,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #c 
,UND]DEVELOPM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,UND]DEVELOPM5T 

,9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ,M>X REM>KS3 

,! B\RGEOISIE1 BY ! RAPID IMPROVEM5T ( ALL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 BY ! IMM5SELY FACILITAT$ MEANS ( COMMUNICATION4 DRAWS ALL1 EV5 ! MO/ B>B>IAN1 NATIONS 9TO CIVILIZATION4 ,! *EAP PRICES ( ITS COMMODITIES >E ! HEAVY >TILL]Y ) :I* IT BATT]S D[N ALL ,*9ESE WALLS1 ) :I* IT =CES ! B>B>IANS' 9T5SELY OB/9ATE HATR$ ( =EIGN]S TO CAPITULATE4 ,IT COMPELS ALL NATIONS1 ON PA9 ( EXT9CTION1 TO ADOPT ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION2 IT COMPELS !M TO 9TRODUCE :AT IT CALLS CIVILIZATION 9TO !IR MID/ I4E41 TO BECOME B\RGEOIS !MSELVES4 ,9 ONE WORD1 IT CREATES A WORLD AFT] ITS [N IMAGE4.<#a#h.> 

,( C\RSE1 CAPITAL'S 9H]5T T5D5CY TO REPRODUCE ITSELF ON AN EV] GREAT] SCALE HAS L$ TO ! REL5TLESS GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM TO ! PO9T :]E ITS HAS LONG S9CE 5COMPASS$ ! 5TIRE GLOBE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS PROCESS HAS BE5 A HI<LY UNEV5 ONE4 ,! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL ?AT HAS L$ TO RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ONE REGION ( ! WORLD HAS PRESUPPOS$ ! PLUND] & DE-DEVELOPM5T ( O!R REGIONS ( ! WORLD4 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA IMPOS$ AN 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT /ILL DIVIDES ! WORLD A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]4 ,! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT S]V$ TO PROMOTE ! RAPID ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! 'CORE' ( WORLD CAPITALISM AT ! SAME TIME S]V$ TO BLOCK ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ! P]IPH]Y ( WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T WORLD CAPITALISM BECAME POL>IZ$4 

,9 ?IS PROCESS ( POL>IZATION ,RUSSIA F\ND ITSELF 9 A PECULI> POSITION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 AS ! IMPACT ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM SPREAD EA/W>DS ACROSS ,EUROPE FROM ,BRITA91 ,RUSSIA WAS ! LA/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY TO CONFRONT ! NE$ TO 9DU/RIALIZE4 ,AS SU* IT WAS ! LA/ ( ! LATE ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RIALIS]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,RUSSIA CAN BE SE5 AS ! FIR/ ( ! NON-WE/]N C\NTRIES ?AT S\<T TO RESI/ ! IMPACT ( UND]DEVELOPM5T4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS PECULI> POSITION ?AT ,RUSSIA F\ND ITSELF 9 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 & H[ IT %AP$ ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 WE MU/ BRIEFLY CONSID] ! QUE/ION ( UND]DEVELOPM5T4 

,M]CANTILE & ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 

,CAPITALISM1 OR MORE PRECISELY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ONLY BECOMES E/ABLI%$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 CAPITAL TAKES FULL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TRANS=MS !M 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N NE$S ?AT CAPITALISM BECOMES A SELF-SU/A9+ ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT CAN DOM9ATE SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 :]E EV] !RE HAS BE5 ! WIDESPREAD USE ( MONEY >IS+ FROM ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES CAPITAL HAS EM]G$ 9 ! DI/9CT =M ( M]CANTILE CAPITAL4 

,M]CANTILE CAPITAL HAS HAD AN 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE S9CE ! E>LY P]IOD ( ANTIQUITY4 ,H[EV]1 9 PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION IT HAS BE5 ULTIMATELY P>ASITIC4 ,M]CANTILE CAPITALISM IS DRIV5 BY PR(IT4 ,BUT IT IS A PR(IT NOT BAS$ ON ! DIRECT EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE BUT ON UNEQUAL EX*ANGE -- BUY+ *EAP 9 ORD] TO SELL DE>4 ,M]CANTILE CAPITAL WAS !RE=E ALWAYS ULTIMATELY DEP5D5T ON ! PR$OM9ANT MEANS ( SURPLUS EXTRACTION 9 ANY P>TICUL> SOCIETY4 

,FOLL[+ ! CRISIS 9 ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY & ! SUBSEQU5T EM]G5CE ( ! WORLD M>KET 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY M]CANTILE CAPITALISM CAME 9 TO ITS [N & BEGAN TO RAPIDLY EXP& IT 9FLU5CE4 ,AS SU* IT HAD TWO CONTRADICTORY EFFECTS4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 M]CANTILE CAPITALISM BR\<T ) IT AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( MONEY & COMMODITIES & 9 DO+ SO S]V$ TO UND]M9E ! TRADITIONAL PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T IT PREP>$ ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION -- ! CREATION ( AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 9S(> M]CANTILE CAPITALISM REMA9$ DEP5D5T ON ! TRADITIONAL /RUCTURES ( SOCIETY1 IT BECAME A CONS]VATIVE =CE ?AT BLOCK$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,M]CANTILE CAPITALISM HAD GR[N UP H& 9 H& ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE4 ,9 ORD] TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! FEUDAL NOBILITY ! ABSOLUTI/ /ATE WAS 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T ON LOANS & MONEY TAXES ?AT HAD BECOME POSSIBLE ) ! MONATRISATION ( ! FEUDAL ECONOMY ?AT WAS BE+ BR\<T AB\T BY ! RISE ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM4 ,YET1 :ILE ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y WAS DEP5D5T ON M]*ANTS & !IR BANK]S = LOANS & TAXES1 !Y 9 TURN W]E DEP5D5T ON ! /ATE = ! DEF5SE ( !IR MONOPOLIES & ACCESS TO =EIGN M>KETS4 

,H[EV]1 AL?\< !RE WAS A C]TA9 SYMBIOSIS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE & M]CANTILE CAPITALISM1 ! ABSOLUTE /ATE WAS C>EFUL TO CONTA9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM4 ,! EXCESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM ALWAYS ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] ON :I* ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE RE/$ AS TRADITIONAL RELATIONS ( AU?ORITY W]E REPLAC$ BY ! CYNICAL & IMP]SONAL RELATIONS ( ! M>KET4 ,?US :ILE ! /ATE 5C\RAG$ M]*ANTS TO PR(ITE] AT ! EXP5SE ( =EIGN]S !Y W]E F> LESS 9CL9$ TO ALL[ SU* PR(ITE]+ TO CAUSE SOCIAL DISCORD AT HOME4 ,H5CE ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE WAS KE5 TO 9T]V5E TO REGULATE TRADE1 NOT ONLY TO PROTECT ! MONOPOLY POSITIONS ( ! FAVOR$ M]*ANTS1 BUT ALSO TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL PEACE & /ABILITY4 

,9 ORD] TO SECURE ITS S\RCES ( SUPPLY M]CANTILE CAPITAL HAD FROM AN E>LY /AGE 9VOLV$ ITSELF 9 PRODUCTION4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 = ! MO/ P>T M]CANTILE ONLY =MALLY SUBSUM$ PRODUCTION4 ,M]CANTILE CAPITAL LEFT UNALT]$ ! TRADITIONAL CRAFT BAS$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL BEGAN TO 9 TO ITS [N ) ! RISE ( FACTORY PRODUCTION & ! APPLICATION ( /EAM P[]$ MA*9]Y4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITAL DIRECTLY EXPROPRIAT$ SURPLUS-VALUE ?R\< ITS DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,AS SU* IT HAD NO NE$ = ! PRIVILEGES ( BE/[$ BY ! /ATE ON M]*ANT CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO MAKE A PR(IT4 ,9DE$ SU* PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES BECAME A BLOCK TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL'S [N SELF-EXPANSION4 ,UND] ! BANN]S ( LIB]TY & LAISSEZ-FAIRE ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE 9CREAS+LY CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! CONS]VATISM ( M]CANTILE CAPITAL & ! E/ABLI%$ RUL+ CLASSES ?AT IT UPHELD4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL TRIUMPH$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE OV] M]CANTILE CAPITAL & ITS >I/OCRATIC ALLIES4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 M]CANTILE CAPITAL BECAME SUBORD9AT$ TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,IT BECAME M]ELY A DI/9CT MOM5T 9 ! CIRCUIT ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL2 DEAL+ 9 ! SALE & DI/RIBUTION ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,! PR(ITS ( M]CANTILE CAPITAL NO LONG] CAME TO DEP5D ON /ATE PRIVILEGES BUT D]IV$ FROM ! SURPLUS-VALUE PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< M]CANTILE CAPITAL BECAME 9TEGRAT$ ) 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ITS RELATION TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD WAS DIFF]5T4 

,FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY M]CANTILE CAPITAL HAD COME TO 5COMPASS ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE 9 ,EUROPE ! CORROSIVE EFFECTS ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM ON ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL ORD] HAD BE5 HELD 9 *ECK BY ! /ATE1 9 MU* ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ! IMPACT ( M]CANTILE CAPITALISM HAD BE5 DEVA/AT+3 

,9 ,AM]ICA & ,AU/RALIA :OLE CIVILIZATIONS :]E WIP$ \T2 ,WE/ ,AFRICA WAS R$UC$ TO A SLAVE M>KET & NO SOCIETY ESCAP$ )\T BE+ R$UC$ TO A CORRUPT P>ODY ( ITS =M] SELF4.<#a#i.> 

,! CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY M]CANTILE CAPITALISM 9 !SE P>TS ( ! WORLD W]E F> FROM BE+ CONDUCIVE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ,NOR? ,AM]ICA :]E CAPITAL HAD ALREADY BE5 CONC5TRAT$ & :]E CONDITIONS W]E MORE FAVORABLE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL LEFT M]CANTILE CAPITAL TO ITS [N DEVISES 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,GE(FREY ,KAY >GUES3 

,IF M]*ANT CAPITAL RETA9$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD1 IT WAS NO LONG] ALL[$ TO TRADE SOLELY ON ITS [N ACC\NT BUT WAS =C$ TO BECOME ! AG5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 M]*ANT CAPITAL 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY EXI/$ 9 ITS TWO HI/ORICAL =MS SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,AT ONE & ! SAME MOM5T IT WAS ! ONLY =M ( CAPITAL BUT NOT ! ONLY =M ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS APP>5T P>ADOX IS ! SPECIFICA DIFF]5TIA ( UND]DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS EM]G5CE AS A HI/ORICAL FACT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY M>KS ! BEG9N+ ( UND]DEVELOPM5T AS WE KN[ IT4.<#a#a.> 

,AS ! AG5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL M]*ANT CAPITAL PLUND]$ ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD = *EAP RAW MAT]IALS :ILE PROVID+ LUCRATIVE \TLETS = 9DU/RIAL COMMODITIES PRODUC$ 9 ! DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT RETA9$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE M]CANTILE CAPITAL %OR$ UP ! CONS]VATIVE ELITES & BLOCK$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,H5CE3 

,! CONSEQU5CES W]E D\BLY DEPRESS+ = ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD3 ON ! ONE SIDE ! T5D5CY ( M]*ANT CAPITAL TO REPRESS G5]AL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 PROPORTION TO ITS [N 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T2 ON ! O!R ! REORGANIZATION ( :OLE ECONOMIES TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( EXT]NAL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4.<#a#a#a.> 

,! EM]G5CE ( A WORLD POL>IZ$ BETWE5 A CORE ( 9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ ECONOMIES & A P]IPH]Y ( UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES WAS FUR!R COMP\ND$ ) ! RISE ( 9T]NATIONAL MONEY$ CAPITAL4 

,AS WE SAW PREVI\SLY1 ! GR[? 9 ! %E] SCALE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION MEANT ?AT ! MASS ( CAPITAL REQUIR$ TO SET UP 9 PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ BEYOND ! MEANS ( MO/ PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ITSELF PRESUPPOS$ ! EXI/5CE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,?IS HAD IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES ON ! POL>IZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY & ! PROCESS ( UND]DEVELOPM5T4 

,FIR/LY1 :]EAS 9 ,5GL& & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL HAD BE5 ABLE GR[ UP ON ! BASIS ( ! PREEXI/5T CRAFT PRODUCTION4 ,9 CONTRA/ UNDEVELOP$ ECONOMIES1 LIKE ! LATE DEVELOP+ ECONOMIES 9 ,EUROPE ITSELF1 C\LD NOT SIMPLY REPEAT ! EVOLUTION>Y /AGES ?R\< :I* 9DU/RY HAD 9VOLV$ 9 ! CORE ECONOMIES S9CE !Y W\LD BE UNCOMPETITIVE 9 ! WORLD M>KET4 ,9/EAD !Y HAD TO MAKE ! LEAP & 9TRODUCE MOD]N PLANT & MA*9]Y4 ,BUT SU* MOD]N PLANT & MA*9]Y WAS ! PRODUCT ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ?AT = ! MO/ P>T DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD4 ,IT !RE=E HAD TO BE IMPORT$ FROM ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL ECONOMIES4 

,SECONDLY1 ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES LACK$ ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO F9ANCE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,IT !RE=E NOT ONLY HAD TO IMPORT PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO 9DU/RIALIZE1 IT HAD TO IMPORT MONEY$ CAPITAL EI!R 9 ! =M ( DIRECT =EIGN 9VE/M5TS BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITALS ( ! CORE ECONOMIES OR BORR[ MONEY-CAPITAL FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL BANKS & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES W]E ABLE TO ATTRACT =EIGN 9VE/M5T OR LOANS IT WAS ABLE DEVELOP IT 9DU/RY4 ,BUT SU* 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS = ! MO/ P>T LIMIT$ & ORI5TAT$ T[>DS PRODUC+ COMMODITIES DEM&$ BY ! NE$S ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ ECONOMIES4 ,ITS S]FDOM CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL BASE ON :I* A SELF-SUFFICI5T NATIONAL ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL C\LD OCCUR4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ! LONG T]M ! 9T]E/ OR PR(ITS ON SU* =EIGN 9VE/M5TS W]E REPATRIAT$ TO ! CORE ECONOMIES & DID NOT CONTRIBUTE TO ! FUR!R NATIONAL ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES !MSELVES4 

,RUSSIA & ! PROBLEM ( UND]DEVELOPM5T 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T FAILURE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 LEFT ! ,BOL%EVIKS ISOLAT$ & 9 *>GE ( A PR$OM9ANTLY BACKW>D & UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMY4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 & ) IT ! SURVIVAL ( ! ',SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T'1 N[ DEP5D$ ON ! ,BOL%EVIKS C>RY+ ?R\< ! TASKS ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION -- ?AT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 

,YET 9 ORD] TO C>RY ?R\< SU* TASKS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO OV]COME ! =MIDABLE PROBLEMS ( UND]DEVELOPM5T ?AT RE9=C$ ! 9T]NAL OB/ACLES TO ! MOD]NIZATION & 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! TWO MO/ PRESS+ 9T]NAL OB/ACLES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL W]E ! PROBLEM ( F9ANCE & ! PROBLEM ( AGRICULTURE4 

,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE WAS PR$OM9ANTLY BAS$ ON SMALL SCALE SUBSI/5CE OR PETTY-COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,?IS HAD TWO IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES = 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,FIR/LY1 IT BLOCK$ ! =MATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT S9CE ! BULK ( ! POPULATION WAS /ILL TI$ TO ! L&4 ,SECONDLY1 ! 9EFFICI5T & BACKW>D NATURE ( ,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE PREV5T$ IT FROM PRODUC+ A SURPLUS ?AT C\LD FE$ AN EXP&+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS C\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO PRODUCE = ! WORLD M>KET !N !RE C\LD BE EXPECT$ ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( A CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE4 ,AS PRODUCTION = PR(IT L$ TO AN 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION 9 ! PEASANTRY SOME W\LD GR[ RI* :ILE O!RS W\LD BECOME POOR & BECOME PROLET>IANIZ$4 ,BUT ?IS WAS LIKELY TO BE A LONG DRAWN \T PROCESS4 ,PR(ITS W\LD BE SMALL GIV5 ! M>K UPS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL M]*ANTS & ! NE$ TO COMPETE ) MORE EFFICI5T CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,FUR!RMORE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY PRODUC$ = ! WORLD M>KET1 IT C\LD NOT PROVIDE *EAP FOOD = AN EXP&+ ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 

,! SECOND IMPORTANT OB/ACLE TO 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS F9ANCE4 ,! BACKW>D *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM MEANT ?AT !RE WAS LITTLE 9T]NAL CAPITAL ?AT HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD 9DU/RIALIZ$ IT HAD BE5 PROMOT$ BY ! /ATE & F9ANC$ ?R\< =EIGN 9VE/M5TS4 ,BUT ) ! REVOLUTION ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD REPUDIAT$ ALL ! =EIGN LOANS TAK5 \T UND] ,CZ>I/ REGIME & HAD EXPROPRIAT$ =EIGN [N$ CAPITAL 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONCE BITT5 ! 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCI]S W]E GO+ TO BE TWICE %Y AB\T F9ANC+ ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIALIZATION4 

,IF ! NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL WAS TO BE A*IEV$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 IF ,RUSSIA WAS TO MAKE ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM1 !N ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO SUBORD9ATE ! FLEET+ & TRANSNATIONAL =MS ( CAPITAL -- MONEY & COMMODITIES -- TO ! NE$S ( NATIONAL PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL -- ! REAL CONCRETE CAPITAL ( FACTORIES1 PLANT1 MA*9]Y & HUMAN LABOR1 ROOT$ 9 ,RUSSIAN SOIL4 ,?IS REQUIR$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE TAKE *>GE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION -- ?AT IS ?AT ! TRANSITION TO A FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM HAD TO TAKE ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,H5CE1 :ILE AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAD OP5$ ! WAY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,FR5* CAPITALISM BY FREE+ CAPITAL FROM ! EMBRACE ( ! /ATE1 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ! ,REVOLUTION OP5$ ! WAY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM BY 9CREAS+ ! EMBRACE ( ! /ATE OV] CAPITAL4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/