! T>GETS AS 'T]RORI/ VILLAG]S'4 ,! OP]ATIONS AGA9/ !M MU/ CONT9UE1 ! MILIT>Y CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,J]USALEM ,PO/1 ,HIR% ,GOODMAN1 ADD$1 BECAUSE ! ,I,D,F MU/ 'MA9TA9 ORD] & SECURITY' 9 OCCUPI$ ,LEBANON DESPITE '! PRICE ! 9HABITANTS WILL HAVE TO PAY'4 

,LIKE ,ISRAEL'S 9VASION ( ,LEBANON ?REE YE>S E>LI] ?AT LEFT SOME #a#h1 DEAD1 !SE ACTIONS & O!RS 9 ,LEBANON W]E NOT UND]TAK5 9 SELF-DEF5SE BUT RA!R = POLITICAL 5DS1 AS RECOGNIZ$ AT ONCE 9 ,ISRAEL4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 ( ?OSE ATTACKS ?AT FOLL[$1 UP TO ,P]ES' MURD]\S 9VATION ( #a#i#i#f4 ,BUT ALL RELI$ CRUCIALLY ON ,U,S MILIT>Y & DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y TOO DO NOT 5T] ! ANNALS ( 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM4 

,9 BRIEF1 !RE WAS NO?+ ODD AB\T ! PROCLAMATIONS ( ! LEAD+ COCONSPIRATORS 9 ,MIDEA/ 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM1 :I* !RE=E PASS$ )\T COMM5T AT ! PEAK MOM5T ( HORROR AT ! 'RETURN TO B>B>ISM'4 

,! WELL-REMEMB]$ PRIZE-W9N] = #aihe IS ! HIJACK+ ( ! ,A*ILLE ,LAURO & ! BRUTAL MURD] ( A PASS5G]1 ,LEON ,KL+H(F]4 ,IT WAS D\BTLESS A VILE T]RORI/ ACT1 & SURELY NOT JU/IFI$ BY ! *A9 ?AT IT WAS 9 RETALIATION = ! F> WORSE ,TUNIS1 ATROCITIES & A PREEMPTIVE EF=T TO DET] O!RS4 ,ADOPT+ MORAL TRUISMS1 ! SAME HOLDS ( \R [N ACTS ( RETALIATION OR PREEMPTION4 

,EVID5TLY1 WE HAVE TO QUALIFY ! DEF9ITION ( 'T]RORISM' GIV5 9 (FICIAL S\RCES3 ! T]M APPLIES ONLY TO T]RORISM AGA9/ US1 NOT ! T]RORISM WE C>RY \T AGA9/ !M4 ,! PRACTICE IS CONV5TIONAL1 EV5 AMONG ! MO/ EXTREME MASS MURD]]S3 ! ,NAZIS W]E PROTECT+ ! POPULATION FROM T]RORI/ P>TISANS DIRECT$ FROM ABROAD1 :ILE ! ,JAPANESE W]E LABOR+ SELFLESSLY TO CREATE AN 'E>?LY P>ADISE' AS !Y F\< (F ! ',*9ESE BADITS' T]RORIZ+ ! PEACEFUL PEOPLE ( ,MAN*URIA & !IR LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T4 ,EXCEPTIONS W\LD BE H>D TO F9D4 

,! SAME CONV5TION APPLIES TO W> TO EXT]M9ATE ! ',NIC>AGUAN CANC]'4 ,ON ,LAW ,DAY #a#i#h#d1 ,PRESID5T ,REAGAN PROCLAIM$ ?AT )\T LAW !RE CAN BE ONLY '*AOS & DISORD]'4 ,! DAY BE=E1 HE HAD ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,U,S W\LD DISREG>D ! PROCE$+S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\RT ( ,JU/ICE 7,I,C,J71 :I* W5T ON TO CONDEMN HIS ADM9I/RATION = ITS 'UNLAWFUL USE ( =CE'1 ORD]+ IT TO T]M9ATE !SE 9T]NATIONAL T]RORI/ CRIMES & PAY SUB/ANTIAL REP>ATIONS TO ,NIC>AGUA 7,JUNE #a#i#h#f74 ,! ,I,C,J DECISION WAS DISMISS$ ) CONTEMPT1 AS WAS A SUBSEQU5T ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL RESOLUTION CALL+ ON ALL /ATES TO OBS]VE 9T]NATIONAL LAW 7VETO$ BY ! ,U,S7 & REPEAT$ ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS 7,U,S & ,ISRAEL OPPOS$1 9 ONE CASE JO9$ BY ,EL ,SALVADOR74 

,AS ! ,I,C,J DECISION WAS ANN\NC$1 ,CONGRESS SUB/ANTIALLY 9CREAS$ FUND+ = ! M]C5>Y =CES 5GAG$ 9 '! UNLAWFUL USE ( =CE'4 ,%ORTLY AFT]1 ! ,U,S COMM& DIRECT$ !M TO ATTACK 'S(T T>GETS' -- UNDEF5D$ CIVILIAN T>GETS -- & TO AVOID COMBAT ) ! ,NIC>AGUAN >MY1 AS !Y C\LD DO ?ANKS TO ,U,S CONTROL ( ! SKIES & ! SOPHI/ICAT$ COMMUNICATION EQUIPM5T PROVID$ TO ! T]RORI/ =CES4 ,! TACTIC WAS CONSID]$ REASONABLE BY PROM95T COMM5TATORS AS LONG AS IT SATISFI$ '! TE/ ( CO/-B5EFIT ANALYSIS'1 AN ANALYSIS ( '! AM\NT ( BLOOD & MIS]Y ?AT WILL BE P\R$ 91 & ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT DEMOCRACY WILL EM]GE AT ! O!R 5D' -- 'DEMOCRACY' AS ,WE/]N ELITES UND]/& ! T]M1 AN 9T]PRETATION ILLU/RAT$ GRAPHICALLY 9 ! REGION4.<#a.> 

,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T LEGAL ADVIS] ,ABRAHAM ,S(A] EXPLA9$ :Y ! ,U,S WAS 5TITL$ TO REJECT ,I,C,J JURISDICTION4 ,9 E>LI] YE>S1 MO/ MEMB]S ( ! ,U,N 'W]E ALIGN$ ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & %>$ ITS VIEWS REG>D+ WORLD ORD]'1 BUT S9CE DECOLONIZAITON A 'MAJORITY (T5 OPPOSES ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ON IMPORTANT 9T]NATIONAL QUE/IONS'4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,U,S M/ 'RES]VE TO \RSELVES ! P[] TO DET]M9E' H[ IT WILL ACT & :I* MATT]S FALL 'ESS5TIALLY )9 ! DOME/IC JURISDICTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS DET]M9$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' -- 9 ?IS CASE1 ? ET]RORI/ ACTS AGA9/ ,N,IC>AGUA CONDEMN$ BY ! ,I,C,J & ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,= SIMIL> REASONS1 S9CE ! #a#i#fS ! ,U,S HAS BE5 F> 9 ! LEAD 9 VETO+ ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL RESOLUTIONS ON A WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES1 ) ,BRITA9 SECOND & ,FRANCE A DI/ANT ?IRD4.<#a#a.> 

,WA%+TON WAG$ ITS 'W> ON T]RORISM' BY CREAT+ AN 9T]NATIONAL T]ROR NETWORK ( UNPREC$5T$ SCALE1 & EMPLOY+ IT WORLDWIDE ) LE?AL & LONG-LA/+ EFFECTS4 ,9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 T]ROR GUID$ & SUPPORT$ BY ! ,U,S REA*$ ITS MO/ EXTREME LEVELS 9 C\NTRIES :]E ! /ATE SECURITY =CES !MSELVES W]E ! IMM$IATE AG5TS ( 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM4 ,! EFFECTS W]E REVIEW$ 9 A #aiid CONF]5CE ORGANIZ$ BY ,SALVADORAN ,JESUITS1 :OSE EXP]I5CES HAD BE5 P>TICUL>LY GRUESOME4.<#a#b.> ,! CONF]5CE REPORT TAKES P>TICUL> NOTE ( ! EFFECTS ( ! RESIDUAL 'CULTURE ( T]ROR4449 DOME/ICAT+ ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! MAJORITY VIS-A-VIS ALT]NATIVES DIFF]5T TO ?OSE ( ! P[]FUL'1 AN IMPORTANT OBS]VATION ON ! EFFICACY ( /ATE T]ROR ?AT G5]ALIZES BROADLY4 ,9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ! ,SEPTEMB] #aa ATROCITIES W]E H>%LY CONDEMN$1 BUT COMMONLY ) ! OBS]VATION ?AT !Y >E NO?+ NEW4 ,?EY MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ',>MAG$DON'1 & O!RS F>$ F> WORSE UND] ! VA/ PLAGUE ( /ATE T]ROR ?AT SWEPT ?R\< ! CONT95T FROM ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 MU* ( IT TRACEABLE TO ,WA%+TON4.<#a#c.> 

,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ,WA%+TON'S CALL = SUPPORT 9 ITS W> ( REV5GE = ,SEPTEMB] #aa HAD LITTLE RESONANCE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,AN 9T]NATIONAL ,GALLUP POL F\ND ?AT SUPPORT = ! MILIT>Y =CE RA!R ?AN EXTRADITION RANG$ FROM #b P] C5T 7,MEXICO7 TO #aa P] C5T 7,V5EZUELA & ,COLOMBIA74 ,CONDEMNATIONS ( ! ,SEPTEMB] #aa ATTACKS W]E REGUL>LY ACCOMPANI$ BY RECOLLECTIONS ( !IR [N SUFF]+ -- = EXAMPLE1 ! DEA? ( P]HAPS ?\S&S ( POOR PEOPLE 7,WE/]N CRIMES1 !RE=E UNEXAM9$7 :5 ,GEORGE ,BU% ,SNR BOMB$ ! B>RIO ,*ORILLO 9 ,PANAMA 9 ,DECEMB] #aihi 9 ,OP]ATION ,JU/ ,CAUSE1 UND]TAK5 TO KIDNAP A DISOB$I5T ?UG :O WAS S5T5C$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T 9 ,FLORIDA = CRIMES MO/LY COMMITT$ :ILE HE WAS ON ! ,C,I,A PAYROLL4.<#a#d.> 

,?E RECORD CONT9UES TO ! PRES5T )\T ESS5TIAL *ANGE1 AP>T FROM ! MODIFICATION ( PRETEXTS & TACTICS4 ,! LI/ ( LEAD+ RECIPI5TS ( ,U,S >MS YIELDS AMPLE EVID5CE1 FAMILI> TO ?OSE ACQUA9T$ ) 9T]NATIONAL HUMAN RI<TS REPORTS4 

,IT !RE=E COMES AS NO SURPRISE ?AT ,PRESID5T ,BU% 9=M$ ,AF<ANS ?AT BOMB+ WILL CONT9UE UNTIL !Y H& OV] PEOPLE ! ,U,S SUSPECTS ( T]RORISM 7REBUFF+ REQUE/S = EVID5CE & T5TATIVE (F]S ( NEGOTIATION74 ,OR1 :5 NEW W> AIMS W]E ADD$ AFT] ?REE WEEKS ( BOMB+1 ?AT ,ADMIRAL ,S,IR ,MI*AEL ,BOYCE1 *IEF ( ! ,BRITI% ,DEF5SE ,/AFF1 W>N$ ,AF<ANS ?AT ,U,S-,U,K ATTACKS WILL CONT9UE 'UNTIL ! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY !MSELVES RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS IS GO+ TO GO ON UNTIL !Y GET ! LEAD]%IP *ANG$'4.<#a#e.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,U,S & ,U,K WILL P]SI/ 9 ! 'CALCULAT$ USE ( VIOL5CE TO ATTA9 GOALS ?AT >E POLITICAL4449 NATURE'3 ?IS IS 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM 9 ! TE*NICAL S5SE1 BUT IS EXCLUD$ FROM ! CANON BY ! /&>D CONV5TION4 ,! RATIONALE IS ESS5TIALLY ?AT ( ! ,U,S-,ISRAEL 9T]NATIONAL T]RRORI/ OP]ATIONS 9 ,LEBANON4 ,ADMIRAL ,BOYCE WAS VIRTUALLY REPEAT+ ! WORDS ( ! EM95T ,ISRAELI /ATESMAN ,ABBA ,EBAN AS ,REAGAN DECL>$ ! FIR/ W> ON T]RORISM4 ,REPLY+ TO ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,M5A*EM ,BEG9'S ACC\NT ( ATROCITIES 9 ,LEBANON COMMITT$ UND] ! ,LABOR GOV]NM5T 9 ! /YLE '( REGIMES :I* NEI!R ,MR ,BEG9 NOR ,I W\LD D>E TO M5TION BY NAME'1 ,EBAN ACKN[L$GE ! ACCURACY ( ! ACC\NT BUT ADD$ ! /&>D JU/IFICATION ?AT '!RE WAS A RATIONAL PROSPECT1 ULTIMATELY FULFILL$1 ?AT AFFECT$ POPULATIONS W\LD EX]T PRESSURE = ! CESSATION ( HO/ILITIES'4.<#a#f.> 

,!SE CONCEPTS >TICULAT$ BY ,EBAN & ,BOYCE >E CONV5TIONAL1 AS IS ! RESORT TO T]RORISM :5 DEEM$ APPROPRIATE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ITS SUCCESS IS OP5LY CELEBRAT$4 ,! DEVA/ATION CAUS$ BY ,U,S T]ROR OP]ATIONS 9 ,NIC>AGUA WAS DESCRIB$ QITE FRANKLY1 LEAV+ ,AM]ICANS ',UNIT$ 9 JOY' AT !IR SUCCESSFUL \TCOME1 ! PRESS PROCLAIM$4 ,! MASSACRE ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ,9DONESIANS 9 #a#i#f#e1 MO/LY L&LESS PEASANTS1 WAS GREET$ ) UNCON/RA9$ EUPHORIA1 ALONG ) PRAISE = ,WA%+TON = CONCEAL+ ITS [N CRITICAL ROLE1 :I* MI<T HAVE EMB>RASS$ ! ',9DONESIAN MOD]ATES' :O HAD CLEAN$ !IR SOCIETY 9 A '/AGG]+ MASS SLAU<T]' ?AT ! ,C,I,A COMP>$ TO ! CRIMES ( ,/AL91 ,HITL] & ,MAO4.<#a#g.> ,!RE >E MANY O!R EXAMPLES4 ,ONE MI<T WOND] :Y ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD5'S DISGRACEFUL EXULTATION OV] ! ATROCITIES ( ,SEPTEMB] #aa OCCASION$ 9DIGNANT SURPRISE4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD BE AN ]ROR1 BAS$ ON FAILURE TO DI/+UI% !IR T]ROR1 :I* IS EVIL1 FROM \RS1 :I* IS NOBLE1 ! OP]ATIVE PR9CIPLE ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 

,IF WE KEEP TO (FICIAL DEF9ITIONS1 IT IS A S]I\S ]ROR TO DESCRIBE T]RORISM AS ! WEAPON ( ! WEAK4 ,LIKE MO/ WEAPONS1 IT IS WIELD$ TO F> GREAT EFFECT BY ! /RONG4 ,BUT !N IT IS NOT T]ROR2 RA!R1 'C\NT]T]ROR'1 OR 'L[-9T5SITY W>F>E' OR 'SELF-DEF5SE' &1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 'RATIONAL' & 'PRAGMATIC'1 & AN OCCASION TO BE 'UNIT$ 9 JOY'4 

,LET US TURN TO ! QUE/ION ( PROP] RESPONSE TO ! CRIME1 BE>+ 9 M9D ! GOV]N+ MORAL TRUISM4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ,ADMIRAL ,BOYCE'S DICTUM IS LEGITIMATE1 !N VICTIMS ( ,WE/]N /ATE T]RORISM >E 5TITL$ TO ACT ACCORD+LY4 ,?AT CONCLUSION IS PROP]LY REG>D$ AS \TRAGE\S4 ,!RE=E ! PR9CIPLE IS \TRAGE\S :5 APPLI$ TO (FICIAL 5EMIES2 EV5 MORE SO :5 WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ACTIONS W]E UND]TAK5 ) ! EXPECTATION ?AT !Y W\LD PLACE HUGE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE AT GRAVE RISK4 ,NO KN[L$GEABLE AU?ORITY S]I\SLY QUE/ION$ ! ,U,N E/IMATE ?AT '#g4#e MILLION ,AF<ANS WILL NE$ FOOD OV] ! W9T] -- #b4#e MILLION MORE ?AN ON ,SEPT4 #a#a'3.<#a#h.> A #e P] C5T 9CREASE AS A RESULT ( ! ?REAT ( BOMB+1 !N ! ACTUALITY1 ) A TOLL ?AT WILL NEV] BE 9VE/IGAT$ IF HI/ORY IS ANY GUIDE4 

,A DIFF]5T PROPOSAL1 PUT =? BY ! ,VATICAN AMONG O!RS1 WAS SPELL$ \T BY MILIT>Y HI/ORIAN ,MI*AEL ,H[>D3 'A POLICE OP]ATION CONDUCT$ UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES444AGA9/ A CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY :OSE MEMB]S W\LD BE HUNT$ D[N & BR\<T BE=E AN 9T]NATIONAL C\RT1 :]E !Y W\LD RECEIVE A FAIR TRIAL &1 IF F\ND GUILTY1 BE AW>$ AN APPROPRIATE S5T5CE'4.<#a#i.> ,?\< NEV] CONTEMPLAT$1 ! PROPOSAL SEEMS REASONABLE4 ,IF SO1 !N IT W\LD BE REASONABLE IF APPLI$ TO ,WE/]N /ATE T]RORISM2 SOME?+ ?AT C\LD ALSO NEV] BE CONTEMPLAT$1 ?\< = OPPOSITE REASONS4 

,! W> 9 ,AF<ANI/AN HAS COMMONLY BE5 DESCRIB$ AS A 'JU/ W>'2 9DE$1 EVID5TLY SO4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 SOME ATTEMPTS TO FRAME CONCEPT ( 'JU/ W>' ?AT MI<T SUPPORT ! JUDGM5T4 ,WE MAY !RE=E ASK H[ !SE PROPOSALS F>E :5 EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( ! SAME MORAL TRUISM4 ,I HAVE YET TO SEE ONE ?AT DOES NOT 9/ANTLY COLLAPSE3 APPLICATION ( ! PROPOS$ CONCEPT TO ,WE/]N /ATE T]RORISM W\LD BE CONSID]$ UN?9KABLE1 IF NOT DESPICABLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE MI<T ASK H[ ! PROPOSALS W\LD APPLY TO ! ONCE CASE ?AT IS UNCONTROV]SIAL 9 ! LI<T ( ! JUDGM5TS  ( ! HI<E/ 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITIES1 ,WA%+TON'S W> AGA9/ ,NIC>AGUA2 UNCONTROV]SIAL1 ?AT IS1 AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE SOME COMMITM5T TO 9T]NATIONAL LAW & TREATY OBLIGATIONS4 ,IT IS AN 9/RUCTIVE EXP]IM5T4 

,SIMIL> QUE/IONS >ISE 9 CONNECTION ) O!R ASPECTS ( ! W>S ON T]RORISM4 ,!RE HAS BE5 DEBATE OV] :E!R ! ,U,S-,U,K W> 9 ,AF<ANI/AN WAS AU?ORIZ$ BY AMBIGU\S ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL RESOLUTIONS1 BUT ?AT IS BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,! ,U,S SURELY C\LD HAVE OBTA9$ CLE> & UNAMBIGU\S AU?ORIZATION 7NOT ALWAYS = ATTRACTIVE REASONS -- ,RUSSIA & ,*9A EAG]LY JO9$ ! COALITION 9 ! HOPE ( GA9+ ,U,S SUPPORT = !IR [N T]RORI/ ATROCITIES1 & ! ,K & ,FRANCE W\LD NOT HAVE EX]CIS$ ! VETO71 BUT ?AT C\RSE WAS REJECT$1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE IT W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT !RE IS SOME HI<] AU?ORITY TO :I* ! ,U,S %\LD DEF]1 A CONDITION ?AT A /ATE ) OV]:ELM+ P[] IS NOT LIKELY TO ACCEPT4 ,!RE IS EV5 A NAME = ?AT /ANCE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( DIPLOMACY & 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS3 E/ABLI%+ 'CR$IBILITY'1 A /&>D (FICIAL JU/IFICATION = ! RESORT TO VIOL5CE -- ! BOMB+ ( ,S]BIA1 TO M5TION A REC5T EXAMPLE4 ,! REFUSAL TO CONSID] ! NEGOTIAT$ TRANSF] ( ! SUSPECT$ P]PETRATORS PRESUMABLY HAD ! SAME GR\NDS4 

,! MORAL TRUISM APPLIES TO SU* MATT]S AS WELL4 ,! ,U,S REFUSES TO EXTRADITE T]RORI/S EV5 :5 !IR GUILT IS WELL-E/ABLI%$4 ,ONCE CURR5T CASE 9VOLVES ,EMMANUEL ,CON/ANT1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,HAITIAN P>AMILIT>Y =CES ?AT W]E RESPONSIBLE = ?\S&S ( BRUTAL KILL+S 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS UND] ! MILIT>Y JUNTA1 :I* ,WA%+TON (FICIALLY OPPOS$ BUT TACITLY SUPPORT$1 PUBLICLY UND]M9+ ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,AM]ICAN ,/ATES' EMB>GO & SECRETLY AU?ORIZ+ OIL %IPM5TS4 ,CON/ANT WAS S5T5C$ 9 ABS5TIA BY A ,HAITIAN C\RT4 ,! ELECT$ GOV]NM5T HAS REPEAT$LY CALL$ ON ! ,U,S TO EXTRADITE HIM1 AGA9 ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #b#a1 :ILE ,TALIBAN 9ITIATIVES TO NEGOTIATE ! TRANSF] ( B9 ,LAD5 W]E BE+ DISMISS$ ) CONTEMPT4 ,HAITI'S REQUE/ WAS AGA9 IGNOR$1 PROBABLY BECAUSE ( CONC]NS AB\T :AT ,CON/ANT MI<T REVEAL AB\T TIES TO ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T DUR+ ! P]IOD ( T]ROR4 ,DO WE !RE=E CONCLUDE ?AT ,HAITI HAS ! RI<T TO USE =CE TO COMPEL HIS EXTRADITION1 FOLL[+ AS BE/ IT CAN ,WA%+TON'S MODEL 9 ,AF<ANI/AN8 ,! V]Y IDEA IS \TRAGE\S1 YIELD+ ANO!R PRIMA FACIE VIOLATION ( ! MORAL TRUISM4 

,ITS ALL TOO EASY TO ADD ILLU/RATIONS4.<#b.> ,CONSID] ,CUBA1 PROBABLY ! MA9 T>GET ( 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM S9CE #a#i#e#i1 REM>KABLE 9 SCALE & *>ACT]1 SOME ( IT EXPOS$ 9 DECLASSIFI$ DOCUM5TS ON ,K5N$Y'S ,OP]ATION ,MONGOOSE & CONT9U+ TO ! LATE #a#i#iS4 ,COLD ,W> PRETEXTS W]E RITUALLY (F]$ AS LONGAS ?AT WAS POSSIBLE1 BUT 9T]NALLY ! /ORY WAS ! ONE COMMONY UNE>!D ON 9QUIRY4 ,IT WAS REC\NT$ 9 SECRET BY ,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 REPORT+ ! CONCLUSIONS ( ,J,F,K'S ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN MISSION TO ! 9COM+ PRESID5T3 ! ,CUBAN ?REAT IS '! SPREAD ( ! ,CA/RO IDEA ( TAK+ MATT]S 9TO ONE'S [N H&S'1 :I* MI<T /IMULATE ! 'POOR & UND]PRIVILEG$' 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 :O '>E N[ DEM&+ OPPORTUNITIES = A DEC5T LIV+' -- ! 'VIRUS' OR 'ROTT5 APPLE' EFFECT1 AS IT IS CALL$ 9 HI< PLACES4 ,! ,COLD ,W> CONNECTION WAS ?AT '! ,SOVIET ,UNION HOV]S 9 ! W+S1 FL\RI%+ L>GE DEVELOPM5T LO&S & PRES5T+ ITSELF AS ! MODEL = A*IEV+ MOD]NIZATION 9 A S+LE G5]ATION'4.<#b#a.> 

,TRUE1 !SE EXPLOITS ( 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM -- :I* W]E QUITE S]I\S -- >E EXCLUD$ BY ! /&>D CONV5TION4 ,BUT SUPPOSE WE KEEP TO ! (FICIAL DEF9ITION4 ,9 ACCORD ) ! !ORIES ( 'JU/ W>' & PROP] RESPONSE1 H[ HAS ,CUBAN BE5 5TITL$ TO REACT8 

,IT IS FAIR 5\< TO D5\NCE 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM AS A PLAGUE SPREAD BY 'DEPRAV$ OPPON5TS ( CIVILIZATION ITSELF'4 ,! COMMITM5T TO 'DRIVE ! EVIL FROM ! WORLD' CAN EV5 BE TAK5 S]I\SLY1 IF IT SATISFI$S MORAL TRUISMS -- NOT1 IT W\LD SEEM1 AN 5TIRELY UNREASONABLE ?\<T4 

  

.<#a.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #a#h1 #a#i#h#e4 

.<#b.> ,U,S ,>MY ,OP]ATIONAL ,CONCEPT = ,T]RORISM ,C\NT]ACTION 7,T,R,A,D,O,C ,PAMPHLET ,NO4 #e#b#e-#c#g1 #a#i#h#d74 

.<#c.> ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ,RESOLUTION #d_/#f#a1 ,DECEMB] #i1 #a#i#h#e2 ,RESOLUTION #d#b_/#a#e#i1 ,DECEMB] #g1 #a#i#h#g4 

.<#d.> ,SEE MY ,NECESS>Y ,ILLUSIONS 7,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i71 *APT] #d2 & MY ESSAY ',9T]NATIONAL ,T]RORISM3 ,IMAGE & ,REALITY' 9 ,ALEX ,GEORGE 7$47 ,WE/]N ,/ATE ,T]RORISM 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS_/,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#i#a74 

.<#e.> ,GEORGE ,%ULTZ1 ',T]RORISM3 ,! ,*ALL5GE TO ! ,DEMOCRACIES' 7,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 ,CURR5T ,POLICY ,NO4 #e#h#i1 ,JUNE #b#d1 #a#i#h#d72 ',T]RORISM & ! ,MOD]N ,WORLD' 7,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 ,CURR5T ,POLICY ,NO4 #f#b#i1 ,OCTOB] #b#e1 #a#i#h#d74 ,= ,%ULTZ'S CONGRESSIONAL TE/IMONY #a#i#h#f1 #a#i#h#c1 ! =M] P>T ( A MAJOR CAMPAIGN TO GA9 MORE FUND+ = ! CONTRAS1 SEE ,JACK ,SP5CE ',! ,U,S ,M$IA3 ,COV]+ 7,OV]7 ,NIC>AGUA' & ,ELDON ,K5WOR?Y ',SELL+ ! ,POLICY' 9 ,?OMAS ,WALK] 7$47 ,REAGAN V]SUS ! ,S&9I/AS 7,B\LD]1 ,C,O1 & ,LONDON3 ,WE/VIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#f.> ,GEORGE ,%ULTZ1 ',MORAL ,PR9CIPLES & ,/RATEGIC ,9T]E/S' 7,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 ,CURR5T ,POLICY ,NO4 #h#b1 ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#h#f74 

.<#g.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #a#g1 #a#h1 #a#i#h#e2 ,AMNON ,KAPELI\K1 ,Y$IOT ,AHRONOT1 ,NOVEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#h#e2 ,LOS ,ANGELES ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #c1 #a#i#h#e2 ,GE(FREY ,JANS51 ,M,IDDLE ,EA/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,OCTOB] #a#a1 #a#i#h#e2 ,B]N>D ,GW]TZMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #b1 #g1 #a#i#h#e4 

.<#h.> ,NORA ,B\/ANY1 ,WA%+TON ,PO/ ,WEEKLY1 ,M>* #a#d1 #a#i#h#h2 ,BOB ,WOODW>D1 ,WEIL 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,SIMON & ,S*U/]1 #a#i#h#g71 P4 #c#i#fF4 

.<#i.> ,GU>DIAN1 ,M>* #f1 #a#i#h#e4 ,= DETAILS & SR\CES1 SEE MY ',MIDDLE ,EA/ ,T]RORISM & ! ,AM]ICAN ,IDEOLOGICAL ,SY/EM'1 9 ,PIRATES & ,EMP]ORS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,CL>EMONT1 #a#i#h#f2 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#h#h71 REPR9T$ 9 ,$W>D ,SAID & ,*RI/OPH] ,HIT*5S 7$S7 ,BLAM+ ! ,VICTIMS 7,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #a#i#h#h74 

.<#a.> ,= DETAILS1 SEE MY ,CULTURE ( ,T]RORISM 7,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h71 P #g#gF4 

.<#a#a.> ,ABRAHAM ,S(A]1 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,WORLD ,C\RT 7,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 ,CURR5T ,POLICY ,NO4 #g#f#i1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#h#e74 

.<#a#b.> ,JUAN ,H]N&EZ ,PICO1 ,5VIO 7,MANAGUA3 ,UNIV]SIDAD ,C5TROAM]ICANA1 ,M>* #a#i#i#d74 

.<#a#c.> ,5VIO1 ,OCTOB] #b#a4 ,= A JUDICI\S REVIEW ( ! AFT]MA?1 SEE ,?OMAS ,WALK] & ,>IEL ,>MONY 7$S7 ,REPRESSION1 ,RESI/ANCE1 & ,DEMOCRATIC ,TRANSITION 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 7,WILM+TON1 ,M,C3 ,S*OL>LY ,RES\RCES1 #b74 

.<#a#d.> ,5VIO1 ,OCTOB] #b#a2 ,PANAMANIAN J\RNALI/ ,RIC>DO ,/EV5S1 ,N,A,C,L,A ,REPORT ON ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,NOVEMB]_/,DECEMB] #b#a4 

.<#a#e.> ,PATRICK ,TYL] & ,ELISABE? ,BUMILL]1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #a#b1 #b#a1 P4 #a2 ,MI*AEL ,GORDON1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #b#h1 #b#a1 P4 #a4 

.<#a#f.> ,J]USALEM ,PO/1 ,AUGU/ #a#f1 #a#i#h#a4 

.<#a#g.> ,= AN EXT5SIVE REVIEW1 SEE MY ,NECESS>Y ,ILLUSIONS2 ,DET]R+ ,DEMOCRACY 7,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #a#i#i#a77,NIC>AGUA72 ,YE> #ea 7,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c77,9DONESIA74 

.<#a#h.> ,ELISABE? ,BUMILL] & ,ELIZABE? ,BECK]1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #a#g1 #b#a4 

.<#a#i.> ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,JANU>Y_/,FEBRU>Y #b#b2 ,TANIA ,BRANIGAN1 ,GU>DIAN1 ,OCTOB] #c#a1 #b#a4 

.<#b.> ,= A SAMPLE1 SEE ,GEORGE1 ,WE/]N ,/ATE ,T]RORISM4 

.<#b#a.> ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 #a#i#f#a-#f#c1 VOL4 ,X,I,I1 ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLICS1 PP4#a#cF41 #c#c4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #ba 3 ,:O ,>E ! ,GLOBAL ,T]RORI/S8 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,:O ,>E ! ,GLOBAL ,T]RORI/S8 -- ,ADD$4 
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