,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #e ,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! ,COMMODITY-=M EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 ,TEXT 3 ,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! ,COMMODITY-=M EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/S PLACE GREAT IMPORTANCE ON PROP]TY =MS :5 IT COMES TO ! QUE/ION ( ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,/ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & H5CE ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 IS SE5 AS CON/ITUT+ ! CRUCIAL ADVANCE OV] CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< ! /ATE [N$ ALL ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! ACTUAL LEGAL POSSESSION & OP]ATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS LEFT TO ! /ATE 5T]PRISES & TRU/S1 EA* ( :I* WAS CON/ITUT$ AS A DI/9CT LEGAL 5TITY ) ITS [N SET ( ACC\NTS & RESPONSIBILITIES = PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE ,TROTSKYI/S HAVE T5D$ TO GLOSS OV] ?IS1 SEE+ !SE LEGAL =MS ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES AS BE+ M]ELY =MAL1 ,BETTLEHEIM HAS >GU$ ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( !SE SEP>ATE /ATE 5T]PRISES1 :I* TRAD$ ) EA* O!R & SOLD PRODUCTS TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 MEANT ?AT COMMODITY-EX*ANGE DID EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,H[EV]1 = ,BETTLEHEIM1 ?IS SEP>ATION ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9TO A MULTITUDE ( /ATE 5T]PRISES WAS M]ELY A RESULT ( ! LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES & RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,U,S,S,R HAD YET TO DEVELOP TO ! PO9T :]E ! 5TIRE ECONOMY C\LD BE RUN AS A GIANT TRU/ AS HAD BE5 5VISAG$ BY ,BUKH>94 ,IT WAS !RE=E UNABLE AS YET TO OV]COME ! COMMODITY-=M4 ,9 CONTRA/1 WE %ALL >GUE ?AT ?IS DIVISION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO DI/9CT /ATE 5T]PRISES WAS AN EXPRESSION ( ! ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT IS A COMMODITY8 ,! SIMPLE/ ANSW] IS ?AT A COMMODITY IS SOME?+ ?AT IS PRODUC$ 9 ORD] ?AT IT MAY BE SOLD4 ,BUT BY ITSELF ?IS SIMPLE DEF9ITION IS 9ADEQUATE = AN UND]/&+ ( ! COMMODITY AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL =M4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO PROBE A LITTLE DEEP] TO GRASP ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! COMMODITY-=M4 ,ANY SOCIETY REQUIRES ?AT 9DIVIDUALS ACT ON & )9 ! MAT]IAL WORLD 9 ORD] TO APPROPRIATE & PRODUCE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! REPRODUCTION ( !MSELVES AS SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AS SU* SOCIAL REPRODUCTION NECESS>ILY 5TAILS ! CON/ITUTION & APPROPRIATION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS ( SOCIAL NE$S4 ,H[EV]1 9 A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY COMMODITY PRODUCTION ?IS PROCESS IS C>RI$ \T 9 A PECULI> MANN] ?AT GIVES RISE TO SPECIFIC SOCIAL =MS4 ,FIR/LY1 AS COMMODITY PRODUC]S1 9DIVIDUALS DO NOT PRODUCE = !IR [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT = ! NE$S ( O!RS ?AT >E BO? 9DIFF]5T & SEP>ATE FROM !MSELVES4 ,! RESULTS ( !IR HUMAN ACTIVITY -- !IR LABOR -- >E !REBY DIVORC$ FROM !IR [N ACTIVITY4 ,! RESULTS ( !IR LABOR /& AP>T FROM !M AS COMMODITIES ?AT >E TO BE SOLD4 ,SECONDLY1 AS COMMODITY CONSUM]S1 OBJECTS ( AN 9DIVIDUALS NE$ DO NOT EM]GE \T ( !IR [N ACTIVITY AS SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALS BUT AS ! READY MADE PROP]TY ( SOME O!R -- ! PRODUC] -- :O IS SEP>AT$ FROM !M4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !Y F9D !MSELVES IMM$IATELY SEP>AT$ FROM !IR [N SOCIAL NE$S ?R\< ! NON-POSSESSION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS 9 ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE LABOR -- ! HUMAN ACTIVITY ( ! PRODUC] -- IS SEP>AT$ FROM NE$ -- ! NE$S ( ! CONSUM]4 ,H5CE1 = EA* P>TICUL> COMMODITY1 PRODUC]S >E SEP>AT$ FROM CONSUM]S & >E ONLY SUBSEQU5TLY UNIT$ ?R\< ! SALE OR EX*ANGE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,! RELATION BETWE5 ! CONSUM] & ! PRODUC] IS !RE=E M$IAT$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE COMMODITIES -- ?AT IS !Y >E M$IAT$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT COMMODITY EX*ANGE BECOMES G5]ALIZ$ !N ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE MANIFE/S !MSELVES AS A MULTITUDE ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S4 ,BECAUSE ! RELATIONS ( BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S ASSUME ! =M ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S !N !SE ?+S ASSUME ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL =M ( ! COMMODITY4 ,9 PRODUC+ A COMMODITY ! PRODUC] PRODUCES SOME?+ = SALE -- ?AT IS ! PRODUC] PRODUCES SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE EX*ANG$4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT = ! PRODUC] IS ?AT :AT IS PRODUC$ HAS ! SOCIAL QUALITY ?AT MAKES IT EX*ANGEABLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS :AT IS IMPORTANT = ! PRODUC] IS ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,9 CONTRA/1 = ! CONSUM]1 :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT ! COMMODITY HAS A NUMB] NATURAL PROP]TIES ?AT MEET HIS [N NE$S AS A SOCIAL 9DIVIDUAL BUT :I* HE IS EXCLUD$ FROM BY ! NON-POSSESSION ( ! COMMODITY AS AN OBJECT -- ?AT IS ?AT IT CONFRONTS HIM AS A USE-VALUE4 ,! SEP>ATION ( SOCIAL NE$S FROM SOCIAL LABOR IS !REBY REFLECT$ 9 ! COMMODITY-=M AS ! OPPOSITION ( USE-VALUE & VALUE4 ,! COMMODITY-=M IS !RE=E CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! OPPOSITION ( ITS USE-VALUE & VALUE1 :I* MANIFE/S 9 MAT]IAL =M ! UND]LY+ OPPOSITION ( LABOR FROM NE$S 9 A SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< OBJECTS ( NE$ MU/ EXI/ 9 ALL SOCIETIES -- ?AT IS WE MU/ HAVE ACCESS TO DI/9CT ?+S1 SU* AS FOOD1 CLO!S & %ELT]1 9 ORD] TO LIVE -- USE-VALUES CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 OPPOSITION TO VALUE4 ,VALUE & USE-VALUE MUTUALLY DEF9E EA* O!R AS POL> OPPOSITES ( ! COMMODITY-=M4 ,A COMMODITY CAN ONLY HAVE A VALUE IF IT CAN BE SOLD1 BUT TO SELL IT MU/ HAVE A USE-VALUE ?AT SOME O!R NE$S TO BUY4 ,BUT EQUALLY A COMMODITY HAS A USE-VALUE ONLY 9S(> AS ! QUALITIES ?AT MEETS ! NE$S ( ! CONSUM] CONFRONT ?AT CONSUM] AS ! READY MADE PRODUCTS ( ANO!R'S LABOR1 & H5CE AS NATURAL PROP]TIES FROM :I* !Y >E EXCLUD$ EXCEPT ?\< ! ACT ( EX*ANGE ( ANO!R COMMODITY ) AN EQUIVAL5T VALUE4 ,) COMMODITY PRODUCTION SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME REIFI$4 ,SOCIETY BECOMES BROK5 UP 9TO ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9DE$1 AS ,M>X >GUES1 COMMODITY RELATIONS BEG9 :]E HUMAN COMMUNITY 5DS4 ,HI/ORICALLY COMMODITIES W]E EX*ANG$ BETWE5 COMMUNITIES & ONLY OCCURR$ :5 DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES CAME 9 TO CONTACT4 ,AS COMMODITY EX*ANGE DEVELOPS TRADITIONAL HUMAN SOCIETIES BREAK UP1 ULTIMATELY GIV+ RISE TO ! MOD]N ATOMIZ$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4.<#a#a#b.> ,! SOCIETY ( ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD HAVE SEEM$ TO BE NO LESS ATOMIZ$ & REIFI$ ?AN ?OSE ( WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,TO :AT EXT5T WAS ?IS A RESULT ( ! PREVAL5CE ( COMMODITY RELATIONS8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS WE %ALL FIR/ ( EXAM9E :E!R !RE WAS COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R & !N LOOK AT ! QUE/ION ( ! EXI/5CE ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,TO :AT EXT5T DID COMMODITY-PRODUCTION EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! WORK]1 HAV+ SOLD HIS LABOR-P[] TO ! CAPITALI/1 WORKS = ! CAPITALI/4 ,AS SU* ! WORK] DOES NOT WORK = HIS [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT = A WAGE4 ,! LABOR ( ! WORK IS !RE=E EXT]NAL TO HIM4 ,IT IS ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,H[EV]1 UNLIKE ! S]F1 ! S]VANT OR ! DOME/IC SLAVE1 ! WAGE-WORK] DOES NOT WORK = ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,! CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATES ! LABOR ( ! WAGE-WORK] TO PRODUCE SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE SOLD AT A PR(IT4 ,AS SU* ! PRIME CONC]N ( ! CAPITALI/ IS TO MAKE HIS WORK]S PRODUCE A MASS ( COMMODITIES ?AT >E WOR? MORE ?AN ! LABOR-P[] & RAW MAT]IALS US$ UP 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE1 = BO? ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK]1 ! PRODUCT IS A NONUSE-VALUE -- IT IS SOME?+ ?AT IS PRODUC$ = ! USE ( SOMEONE ELSE4 ,A COMMODITY CAN ONLY BE SOLD 9S(> AS IT IS A USE-VALUE = SOME O!RS4 ,!RE=E ! CAPITALI/ IS ONLY CONC]N$ ) ! USE-VALUE ( ! COMMODITY ?AT HE PRODUCES TO ! EXT5T ?AT IS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = ITS SALE4 ,= ! CAPITALI/ !N1 USE-VALUE IS M]ELY ! MAT]IAL =M )9 :I* ! VALUE ! COMMODITY IS EMBODI$4 ,?IS TW(OLD NATURE ( ! COMMODITY AS BO? A USE-VALUE & A VALUE IS ! RESULT ( ! TW(OLD NATURE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS BO? A LABOR PROCESS1 :I* S]VES TO PRODUCE USE-VALUES1 & A VALORIZATION PROCESS ?AT PRODUCES VALUE ( !N COMMODITY4 ,?R\< ! CONCRETE LABOR APPROPRIAT$ FROM ! WORK] ! RAW MAT]IALS ( PRODUCTION >E WORK$ UP 9TO ! SPECIFIC =M ( ! PRODUCT ?AT GIVES IT A SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ USE-VALUE4 ,?R\< ?IS CONCRETE LABOR ! VALUE ALREADY EMBODI$ 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS PRES]V$ 9 ! NEW PRODUCT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME VALUE IS ADD$ TO ! PRODUCT ?R\< ! AB/RACT LABOR ( ! WORK]4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R !SE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E ESS5TIALLY ! SAME4 ,! WORK]S ALI5AT$ !IR LABOR4 ,AS SU* !Y DID NOT PRODUCE = !IR [N IMM$IATE NE$S BUT WORK$ = ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISE4 ,EQUALLY1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISE NO MORE APPROPRIAT$ ! LABOR FROM ITS WORK]S = IT [N IMM$IATE NE$S ANY MORE ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! LABOR APPROPRIAT$ FROM ! WORK]S WAS US$ TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS ?AT W]E OBJECTS ( USE = O!RS EXT]NAL TO ! PRODUC]S4 ,LIKE 9 ANY CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 AT LEA/ COLLECTIVELY1 S\ILY CONF9$ )9 ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES 7,C -- ,M -- ,C7 NECESS>Y TO BR+ AB\T ! R5EWAL ( PRODUCTION ON AN EXP&$ SCALE4 ,COMMODITIES >E SOLD 7,C -- ,M7 BY ?OSE :O PRODUCE !M & >E PUR*AS$ 7,M -- ,C7 BY ?OSE :O NE$ !M = ! NEXT CYCLE ( PRODUCTION4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL COMMODITY EX*ANGE IS !RE=E A M]E TE*NICAL MEANS ?AT ALL[S = ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,A NECESS>Y MEANS = OV]COM+ ! DIVISION ( PRODUC]S ?AT >ISES \T ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES IS MORE ?AN A M]E TE*NICAL MATT]4 ,! BUY+ & SELL+ ( COMMODITIES IS ! ALI5AT$ SOCIAL =M ?R\< :I* HUMAN LABOR ALI5AT$ FROM HUMAN NE$S IS REUNIT$ ) HUMAN NE$S ALI5AT$ FROM HUMAN LABOR4 ,UND] ! CLASSICAL =M ( CAPITALISM ?IS SOCIAL =M IS M>KET CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! COLLISION ( SELF-9T]E/$ COMPET+ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AS ,M>X >GUES3 ,CIRCULATION AS ! REALIZATION ( EX*ANGE-VALUE IS IMPLIES3 7#a7 ?AT MY PRODUCT IS A PRODUCT ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT IS = O!RS2 H5CE SUSP5D$ S+UL>ITY1 G5]ALITY2 7#b7 ?AT IT IS A PRODUCT = ME ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT HAS BE5 ALI5AT$1 BECOME = O!RS2 7#c7 ?AT IT IS = ! O!R ONLY 9 SO F> HE HIMSELF ALI5ATES HIS PRODUCT2 :I* ALREADY IMPLIES2 7#d7 ?AT PRODUCTION IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF = ME1 BUT A MEANS4 ,CIRCULATION IS ! MOVEM5T 9 :I* ! G5]AL ALI5ATION APPE>S AS G5]AL APPROPRIATION & G5]AL APPROPRIATION APPE>S AS G5]AL ALI5ATION4 ,AS MU*1 !N1 AS ! :OLE ( ?IS MOVEM5T APPE>S AS A SOCIAL PROCESS1 & AS MU* AS 9DIVIDUAL MOM5TS ( ?IS MOVEM5T >ISE FROM ! CONSCI\S WILL & P>TICUL> PURPOSES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 SO MU* DOES ! TOTALITY ( ! PROCESS APPE> AS AN OBJECTIVE 9T]RELATION1 :I* >ISES SPONTANE\SLY FROM NATURE2 >IS+1 IT IS TRUE1 FROM ! MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALS ON ONE ANO!R1 BUT NEI!R LOCAT$ 9 !IR CONSCI\SNESS1 NOR SUBSUM$ UND] !M AS A :OLE4 ,!IR COLLISIONS ) ONE ANO!R PRODUCE AN ALI5 SOCIAL P[] /&+ ABOVE !M1 PRODUCE !IR MUTUAL 9T]ACTION AS A PROCESS & P[] 9DEP5D5T ( !M4.<#a#a#c.> ,?R\< ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET ALI5AT$ LABOR IS BR\KET DO NOT SELL4 ,LABOR EMBODI$ 9 A COMMODITY ?AT IS EXCESS ( ?AT :I* IS SOCIALLY NECESS>Y IS NOT RECOGNIZ$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! IMPOSITION ( ! COMMODITY =M ON HUMAN NE$S S]VES TO 9CORPORATE SU* NE$S 9TO ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,NEW NE$S ?AT GIVE RISE TO NEW =MS ( COMMODITIES EXP&S ! RANGE ( MAT]IAL =MS ?R\< :I* VALUE CAN BE EMBODI$ & EXP&$4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! M>KET BR+S HUMAN NE$S 9TO CON=MITY ) ALI5ATE LABOR )9 ! COMMODITY =M4 ,YET :ILE ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET >ISES \T ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL & TE*NICAL NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT MAKE UP SOCIETY ! ALI5 P[] ( ! /ATE DOES NOT4 ,! /ATE PLAN IS NECESS>ILY IMPOS$ FROM \TSIDE ! SOCIAL-ECONOMY4 ,!RE WAS ?US A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ) RECONCIL+ SOCIAL NE$S ) ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! RELATION ( USE-VALUE & VALUE & ! =M & FUNCTIONS ( MONEY4 ,TO :AT EXT5T DID ,MONEY EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R8 ,= ,PR\DHON & HIS FOLL[]S1 ! PROBLEMS ( CAPITALISM >OSE FROM ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE4 ,= !M1 IT WAS ?R\< ! 9T]M$IATION ( MONEY ?AT CAPITALI/S W]E ABLE TO MAKE PR(ITS & EXTRACT 9T]E/4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,PR\DHONI/S PROPOS$ ! DIRECT EXPRESSION ( ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES 9 T]MS ( ! LABOR TIME REQUIR$ = !IR PRODUCTION4 ,MONEY D5OM9AT$ 9 UNITS ( LABOR TIME W\LD SIMPLY ACT AS A MEANS ( CIRCULATION ?AT W\LD 9 EFFECT ALL[ = ! DIRECT EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LABOR EXP5D$ 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 ,MONEY W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO DEVELOP 9TO A SOCIAL P[] 9DEP5D5T ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 ,H[EV]1 ?R\< HIS CRITIQUE ( SU* ,PR\DHONI/ PROPOSALS ,M>X %[$ ?AT 9 A SOCIETY ( 9DEP5D5T COMMODITY PRODUC]S MONEY MU/ NECESS>ILY ASSUME AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE DI/9CT FROM ALL O!R COMMODITIES4 ,! LABOR EMBODI$ 9 A COMMODITY IS IMM$IATELY PRIVATE LABOR -- OR MORE PRECISELY IT IS ASOCIAL LABOR4 ,IT IS ONLY ) ! SALE ( ! COMMODITY ?AT ?IS LABOR IS RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ P>T ( ! TOTAL AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,H5CE ! VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS ONLY REALIZ$ OR VALIDAT$ AS SU* ?R\< ! PROCESS ( EX*ANGE4 ,9 PRODUCTION ! VALUE REMA9S POT5TIAL VALUE -- A POT5TIAL BAS$ ON PREVI\S CYCLES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,:5 ! COMMODITY REA*ES ! M>KET IT HAS AN IDEAL PRICE BAS$ ON ITS POT5TIAL VALUE BUT ?IS IS NOT REALIZ$ UNTIL ! COMMODITY IS ACTUALLY SOLD4 ,IF TOO MU* ( A P>TICUL> COMMODITY IS PRODUC$ 9 RELATION TO SOCIAL DEM& OR IF ! QUALITY IS DEFECTIVE ?AN SOME COMMODITIES >E NOT SOLD OR HAVE TO BE SOLD AT A DISC\NT4 ,9 CASES SU* AS !SE ! ACTUAL LABOR EMBODI$ 9 COMMODITIES IS NOT REALIZ$ AS AB/RACT SOCIAL LABOR4 ,9DE$ IT IS ?R\< ?IS SOCIAL ME*ANISM ?AT A COMMODITY ECONOMY IS REGULAT$4 ,IF PRODUCTION ( PRIVATE COMMODITY PRODUC]S IS TO BE BR\X CONCLUD$ ?AT MONEY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE C\LD ONLY BE ABOLI%$ IF ! ECONOMY ( 9DEP5D5T COMMODITY PRODUC]S GAVE WAY TO ! PLANN$ PRODUCTION ( FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION BY ! M>KET W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A SOCIAL PLAN ?AT W\LD MAKE LABOR IMM$IATELY SOCIAL4 ,AS WE HAVE >GU$1 ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL 9 ! ,U,S,S,R REQUIR$ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY-CAPITAL & ?IS 9VOLV$ ! RE/RICTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY ITSELF AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION BY ! M>KET WAS REPLAC$ BY ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ! PLANN+ ( A CLASSES SOCIETY ( 'FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S' BUT A PLAN DEVELOP$ \T ( A SOCIETY ( ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS BAS$ ON CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,AS SU* ! ALI5 P[] ( ! M>KET ?AT /&S ABOVE SOCIETY WAS REPLAC$ BY ! ALI5 P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,! IMP]ATIVES ( ! /ATE PLAN CONFRONT$ ! PRODUC]S AS AN EXT]NAL =CE JU/ AS ! EXT]NAL IMP]ATIVES ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KET4 ,! PLAN REPLAC$ ! M>KET AS ! REGULATOR ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION BUT AS SU* IT DID NOT OV] COME ! SEP>ATION ( LABOR FROM SOCIAL NE$S ?AT REMA9$ ALI5AT$ FROM EA* O!R4 ,MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ,9 SO F> AS SIMPLE COMMODITY CIRCULATION EXI/$ AS A P>T ( ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY 5T]$ AS M]ELY A MEANS ( CIRCULATION FACILITAT+ ! EX*ANGE ( \TPUTS ( ! PREVI\S CYCLE ( PRODUCTION = ! 9PUTS NECESS>Y = ! NEXT CYCLE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT :]EAS UND] FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM SU* CIRCULATION C\LD BREAK D[N -- A SALE )\T A PUR*ASE OR A PUR*ASE )\T A SALE -- 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?IS WAS PRECLUD$ BY ! /ATE PLAN4 ,! /ATE IMPOS$ PLAN ?AT ALLOCAT$ CAPITAL TO EA* 9DU/RY1 DET]M9$ ! \TPUT & SET PRICES4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY EA* CAPITAL W]E NOT VALIDAT$ OR REALIZ$ ?R\< ! ACT ( !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO MONEY BUT W]E PRE-VALIDAT$ BY !IR RECOGNITION AS VALUES BY ! /ATE4 ,H5CE COMMODITIES HAD TO BE B\KET >ISES \T ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL & TE*NICAL NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT MAKE UP SOCIETY ! ALI5 P[] ( ! /ATE DOES NOT4 ,! /ATE PLAN IS NECESS>ILY IMPOS$ FROM \TSIDE ! SOCIAL-ECONOMY4 ,!RE WAS ?US A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ) RECONCIL+ SOCIAL NE$S ) ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! RELATION ( USE-VALUE & VALUE4 ,?IS HAD IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS = ! =M & FUNCTIONS ( MONEY AS IT EXI/$ )9 ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,TO CONSID] ?IS 9 A LITTLE MORE DETAIL LET US CONSID] ! TWO TRANSACTIONS ?AT MAKE UP ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES -- FIR/LY ! SALE ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 7,C -- ,M71 & !N ! PUR*ASE1 7,M -- ,C71 :I* 5SURES ! CONT9U$ REPRODUCTION ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,! COMMODITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 5T] ! M>KET ) AN EXP&$ VALUE & A GIV5 SPECIFIC USE-VALUE4 ,! OPPOSITION ( VALUE & USE-VALUE )9 ! COMMODITY F9DS IT EXPRESSION 9 ! EXT]NAL RELATION ( MONEY & ! COMMODITY4 ,! COMMODITY HAS A PRICE1 :I* IS IT EXPRESS ITS VALUE 9 A C]TA9 SUM ( MONEY1 & IS A C]TA9 K9D ( COMMODITY DEF9$ BY ITS USE-VALUE4 ,?US MONEY APPE>S AS ! 9DEP5D5T & EXT]NAL =M ( ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY :ILE ! COMMODITY ITSELF /&S AS IT [N USE-VALUE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 LET US TAKE AN 5T]PRISE PRODUC+ TRACTORS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! PRODUCTION P]IOD ! 5T]PRISE WILL HAVE PRODUC$ SAY #a TRACTORS ?AT >E PRIC$ ,G,B,P#a1 EA*4 ,! HUNDR$ TRACTORS EXPRESS !IR VALUE AS A PRICE ?AT IS 9 ! IDEAL =M ( A SUM ( MONEY -- ,G,B,P#aMILLION4 ,?IS IDEAL MONEY -! PRICE ( ! TRACTORS -- /& OPPOS$ TO USE-VALUE REPRES5T$ BY ! MAT]IAL =M ( ! TRACTORS !MSELVES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IDEAL MONEY1 ! PRICE ( ! TRACTORS :I* S]VES AS ! EXT]NAL MEASURE ! VALUE ( ! TRACTORS MU/ BE REALIZ$4 ,! TRACTORS MU/ BE SOLD4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! TRACTORS CAN BE SOLD !N ! EXP&$ VALUE ( ! TRACTORS WILL N[ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ! =M ( REAL MONEY4 ,! TRACTORS WILL HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO ,G,B,P#aMILLION4 ,AS SU* ! AB/RACT LABOR WILL F9D ITS MO/ ADEQUATE & UNIV]SAL =M -- MONEY4 ,) MONEY ! 5T]PRISE CAN N[ BUY COMMODITIES = ! NEXT P]IOD ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS ! 9DEP5D5T & UNIV]SAL =M ( VALUE1 MONEY CAN BUY ANY O!R COMMODITY1 :I* IS IT IS IMM$IATELY EX*ANGEABLE ) ANY O!R COMMODITY4 ,YET \R TRACTOR FIRM ONLY NE$S ?OSE SPECIFIC COMMODITIES NECESS>Y = ! FUTURE PRODUCTION ( TRACTORS SAY #a TONS ( /EEL4 ,MONEY NE$ !RE=E ONLY ACT AS A M]E MEANS ( CIRCULATION ?AT ALL[S #a TRACTORS TO BE EX*ANG$ = #a TONS ( /EEL4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY WAS CON/RA9$ TO ! FUNCTIONS NECESS>Y = ! PHASE ( ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES )9 ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL -- ?AT IS AS AN IDEAL MEASURE ( VALUE & AS A MEANS ( CIRCULATION -- & PRECLUD$ MONEY EM]G+ FULLY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE4 ,FIR/LY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES WAS PREVALIDAT$4 ,! IDEAL PRICE ( ! TRACTORS WAS IMM$IATELY REALIZ$ AS ! VALUE ( ! TRACTORS S9CE ! SALE WAS ALREADY PRESCRIB$ BY ! PLAN4 ,?US :ILE MONEY ACT$ AS AN IDEAL MEASURE ( ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES = SALE IT HAD NO 9DEP5D5CE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! MONEY RECEIV$ FROM ! SALE HAD TO BE SP5T ON ! P>TICUL> COMMODITIES NECESS>Y = ! REPRODUCTION ( ?AT P>TICUL> CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,! ,G,B,P#aMILLION BR\ 9PUTS74 ,AS SU* MONEY DID NOT FUNCTION AS AN 9DEP5D5T & UNIV]SAL =M ( VALUE4 ,IT WAS TI$ TO ! SPECIFIC CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 79 \R CASE TRACTOR PRODUCTION74 ,IT C\LD NOT BE )DRAWN & !N ?R[N 9TO ANO!R CIRCUIT4 ,IT M]ELY S]V$ AS A MEANS ( CIRCULATION ?AT FACILITAT$ ! EX*ANGE ( ONE SPECIFIC SET ( COMMODITIES ) ANO!R SET ( COMMODITIES4 ,) ! RE/RICTION ( MONEY TO A M]E FLEET+ MEANS ( CIRCULATION1 & ) ! PRE-VALIDATION ( ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES1 MONEY C\LD NOT FUNCTION AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE4 ,! COMMODITY DID NOT EXPRESS ITS [N VALUE 9 ! EXT]NAL =M ( MONEY 9DEP5D5T ( ITSELF BUT RA!R ITS VALUE WAS EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ! COMMODITIES USE-VALUE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! EXPANSION ( VALUE DID NOT F9D ITS MO/ ADEQUATE EXPRESSION 9 ! QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION ( VALUE 9 ! PURELY QUANTITATIVE & UNIV]SAL =M MONEY BUT 9 ! QUANTITATIVE EXPANSION ( VALUE 9 ! QUALITATIVE & P>TICUL> =MS USE-VALUES4 ,VALUE & USE-VALUE W]E COMP\ND$ LEAD+ TO ! DE=MATION ( BO? VALUE & USE-VALUE4 ,9DE$1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ACCUMULATION ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL1 ?AT IS ! SELF-EXPANSION ( VALUE1 BECAME IMM$IATELY EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ! QUANTITIES ( USE-VALUES ?AT W]E PRODUC$ 7#aS ( TRACTORS1 TONS ( /EEL ETC474 ,H[EV]1 )\T ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY AS MONEY -- MONEY AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE -- ! CONT5T ( SU* USE-VALUES DID NOT NECESS>ILY CON=M TO ! NE$S ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION4 ,MONEY HAD TO BUY2 IT HAD TO ALL[ ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,IT C\LD NOT !RE=E REFUSE TO BUY SUB-/&>D COMMODITIES4 ,! QUALITY ( ! USE-VALUES ( COMMODITIES WAS 5SUR$1 NOT BY MONEY & H5CE ! PUR*AS]1 BUT BY ! /ATE PLAN4 ,BUT ! /ATE PLAN1 AS WE HAVE >GU$1 /OOD 9 AN EXT]NAL IF NOT AN ANTAGONI/IC POSITION ) REG>D TO ! V>I\S ECONOMIC AG5TS :E!R !Y W]E WORK]S OR /ATE 5T]PRISES4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! USE-VALUES PRESCRIB$ & RATIFI$ BY ! PLAN DID NOT NECESS>ILY CON=M TO SOCIAL NE$S4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( CON/RA9$ MONEY3 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY AS ! 9DEP5D5T & UNIV]SAL =M ( VALUE 5SURES ?AT USE-VALUES CON=M TO SOCIAL NE$S4 ,BUT FUR!RMORE1 MONEY AS ! 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE IS ALSO A DIFFUS$ =M ( SOCIAL P[]4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE >GU$1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R MONEY WAS CON/RA9$ TO ! FUNCTIONS /RICTLY NECESS>Y = ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL & SOCIAL NE$S W]E PRESCRIB$ BY ! /ATE PLAN4 ,?IS HAD TWO IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS4 ,! P]SI/5CE ( NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL =MS SU* AS BLAT & 5DEMIC DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 ,9S(> AS TE*NICAL & SOCIAL NE$S DEVELOP$ \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK PRESCRIB$ BY ! /ATE PLAN !Y HAD TO BE >TICULAT$ BY SOME?+ O!R ?AN BY MONEY4 ,MONEY C\LD ONLY BUY )9 ! LIMIT E/ABLI%$ BY ! PLAN4 ,! PUR*AS+ P[] ( MONEY WAS LIMIT$4 ,:ILE EV]YONE NE$$ MONEY1 IT WAS 9SUFFICI5T TO MEET ALL NE$S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 NON-MONET>Y SOCIAL RELATIONS HAD TO BE P]SEV]$4 ,9FLU5CE & FAVORS ) ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY1 CLI5T RELATIONS' ETC4 -- ?AT IS ! SY/EM KN[N AS BLAT -- BECAME SALI5T FEATURES ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY AS MEANS ( GA9+ ACCESS TO PRIVILEG$ GOODS OR AS A MEANS ( GETT+ ?+S DONE4 ,AS SU* BLAT EM]G$ BECAUSE ( ! RE/RICTIONS PLAC$ ON ! FUNCTIONS ( MONEY DUE TO ITS SUBORD9ATION TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,AS SU* BLAT WAS A DI/9CTLY NON-CAPITALI/ -- IF NOT PRE-CAPITALI/ -- SOCIAL =M ?AT 9VOLV$ DIRECT P]SONAL & UNQUANTIFIABLE RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4.<#a#a#d.> ,H[EV]1 AS WE NOT$ ! 9ADEQUACY ( MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R -- IT FAILURE TO FUNCTION AS ! UNIV]SAL & 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE -- ALSO L$ TO ! 5DEMIC PRODUCTION ( DEFECTIVE USE-VALUES :I* W]E TO F9ALLY BR+ ! DEMISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 WAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! CLASS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT >OSE FROM CAPITALI/ =M ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT BE=E WE CONSID] ?IS FATAL CONTRADICTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R WE MU/ BRIEFLY CONSID] ! QUE/ION ( WAGES & ! SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,! SALE ( LABOR-P[] ,! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[] IS ( C\RSE AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL4 ,! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[] CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A SIMPLE EPI-CYCLE 9 ! CIRCUITS ( CAPITAL AS FOLL[S3 ,LP -- ,W -- ,CS ,! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR-P[] 7,LP7 = A WAGE 7,W71 :I* HE !N USES TO BUY ! COMMODITIES 7,CS7 NECESS>Y TO REPRODUCE HIMSELF AS A WORK]4.<#a#a#e.> ,9 ESS5CE ?IS EPI-CYCLE IS ! SAME AS ! SIMPLE CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ONE ( ! MO/ TELL+ CRITICISMS ADVANC$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/ CRITICS ( /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R HAS BE5 ! >GUM5T ?AT WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE IF LABOR-P[] WAS TO BE CONSID]$ A COMMODITY !N IT MU/ BE ABLE TO EX*ANGE ) O!R COMMODITIES BUT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKYI/S D5I$ ?AT !RE W]E ANY O!R COMMODITIES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,SECONDLY WORK] WAS NOT FREE TO SELL HIS LABOR-P[]4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE >GU$1 !RE WAS COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R & !RE WAS A RE/RICT$ =M ( COMMODITY CIRCULATION ?US LABOR-P[] C\LD BE EX*ANG$ ) O!R COMMODITIES VIA ! WAGE4 ,NEV]!LESS IT IS TRUE ?AT ! FRE$OM ( WORK]S TO SELL !IR LABOR WAS RE/RICT$4 ,?R\< V>I\S RE/RICTIONS1 SU* AS ! 9T]NAL PASSPORT SY/EM ! MOVEM5T ( WORK]S WAS RE/RICT$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE RE/RICTIONS ON ! MOVEM5T ( LABOR TI$ WORK]S TO A P>TICUL> MEANS ( PRODUCTION !N !Y CAN P]HAPS BE CONSID]$ MORE 9DU/RIAL S]FS ?AN WAGE-SLAVES4 ,BUT ON CLOS] 9SPECTION !SE LEGAL RE/RICTIONS ON ! MOVEM5T ( LABOR APPE> MORE AS A RESPONSE TO EXIT+ SITUATION :I* W]E HONOR$ MORE 9 ! BREA* ?AN 9 !IR IMPLEM5TATION4 ,) ! DRIVE TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LOGIC ( ! CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL LABOR-P[] HAD TO BE FULLY US$4 ,9DE$1 FULL EMPLOYM5T BECAME AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL COHESION ( ! ,U,S,S,R FROM ,/AL9 ONW>DS4 ,H[EV]1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( FULL EMPLOYM5T L$ A *RONIC %ORTAGE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,! FACT ?AT 9 REALITY WORK]S W]E TO A LIMIT$ BUT CRUCIAL EXT5T FREE TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] IS %[N 9 ! /RATEGY ( ! MANAG]S ( /ATE 5T]PRISES TO HO>D LABOR4 ,9DE$1 ! MANAG]S ( /ATE 5T]PRISES ACTIVELY COLLUD$ ) WORK]S TO OV]COME ! RE/RICTIONS TO !IR MOBILITY 9 !IR ATTEMPTS SECURE SUFFICI5T LABOR-P[] TO MEET !IR PRODUCTION T>GETS4 ,H5CE ! LEGAL RE/RICTIONS TO ! FREE MOVEM5T ( LABOR-P[] W]E JU/ ?AT3 ATTEMPTS TO RE/RICT WORK]S :O W]E ESS5TIALLY FREE TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,TICKT9 WAS WELL AW>E ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! *RONIC %ORTAGE ( LABOR-P[] & CONSEQU5CE PRACTICE ( LABOR HO>D+ BY ! /ATE 5T]PRISES4 ,H[EV]1 ,TICKT9 P]SI/$ 9 D5Y+ ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS SOLD AS A COMMODITY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! WAGE WAS NOT RELAT$ TO ! LABOR P]=M$4 ,= ,TICKT91 AL?\< WORK]S (T5 WORK$ = PIECE RATES :I* NOM9ALLY TI$ !IR WAGES TO AM\NT !Y WORK$1 9 REALITY WORK]S W]E PAID :AT AM\NT$ TO A P5SION ?AT BORE LITTLE RELATION TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR !Y P]=M$4 ,AS WE >GU$ 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 ?IS >GUM5T OV]LOOKS ! CONTRADICTORY ASPECTS ( LABOR-P[] & ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! =M ( A WAGE4 ,LABOR-P[] IS BO? A COMMODITY & NOT A COMMODITY4 ,AL?\< LABOR-P[] IS SOLD AS IF IT WAS A COMMODITY IT IS NEI!R PRODUC$ OR CONSUM$ AS A COMMODITY S9CE IT IS NOT A ?+ SEP>ABLE FROM ! P]SON :O SELLS IT -- BUT ! WORK]S [N LIV+ ACTIVITY4 ,! WORK] DOES NOT PRODUCE LABOR-P[] AS SOME?+ TO SELL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y HE REPRODUCES HIMSELF AS A LIV+ SUBJECT ( :OM HIS LIV+ ACTIVITY IS AN ESS5TIAL AN 9SEP>ABLE ASPECT4 ,EQUALLY1 HAV+ B\Y = ! AV]AGE WORK] TO BUY ?OSE COMMODITIES NECESS>Y = ! REPRODUCTION ( !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! CAPITALI/ CAN MAKE 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S WORK H>D] BY L9K+ ! PAYM5T ( WAGES TO ! LABOR P]=M$1 RA!R ?AN AS A SIMPLE PAYM5T = ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR-P[]1 DEP5DS ON ! RELATIVE /R5G?S ( LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,H5CE ! FACT ?AT WAGES MAY HAVE APPE>$ LIKE 'P5SIONS' PAID REG>DLESS ( ! WORK P]=M$1 RA!R ?AN AS TRUE WAGES ?AT APPE> AS A PAYM5T TI$ TO ! WORK P]=M$1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS NOT SOLD 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,ALL ?AT IT 9DICATES IS ! P>TICUL> P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT1 AS WE %ALL N[ SEE1 WAS TO HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS4 ,CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ! PRODUCTION ( DEFECTIVE USE-VALUES ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,I1 ,TICKT9 HAS ABLY DESCRIB$ ! DI/ORTIONS 9 ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,BUT RA!R ?AN SEE+ SU* DI/ORTIONS AS >IS+ FROM ! DEG5]ATION ( A SOCIETY /UCK 9 ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM !Y CAN BE MORE ADEQUATELY SE5 AS DI/ORTIONS >IS+ FROM AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE A =C$ TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM FROM A POSITION ( RELATIVE UND]DEVELOPM5T4 ,! DRIVE TO T[>DS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL ?AT L$ TO ! FUSION ( ! /ATE & ! REPLACEM5T ( ! LAW ( VALUE BY ! LAW ( PLANN+ CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE L$ TO ! GROSS DI/ORTIONS & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,LET US CONSID] MORE EXPLICITLY ! CLASS BASIS ( SU* DI/ORTIONS & CONTRADICTIONS4 ,FIR/LY1 ) ! SUPPRESSION ( MONEY AS AN 9DEP5D5T =M ( VALUE ?AT C\LD COMM& ANY COMMODITY ! SUBJECTIVELY DET]M9$ NE$S ( ! WORK]S C\LD NOT BE EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! MONEY =M4 ,! NE$S ( ! WORK]S W]E 9/EAD TO A L>GE EXT5T PRESCRIB$ BY ! /ATE4 ,?US AS ! WAGE DID NOT ACT AS AN ADEQUATE =M ?AT C\LD PROVIDE AN 9C5TIVE4 ,AFT] ALL :Y WORK H>D] IF ! EXTRA MONEY Y\ MAY CAN NOT BE SP5T8 ,SECONDLY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE-CAPITAL ?AT PRECLUD$ CRISIS L$ TO ! *RONIC %ORTAGE ( LABOR4 ,9 CONDITIONS ( FULL EMPLOYM5T :]E /ATE 5T]PRISES W]E DESP]ATE = LABOR-P[] TO MEET !IR PRODUCTION T>GETS ! SACK WAS AN 9EFFECTIVE SANCTION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 AS ,TICKT9 PO9TS \T1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES LACK$ BO? ! C>ROT & /ICKS ) :I* CONTROL !IR WORK=CE4 ,9DE$ ! WORK]S W]E ABLE TO EX]CISE A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( NEGATIVE CONTROL OV] ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,CONFRONT$ BY ! IMP]ATIVE TO APPROPRIATE SURPLUS-VALUE 9 ! =M ( 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION IMPOS$ ?R\< ! C5TRAL PLAN ON ! ONE H&1 & ! P[] ( ! WORK]S OV] ! LABOR-PROCESS ON ! O!R H&1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE 5T]PRISES RESOLV$ ! DILEMMA BY SACRIFIC+ QUALITY = QUANTITY4 ,?IS WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE ! TE*NICAL & SOCIAL NE$S ( EMBODI$ 9 ! USE-VALUES ( ! COMMODITIES !Y PRODUC$ W]E NOT D]IV$ FROM ?OSE :O W]E TO USE !SE COMMODITIES BUT W]E PRESCRIB$ 9DEP5D5TLY BY ! C5TRAL PLAN4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! QUANTITATIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( USE-VALUES L$ TO ! DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES4 ,AS DEFECTIVE USE-VALUES ( ONE 9DU/RY 5T]$ 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES ( ANO!R1 DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION BECAME 5DEMIC LEAD+ TO ! *RONIC PRODUCTION ( USELESS PRODUCTS4 ,H5CE1 :]EAS 9 A FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM ! CLASS CONFLICTS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION >E RESOLV$ ?R\< ! WA/E ( RECURR5T ECONOMIC CRISES :I* RE/ORE ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY & ! P[] ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !SE CONFLICT W]E RESOLV$ ?R\< ! *RONIC & SY/EMATIC WA/E ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/