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,! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT 

,9 ,G]MANY ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A T5SION BETWE5 (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL EXPRESSIONS ( WORK+ CLASS /R5G?4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7,S,P,D71 :I* HAD F\ND$ & DOM9AT$ ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAD GR[N TO AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE 7ALMO/ BECOM+ A '/ATE )9 A /ATE'71 & WAS RECEIV+ /EADILY L>G] PROPORTION ( VOTES 9 ELECTIONS4 ,ON ! O!R1 !RE WAS ALSO AN 9CREAS$ MILITANCY & RADICALIZATION ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 MANIFE/+ ITSELF 9 MORE & MORE /RIKES & LOCK\TS.<#h#c.> -- /RUGGLES ?AT 9 MANY CASES W5T BEYOND ECONOMIC DEM&S & TOOK ON A MASS & POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,:ILE A LEFT RADICAL CURR5T )9 ! ,S,P,D WAS TO SEE !SE AS A WAY ! CLASS WAS DEVELOP+ T[>DS REVOLUTION1 ! MA9/REAM P>TY & TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP SET ITSELF AGA9/ !SE NEW =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! YE>S TO COME !SE TWO EXPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E TO DRA/ICALLY CLA%4 ,9DE$ ! DIRECT /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASS & CAPITAL W\LD BECOME ?AT ( REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY ( ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY SID+ ) & REPRES5T+ CAPITAL4 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! GRADUALI/ PRACTICE ( ! ,S,P,D FIR/ CAME BRUTALLY TO LI<T :51 9 ! 9T]E/ ( PREP>+ = ! NEXT ELECTION1 ! P>TY /EPP$ 9 TO DEMOBILIZE A WAVE ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLES & SUFFRAGE AGITATION ?AT SWEPT ,PRUSSIA 9 #a#i#a4 ,AL?\< LEAD+ TO SOME FI]CE >GUM5TS OV] /RATEGY BETWE5 ,KAUTSKY & ! EM]G+ RADICAL LEFT T5D5CY1 IT WAS ONLY ) ! W> ?AT !SE OPPOSITIONS MADE MOVES T[>DS A SPLIT ) ! P>TY4 ,DESPITE ALWAYS HAV+ HAD A POSITION ( OPPOS+ IMP]IALI/ W>S1 ! ,S,P,D & ! UNIONS TURN$ TO SOCIAL PATRIOTISM -- ! P>TY VOT$ = W> CR$ITS & ! UNIONS SIGN$ A PACT TO MA9TA9 W> PRODUCTION & PREV5T /RIKES4 ,AS A RESULT1 TWO MA9 OPPOSITION T5D5CIES EM]G$3 ! LEFT-COMMUNI/ T5D5CY ?AT SPLIT FROM ! P>TY1 & ! ,SP>TACI/S ?AT AT FIR/ TRI$ TO /AY )9 ! P>TY & RE=M IT FROM )94 ,H[EV]1 !IR DIFF]5T RESPONSES TO ! ,S,P,D'S TURN TO SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 WAS EMBLEMATIC ( :AT WAS TO FOLL[4 ,:IL/ ! LEFT COMMUNI/S ?R\<\T PUT !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( REVOLUTION1 ! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]%IP NEV] 5TIRELY MANAG$ TO BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTIONS4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,BREAK+ FROM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

,BUT :IL/ ,S,P,D'S SUPPORT = ! W> WAS IMPORTANT 9 G5]AT+ A RADICAL LEFT T5D5CY1 IT WAS ONLY 9 ! FACE ( ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! OV]TLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BECAME CLE> TO L>GE NUMB]S ( WORK]S4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A MASSIVE 9SPIRATION = REVOLUTION>IES & ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 E>LY #aiah !RE WAS A WAVE ( MASS WILDCAT /RIKES4 ,& AL?\< ! ,S,P,D PUT A LID ON !SE /RUGGLES1 ! OPPOSITION KEPT GR[+4 ,F9ALLY 9 ,NOVEMB]1 REVOLUTION BROKE \T :5 SAILORS MUT9IES & A G5]ALIZ$ SETT+ UP ( WORK]S C\NCILS 5D$ ! FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,! RUL+ CLASS1 KN[+ ?AT IT C\LD 9 NO WAY CONTA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 TURN$ TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO SAVE ! NATION1 & APPO9T$ ! ,S,P,D LEAD] AS *ANCELLOR4 ,KN[+ ?AT DIRECT CONFRONTATION W\LD GET !M NO:]E1 !Y SET !MSELVES TO DE/ROY ! C\NCILS FROM )94 ,! ,SP>TACI/S1 TRAPP$ )9 A 'C5TRI/' FACTION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 C\LD ONLY WAT* :ILE IT HELP$ ! ,S,P,D 9 ?IS TASK4 ,! ,S,P,D ?US MANAG$ TO GET A MAJORITY VOTE AT ! FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS 9 FAVOR ( ELECTIONS TO A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY & = DISSOLV+ ! C\NCILS 9 FAVOR ( ?AT P>LIAM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! TRADE UNIONS WORK$ H& 9 H& ) MANAGEM5T TO GET REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S DISMISS$ & TO DE/ROY 9DEP5D5T C\NCIL ACTIVITY 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,C\NCILS AGA9/ P>LIAM5T & TRADE UNIONS BECAME ! WAT* WORD ( REVOLUTION>IES4 

,RECOGNIZ+ ! DEP? ( !IR FAILURE1 ! ,SP>TACI/S BROKE FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & JO9$ ! LEFT COMMUNI/S TO =M ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,K,P,D74 ,& 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i1 )9 DAYS ( ?IS F\ND+ CONF]5CE1 ! ,K,P,D WAS TE/$ 9 COMBAT4 ,PREMATURELY PROVOK$ TO ACTION BY ! GOV]NM5T1 REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,B]L9 ATTEMPT$ TO OV]?R[ ! ,S,P,D GOV]NM5T 9 FAVOR ( A C\NCIL REPUBLIC4 ,! ,K,P,D PUT ITSELF ON ! SIDE ( ! 9SURRECTION1 :I* WAS CRU%$ BY ! ,S,P,D M9I/] ,NOSKE'S FREICORPS -- A VOLUNTE] >MY ( PROTO-FASCI/ EX-(FIC]S & SOLDI]S4 ,! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]S1 ,LUXEMBURG & ,LIEBKNE*T1 W]E >RE/$ & MURD]$4 ,OV] ! NEXT MON?S REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS 9 ,BAV>IA1 ,BREM51 ,WILHEM%AV5 & O!R PLACES1 W]E LIKEWISE DEFEAT$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ?R\< >M$ =CE :5 NECESS>Y1 BUT MORE FUNDAM5TALLY ?R\< ! IDEOLOGICAL HOLD IT & ITS TRADE UNIONS HAD OV] ! WORK+ CLASS1 HAD DEFEAT$ ! REVOLUTION & SAV$ ,G]MAN CAPITALISM4 

,H[EV]1 )9 ! CLASS !RE WAS ALSO A PROCESS ( RADICALIZATION4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( WORK]S1 RECOGNIZ+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! ,S,P,D & ! UNIONS1 & HAV+ F\<T ,S,P,D TROOPS & POLICE ON ! /REETS1 REJECT$ ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM & LEFT ! UNIONS4 ,AS AN ALT]NATIVE !Y =M$ FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS TO PROVIDE A MEANS = UNIT$ PROLET>IAN ACTION1 & TO BE READY = ! RE-=MATION ( REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL P[]4 ,:ILE ! MAJORITY ( ! ,K,P,D1 9CLUD+ ! RANK & FILE ,SP>TACI/S1 SUPPORT$ !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 ! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]%IP /ILL WANT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ELECTIONS & ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 MID-#a#i#a#i1 BY A S]IES ( BUREAUCRATIC MANEUV]S !Y MANAG$ TO EXCLUDE ! MAJORITY FROM ! P>TY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ESS5TIALLY SID$ ) ?IS RUMP LEAD]%IP4 ,! BASIS ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ LEFT & ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS PREP>$4 

,9 ,M>*_/,APRIL #aib ! SPLIT 9 ! ,K,P,D WAS TO BECOME P]MAN5T4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! FREICORPS ?AT ! ,S,P,D HAD US$ TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION1 TURN$ ON !IR MA/]S & LAUN*$ A C\P3 ! ,KAPP PUTS*4 ,! TRADE UNIONS CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS RESPOND$ TO SOLIDLY1 BR++ ! C\NTRY TO A /OP4 ,! C\P COLLAPS$1 BUT WORK]S W]E N[ MOBILIZ$ ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RON<OLD ( ! ,RUHR ! WORK]S HAD =M$ A #h1 /RONG ,R$ ,>MY ?AT REFUS$ TO DIS>M4 ,AL?\< HAV+ BE5 SAV$ BY ?IS REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE1 ! ,S,P,D SAW !IR ROLE AS ! SAME AS IT HAD BE5 A YE> PREVI\SLY1 NAMELY TO MAKE SURE ?AN ! /RUGGLES DID NOT DEVELOP 9TO FULL SCALE REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY ?IS TIME1 !Y DID NOT HAVE ! SAME WORK+ CLASS CR$IBILITY ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY ALL[$ !M TO CONTROL ! SITUATION4 ,FAC$ BY ?IS1 !Y *OSE A DUAL /RATEGY3 TO REE/ABLI% !IR SOCIALI/ CR$IBILITY !Y TALK$ ( =M+ A GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ ONLY ( WORK]S P>TIES1 :IL/ AT ! SAME TIME S5D+ 9 !IR -- N[ LOYAL ONCE MORE -- TROOPS TO ATTACK & DIS>M ! ,RUHR4 

,! TWO SIDES ( ,G]MAN 'COMMUNISM' REACT$ TOTALLY DIFF]5TLY TO !SE EV5TS4 ,! EXCLUD$ MAJORITY ( ! P>TY PUT !MSELVES ) ! WORK+ CLASS REACTION FROM ! BEG9N+ & SUPPORT$ ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ! ,RUHR :5 ! ,S,P,D TROOPS ATTACK$ IT4 ,! RUMP LEAD]%IP ( ! ,K,P,D1 :ILE IT HAD 9ITIALLY SAID IT W\LD NOT 'LIFT A F+]' = ! ,S,P,D GOV]NM5T1 QUICKLY *ANG$ ITS POSITION TO TOTAL SUPPORT4 ,IT (F]$ ITSELF A 'LOYAL OPPOSITION' TO ! PROPOS$ 'WORK]S GOV]NM5T'1 & CALL$ ON ! >M$ WORK]S TO NOT TO RESI/ ! ,S,P,D TROOPS4 ,?US ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! SITUATION WAS DEFEAT$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,MOSC[ SUPPORT$ ,K,P,D1 :O CLAIM$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! LEFT COMMUNI/ SIDE ( ! ,K,P,D1 FEEL+ NO RAPPRO*EM5T WAS POSSIBLE ) A GR\P ?AT HAD TACITLY SUPPORT$ ! VIOL5T SUPPRESSION ( ! CLASS1 =M$ ITSELF AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY 7,K,A,P,D71 ORI5TAT$ TOTALLY T[>DS ! C\NCILS4 ,! QUE/ION IS ( C\RSE H[ !SE LESSONS AFFECT$ !IR VIEW ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,G]MAN ,LEFT & ! ,COM9T]N 

,= !SE REVOLUTION>IES ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S MOVEM5T HAD %[N ! FUNDAM5TAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ME?ODS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD SEEM$ TO !M ?AT ',BOL%EVIK PR9CIPLES' SU* AS ! SUPPRESSION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ITS REPLACEM5T BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< WORK]S C\NCILS1 W]E KEY TO OV]COM+ ! OPPORTUNISM ( ! ,S,P,D & W9N+ ! REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ',BOL%EVISM' HAD HELP$ !IR BREAK FROM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! FACT ?AT ! L9E COM+ \T ( ,MOSC[ SEEM$ TO FAVOR SOME ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ! LEFT COMMUNI/S W]E BREAK+ FROM1 WAS M]ELY SE5 AS BE+ BAS$ ON !IR UNFAMILI>ITY ) ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN SITUATION4 ,!Y ?\<T ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E FALSELY G5]ALIZ+ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION1 9 :I* ! USE ( P>LIAM5T>Y ME?ODS ETC4 MI<T HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y1 TO ! WE/ ,EUROPEAN SITUATION :]E ! BREAK ) P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICES1 & ! EMPHASIS ON C\NCILISM WAS ESS5TIAL = ! REVOLUTION TO SUCCE$4 ,EV5 :5 ,L59 LAUN*$ ,LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISM -- ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD] A VICI\S POLEMIC AGA9/ !M & 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,K,P,D L9E1 !Y /ILL ?\<T IT WAS A MATT] ( ,L59 NOT UND]/&+ ! CONDITIONS = REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/4 ,EV5 :5 .<,OTTO.> ,RUHLE1 !IR DELEGATE TO ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N1 RETURN$ >GU+ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS 'SOVIET' ONLY 9 NAME1 ! MAJORITY OPPOS$ HIS VIEW4 ,H[EV]1 ,RUHLE'S C\NCILI/ >GUM5T ?AT :AT ,RUSSIA %[$ WAS ?AT P>TY-RULE WAS A B\RGEOIS =M1 ?AT 'REVOLUTION WAS NOT A P>TY AFFAIR'1 BUT A MATT] ( C\NCILS & UNIT>Y FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS ONLY1 WAS LAT] TO BECOME ! DOM9ANT POSITION ( ! REMA9S ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 

,H[EV]1 AT ?IS TIME1 IT WAS ONLY :5 ! ,COM9T]N ADOPT$ A L9E ( A 'UNIT$ FRONT'1 & ORD]$ ! ,K,A,P,D TO LIQUIDATE & RE-JO9 ! ,K,P,D1 :I* HAD BY !N M]G$ ) LEFT SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 DID !Y />T TO RE?9K !IR POSITION4 ,BY LATE #aiba -- AS A RESULT ( HE>+ AB\T ! ,N,E,P1 ! SUPPRESSION ( /RIKES1 AS WELL AS ,RUSSIA'S WILL+NESS TO MAKE COMM]CIAL & MILIT>Y TREATIES ) CAPITALI/ P[]S -- !Y DECID$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,COM9T]N HAD LEFT ! FIELD ( REVOLUTION4 ,!Y BEGAN TO CONSID] ?AT !RE MI<T HAVE BE5 9T]NAL CONDITIONS =C+ ! C\NT] REVOLUTION>Y POLICIES ABROAD4 ,! ,:ITE C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAD FAIL$1 YET ,RUSSIA WAS ACT+ 9 A CAPITALI/ WAY BO? AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,:AT WAS ! EXPLANATION = ?IS8 

,! SPECT] ( ,M5%EVISM3 ,OCTOB]1 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION8 

,9 #a#i#a#g1 :5 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,M5%EVIK L9E ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ONLY READY = A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT HAD WELCOM$ ,OCTOB] AS ! FIR/ CRACK 9 B\RGEOIS P[] -- ! />T ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,N[ ) IT APPE>+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E RETREAT+ FROM ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ PA?1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT />T$ A MOVE BACK TO OR?ODOXY4 ,/>T+ ) A REVIS$ NOTION ?AT ,OCTOB] WAS A DUAL REVOLUTION1 !Y W]E TO 5D BY DECID+ IT WAS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ?R\< & ?R\<4 ,KEY TO !IR UND]/&+ WAS ! P]CEIV$ DOM9ANCE ( ! PEASANTS 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,?IS FIR/ MANIFE/$ ITSELF :51 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL !Y TRI$ TO SET UP AS A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,COM9T]N1 !Y NOT ONLY QUALIFI$ !IR PREVI\S VIEW ( ! SOCIALI/ *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION BY GO+ = A NOTION ( DUAL REVOLUTION1 BUT DREW ! FUR!R CONCLUSION ?AT ! 5D RESULT HAD NOT BE5 SOCIALISM1 BUT /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,GORT] PUT IT1 09 ! L>GE T[NS IT WAS A *ANGE FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS A *ANGE FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! L>GE T[NS ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAME TO PASS3 9 ! C\NTRY ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION40.<#h#d.> ,! REF]5CE TO ! PASS+ ( ! SOCIALI/ SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS A REF]5CE TO H[1 AS !Y >GU$1 ! ,N,E,P HAD NOT M]ELY BE5 A 'CONCESSION' TO ! PEASANTRY1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS TALK$ ( IT1 BUT HAD BE5 A COMPLETE CAPITULATION TO ! PEASANT -- = !M1 B\RGEOIS -- SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! EFFECT WAS ?AT ! PROLET>IAN SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 SACRIFIC$1 & :AT HAD BE5 PUT 9 ITS PLACE WAS 9/EAD A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,BACK TO ,LUXEMBURG8 

,IT WAS ! C5TRAL1 IF IMPLICIT1 ROLE ( ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION & ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE WAS TO PLAY 9 !IR !ORIES ?AT L$ !M TO RETURN1 IRONICALLY TO ,LUXEMBURG4 ,9 #aiah %E WROTE A TEXT -- ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- 9 :I*1 :ILE DECL>+ SOLID>ITY ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 %E MADE SOME DEEP CRITICISMS ( !IR ACTIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 NE>LY ALL ( :I* ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT W]E TO TAKE UP AS !IR [N4 ,WRITT5 BE=E ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 H] CONDEMNATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS1 H[EV]1 SECOND>Y TO H] CONDEMNATION ( ! PASSIVITY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS = NOT FOLL[+ !IR REVOLUTION>Y EXAMPLE4 ,%E HAD NO TIME = ! ,M5%EVIK L9E E*O$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,G]MANY ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ONLY READY = A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,9/EAD %E 9SI/$ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W]E 0A PRODUCT ( 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5TS PLUS ! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION' :I* 'CANNOT POSSIBLY BE SOLV$ )9 ! LIMITS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY' & ?US ?AT ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION DEP5D$ ON ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT )\T :I* AID ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION C\LD NOT FAIL TO BECOME DI/ORT$1 BECOM+ 'TANGL$ 9 A MAZE ( CONTRADICTIONS & BLUND]S4' 7P4 #b#i7 ,! ,G]MAN ,LEFT -- NOT GUILTY LIKE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( BETRAY+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION -- C\LD SEE ITSELF AS !ORETICALLY UNTANGL+ !SE CONTRADICTIONS & BLUND]S :I* ! FAILURE ( WORLD REVOLUTION HAD L$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9TO4 

,! BLUND]S ,LUXEMBURG CRITICIZ$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS = W]E3 !IR L9E ON NATIONAL SELF DET]M9ATION2 !IR SUPPRESSION ( ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY & VOT+2 !IR T5D5CY T[>DS A ,JACOB9 ,P>TY DICTATOR%IP RA!R ?AN A REAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9VOLV+ ! MASSES2 & !IR L& POLICY :I* %E SAID W\LD CREATE 'A NEW & P[]FUL LAY] ( POPUL> 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5EMIES :OSE RESI/ANCE WILL BE MU* MORE DANG]\S & /UBBORN ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBLE L>GE L&[N]S40 .<P #d#f.> ,GIV+ ?IS LA/ PO9T DECISIVE IMPORTANCE1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT SUPPORT$ ALL ( ,LUXEMBURG CRITICISMS EXCEPT = H] POSITION ON ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

,9 FACT ! IMPORTANCE !Y ATTA*$ TO ?IS LA/ PO9T BECAME EV5 CLE>] :5 ,GORT]1 9 DRAW+ UPON ,LUXEMBURG'S ASSESSM5T ( ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 NEV]!LESS PUT A DIFF]5T SLANT ON IT4 ,?IS CAME \T :5 9 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,REVOLUTION1.<#h#e.> />T$ BY QUOT+ H] /ATEM5T3 0,YES3 DICTATOR%IP444 BUT ?IS DICTATOR%IP MU/ BE ( ! WORK ( ! CLASS & NOT ?AT ( A LEAD+ M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( ! CLASS3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT MU/1 /EP BY /EP1 >ISE FROM ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! CLASS1 REMA9 UND] ITS DIRECT 9FLU5CE1 & BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! CONTROL ( PUBLICITY & BE ! \TCOME ( ! POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! :OLE PEOPLE40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,GORT] AGRE$ ) ,LUXEMBURG ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT ! UNDEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY1 BUT RA!R ! QUITE DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! :OLE CLASS4 ,H[EV] HE ADD$ ?AT :AT %E 'DID NOT UND]/&' WAS '?AT ALL ?IS C\LD NOT HAPP5 9 ,RUSSIA2 ?AT NO CLASS DICTATOR%IP WAS POSSIBLE !RE1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT WAS TOO SMALL & ! PEASANTRY TOO MI<TY4' ,?IS ORI5TATION TO ! NE$ = A MAJORITY PROLET>IAT HAD ?US TAK5 HIM TO QUE/ION ! POSSIBILITY ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,GORT] MOV$ TO ! VIEW ?AT ! B\RGEOIS MEASURES ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD MADE W]E BE+ =C$ BY ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! M9ORITY /ATUS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA HAD =C$ A 'P>TY DICTATOR%IP'1 & /AT$ ?AT DESPITE NOT BE+ ORGANIZ$1 ! 'ELEM5T>Y P[]' ( ! PEASANTRY '=C$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- EV5 M5 LIKE ,L59 -- TO /& AGA9/ ! CLASS FROM :I* IT HAD SPRUNG1 & :I* WAS 9IMICAL TO ! PEASANTRY4' ,BUT :AT HE DID CRITICIZE ! ,BOL%EVIKS =1 H[EV]1 WAS !IR PROGRAM & ! ACTION !Y HAD PRESCRIB$ TO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 :I* HAD BLOCK$ ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 & H5CE MADE ! BUILD+ UP ( WORLD CAPITALISM POSSIBLE4 ,IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! LATT] ?AT ! B\RGEOIS MEASURES 9 ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME UNR$EEMABLE4 

,RUHLE WAS TO GO EV5 FUR!R ?AN ,GORT] 9 ?IS FATALI/IC DIRECTION4 ,GO+ AWAY FROM ,GORT]'S NOTION ( A DUAL REVOLUTION1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 B\RGEOIS FROM ! />T4 ,HE GR\ND$ ?IS VIEW ON :AT HE CALL$ '! PHASEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ADVOCAT$ BY ,M>X1 ?AT AFT] FEUDAL CZ>ISM 9 ,RUSSIA !RE HAD TO COME ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :OSE CREATOR & REPRES5TATIVE WAS ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4'.<#h#f.> ,SO CONSID]+ ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,ITS ROLE WAS TO GET RID ( CZ>ISM1 TO SMOO? ! WAY = CAPITALISM1 & TO HELP ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO ! SADDLE POLITICALLY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 REG>DLESS ( ! SUBJECTIVE 9T5TIONS1 ULTIMATELY HAD TO B[ = ! HI/ORICAL =CES AT PLAY4 ,& !IR ATTEMPT TO LEAP A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T HAD NOT ONLY %[$ H[ !Y HAD =GOTT5 ! ',A,B,C ( ,M>XI/ KN[L$GE' ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY COME FROM MATURE CAPITALISM1 BUT WAS ALSO BAS$ '! VAGUE HOPE ( WORLD REVOLUTION' ?AT ,RUHLE N[ *>ACT]IZ$ AS UNJU/IFI$ 'RA%NESS4' 

,BUT :IL/ ?IS MOVE TO A SEMI-,M5%EVIK POSITION WAS 9DE$ A MOVE BACK TO ! EXACT SAME POSITION !Y HAD PREVI\SLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS = HAV+1 IT ALSO HAD ITS M]ITS4 ,:]E ! E>LI] ,G]MAN ,LEFT FOCUS ON ! ,NEW ,C\RSE & ,N,E,P AS A REV]SION TO CAPITALISM HAD ! DEEPLY UNPLEASANT IMPLICATIONS ?AT BO? W> COMMUNISM & ,/AL9'S 'LEFT TURN' WAS A RETURN TO SOCIALISM1 ! RIGIDLY S*EMATIC POSITION ( ,RUHLE'S !ORY ALL[$ HIM TO QUE/ION ! MEASURES ( NATIONALIZATION US$ 9 BO? !SE P]IODS3 

'NATIONALIZATION IS NOT SOCIALIZATION4 ,?R\< NATIONALIZATION Y\ CAN >RIVE AT A L>GE SCALE1 TI<TLY RUN /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* MAY EXHIBIT V>I\S ADVANTAGES AS AGA9/ PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY IT IS /ILL CAPITALISM4 & H[EV] Y\ TWI/ & TURN1 IT GIVES NO WAY ( ESCAPE FROM ! CON/RA9T ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS'4 

,IT WAS ,RUHLE'S SEMI-,M5%EVIK & FATALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( ,RUSSIA ?AT1 LIKE HIS FULL BL[N C\NCILISM1 WAS AT FIR/ RESI/$1 BUT !N L>GELY ACCEPT$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 ,?IS CAME \T 9 :AT WAS ITS CLOSE/ TO A DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5T ON ! ,RUSSIAN QUE/ION3 ! ,!SES ON ,BOL%EVISM4.<#h#g.> 

,!SES ON ,BOL%EVISM 

,! POSITION ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT WAS >RIV+ AT1 & :I* CAME \T 9 !IR ,!SES1 WAS ?AT ! CLASS & PRODUCTION CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 FIR/ =C$ ! DICTATOR%IP TO BE A P>TY RA!R ?AN CLASS ONE1 & SECOND =C$ ?AT P>TY DICTATOR%IP TO BE A B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ ONE4 ,BUT :]E ?IS G5]AL IDEA1 9 ,RUHLE1 HAD BE5 SOLELY CONF9$ TO DESCRIB+ ! HI/ORICAL =CES ?AT W]E AT PLAY BEH9D ! BACKS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 & REG>DLESS ( !IR SUBJECTIVE 9T5TIONS1 9 ! ,!SES IT TOOK A MORE CONSPIRATORIAL =M4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT M]ELY BE5 =C$ 9TO A POSITION ( UNWITT+LY C>RY+ \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 BUT HAD DONE SO 9T5TIONALLY4 ,FROM ! V]Y />T !Y HAD BE5 A 'JACOB9AL' ORGANIZATION ( ! 'REVOLUTION>Y PETTY B\RGEOISIE'1 :O HAD BE5 FAC$ ) A B\RGEOISIE ?AT NEI!R HAD ! COLLECTIVE WILL NOR /R5G? TO C>RY \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,SO BY MANIPULAT+ ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY1 !Y HAD BE5 ABLE TO C>RY \T A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 '! TASK ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION .<HAD BE5.> TO DE/ROY ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM1 9DU/RIALIZE AGRICULTURE1 & CREATE A L>GE CLASS ( FREE LABOR]S'4 ,BUT DESPITE ?IS RA!R CONSPIRATORIAL ELEM5T ( ! !ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 !Y ESCAP$ >GU+ ?AT IF ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT HAD JU/ REALIZ$ ! TRUE NATURE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !Y C\LD HAVE AVOID$ ! FATE ?AT WAS AWAIT+ !M4 ,RA!R1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TAK5 ! =M ( A REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE WAS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA1 & ! CONSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T HAD BE5 9EVITABLE4 

,IT WAS ?IS NOTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TAK+ ! ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ALL[$ !M1 LIKE ,RUHLE HAD DONE1 TO AVOID SEE+ ,/AL9'S 'LEFT TURN' AS A /EP 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION1 & 9/EAD !Y SAW IT AS AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,SOVIET /ATE TO MA/] ! CONTRADICTORY T5SION ( ! TWO =CES IT HAD BE5 RID+3 A 'BOL%EVI/IC1 BUREAUCRATICALLY CONDUCT$ /ATE ECONOMY' BAS$ ON A REGIM5T$ T]RORIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 & ! PEASANT ECONOMY :I* 'CONCEALS 9 ITS RANKS ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ T5D5CIES' ( ! ECONOMY4 .<P#e#g.> ,OR 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT AS ) ,TROTSKY'S ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 A T5SION BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/ & CAPITALI/ SECTORS1 BUT BETWE5 ! /ATE CAPITALI/ & PETTY CAPITALI/ SIDES ( ! ECONOMY4 

,SO LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/ CURR5T1 ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT WAS TO 5D UP *>ACT]IZ+ ,RUSSIA AS /ATE CAPITALI/1 OR AS !Y CALL$ IT '/ATE PRODUCTION ) CAPITALI/ ME?ODS4' ,:IL/ ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY W]E BUREAUCRATICALLY CONDUCT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE1 ! UND]LY+ *>ACT] WAS ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/4 ,?IS !Y GR\ND$ BY >GU+ ?AT 'IT RE/S ON ! F\NDATION ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 IT IS CONDUCT$ ACCORD+ TO ! VIEWPO9T ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITABILITY2 IT REVEALS A DECID$LY CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( WAGES & SPE$UP2 IT HAS C>RI$ ! REF9EM5TS ( CAPITALI/ RATIONALIZATION TO ! UTMO/ LIMITS4' ,FUR!RMORE1 ! /ATE =M ( PRODUCTION1 !Y >GU$1 WAS /ILL BAS$ ON SQUEEZ+ SURPLUS VALUE \T ( ! WORK]S2 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT1 RA!R ?AN A CLASS ( PEOPLE 9DIVIDUALLY & DIRECTLY POCKET+ ! SURPLUS VALUE1 IT WAS TAK5 BY ! 'BUREAUCRATIC1 P>ASITICAL APP>ATUS AS A :OLE' & US$ = RE9VE/M5T1 !IR [N CONSUMPTION1 & TO SUPPORT ! PEASANTS4 

,!SE >GUM5TS W]E A /ATEM5T ( ! CLASSIC /ATE CAPITALI/ CASE3 ,RUSSIA WAS CAPITALI/ BECAUSE ALL ! CATEGORIES ( CAPITALISM CONT9U$ TO EXI/ ONLY ) ! /ATE APPROPRIAT+ ! SURPLUS VALUE & ! BUREAUCRATS PLAY+ ! ROLE ( CAPITALI/S4 ,& 9 KEEP+ ) ! NOTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM PO/ULAT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !Y 5D$ UP GRASP+ IT AS A HI<] /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS !Y >GU$1 ',! ,RUSSIAN /ATE ECONOMY IS !RE=E PR(IT PRODUCTION & EXPLOITATION ECONOMY4 ,IT IS /ATE CAPITALISM UND] ! HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE CONDITIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 & ACCORD+LY REPRES5TS A DIFF]5T & MORE ADVANC$ TYPE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ?AN EV5 ! GREATE/ & MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES HAVE TO %[4'.<#e#h-#e#i.> 

,H[EV]1 ! PROBLEMS ) GR\ND+ ! ACCUSATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM ON ! BASIS ?AT ALL ! CAPITALI/ CATEGORIES CONT9U$ TO EXI/ SOON BECAME APP>5T4 ,TO SAY ?AT PRODUCTION WAS ORI5T$ TO CAPITALI/ PR(ITABILITY SEEM$ QUE/IONABLE :5 ! IMM$IATE AIM SEEM$ TO BE ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES1 P>TICUL>LY ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION ) NO CONC]N = ! IMM$IATE PR(ITABILITY ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,ALSO TO SAY ?AT GOODS W]E PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES :5 IT WAS ! /ATE DIRECTION RA!R ?AN !IR EX*ANGE VALUE :I* SEEM$ TO DET]M9E :AT & H[ MANY GOODS W]E PRODUC$1 ALSO REQUIR$ MORE >GUM5T4 ,:ILE ! /ATE UNQUE/IONABLY SEEM$ TO BE EXTRACT+ & ALLOCAT+ SURPLUS PRODUCTS BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION ( SURPLUS LABOR1 TO SAY ?AT IT TOOK ! =M ( SURPLUS VALUE SEEM$ PRECISELY A PO9T ( CONT5TION4 ,IT WAS !SE APP>5T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,RUSSIAN & WE/]N CAPITALISM ?AT L$ !M TO USE ! T]MS '/ATE CAPITALISM' & '/ATE SOCIALISM' 9T]*ANGEABLY4 ,& IT WAS !SE !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT ?AT ,MATTICK WAS LAT] TO TRY & SOLVE4 ,H[EV]1 ! MA9 DIRECTION ( ,G]MAN ,LEFT !ORETICAL EF=T 9 RELATION TO ! ,RUSSIA QUE/ION WAS NOT TO ANALYZE ! SY/EM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 BUT TO BUILD ALT]NATIVE MODELS ( TRANSITION TO ! /ATI/ ONE !Y ID5TIFI$ AS RESPONSIBLE = ! ,RUSSIAN DISA/]4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y W]E TEMPT$ BY A MA!MATICAL MODEL ( LABOR ACC\NT+ ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO OV]COME MONEY & VALUE1.<#h#h.> ON ! O!R1 !Y MADE ELABORATE PLANS ( H[ WORK]S C\NCILS C\LD RUN SOCIETY 9/EAD ( ! A P>TY-/ATE4.<#h#i.> 

,MATTICK3 ,ITS CAPITALISM1 ,JIM1 BUT NOT AS WE KN[ IT 

,SEE+ HIS ROLE AS ONE ( CONT9U+ ! ,G]MAN C\NCIL COMMUNI/ TRADITION1 & PRES]V+ ITS 9SI<TS1 ,MATTICK FIR/ MADE EXPLICIT :AT HAD BE5 IMPLICIT 9 !IR ASSESSM5T ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES4.<#i.> ,RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ,L59ISM WAS M]ELY A V>IANT ( ,KAUTSKYI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 HE MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM WAS FROM ! />T V]Y DIFF]5T FROM1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO1 ! ONE COM+ \T ( ! C\NCILI/ LEFT4 ,! REALITY ( :AT ,RUSSIA TURN$ \T TO BE WAS NOT M]ELY A REFLECTION ( ! P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES IT WAS FAC$ )1 BUT WAS EMB$D$ 9 ! V]Y IDEOLOGY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS ESS5TIALLY ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IDEOLOGY HAD SE5 ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM AS CONSI/+ 9 IT BE+1 ON ! ONE H&1 AN AN>*IC SY/EM 9 :I* ! LAW ( VALUE REGULAT$ ! M>KET 'BEH9D PEOPLE'S BACK' &1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAV+ A T5D5CY T[>DS ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORE & MORE C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ & CONTROL4 ,SOCIALISM WAS ?US SE5 AS ! RATIONAL SOLUTION TO ?IS AN>*Y ?R\< ! APPROPRIATION1 BY A WORK]S P>TY1 ( ! PLANN+ & C5TRALIZATION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS ITSELF DEVELOP+4 

,MATTICK1 FOLL[+ ! C\NCILI/ TRADITION1 SAW ?IS /ATI/ VISION AS HAV+ 5TIRELY LO/ ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIALISM AS ! ABOLITION1 BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ( !IR SEP>ATION FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 ( ! ABOLITION ( ! CAPITAL_/LABOR RELATION & !IR CONSEQU5T ABILITY TO CONTROL ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE -- TO E/ABLI% A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S1 AS ,M>X HAD CALL$ IT4 ,IT WAS ?IS P]SPECTIVE ?AT ALL[$ HIM1 LIKE PREVI\S LEFT COMMUNI/S1 TO SAY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BY TAK+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 HAD NOT A*IEV$ SOCIALIZATION1 BUT ONLY ! 'NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL AS CAPITAL' [N]%IP BY GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN PRIVATE CAPITALI/S4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT HE1 AGA9/ ,TROTSKY & ,/AL91 C\LD MAKE ! OBVI\S PO9T ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E NOT CONTROLL$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 BUT /ILL EXI/$ VIS A VIS ! WORK]S AS ALI5 CAPITAL1 & AS SU* ,RUSSIA HAD NOT ABOLI%$ ! CAPITAL_/LABOR RELATION FUNDAM5TAL TO CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ?IS PO9T WAS IMPORTANT1 IT WAS NOT 5\< PRO( 9 ,M>XIAN T]MS ( ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,! QUE/IONS REMA9$3 H[ DID ! SY/EM OP]ATE81 :AT WAS ITS DRIVE OR REGULAT+ PR9CIPLES81 :AT LAWS GOV]N$ IT8 ,& ON !SE QUE/IONS HE WAS OR?ODOX 5\< A ,M>XI/ TO ACCEPT ?AT COMPLETE /ATIFICATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS A MODIFICATION ( CAPITALISM ) S]I\S IMPLICATIONS = ! VALIDITY ( FUNDAM5TAL VALUE CATEGORIES4 

,SPECIFICALLY ! PROBLEM CONSI/$ 9 TO :AT EXT5T ! LAW ( VALUE /ILL GOV]N$ ! ECONOMY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS ,M>X HAD >GU$1 ONE ( ! MA9 DEF9+ *>ACT]I/ICS ( CAPITALISM IS ?AT ! M>KET IS GOV]N$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 9/EAD ( HAV+ A SY/EM 9 :I* PRODUCTION IS CONSCI\SLY PLANN$ SO AS TO MEET PEOPLE'S NE$S1 WE HAVE A SY/EM 9 :I* !SE NE$S >E ONLY MEET 9DIRECTLY ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES ON ! M>KET4 ,& ! ONLY REGULATORY PR9CIPLE ON ! M>KET IS ?AT ( SUPPLY & DEM&4 ,AGA9/ ! PREVI\S LEFT COMMUNI/ T5D5CY TO CLASSIFY ,RUSSIA AS /ATE CAPITALI/ )\T TRY+ TO GR\ND IT 9 ! CATEGORIES ( VALUE1 ,MATTICK EV5 MADE ! FUR!R PO9T ?AT 0TO SPEAK ( ! LAW ( VALUE AS ! 'REGULATOR' ( ! ECONOMY 9 ! ABS5CE ( SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ M>KET RELATIONS CAN ONLY MEAN ?AT ! T]MS 'VALUE' & 'SURPLUS VALUE' >E RETA9$1 ?\< !Y EXPRESS NO MORE ?AN A RELATION BETWE5 LABOR & SURPLUS LABOR40 .<P#c#b#a.> ,! PROBLEM = ,MATTICK WAS ( C\RSE ?AT1 CONSID]+ HE TOOK ,RUSSIA AT FACE VALUE & ?\<T IT WAS A G5U9ELY PLANN$ SY/EM1 IT BECAME DIFFICULT TO AT ! SAME TIME CALL IT CAPITALI/4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT ! M>KET W\LD NO LONG] BE RUN ALONG ! L9ES ( 9DIRECT =MS ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE GOV]N$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE1 BUT W\LD BE DIRECTLY PLANN$ ACCORD+ TO NE$1 IT W\LD BE PROBLEMATIC TO SAY ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE EXI/$ AT ALL4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS L$ ,MATTICK TO CONC$E ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA LACK$ :AT WAS A DEF9+ FEATURE ( CAPITALISM1 NAMELY ! LAW ( VALUE4 ,NO LONG] HAV+ ?IS OPTION OP5 TO HIM1 ,MATTICK REV]T$ BACK TO HIS PREVI\S REASONS = CALL+ ,RUSSIA CAPITALI/1 C\PL$ ) ! VAGUE PO9T ?AT IT WAS 'A SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION BAS$ ON ! DIRECT CONTROL ( A RUL+ M9ORITY OV] ! RUL$ MAJORITY4'.<P#c#b#a.>4 ,BUT :ILE HE /ILL 9SI/$ ON ! CONT9UITY ( EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ! FACT ?AT ,MATTICK ?\<T ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/1 L$ HIM TO AFFIRM ! >GUM5T ( ! PREVI\S ,G]MAN ,LEFT ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS AN ADVANC$ =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS EV5 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAD OV]COME SOME ( ! MA9 PROBLEMS ( PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM1 NAMELY COMPETITION1 CRISES &1 AS A RESULT ( ! CONSEQU5T /ABILITY1 TO SOME EXT5T CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 

,! NOTION ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT HAVE A PROBLEM ) CRISIS S\NDS IRONIC TODAY4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! FUR!R IRONY ?AT :ILE ! MA9 PO9T ( ,MATTICK'S BOOK -- ON :I* IT SUCCE$$ PRETTY WELL -- WAS TO ATTACK ! VIEW1 SO PREVAL5T 9 ! PO/W> BOOM1 ?AT ,KEYNESIANISM HAD RESOLV$ CAPITALISM'S CRISIS T5D5CY4 ,BUT A MORE PRESS+ PROBLEM ) HIS !ORY ( ,RUSSIA LIES EXACTLY ) :AT HE SET \T TO PROVE1 NAMELY ?AT ,RUSSIA1 DESPITE ITS APP>5T DIFF]5CES FROM WE/]N CAPITALISM WAS /ILL CAPITALI/ 9 ,M>X'S T]MS4 ,AL?\< TRY+ TO SAY ?AT :AT HE WAS DESCRIB+ WAS JU/ A *ANGE 9 ! =M ( CAPITALISM1 FROM 'M>KET' TO '/ATE-PLANN$'1 ?IS WAS OP5 TO ! OBJECTION ?AT VALUE RELATIONS SU* AS ?OSE ?AT OCCUR ?R\< ! M>KET >E NOT 9CID5TAL -- !Y >E ( ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! CAPITAL RELATION4 ,& AL?\< ,MATTICK RI<TLY PO9T$ TO ! FACT ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS /ILL BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MAJORITY BY ! M9ORITY1 ONE C\LD EASILY >GUE ?AT ! DEF9+ PO9T AB\T CAPITALISM IS EXACTLY ?AT ?IS EXPLOITATION OCCURS ?R\< ! 9DIRECT =M ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE ) ALL ITS MY/IFICATIONS4 ,9DE$1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ,MATTICK VIRTUALLY IMPLI$ ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS A NON-CAPITALI/ =M ( EXPLOITATION ?AT US$ CAPITALI/ =MS TO COV] UP ! >BITR>Y NATURE ( ITS EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS 9 ! LI<T ( ! MAJOR CONCESSIONS TO ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! /ATE SY/EM & NORMAL CAPITALISM ,MATTICK WAS WILL+ TO MAKE1 ?AT CRITICS W\LD BE JU/IFI$ 9 D\BT+ ! VALIDITY ( ! T]M AT ALL4 ,H5CE 9/EAD ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEMS ( ! !ORY ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT1 ?AT L$ !M TO USE ! T]MS '/ATE CAPITALI/' & '/ATE SOCIALI/' 9T]*ANGEABLY1 HE M]ELY EXPOS$ !M4 

,9 A #aiia 9T]VIEW1 HIS SON ,PAUL ,MATTICK 7,JNR7 SPECULAT$ ?AT ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R MI<T HAVE 9DICAT$ ?AT HIS FA!R WAS WRONG &3 

:E!R IT WASN'T A MI/AKE ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 MEMB]S ( ?IS ULTRA-LEFT CURR5T1 AMONG :OM ,I W\LD 9CLUDE MYSELF1 TO ?9K ( ! ,BOL%EVIK =M1 ! C5TRALIZ$1 /ATE CONTROLL$ ECONOMY1 AS A NEW =M1 :I* WE %\LD ?9K ( AS COM+ AFT] CAPITALISM1 AS REPRES5T+1 SAY1 A LOGICAL 5D PO9T ( ! T5D5CY TO MONOPOLIZATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* IS A FEATURE ( ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,9/EAD1 IT SEEMS TO REALLY HAVE BE5 A K9D ( PREP>ATION = CAPITALI/1 DEVELOPM5T1 A PRE-CAPITALI/ =M1 IF Y\ WANT4 ' 

,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ! LEAD+ ?9K] ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT HAD >GU$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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