,:AT'S ! ,PO9T ,IF ,WE ,CAN'T ,HAVE ,FUN8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,MY FRI5D ,JUNE ,?UND]/ORM & ,I ONCE SP5T A HALF AN H\R SITT+ 9 A MEAD[ BY A M\NTA9 LAKE1 WAT*+ AN 9*WORM DANGLE FROM ! TOP ( A /ALK ( GRASS1 TWI/ AB\T 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE DIRECTION1 & !N LEAP TO ! NEXT /ALK & DO ! SAME ?+4 ,& SO IT PROCE$$1 9 A VA/ CIRCLE1 ) :AT MU/ HAVE BE5 A VA/ EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY1 = :AT SEEM$ LIKE ABSOLUTELY NO REASON AT ALL4 

0,ALL ANIMALS PLAY10 ,JUNE HAD ONCE SAID TO ME4 0,EV5 ANTS40 ,%E'D SP5T MANY YE>S WORK+ AS A PR(ESSIONAL G>D5] & HAD PL5TY ( 9CID5TS LIKE ?IS TO OBS]VE & POND]4 0,LOOK10 %E SAID1 ) AN AIR ( MODE/ TRIUMPH4 0,SEE :AT ,I MEAN80 

,MO/ ( US1 HE>+ ?IS /ORY1 W\LD 9SI/ ON PRO(4 ,H[ DO WE KN[ ! WORM WAS PLAY+8 ,P]HAPS ! 9VISIBLE CIRCLES IT TRAC$ 9 ! AIR W]E REALLY JU/ A SE>* = SOME UNKN[N SORT ( PREY4 ,OR A MAT+ RITUAL4 ,CAN WE PROVE !Y W]5'T8 ,EV5 IF ! WORM WAS PLAY+1 H[ DO WE KN[ ?IS =M ( PLAY DID NOT S]VE SOME ULTIMATELY PRACTICAL PURPOSE3 EX]CISE1 OR SELF-TRA9+ = SOME POSSIBLE FUTURE 9*WORM EM]G5CY8 

,?IS W\LD BE ! REACTION ( MO/ PR(ESSIONAL E?OLOGI/S AS WELL4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 AN ANALYSIS ( ANIMAL BEHAVIOR IS NOT CONSID]$ SCI5TIFIC UNLESS ! ANIMAL IS ASSUM$1 AT LEA/ TACITLY1 TO BE OP]AT+ ACCORD+ TO ! SAME MEANS_/5D CALCULATIONS ?AT ONE W\LD APPLY TO ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS4 ,UND] ?IS ASSUMPTION1 AN EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY MU/ BE DIRECT$ T[>D SOME GOAL1 :E!R IT BE OBTA9+ FOOD1 SECUR+ T]RITORY1 A*IEV+ DOM9ANCE1 OR MAXIMIZ+ REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS--UNLESS ONE CAN ABSOLUTELY PROVE ?AT IT ISN'T1 & ABSOLUTE PRO( 9 SU* MATT]S IS1 AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 V]Y H>D TO COME BY4 

,I MU/ EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT IT DOESN'T REALLY MATT] :AT SORT ( !ORY ( ANIMAL MOTIVATION A SCI5TI/ MI<T 5T]TA93 :AT %E BELIEVES AN ANIMAL TO BE ?9K+1 :E!R %E ?9KS AN ANIMAL CAN BE SAID TO BE 0?9K+0 ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,I'M NOT SAY+ ?AT E?OLOGI/S ACTUALLY BELIEVE ?AT ANIMALS >E SIMPLY RATIONAL CALCULAT+ MA*9ES4 ,I'M SIMPLY SAY+ ?AT E?OLOGI/S HAVE BOX$ !MSELVES 9TO A WORLD :]E TO BE SCI5TIFIC MEANS TO (F] AN EXPLANATION ( BEHAVIOR 9 RATIONAL T]MS--:I* 9 TURN MEANS DESCRIB+ AN ANIMAL AS IF IT W]E A CALCULAT+ ECONOMIC ACTOR TRY+ TO MAXIMIZE SOME SORT ( SELF-9T]E/--:ATEV] !IR !ORY ( ANIMAL PSY*OLOGY1 OR MOTIVATION1 MI<T BE4 

,?AT'S :Y ! EXI/5CE ( ANIMAL PLAY IS CONSID]$ SOME?+ ( AN 9TELLECTUAL SC&AL4 ,IT'S UND]/UDI$1 & ?OSE :O DO /UDY IT >E SE5 AS MILDLY ECC5TRIC4 ,AS ) MANY VAGUELY ?REAT5+1 SPECULATIVE NOTIONS1 DIFFICULT-TO-SATISFY CRIT]IA >E 9TRODUC$ = PROV+ ANIMAL PLAY EXI/S1 & EV5 :5 IT IS ACKN[L$G$1 ! RESE>* MORE (T5 ?AN NOT CANNIBALIZES ITS [N 9SI<TS BY TRY+ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT PLAY MU/ HAVE SOME LONG-T]M SURVIVAL OR REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION4 

,DESPITE ALL ?IS1 ?OSE :O DO LOOK 9TO ! MATT] >E 9V>IABLY =C$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT PLAY DOES EXI/ ACROSS ! ANIMAL UNIV]SE4 ,& EXI/S NOT JU/ AMONG SU* NOTORI\SLY FRIVOL\S CREATURES AS MONKEYS1 DOLPH9S1 OR PUPPIES1 BUT AMONG SU* UNLIKELY SPECIES AS FROGS1 M9N[S1 SALAM&]S1 FIDDL] CRABS1 & YES1 EV5 ANTS--:I* NOT ONLY 5GAGE 9 FRIVOL\S ACTIVITIES AS 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO HAVE BE5 OBS]V$ S9CE ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO >RANGE MOCK-W>S1 APP>5TLY JU/ = ! FUN ( IT4 

,:Y DO ANIMALS PLAY8 ,WELL1 :Y %\LDN'T !Y8 ,! REAL QUE/ION IS3 ,:Y DOES ! EXI/5CE ( ACTION C>RI$ \T = ! %E] PLEASURE ( ACT+1 ! EX]TION ( P[]S = ! %E] PLEASURE ( EX]T+ !M1 /RIKE US AS MY/]I\S8 ,:AT DOES IT TELL US AB\T \RSELVES ?AT WE 9/9CTIVELY ASSUME ?AT IT IS8 

 ,SURVIVAL ( ! ,MISFITS 

,! T5D5CY 9 POPUL> ?\<T TO VIEW ! BIOLOGICAL WORLD 9 ECONOMIC T]MS WAS PRES5T AT ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY BEG9N+S ( ,D>W9IAN SCI5CE4 ,*>LES ,D>W91 AFT] ALL1 BORR[$ ! T]M 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/0 FROM ! SOCIOLOGI/ ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 ?AT D>L+ ( ROBB] B>ONS4 ,SP5C]1 9 TURN1 WAS /RUCK BY H[ MU* ! =CES DRIV+ NATURAL SELECTION 9 ,ON ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES JIB$ ) HIS [N LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMIC !ORIES4 ,COMPETITION OV] RES\RCES1 RATIONAL CALCULATION ( ADVANTAGE1 & ! GRADUAL EXT9CTION ( ! WEAK W]E TAK5 TO BE ! PRIME DIRECTIVES ( ! UNIV]SE4 

,! /AKES ( ?IS NEW VIEW ( NATURE AS ! !AT] = A BRUTAL /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE W]E HI<1 & OBJECTIONS REGI/]$ V]Y E>LY ON4 ,AN ALT]NATIVE S*OOL ( ,D>W9ISM EM]G$ 9 ,RUSSIA EMPHASIZ+ COOP]ATION1 NOT COMPETITION1 AS ! DRIV] ( EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,9 #aib ?IS APPROA* F\ND A VOICE 9 A POPUL> BOOK1 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION1 BY NATURALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ PAMPHLETE] ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,9 AN EXPLICIT RIPO/E TO SOCIAL ,D>W9I/S1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT ! 5TIRE !ORETICAL BASIS = ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM WAS WRONG3 ?OSE SPECIES ?AT COOP]ATE MO/ EFFECTIVELY T5D TO BE ! MO/ COMPETITIVE 9 ! LONG RUN4 ,KROPOTK91 BORN A PR9CE 7HE R5\NC$ HIS TITLE AS A Y\NG MAN71 SP5T MANY YE>S 9 ,SIB]IA AS A NATURALI/ & EXPLOR] BE=E BE+ IMPRISON$ = REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION1 ESCAP+1 & FLEE+ TO ,LONDON4 ,MUTUAL ,AID GREW FROM A S]IES ( ESSAYS WRITT5 9 RESPONSE TO ,?OMAS ,H5RY ,HUXLEY1 A WELL-KN[N ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/1 & SUMM>IZ$ ! ,RUSSIAN UND]/&+ ( ! DAY1 :I* WAS ?AT :ILE COMPETITION WAS UND\BT$LY ONE FACTOR DRIV+ BO? NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ! ROLE ( COOP]ATION WAS ULTIMATELY DECISIVE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN *ALL5GE WAS TAK5 QUITE S]I\SLY 9 TW5TIE?-C5TURY BIOLOGY--P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! EM]G+ SUBDISCIPL9E ( EVOLUTION>Y PSY*OLOGY--EV5 IF IT WAS R>ELY M5TION$ BY NAME4 ,IT CAME1 9/EAD1 TO BE SUBSUM$ UND] ! BROAD] 0PROBLEM ( ALTRUISM0--ANO!R PHRASE BORR[$ FROM ! ECONOMI/S1 & ONE ?AT SPILLS OV] 9TO >GUM5TS AMONG 0RATIONAL *OICE0 !ORI/S 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 ,?IS WAS ! QUE/ION ?AT ALREADY TR\BL$ ,D>W93 ,:Y %\LD ANIMALS EV] SACRIFICE !IR 9DIVIDUAL ADVANTAGE = O!RS8 ,BECAUSE NO ONE CAN D5Y ?AT !Y SOMETIMES DO4 ,:Y %\LD A H]D ANIMAL DRAW POT5TIALLY LE?AL ATT5TION TO HIMSELF BY AL]T+ HIS FELL[S A PR$ATOR IS COM+8 ,:Y %\LD WORK] BEES KILL !MSELVES TO PROTECT !IR HIVE8 ,IF TO ADVANCE A SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATION ( ANY BEHAVIOR MEANS TO ATTRIBUTE RATIONAL1 MAXIMIZ+ MOTIVES1 !N :AT1 PRECISELY1 WAS A KAMIKAZE BEE TRY+ TO MAXIMIZE8 

,WE ALL KN[ ! EV5TUAL ANSW]1 :I* ! DISCOV]Y ( G5ES MADE POSSIBLE4 ,ANIMALS W]E SIMPLY TRY+ TO MAXIMIZE ! PROPAGATION ( !IR [N G5ETIC CODES4 ,CURI\SLY1 ?IS VIEW--:I* EV5TUALLY CAME TO BE REF]R$ TO AS NEO-,D>W9IAN--WAS DEVELOP$ L>GELY BY FIGURES :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES RADICALS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,JACK ,HALDANE1 A ,M>XI/ BIOLOGI/1 WAS ALREADY TRY+ TO ANNOY MORALI/S 9 ! #a#i#cS BY QUIPP+ ?AT1 LIKE ANY BIOLOGICAL 5TITY1 HE'D BE HAPPY TO SACRIFICE HIS LIFE = 0TWO BRO!RS OR EI<T C\S9S40 ,! EPITOME ( ?IS L9E ( ?\<T CAME ) MILITANT A!I/ ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S'S BOOK ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E--A WORK ?AT 9SI/$ ALL BIOLOGICAL 5TITIES W]E BE/ CONCEIV$ ( AS 0LUMB]+ ROBOTS10 PROGRAMM$ BY G5ETIC CODES ?AT1 = SOME REASON NO ONE C\LD QUITE EXPLA91 ACT$ LIKE 0SUCCESSFUL ,*ICAGO GANG/]S10 RU?LESSLY EXP&+ !IR T]RITORY 9 AN 5DLESS DESIRE TO PROPAGATE !MSELVES4 ,SU* DESCRIPTIONS W]E TYPICALLY QUALIFI$ BY REM>KS LIKE1 0,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS JU/ A METAPHOR1 G5ES DON'T REALLY WANT OR DO ANY?+40 ,BUT 9 REALITY1 ! NEO-,D>W9I/S W]E PRACTICALLY DRIV5 TO !IR CONCLUSIONS BY !IR 9ITIAL ASSUMPTION3 ?AT SCI5CE DEM&S A RATIONAL EXPLANATION1 ?AT ?IS MEANS ATTRIBUT+ RATIONAL MOTIVES TO ALL BEHAVIOR1 & ?AT A TRULY RATIONAL MOTIVATION CAN ONLY BE ONE ?AT1 IF OBS]V$ 9 HUMANS1 W\LD NORMALLY BE DESCRIB$ AS SELFI%NESS OR GRE$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! NEO-,D>W9I/S W5T EV5 FUR!R ?AN ! ,VICTORIAN V>IETY4 ,IF OLD-S*OOL ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/S LIKE ,H]B]T ,SP5C] VIEW$ NATURE AS A M>KETPLACE1 ALBEIT AN UNUSUALLY CUT?ROAT ONE1 ! NEW V]SION WAS \TRI<T CAPITALI/4 ,! NEO-,D>W9I/S ASSUM$ NOT JU/ A /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL1 BUT A UNIV]SE ( RATIONAL CALCULATION DRIV5 BY AN APP>5TLY IRRATIONAL IMP]ATIVE TO UNLIMIT$ GR[?4 

,?IS1 ANYWAY1 IS H[ ! ,RUSSIAN *ALL5GE WAS UND]/OOD4 ,KROPOTK9'S ACTUAL >GUM5T IS F> MORE 9T]E/+4 ,MU* ( IT1 = 9/ANCE1 IS CONC]N$ ) H[ ANIMAL COOP]ATION (T5 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) SURVIVAL OR REPRODUCTION1 BUT IS A =M ( PLEASURE 9 ITSELF4 0,TO TAKE FLI<T 9 FLOCKS M]ELY = PLEASURE IS QUITE COMMON AMONG ALL SORTS ( BIRDS10 HE WRITES4 ,KROPOTK9 MULTIPLIES EXAMPLES ( SOCIAL PLAY3 PAIRS ( VULTURES :EEL+ AB\T = !IR [N 5T]TA9M5T1 H>ES SO KE5 TO BOX ) O!R SPECIES ?AT !Y OCCASIONALLY 7& UNWISELY7 APPROA* FOXES1 FLOCKS ( BIRDS P]=M+ MILIT>Y-/YLE MANEUV]S1 B&S ( SQUIRRELS COM+ TOGE!R = WRE/L+ & SIMIL> GAMES3 

,WE KN[ AT ! PRES5T TIME ?AT ALL ANIMALS1 BEG9N+ ) ! ANTS1 GO+ ON TO ! BIRDS1 & 5D+ ) ! HI<E/ MAMMALS1 >E FOND ( PLAYS1 WRE/L+1 RUNN+ AFT] EA* O!R1 TRY+ TO CAPTURE EA* O!R1 TEAS+ EA* O!R1 & SO ON4 ,& :ILE MANY PLAYS >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 A S*OOL = ! PROP] BEHAVIOR ( ! Y\NG 9 MATURE LIFE1 !RE >E O!RS :I*1 AP>T FROM !IR UTILIT>IAN PURPOSES1 >E1 TOGE!R ) DANC+ & S++1 M]E MANIFE/ATIONS ( AN EXCESS ( =CES--0! JOY ( LIFE10 & A DESIRE TO COMMUNICATE 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME OR ( O!R SPECIES--9 %ORT1 A MANIFE/ATION ( SOCIABILITY PROP]1 :I* IS A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ALL ! ANIMAL WORLD4 

,TO EX]CISE ONE'S CAPACITIES TO !IR FULLE/ EXT5T IS TO TAKE PLEASURE 9 ONE'S [N EXI/5CE1 & ) SOCIABLE CREATURES1 SU* PLEASURES >E PROPORTIONALLY MAGNIFI$ :5 P]=M$ 9 COMPANY4 ,FROM ! ,RUSSIAN P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS DOES NOT NE$ TO BE EXPLA9$4 ,IT IS SIMPLY :AT LIFE IS4 ,WE DON'T HAVE TO EXPLA9 :Y CREATURES DESIRE TO BE ALIVE4 ,LIFE IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,& IF :AT BE+ ALIVE ACTUALLY CONSI/S ( IS HAV+ P[]S--TO RUN1 JUMP1 FI<T1 FLY ?R\< ! AIR--!N SURELY ! EX]CISE ( SU* P[]S AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF DOES NOT HAVE TO BE EXPLA9$ EI!R4 ,IT'S JU/ AN EXT5SION ( ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 

,FRI$RI* ,S*ILL] HAD ALREADY >GU$ 9 #agie ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY 9 PLAY ?AT WE F9D ! ORIG9S ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & H5CE FRE$OM1 & H5CE MORALITY4 0,MAN PLAYS ONLY :5 HE IS 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! WORD A MAN10 ,S*ILL] WROTE 9 HIS ,ON ! ,ES!TIC ,$UCATION ( ,MAN1 0& HE IS ONLY :OLLY A ,MAN :5 HE IS PLAY+40 ,IF SO1 & IF ,KROPOTK9 WAS RI<T1 !N GLIMM]S ( FRE$OM1 OR EV5 ( MORAL LIFE1 BEG9 TO APPE> EV]Y:]E >\ND US4 

,IT'S H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ?IS ASPECT ( ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5T WAS IGNOR$ BY ! NEO-,D>W9I/S4 ,UNLIKE 0! PROBLEM ( ALTRUISM10 COOP]ATION = PLEASURE1 AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 SIMPLY C\LD NOT BE RECUP]AT$ = IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES4 ,9 FACT1 ! V]SION ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ?AT EM]G$ OV] ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAD EV5 LESS ROOM = PLAY ?AN ! OLD] ,VICTORIAN ONE4 ,H]B]T ,SP5C] HIMSELF HAD NO PROBLEM ) ! IDEA ( ANIMAL PLAY AS PURPOSELESS1 A M]E 5JOYM5T ( SURPLUS 5]GY4 ,JU/ AS A SUCCESSFUL 9DU/RIALI/ OR SALESMAN C\LD GO HOME & PLAY A NICE GAME ( CRIBBAGE OR POLO1 :Y %\LD ?OSE ANIMALS ?AT SUCCE$$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE NOT ALSO HAVE A BIT ( FUN8 ,BUT 9 ! NEW FULL-BL[N CAPITALI/ V]SION ( EVOLUTION1 :]E ! DRIVE = ACCUMULATION HAD NO LIMITS1 LIFE WAS NO LONG] AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT A M]E 9/RUM5T = ! PROPAGATION ( ,D,N,A SEQU5CES--& SO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( PLAY WAS SOME?+ ( A SC&AL4 

,:Y ,ME8 

,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT SCI5TI/S >E RELUCTANT TO SET \T ON A PA? ?AT MI<T LEAD !M TO SEE PLAY--& !RE=E ! SE$S ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 FRE$OM1 & MORAL LIFE--AMONG ANIMALS4 ,MANY >E F9D+ IT 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO COME UP ) JU/IFICATIONS = ASCRIB+ ANY ( !SE ?+S EV5 TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,ONCE Y\ R$UCE ALL LIV+ BE+S TO ! EQUIVAL5T ( M>KET ACTORS1 RATIONAL CALCULAT+ MA*9ES TRY+ TO PROPAGATE !IR G5ETIC CODE1 Y\ ACCEPT ?AT NOT ONLY ! CELLS ?AT MAKE UP \R BODIES1 BUT :ATEV] BE+S >E \R IMM$IATE ANCE/ORS1 LACK$ ANY?+ EV5 REMOTELY LIKE SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 FRE$OM1 OR MORAL LIFE--:I* MAKES IT H>D TO UND]/& H[ OR :Y CONSCI\SNESS 7A M9D1 A S\L7 C\LD EV] HAVE EVOLV$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,AM]ICAN PHILOSOPH] ,DANIEL ,D5NETT FRAMES ! PROBLEM QUITE LUCIDLY4 ,TAKE LOB/]S1 HE >GUES--!Y'RE JU/ ROBOTS4 ,LOB/]S CAN GET BY ) NO S5SE ( SELF AT ALL4 ,Y\ CAN'T ASK :AT IT'S LIKE TO BE A LOB/]4 ,IT'S NOT LIKE ANY?+4 ,!Y HAVE NO?+ ?AT EV5 RESEMBLES CONSCI\SNESS2 !Y'RE MA*9ES4 ,BUT IF ?IS IS SO1 ,D5NETT >GUES1 !N ! SAME MU/ BE ASSUM$ ALL ! WAY UP ! EVOLUTION>Y SCALE ( COMPLEXITY1 FROM ! LIV+ CELLS ?AT MAKE UP \R BODIES TO SU* ELABORATE CREATURES AS MONKEYS & ELEPHANTS1 :O1 = ALL !IR APP>5TLY HUMAN-LIKE QUALITIES1 CANNOT BE PROV$ TO ?9K AB\T :AT !Y DO4 ,?AT IS1 UNTIL SUDD5LY1 ,D5NETT GETS TO HUMANS1 :I*--:ILE !Y >E C]TA9LY GLID+ >\ND ON AUTOPILOT AT LEA/ #ie P]C5T ( ! TIME--NONE!LESS DO APPE> TO HAVE ?IS 0ME10 ?IS CONSCI\S SELF GRAFT$ ON TOP ( !M1 ?AT OCCASIONALLY %[S UP TO TAKE SUP]VISORY NOTICE1 9T]V5+ TO TELL ! SY/EM TO LOOK = A NEW JOB1 QUIT SMOK+1 OR WRITE AN ACADEMIC PAP] AB\T ! ORIG9S ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 ,D5NETT'S =MULATION1 

,YES1 WE HAVE A S\L4 ,BUT IT'S MADE ( LOTS ( T9Y ROBOTS4 ,SOMEH[1 ! TRILLIONS ( ROBOTIC 7& UNCONSCI\S7 CELLS ?AT COMPOSE \R BODIES ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO 9T]ACT+ SY/EMS ?AT SU/A9 ! ACTIVITIES TRADITIONALLY ALLOCAT$ TO ! S\L1 ! EGO OR SELF4 ,BUT S9CE WE HAVE ALREADY GRANT$ ?AT SIMPLE ROBOTS >E UNCONSCI\S 7IF TOA/]S & !RMO/ATS & TELEPHONES >E UNCONSCI\S71 :Y C\LDN'T TEAMS ( SU* ROBOTS DO !IR FANCI] PROJECTS )\T HAV+ TO COMPOSE ME8 ,IF ! IMMUNE SY/EM HAS A M9D ( ITS [N1 & ! H&-EYE COORD9ATION CIRCUIT ?AT PICKS B]RIES HAS A M9D ( ITS [N1 :Y BO!R MAK+ A SUP]-M9D TO SUP]VISE ALL ?IS8 

,D5NETT'S [N ANSW] IS NOT P>TICUL>LY CONV9C+3 HE SUGGE/S WE DEVELOP CONSCI\SNESS SO WE CAN LIE1 :I* GIVES US AN EVOLUTION>Y ADVANTAGE4 7,IF SO1 W\LDN'T FOXES ALSO BE CONSCI\S87 ,BUT ! QUE/ION GR[S MORE DIFFICULT BY AN ORD] ( MAGNITUDE :5 Y\ ASK H[ IT HAPP5S--! 0H>D PROBLEM ( CONSCI\SNESS10 AS ,DAVID ,*ALM]S CALLS IT4 ,H[ DO APP>5TLY ROBOTIC CELLS & SY/EMS COMB9E 9 SU* A WAY AS TO HAVE QUALITATIVE EXP]I5CES3 TO FEEL DAMPNESS1 SAVOR W9E1 ADORE CUMBIA BUT BE 9DIFF]5T TO SALSA8 ,SOME SCI5TI/S >E HONE/ 5\< TO ADMIT !Y DON'T HAVE ! SLI<TE/ IDEA H[ TO ACC\NT = EXP]I5CES LIKE !SE1 & SUSPECT !Y NEV] WILL4 

,DO ! ,ELECTRON7S7 ,DANCE8 

,!RE IS A WAY \T ( ! DILEMMA1 & ! FIR/ /EP IS TO CONSID] ?AT \R />T+ PO9T C\LD BE WRONG4 ,RECONSID] ! LOB/]4 ,LOB/]S HAVE A V]Y BAD REPUTATION AMONG PHILOSOPH]S1 :O FREQU5TLY HOLD !M \T AS EXAMPLES ( PURELY UN?9K+1 UNFEEL+ CREATURES4 ,PRESUMABLY1 ?IS IS BECAUSE LOB/]S >E ! ONLY ANIMAL MO/ PHILOSOPH]S HAVE KILL$ ) !IR [N TWO H&S BE=E EAT+4 ,IT'S UNPLEASANT TO ?R[ A /RUGGL+ CREATURE 9 A POT ( BOIL+ WAT]2 ONE NE$S TO BE ABLE TO TELL ONESELF ?AT ! LOB/] ISN'T REALLY FEEL+ IT4 7,! ONLY EXCEPTION TO ?IS PATT]N APPE>S TO BE1 = SOME REASON1 ,FRANCE1 :]E ,G]>D DE ,N]VAL US$ TO WALK A PET LOB/] ON A LEA% & :]E ,JEAN-,PAUL ,S>TRE AT ONE PO9T BECAME ]OTICALLY OBSESS$ ) LOB/]S AFT] TAK+ TOO MU* MESCAL9E47 ,BUT 9 FACT1 SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION HAS REVEAL$ ?AT EV5 LOB/]S 5GAGE 9 SOME =MS ( PLAY--MANIPULAT+ OBJECTS1 = 9/ANCE1 POSSIBLY JU/ = ! PLEASURE ( DO+ SO4 ,IF ?AT IS ! CASE1 TO CALL SU* CREATURES 0ROBOTS0 W\LD BE TO %E> ! WORD 0ROBOT0 ( ITS MEAN+4 ,MA*9ES DON'T JU/ FOOL >\ND4 ,BUT IF LIV+ CREATURES >E NOT ROBOTS AFT] ALL1 MANY ( !SE APP>5TLY ?ORNY QUE/IONS 9/ANTLY DISSOLVE AWAY4 

,:AT W\LD HAPP5 IF WE PROCE$$ FROM ! REV]SE P]SPECTIVE & AGRE$ TO TREAT PLAY NOT AS SOME PECULI> ANOMALY1 BUT AS \R />T+ PO9T1 A PR9CIPLE ALREADY PRES5T NOT JU/ 9 LOB/]S & 9DE$ ALL LIV+ CREATURES1 BUT ALSO ON EV]Y LEVEL :]E WE F9D :AT PHYSICI/S1 *EMI/S1 & BIOLOGI/S REF] TO AS 0SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS08 

,?IS IS NOT NE>LY AS CRAZY AS IT MI<T S\ND4 

,PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE1 FAC$ ) ! PUZZLE ( H[ LIFE MI<T EM]GE FROM DEAD MATT] OR H[ CONSCI\S BE+S MI<T EVOLVE FROM MICROBES1 HAVE DEVELOP$ TWO TYPES ( EXPLANATIONS4 

,! FIR/ CONSI/S ( :AT'S CALL$ EM]G5TISM4 ,! >GUM5T H]E IS ?AT ONCE A C]TA9 LEVEL ( COMPLEXITY IS REA*$1 !RE IS A K9D ( QUALITATIVE LEAP :]E COMPLETELY NEW SORTS ( PHYSICAL LAWS CAN 0EM]GE0--ONES ?AT >E PREMIS$ ON1 BUT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO1 :AT CAME BE=E4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! LAWS ( *EMI/RY CAN BE SAID TO BE EM]G5T FROM PHYSICS3 ! LAWS ( *EMI/RY PRESUPPOSE ! LAWS ( PHYSICS1 BUT CAN'T SIMPLY BE R$UC$ TO !M4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! LAWS ( BIOLOGY EM]GE FROM *EMI/RY3 ONE OBVI\SLY NE$S TO UND]/& ! *EMICAL COMPON5TS ( A FI% TO UND]/& H[ IT SWIMS1 BUT *EMICAL COMPON5TS WILL NEV] PROVIDE A FULL EXPLANATION4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! HUMAN M9D CAN BE SAID TO BE EM]G5T FROM ! CELLS ?AT MAKE IT UP4 

,?OSE :O HOLD ! SECOND POSITION1 USUALLY CALL$ PANPSY*ISM OR PANEXP]I5TIALISM1 AGREE ?AT ALL ?IS MAY BE TRUE BUT >GUE ?AT EM]G5CE IS NOT 5\<4 ,AS ,BRITI% PHILOSOPH] ,GAL5 ,/RAWSON REC5TLY PUT IT1 TO IMAG9E ?AT ONE CAN TRAVEL FROM 9S5SATE MATT] TO A BE+ CAPABLE ( DISCUSS+ ! EXI/5CE ( 9S5SATE MATT] 9 A M]E TWO JUMPS IS SIMPLY TO MAKE EM]G5CE DO TOO MU* WORK4 ,SOME?+ HAS TO BE !RE ALREADY1 ON EV]Y LEVEL ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 EV5 ?AT ( SUBATOMIC P>TICLES--SOME?+1 H[EV] M9IMAL & EMBRYONIC1 ?AT DOES SOME ( ! ?+S WE >E US$ TO ?9K+ ( LIFE 7& EV5 M9D7 AS DO+--9 ORD] = ?AT SOME?+ TO BE ORGANIZ$ ON MORE & MORE COMPLEX LEVELS TO EV5TUALLY PRODUCE SELF-CONSCI\S BE+S4 ,?AT 0SOME?+0 MI<T BE V]Y M9IMAL 9DE$3 SOME V]Y RUDIM5T>Y S5SE ( RESPONSIV5ESS TO ONE'S 5VIRONM5T1 SOME?+ LIKE ANTICIPATION1 SOME?+ LIKE MEMORY4 ,H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y1 IT W\LD HAVE TO EXI/ = SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS LIKE ATOMS OR MOLECULES TO SELF-ORGANIZE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,ALL SORTS ( QUE/IONS >E AT /AKE 9 ! DEBATE1 9CLUD+ ! HO>Y PROBLEM ( FREE WILL4 ,AS 9NUM]ABLE ADOLESC5TS HAVE POND]$--(T5 :ILE /ON$ & FIR/ CONTEMPLAT+ ! MY/]IES ( ! UNIV]SE--IF ! MOVEM5TS ( ! P>TICLES ?AT MAKE UP \R BRA9S >E ALREADY DET]M9$ BY NATURAL LAWS1 !N H[ CAN WE BE SAID TO HAVE FREE WILL8 ,! /&>D ANSW] IS ?AT WE HAVE KN[N S9CE ,HEIS5B]G ?AT ! MOVEM5TS ( ATOMIC P>TICLES >E NOT PR$ET]M9$2 QUANTUM PHYSICS CAN PR$ICT TO :I* POSITIONS ELECTRONS1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL T5D TO JUMP1 9 AGGREGATE1 9 A GIV5 SITUATION1 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT :I* WAY ANY P>TICUL> ELECTRON WILL JUMP 9 ANY P>TICUL> 9/ANCE4 ,PROBLEM SOLV$4 

,EXCEPT NOT REALLY--SOME?+'S /ILL MISS+4 ,IF ALL ?IS MEANS IS ?AT ! P>TICLES :I* MAKE UP \R BRA9S JUMP >\ND R&OMLY1 ONE W\LD /ILL HAVE TO IMAG9E SOME IMMAT]IAL1 METAPHYSICAL 5TITY 70M9D07 ?AT 9T]V5ES TO GUIDE ! NEURONS 9 NONR&OM DIRECTIONS4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD BE CIRCUL>3 Y\'D NE$ TO ALREADY HAVE A M9D TO MAKE Y\R BRA9 ACT LIKE A M9D4 

,IF ?OSE MOTIONS >E NOT R&OM1 9 CONTRA/1 Y\ CAN AT LEA/ BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T A MAT]IAL EXPLANATION4 ,& ! PRES5CE ( 5DLESS =MS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 NATURE--/RUCTURES MA9TA9+ !MSELVES 9 EQUILIBRIUM )9 !IR 5VIRONM5TS1 FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS TO PROCESSES ( CRY/ALLIZATION--DOES GIVE PANPSY*I/S A GREAT DEAL ( MAT]IAL TO WORK )4 ,TRUE1 !Y >GUE1 Y\ CAN 9SI/ ?AT ALL !SE 5TITIES MU/ EI!R SIMPLY BE 0OBEY+0 NATURAL LAWS 7LAWS :OSE EXI/5CE DOES NOT ITSELF NE$ TO BE EXPLA9$7 OR JU/ MOV+ COMPLETELY R&OMLY 4 4 4 BUT IF Y\ DO1 IT'S REALLY ONLY BECAUSE Y\'VE DECID$ ?AT'S ! ONLY WAY Y\ >E WILL+ TO LOOK AT IT4 ,& IT LEAVES ! FACT ?AT Y\ HAVE A M9D CAPABLE ( MAK+ SU* DECISIONS AN UTT] MY/]Y4 

,GRANT$1 ?IS APPROA* HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! M9ORITY POSITION4 ,DUR+ MU* ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 IT WAS PUT ASIDE COMPLETELY4 ,IT'S EASY 5\< TO MAKE FUN (4 70,WAIT1 Y\ >5'T S]I\SLY SUGGE/+ ?AT TABLES CAN ?9K80 ,NO1 ACTUALLY1 NO ONE'S SUGGE/+ ?AT2 ! >GUM5T IS ?AT ?OSE SELF-ORGANIZ+ ELEM5TS ?AT MAKE UP TABLES1 SU* AS ATOMS1 EV9CE EXTREMELY SIMPLE =MS ( ! QUALITIES ?AT1 ON AN EXPON5TIALLY MORE COMPLEX LEVEL1 WE CONSID] ?\<T47 ,BUT 9 REC5T YE>S1 ESPECIALLY ) ! NEWF\ND POPUL>ITY1 9 SOME SCI5TIFIC CIRCLES1 ( ! IDEAS ( PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,*>LES ,S&]S ,PEIRCE 7#a#h#c#i-#a#i#a#d7 & ,ALFR$ ,NOR? ,:ITEHEAD 7#a#h#f#a-#a#i#d#g71 WE HAVE BEGUN TO SEE SOME?+ ( A REVIVAL4 

,CURI\SLY1 IT'S L>GELY PHYSICI/S :O HAVE PROV$ RECEPTIVE TO SU* IDEAS4 7,ALSO MA!MATICIANS--P]HAPS UNSURPRIS+LY1 S9CE ,PEIRCE & ,:ITEHEAD !MSELVES BO? BEGAN !IR C>E]S AS MA!MATICIANS47 ,PHYSICI/S >E MORE PLAYFUL & LESS HIDEB\ND CREATURES ?AN1 SAY1 BIOLOGI/S--P>TLY1 NO D\BT1 BECAUSE !Y R>ELY HAVE TO CONT5D ) RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALI/S *ALL5G+ ! LAWS ( PHYSICS4 ,!Y >E ! POETS ( ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD4 ,IF ONE IS ALREADY WILL+ TO EMBRACE ?IRTE5-DIM5SIONAL OBJECTS OR AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( ALT]NATIVE UNIV]SES1 OR TO CASUALLY SUGGE/ ?AT #ie P]C5T ( ! UNIV]SE IS MADE UP ( D>K MATT] & 5]GY AB\T :OSE PROP]TIES WE KN[ NO?+1 IT'S P]HAPS NOT TOO MU* ( A LEAP TO ALSO CONTEMPLATE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT SUBATOMIC P>TICLES HAVE 0FREE WILL0 OR EV5 EXP]I5CES4 ,& 9DE$1 ! EXI/5CE ( FRE$OM ON ! SUBATOMIC LEVEL IS CURR5TLY A HEAT$ QUE/ION ( DEBATE4 

,IS IT MEAN+FUL TO SAY AN ELECTRON 0*OOSES0 TO JUMP ! WAY IT DOES8 ,OBVI\SLY1 !RE'S NO WAY TO PROVE IT4 ,! ONLY EVID5CE WE C\LD HAVE 7?AT WE CAN'T PR$ICT :AT IT'S GO+ TO DO71 WE DO HAVE4 ,BUT IT'S H>DLY DECISIVE4 ,/ILL1 IF ONE WANTS A CONSI/5TLY MAT]IALI/ EXPLANATION ( ! WORLD--?AT IS1 IF ONE DOES NOT WI% TO TREAT ! M9D AS SOME SUP]NATURAL 5TITY IMPOS$ ON ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 BUT RA!R AS SIMPLY A MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATION ( PROCESSES ?AT >E ALREADY GO+ ON1 AT EV]Y LEVEL ( MAT]IAL REALITY--!N IT MAKES S5SE ?AT SOME?+ AT LEA/ A LITTLE LIKE 9T5TIONALITY1 SOME?+ AT LEA/ A LITTLE LIKE EXP]I5CE1 SOME?+ AT LEA/ A LITTLE LIKE FRE$OM1 W\LD HAVE TO EXI/ ON EV]Y LEVEL ( PHYSICAL REALITY AS WELL4 

,:Y DO MO/ ( US1 !N1 IMM$IATELY RECOIL AT SU* CONCLUSIONS8 ,:Y DO !Y SEEM CRAZY & UNSCI5TIFIC8 ,OR MORE TO ! PO9T1 :Y >E WE P]FECTLY WILL+ TO ASCRIBE AG5CY TO A /R& ( ,D,N,A 7H[EV] 0METAPHORICALLY071 BUT CONSID] IT ABSURD TO DO ! SAME ) AN ELECTRON1 A SN[FLAKE1 OR A COH]5T ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD8 ,! ANSW]1 IT SEEMS1 IS BECAUSE IT'S PRETTY MU* IMPOSSIBLE TO ASCRIBE SELF-9T]E/ TO A SN[FLAKE4 ,IF WE HAVE CONV9C$ \RSELVES ?AT RATIONAL EXPLANATION ( ACTION CAN CONSI/ ONLY ( TREAT+ ACTION AS IF !RE W]E SOME SORT ( SELF-S]V+ CALCULATION BEH9D IT1 !N BY ?AT DEF9ITION1 ON ALL !SE LEVELS1 RATIONAL EXPLANATIONS CAN'T BE F\ND4 ,UNLIKE A ,D,N,A MOLECULE1 :I* WE CAN AT LEA/ PRET5D IS PURSU+ SOME GANG/]-LIKE PROJECT ( RU?LESS SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T1 AN ELECTRON SIMPLY DOES NOT HAVE A MAT]IAL 9T]E/ TO PURSUE1 NOT EV5 SURVIVAL4 ,IT IS 9 NO S5SE COMPET+ ) O!R ELECTRONS4 ,IF AN ELECTRON IS ACT+ FREELY--IF IT1 AS ,RI*>D ,FEYNMAN IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE SAID1 0DOES ANY?+ IT LIKES0--IT CAN ONLY BE ACT+ FREELY AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,:I* W\LD MEAN ?AT AT ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( PHYSICAL REALITY1 WE 5C\NT] FRE$OM = ITS [N SAKE--:I* ALSO MEANS WE 5C\NT] ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y =M ( PLAY4 

,SWIM ) ! ,FI%ES 

,LET US IMAG9E A PR9CIPLE4 ,CALL IT A PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM--OR1 S9CE ,LAT9ATE CON/RUCTIONS T5D TO C>RY MORE WEI<T 9 SU* MATT]S1 CALL IT A PR9CIPLE ( LUDIC FRE$OM4 ,LET US IMAG9E IT TO HOLD ?AT ! FREE EX]CISE ( AN 5TITY'S MO/ COMPLEX P[]S OR CAPACITIES WILL1 UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES AT LEA/1 T5D TO BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD OBVI\SLY NOT BE ! ONLY PR9CIPLE ACTIVE 9 NATURE4 ,O!RS PULL O!R WAYS4 ,BUT IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT W\LD HELP EXPLA9 :AT WE ACTUALLY OBS]VE1 SU* AS :Y1 DESPITE ! SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS1 ! UNIV]SE SEEMS TO BE GETT+ MORE1 RA!R ?AN LESS1 COMPLEX4 ,EVOLUTION>Y PSY*OLOGI/S CLAIM !Y CAN EXPLA9--AS ! TITLE ( ONE REC5T BOOK HAS IT--0:Y SEX IS FUN40 ,:AT !Y CAN'T EXPLA9 IS :Y FUN IS FUN4 ,?IS C\LD4 

,I DON'T D5Y ?AT :AT ,I'VE PRES5T$ SO F> IS A SAVAGE SIMPLIFICATION ( V]Y COMPLICAT$ ISSUES4 ,I'M NOT EV5 SAY+ ?AT ! POSITION ,I'M SUGGE/+ H]E--?AT !RE IS A PLAY PR9CIPLE AT ! BASIS ( ALL PHYSICAL REALITY--IS NECESS>ILY TRUE4 ,I W\LD JU/ 9SI/ ?AT SU* A P]SPECTIVE IS AT LEA/ AS PLAUSIBLE AS ! WEIRDLY 9CONSI/5T SPECULATIONS ?AT CURR5TLY PASS = OR?ODOXY1 9 :I* A M9DLESS1 ROBOTIC UNIV]SE SUDD5LY PRODUCES POETS & PHILOSOPH]S \T ( NO:]E4 ,NOR1 ,I ?9K1 DOES SEE+ PLAY AS A PR9CIPLE ( NATURE NECESS>ILY MEAN ADOPT+ ANY SORT ( MILKY UTOPIAN VIEW4 ,! PLAY PR9CIPLE CAN HELP EXPLA9 :Y SEX IS FUN1 BUT IT CAN ALSO EXPLA9 :Y CRUELTY IS FUN4 7,AS ANYONE :O HAS WAT*$ A CAT PLAY ) A M\SE CAN ATTE/1 A LOT ( ANIMAL PLAY IS NOT P>TICUL>LY NICE47 ,BUT IT GIVES US GR\ND TO UN?9K ! WORLD >\ND US4 

,YE>S AGO1 :5 ,I TAU<T AT ,YALE1 ,I W\LD SOMETIMES ASSIGN A READ+ CONTA9+ A FAM\S ,TAOI/ /ORY4 ,I (F]$ AN AUTOMATIC 0,A0 TO ANY /UD5T :O C\LD TELL ME :Y ! LA/ L9E MADE S5SE4 7,NONE EV] SUCCE$$47 

,ZHUANGZI & ,HUIZI W]E /ROLL+ ON A BRIDGE OV] ! ,RIV] ,HAO1 :5 ! =M] OBS]V$1 0,SEE H[ ! M9N[S D>T BETWE5 ! ROCKS6 ,SU* IS ! HAPP9ESS ( FI%ES40 

0,Y\ NOT BE+ A FI%10 SAID ,HUIZI1 0H[ CAN Y\ POSSIBLY KN[ :AT MAKES FI% HAPPY80 

0,& Y\ NOT BE+ ,I10 SAID ,ZHUANGZI1 0H[ CAN Y\ KN[ ?AT ,I DON'T KN[ :AT MAKES FI% HAPPY80 

0,IF ,I1 NOT BE+ Y\1 CANNOT KN[ :AT Y\ KN[10 REPLI$ ,HUIZI1 0DOES IT NOT FOLL[ FROM ?AT V]Y FACT ?AT Y\1 NOT BE+ A FI%1 CANNOT KN[ :AT MAKES FI% HAPPY80 

0,LET US GO BACK10 SAID ,ZHUANGZI1 0TO Y\R ORIG9AL QUE/ION4 ,Y\ ASK$ ME H[ ,I KNEW :AT MAKES FI% HAPPY4 ,! V]Y FACT Y\ ASK$ %[S ?AT Y\ KNEW ,I KNEW--AS ,I DID KN[1 FROM MY [N FEEL+S ON ?IS BRIDGE40 

,! ANECDOTE IS USUALLY TAK5 AS A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 TWO IRRECONCILABLE APPROA*ES TO ! WORLD3 ! LOGICIAN V]SUS ! MY/IC4 ,BUT IF ?AT'S TRUE1 !N :Y DID ,ZHUANGZI1 :O WROTE IT D[N1 %[ HIMSELF TO BE DEFEAT$ BY HIS LOGICIAN FRI5D8 

,AFT] ?9K+ AB\T ! /ORY = YE>S1 IT /RUCK ME ?AT ?IS WAS ! 5TIRE PO9T4 ,BY ALL ACC\NTS1 ,ZHUANGZI & ,HUIZI W]E ! BE/ ( FRI5DS4 ,!Y LIK$ TO SP5D H\RS >GU+ LIKE ?IS4 ,SURELY1 ?AT WAS :AT ,ZHUANGZI WAS REALLY GETT+ AT4 ,WE CAN EA* UND]/& :AT ! O!R IS FEEL+ BECAUSE1 >GU+ AB\T ! FI%1 WE >E DO+ EXACTLY :AT ! FI% >E DO+3 HAV+ FUN1 DO+ SOME?+ WE DO WELL = ! %E] PLEASURE ( DO+ IT4 ,5GAG+ 9 A =M ( PLAY4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT Y\ FELT COMPELL$ TO TRY TO BEAT ME 9 AN >GUM5T1 & W]E SO HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO DO SO1 %[S ?AT ! PREMISE Y\ W]E >GU+ MU/ BE FALSE4 ,S9CE IF EV5 PHILOSOPH]S >E MOTIVAT$ PRIM>ILY BY SU* PLEASURES1 BY ! EX]CISE ( !IR HI<E/ P[]S SIMPLY = ! SAKE ( DO+ SO1 !N SURELY ?IS IS A PR9CIPLE ?AT EXI/S ON EV]Y LEVEL ( NATURE--:I* IS :Y ,I C\LD SPONTANE\SLY ID5TIFY IT1 TOO1 9 FI%4 

,ZHUANGZI WAS RI<T4 ,SO WAS ,JUNE ,?UND]/ORM4 ,\R M9DS >E JU/ A P>T ( NATURE4 ,WE CAN UND]/& ! HAPP9ESS ( FI%ES--OR ANTS1 OR 9*WORMS--BECAUSE :AT DRIVES US TO ?9K & >GUE AB\T SU* MATT]S IS1 ULTIMATELY1 EXACTLY ! SAME ?+4 

,N[ WASN'T ?AT FUN8 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,:AT'S ! ,PO9T ,IF ,WE ,CAN'T ,HAVE ,FUN8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,:AT'S ! ,PO9T ,IF ,WE ,CAN'T ,HAVE ,FUN8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/