,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 
,! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 

,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ CURR5T IS ?AT IT EM]G$ \T ( AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT WAS BO? DISSIMIL> & SIMIL> TO ! !IR ,EUROPEAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,AS WE WILL SEE 9 ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS1 ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFTS EM]G$ AS AN OPPOSITION TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S ACCOMMODATION ) & 9CORPORATION 9TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! SITUATION WAS SOME:AT DIFF]5T4 ,/ILL BE+ AN OV]:ELM+LY AGRICULTURAL & PEASANT C\NTRY UND] ! AUTOCRATIC RULE ( ! CZ>1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD NOT BECOME DOM9ANT1 LET ALONE ALL[$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY )9 IT4 ,9 FACT1 ! V]Y REPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME MEANT ?AT ! GRADUALI/ APPROA* ( /RESS+ LEGAL P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE UNION ME?ODS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS L>GELY ABS5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 & !RE WAS A G5]AL ACCEPTANCE ( ! NE$ = A VIOL5T REVOLUTION4 ,?IS NE$ WAS CONFIRM$ BY ! #aie REVOLUTION1 :I* SAW MASS /RIKES1 ! SETT+ UP ( SOVIETS1 WIDE-SPREAD PEASANT UPRIS+S -- 9 G5]AL A VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS ) ! =CES ( ! /ATE4 ,BUT :IL/ ?IS CONTEXT SET ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS AP>T FROM !IR ,EUROPEAN C\NT]P>TS1 !RE WAS ALSO AN UND]LY+ CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,9 FACT1 ,L59 ?R\<\T TRI$ TO /AY TRUE TO ! OR?ODOXIES ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM1 & ACCEPT$ ,KAUTSKY1 ! *IEF !ORI/ ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITY4.<#f#h.> ,BASIC TO ?IS =M ( ,M>XISM WAS ! NOTION ( HI/ORY 9EVITABLY MOV+ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION BY CONC5TRAT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 SO ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD BE SIMPLY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! PRIVATE CONTROL ( ?OSE =CES BY ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[] & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( !M 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT :]EAS ! DEVELOP$ *>ACT] ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM MEANT ?AT 9 !SE C\NTRIES ?IS !ORY DOVE-TAIL$ ) A GRADUALI/ & P>LIAM5T C5T]$ APPROA*1 DUE TO ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 IT TOOK A REVOLUTION>Y =M4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( ,L59'S ,M>XISM1 AS AGA9/ O!R ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT LEAD]S1 WAS EXPRESS$ MO/ CLE>LY :5 HE TOOK AN UNCOMPROMIS+ POSITION ( REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! W>4.<#f#i.> ,ON ?IS FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S HAD NO REASON = DISAGREEM5T ) ,L594 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS WAS TO OCCUR ON O!R ISSUES1 SU* AS ,L59'S POSITION ON NATIONALISM1 & HIS VIEW 7UNTIL #a#i#a#g7 ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD ONLY HAVE A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AN OPPOS+ LEFT FRACTION >\ND ,BUKH>9.<#g.> & ,PYATAKOV =M$ )9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!Y CONT5D$ ?AT ! W> HAD PROMPT$ GREAT ADVANCES ( F9ANCE CAPITAL & /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT MADE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION A POSSIBILITY44 ,FUNDAM5TALLY !Y SAW ! ISSUE AS ONE ( WORLD REVOLUTION ( :I* ,RUSSIA C\LD BE P>T4 ,A KEY TEXT = !M WAS ,BUKH>9'S ,IMP]IALISM & ,WORLD ,ECONOMY4 ,9 IT HE DREW HEAVILY ON ! ESS5TIALLY RE=MI/ ,HILF]D+ TO >GUE ?AT WORLD CAPITALISM1 9CLUD+ ,RUSSIA1 WAS MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( /ATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S :]E ! /ATE BECAME APPROPRIAT$ BY A F9ANCE CAPITAL ELITE4 ,H[EV]1 HE TOOK A MU* MORE RADICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! 'SYMBIOSIS ( ! /ATE & F9ANCE CAPITAL ELITE' MEANT ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y ROAD ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS BLOCK$ & SOCIALI/S HAD TO RETURN TO ! ANTI-/ATI/ /R& 9 ,M>X'S ?\<T4 ,! /ATE HAD TO BE DE/ROY$ AS A CONDITION ( SOCIALISM4 ,H[EV] = ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION1 :AT WAS KEY AB\T ,BUKH>9'S ANALYSIS ( IMP]IALISM & /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ?AT IT ALL[$ ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S TO AB&ON ! CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ L9E 7HELD BY BO? ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS7 ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ONLY READY = A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION44 

,BUT DESPITE ,L59'S 9ITIAL HO/ILITY TO ! H]ETICAL IDEAS COM+ \T ( ?IS LEFT FRACTION1.<#g#a.> AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION HE %[$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT LET HIS OR?ODOXY PREV5T HIM FROM BE+ OP5 TO EV5TS4 ,JU/ AS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ?\<T ?AT A LONG P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS ON ! HORIZON1 IT WAS CLE> FROM ! CONT9U+ ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD WAS BY NO MEANS OV]4 ,WORK]S W]E SETT+ UP FACTORY COMMITTEES & MILITANTLY CONTE/+ CAPITALI/ AU?ORITY AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION2 PEASANT SOLDI]S W]E DES]T+ ! FRONT & SEIZ+ L&4 ,RESPOND+ TO ?IS1 & AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP1 ,L59 9 #aiag SEEM$ TO TAKE UP ALL ! ESS5TIAL POSITIONS ( ! LEFT COMMUNI/ T5D5CY )9 ! P>TY4 ,9 ! ,APRIL ,!SES HE CALL$ = PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,TO GIVE ?IS A ,M>XI/ JU/IFICATION1 HE >GU$ 9 ,! ,IMP5D+ ,CATA/ROPHE & ,H[ TO ,AVOID ,IT ?AT ! W> HAD REVOLUTIONIZ$ ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY BY DEVELOP+ /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,MEAN:ILE1 HE WAS WRIT+ ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* SAW HIM AT HIS MO/ UN-SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC2 HE EV5 ACKN[L$G$ ! ,DUT* LEFT COMMUNI/1 ,PANNEKOEK4 ,DUE TO ! N[ CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y L9E ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 IT CONSEQU5TLY BECAME ! POLE ( RE-GR\PM5T = REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & = RADICALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,ALL ?OSE AGA9/ ! W> & = TAK+ ! REVOLUTION =W>D W]E DRAWN TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS3 ,TROTSKY'S FOLL[]S1 MANY LEFT ,M5%EVIKS1 BUT MO/ IMPORTANTLY VA/ NUMB]S ( RADICALIZ$ WORK]S4 ,?US REVOLUTION>IES ) POLITICS CLOSE/ TO ! ,EUROPEAN LEFT COMMUNI/S W]E NOT AS ) !M1 FAIRLY SMALL M9ORITIES FI<T+ )9 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES AGA9/ !IR CLE>LY NON-REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 BUT 9/EAD W]E A SIZABLE P>T ( A P>TY -- ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- :OSE LEAD] ,L59 SEEM$ TO ACCEPT MANY ( !IR !ORETICAL POSITIONS1 & :AT'S MORE BR\<T ! P>TY TO ACT ON !SE BY OV]?R[+ ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T & DECL>+ ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS'4 

,ORGANIC ,RECON/RUCTION3 ,BACK TO ,OR?ODOXY 

,BUT IF ! REVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( ,L59 SEEM$ 9 #aiag TO BREAK FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC OR?ODOXY -- IF IT SEEM$ TO ! LEFT ?AT HE HAD BECOME ONE ( !M -- SOON AFT] ,OCTOB]1 !Y W]E TO D\BT IT4 ,A DI*OTOMY BETWE5 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ASPECTS ( ! REVOLUTION BECAME APP>5T 9 HIS ?9K+4 ,= ,L591 ! PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION WAS ASSUR$ 9 ! POLITICAL P[] ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY2 'ECONOMIC' ISSUES1 LIKE ! RELATIONS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 W]E NOT ( ! ESS5CE4 ,MORE & MORE ,L59'S ATT5TION RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS1 ITS UNRIP5ESS = IMM$IATE SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & ?US ! P>ADOXICAL NOTION ?AT /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS UND] ! PROP] POLITICAL GUIDANCE ( ! P>TY MI<T BE ! BE/ PA? T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,?IS TURN 9 ,L59'S ?9K+ WAS OBSCUR$ AT FIR/ BY ANO!R QUE/ION3 H[ TO RESPOND TO ,G]MANY'S T]MS = PEACE AT ! ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK NEGOTIATIONS4 ,:IL/ ! GR\P KN[N AS ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S W]E = REJECT+ !SE CONDITIONS & TURN+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO1 IF NOT AN \TRI<T REVOLUTION>Y W>1 !N A DEF5SIVE REVOLUTION>Y P>TIZAN W>1.<#g#b.> ,L59 9SI/$ ON ACCEPT+ ,G]MANY'S T]MS = PEACE4 ,PEACE1 HE >GU$1 WAS NE$$ AT ANY PRICE TO CONSOLIDATE ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA2 TO W9 '! FRE$OM TO C>RY ON SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION AT HOME'4.<#g#c.> 

,! ,LEFT RESPOND$ AGA9 BY /RESS+ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE1 & >GU$ ?AT AN IMP]IALI/ PEACE ) ,G]MANY W\LD C>RY AS MU* DANG] AS ! CONT9UATION ( ! IMP]IALI/ W>4 ,SU* A PEACE1 BY /R5G!N+ ,G]MANY -- :I* HAD FAC$ A MASSIVE WAVE ( WILDCAT /RIKES 9 E>LY #aiah -- W\LD ACT AGA9/ ! PROSPECTS ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,H5CE1 ,L59'S APP>5T *OICE ( TEMPOR>ILY PRIORITIZ+ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OV] SPREAD+ ! WORLD REVOLUTION WAS1 = !M1 A FALSE ONE4 ,BY TAK+ A LIMIT$ NATIONALLY ORI5T$ P]SPECTIVE AT ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK :AT W\LD BE CONSOLIDAT$1 !Y >GU$1 WAS NOT 'SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION' BUT ! =CES ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION )9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS SU*1 ! LEFT COMMUNI/S W]E !N ! E>LIE/ PROPON5TS ( ! VIEW ?AT Y\ CANNOT HAVE SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY4 

,BUT :IL/ ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S POSITION 9ITIALLY HAD MAJORITY SUPPORT FROM ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS1 ?IS SUPPORT FAD$ AS ,G]MANY LAUN*$ AN (F5SIVE4 ,L59'S >GUM5TS1 :I* HE PURSU$ ) VIGOR1 !N PREVAIL$ LEAD+ TO ! TREATY ( ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK1 UND] :I* ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T AGRE$ TO ,G]MAN ANNEXATION ( A VA/ P>T ( ! >EA 9 :I* REVOLUTION HAD BROK5 \T 9CLUD+ ! ,BALTIC NATIONS1 ! ,UKRA9E & A P>T ( ,:ITE ,RUSSIA4.<#g#d.> 

,! SACRIFICE ( PURSU+ WORLD REVOLUTION = NATIONAL 'SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION' BECAME ALL ! GREAT] AS IT BECAME CLE> EXACTLY :AT ,L59 MEANT BY ?IS T]M4 ,9 FACE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS NOT HAV+ A V]Y CLE> PLAN ( :AT TO DO ECONOMICALLY AFT] SEIZ+ P[]1 ! FIR/ FIVE MON?S W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SELF-ACTIVITY & CREATIVITY ( ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S TOOK ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T AS ! SIGNAL TO 9T5SIFY & EXT5D !IR EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES & REPLACEM5T ( CAPITALI/ CONTROL BY =MS ( DIRECT WORK]S CONTROL4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS NOT 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 BUT BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< ! ,SOVIETS & ESPECIALLY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS RELUCTANTLY OR O!RWISE HAD TO RUN ) ! TIDE AT ?IS PO9T4 ,?IS P]IOD WAS A HI< PO9T ( PROLET>IAN SELF ACTIVITY3 A SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( WORK]S SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS LEGITIMIZ$ 7ONE MI<T >GUE RECUP]AT$7 AFT] ! EV5T ) ! SLOGAN ',LOOT ! ,LOOT]S'1 & !IR DECREES ON ,WORK]S ,CONTROL & ! NATIONALIZATION ( 5T]PRISES4 ,! WORK]S W]E EUPHORIC ) ! COMMUNI/ POSSIBILITIES ( ABOLI%+ EXPLOITATION & CONTROLL+ !IR [N DE/9IES4 

,H[EV]1 BY SPR+ 7AS ! TREATY ( ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK WAS SIGN$71 ,L59 PU%$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO 9ITIATE A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC POLICY CALL$ ! ,NEW ,C\RSE 9VOLV+ A MORE CONCILIATORY ATTITUDE T[>DS 0CREATIVE ELEM5TS0 9 ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY'4 ,:ILE ,L59 DIDN'T DIS[N 5TIRELY :AT ! WORK]S HAD DONE1 !RE WAS ! CLE> MESSAGE !Y HAD GONE TOO F>4 ,!IR ACTS %\LD N[ BE CURTAIL$ & CONTROLL$4 ,9 !IR PLACE1 HE TALK$ ( SETT+ UP JO9T /ATE_/PRIVATE CAPITALI/ TRU/S4 ,! BASIC IDEA SEEM$ ESS5TIALLY TO BE A MIX$ ECONOMY ) COOP]ATION BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTORS4 ,AL?\< ! ,M5%EVIKS WELCOM$ !SE MEASURES AS ! AB&ONM5T ( ! 'ILLUSORY *ASE AFT] SOCIALISM' & A TURN TO A MORE MOD]ATE REALI/IC PA?1 ,L59 /ILL TRI$ TO DIFF]5TIATE HIMSELF FROM ! ,M5%EVIKS1 BY /AT+ ?AT AS LONG AS ! /ATE REMA9S 9 ! H& ( ! PROLET>IAN P>TY1 ! ECONOMY W\LD NOT DEG5]ATE 9TO NORMAL /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! O!R SIDE ( ?IS FOCUS ON ! 'PROLET>IAN /ATE' WAS ?AT ,L591 :ILE WANT+ A RETURN TO CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION SAW NO NE$ = ! O!R MA9 ,M5%EVIK DEM&3 = 9DEP5D5T WORK]S ORGANIZATION4 ,AS ,L59 PUT IT1 0DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S WAS ! TASK ( ! UNIONS UND] CAPITALISM1 BUT S9CE P[] HAS PASS$ TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT ! /ATE ITSELF1 9 ITS ESS5CE ! WORK]S /ATE1 DEF5DS ! WORK]S 9T]E/S4' 

,IT IS ?IS ,NEW ,C\RSE :I* ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S W]E TO OPPOSE 9 !IR !SES.<#g#e.> PUBLI%$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! PEACE TREATY4 ,9 IT !Y ID5TIFI$ ! PEACE TREATY AS A CONCESSION TO ! PEASANTS1 & AS A SLIDE T[>DS 'PETTY B\RGEOIS POLITICS ( A NEW TYPE'4 ,!Y SAW BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION AS AN ATTACK ON ! 9DEP5D5T P[] ( ! SOVIETS1 & ON ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & W>N$ ?AT BY SU* MEANS SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T FROM SOCIALISM WAS AB\T TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,! ,NEW ,C\RSE TALK ( ACCOMMODATION ) CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA WAS SE5 AS EXPRESSIVE ( :AT HAD BECOME CLE> E>LI] ) ,L59'S WILL+NESS TO COMPROMISE ) IMP]IALISM OV] ,BRE/ ,LITOVSK1 NAMELY AN OV]ALL DRIFT T[>DS COMPROMISE ) ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL & 9T]NAL CAPITAL4 ,! LEFT COMMUNI/S W>N$ ?AT BEH9D ! >GUM5T = SAV+ & DEF5D+ ,SOVIET P[] 9 ,RUSSIA = 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION LAT]1 :AT W\LD HAPP5 WAS ?AT 0ALL EF=TS WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>DS /R5G!N+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES T[>DS 'ORGANIC CON/RUCTION'1 :ILE REJECT+ ! CONT9U$ SMA%+ ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & EV5 FUR!R+ !IR P>TIAL RE/ORATION40.<P#a.> ,:AT WAS BE+ DEF5D$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION1 BUT A 'SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALISM & PETTY B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,! DEF5SE ( ! SOCIALI/ FA!RL&' WILL !N PROVE 9 ACTUAL FACT TO BE DEF5SE ( A PETTY B\RGEOIS MO!RL& SUBJECT TO ! 9FLU5CE ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL40.<P#i.> 

,L59'S ,>GUM5TS = ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM ,V]SUS ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,L59 WAS =C$ TO REPLY TO ?IS ACCUSATION ( PURSU+ /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC POLICIES4 ,:AT IS REVEAL+ ?\< IS ?AT :5 HE DID SO 9 ,LEFT ,W+ ,*ILDI%NESS & ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS1 IT WAS NOT BY JU/IFY+ ! REC5T MEASURES AS A =M ( SOCIALISM1 BUT BY FULLY 5DORS+ /ATE CAPITALISM & >GU+ IT W\LD BE AN ADVANCE = ,RUSSIA4 ,HE N[ BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION HIS PRIOR >GUM5TS ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS P>T ( A WORLD /ATE CAPITALISM & ?US RIPE = SOCIALISM1 :I* HAD SEEM$ NECESS>Y TO JU/IFY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,L59 AGA9 RETURN$ TO ! NOTION ( ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS4 ,A !ORY ( TRANSITION BAS$ ON ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ACCEPTANCE ( UNIL9E> 'PROGRESSIVE' /AGES CAME TO ! =E4 ,HE NOT$ ?AT ALL W\LD AGREE ?AT ,RUSSIA BE+ 9 TRANSITION MEANT ?AT IT CONTA9$ ELEM5TS ( SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM1 BUT HE N[ SAID ! ACTUAL SITUATION WAS EV5 MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,9 A MODEL ?AT WE WILL SEE WAS KEY TO HIS UND]/&+1 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS MEANT IT ACTUALLY COMB9$ FIVE TYPES ( ECONOMIC /RUCTURE3 

PATRI>*AL1 I4E4 TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T NATURAL1 PEASANT F>M+2 

SMALL COMMODITY PRODUCTION 7?IS 9CLUDES ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE PEASANTS :O SELL !IR GRA972 

PRIVATE CAPITALISM2 

/ATE CAPITALISM2 

SOCIALISM 

,RUSSIA1 HE CLAIM$1 :ILE HAV+ ADVANC$ POLITICALLY WAS NOT ECONOMICALLY ADVANC$ 5\< = DIRECT ADVANCES T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,! /ATE CAPITALISM1 ?AT HE HAD E>LI] SEEM$ TO AGREE ) ! LEFT COMMUNI/S HAD >RIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS1 N[ HE SAID ONLY A %ELL PI]C$ BY ! L[] =MS ( ECONOMY4 ,! REAL BATTLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE CONT5D$1 WAS NOT ?AT ( SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM1 BUT ( /ATE CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM ON ONE SIDE V]SUS ALL ! O!R ECONOMIES ON ! O!R4 ,ECONOMIC GR[? & EV5 ECONOMIC SURVIVAL HE CONT5D$ DEP5D$ ON /ATE CAPITALI/ MEASURES4 ,! ONES HE >GU$ = 9CLUD$ ! PAY+ ( HI< SAL>IES TO B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( RIGID ACC\NT+ & CONTROL ) SEV]E P5ALTIES = ?OSE :O BREAK IT1 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY & 9T5SITY ( LABOR1 PIECE WORK & ! 'SCI5TIFIC & PROGRESSIVE' ELEM5TS ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM4 

,! OV]>*+ REPEAT$ DEM& FROM ,L59 WAS = 'DISCIPL9E1 DISCIPL9E1 DISCIPL9E' & HE ID5TIFI$ ?IS ) ! ACCEPTANCE BY ! WORK]S ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T -- ?AT IS 'UNQUE/ION$ OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON4' ,! >GUM5TS ( ! LEFT ?AT ?IS WAS SUPPRESS+ CLASS AUTONOMY & ?REAT5$ TO 5?RALL$ ! WORK+ CLASS WAS JU/ DISMISS$ BY ,L59 ) ! 9SI/5CE ?AT !RE WAS 0ABSOLUTELY NO CONTRADICTION 9 PR9CIPLE BETWE5 ,SOVIET 7?AT IS1 SOCIALI/7 DEMOCRACY & ! EX]CISE ( DICTATORIAL P[]S BY 9DIVIDUALS40 .< P #b#f#h.> ,ALL IT WAS APP>5TLY1 WAS A MATT] ( LE>N+ 0TO COMB9E ! 0PUBLIC MEET+0 DEMOCRACY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE -- TURBUL5T1 SURG+1 OV]FL[+ ITS BANKS LIKE A SPR+ FLOOD -- ) IRON DISCIPL9E :ILE AT WORK1 ) UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON1 ! ,SOVIET LEAD]1 :ILE AT WORK4'0 .< P #b#g#a.> ,! PO9T = ,L59 WAS ?AT AS LONG AS IT WAS A PROLET>IAN /ATE ?AT 9TRODUC$ !SE MEASURES IT C\LD PREV5T REGRESSION D[N ! RUNGS ( ! LADD] & PREP>E = ! EV5TUAL MOVEM5T UP T[>DS SOCIALISM4 

,LEFT W+ OPPOSITION TO ,L59'S L9E AT ?IS PO9T HAD TWO MA9 ?RU/S1 :I* 9 P>T REFLECT$ A DIVISION 9 ! #aiah LEFT COMMUNI/S4 ,ONE SIDE WE MI<T CALL 'TE*NOCRATIC'1 EMPHASIZ$ OPPOSITION TO PRECISELY :AT ! ,M5%EVIKS WELCOM$1 NAMELY ! SUGGE/$ COMPROMISES ) PRIVATE CAPITALI/S4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT :OEV] CONTROLL$ ! ECONOMY W\LD CONTROL POLITICS1 CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC P[] W\LD DISSOLVE ! P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS & 'A REAL /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM' & ! RULE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL W\LD BE ! RESULT4 ,! O!R ?RU/ ( LEFT COMMUNI/ CRITICISM WAS AGA9/ ! REEMPLOYM5T ( AU?ORIT>IAN CAPITALI/ RELATIONS & ME?ODS )9 PRODUCTION4 ,AS ,OSS9SKY 9 P>TICUL> >GU$1 ONE MAN MANAGEM5T & ! O!R IMPOSITIONS ( CAPITALI/ DISCIPL9E W\LD /IFLE ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION2 ,TAYLORISM TURN$ WORK]S 9TO ! APP5DAGES ( MA*9ES1 & PIECE-WAGES IMPOS$ 9DIVIDUALI/ RA!R ?AN COLLECTIVE REW>DS 9 PRODUCTION SO 9/ALL+ PETTY B\RGEOIS VALUES 9TO WORK]S4 ,9 SUM !SE MEASURES W]E RI<TLY SE5 AS ! RE-TRANS=MATION ( PROLET>IANS )9 PRODUCTION FROM COLLECTIVE SUBJECT BACK 9TO ! ATOMIZ$ OBJECTS ( CAPITAL4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 IT WAS >GU$1 HAD TO CONSCI\SLY P>TICIPATE 9 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ?IS BE/ T5D5CY )9 ! #aiah ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 !RE WAS AN EMPHASIS ON ! PROBLEM ) CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BE+ ! WAY IT TURN$ WORK]S 9TO OBJECTS1 & ON ITS TRANSC5D5CE LY+ 9 !IR CONSCI\S CREATIVITY & P>TICIPATION1 ?AT IS REM9ISC5T ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( ALI5ATION4 ,IT IS ! WAY ! ,RUSSIAN LEFT COMMUNI/S >GUM5TS EXPRESS$ & REFLECT$ WORK]S REACTIONS & RESI/ANCE TO ! /ATE CAPITALI/ DIRECTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & WORK]S ASPIRATIONS TO REALLY TRANS=M SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ?AT !RE IMPORTANCE LAY4 ,SU* S5TIM5TS RAN ?R\< ! LEFT OPPOSITIONS1 EV5 IF UNTIL #aiba !IR LOYALTY TO ! P>TY G5]ALLY /OPP$ !M SUPPORT+ WORK]S PRACTICAL EXPRESSIONS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,AS ,OSS9SKY PUT IT3 

0,WE /& = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! PROLET>IAN SOCIETY BY ! CLASS CREATIVITY ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 NOT BY ! UKASES ( ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITES = ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 NO ONE CAN DO ?IS = IT & NO ONE CAN COMPEL IT TO DO ?IS4 ,! /ICK1 IF RAIS$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 WILL F9D ITSELF 9 ! H&S ( A SOCIAL =CE :I* IS EI!R UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ANO!R SOCIAL CLASS OR IS 9 ! H&S ( ! SOVIET P[]44 ,SOCIALISM & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION WILL BE SET UP BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 OR !Y WILL NOT BE SET UP AT ALL3 SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE SET UP -- /ATE CAPITALISM40.<#g#f.> 

,!SE >GUM5TS ( ,OSS9SKY REPRES5T$ ! BE/ ELEM5T 9 ! LEFT COMMUNI/S' POSITIONS3 A RECOGNITION ?AT ! MASS CREATIVITY & AUTONOMY ( ! WORK]S WAS ESS5TIAL TO ANY MOVE T[>DS COMMUNISM1 ?US ?AT NATIONALIZATION OR /ATISATION ( PRODUCTION WAS NOT 5\<4 ,L59'S VIEW WAS ?AT DIRECT WORK]S CONTROL ( !IR [N ACTIVITY WAS AN ISSUE = ! FUTURE & ?AT 9 ! MEANTIME IRON DISCIPL9E WAS REQUIR$4 

',W> ,COMMUNISM' 

,! CONDITIONS ( CIVIL W> & IMP]IALI/ 9VASION ?AT ,RUSSIA FELL 9TO 9 ! SECOND HALF ON #a#i#a#h1 ALT]$ ! CONDITIONS ( DEBATE & BROKE ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S AS A COHESIVE OPPOSITION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 :]E ! ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ,:ITE >MIES COMMITT$ TO ! RE/ORATION ( ! OLD ORD]1 CRITICISM BY WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ! MEASURES ! P>TY WAS TAK+1 WAS TEMP]$4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ?IS PRAGMATIC ISSUE1 ! CIVIL W> ALSO EXPOS$ ! 9ADEQUATE F\NDATION MU* ! LEFT COMMUNI/ CRITICISM HAD BE5 BAS$ ON4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT1 = MANY LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !IR CRITIQUE ( ! ,NEW ,C\RSE1 & ! CONSEQU5T ACCUSATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 WAS BAS$ MA9LY ON ! NOTION ( COMPROMISE ) PRIVATE CAPITALI/S1 & P]CEIV$ CONCESSIONS TO ! PEASANTRY1 9 ! FACE ( :AT WAS TO BE CALL$ 'W> COMMUNISM' !Y HAD V]Y LITTLE LEFT TO CRITICIZE4 ,NOT ONLY DID A :OLE WAVE ( NATIONALIZATIONS TAKE PLACE1 VIRTUALLY WIP+ \T ! PREVI\S ROLE ( ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/1 BUT IF !RE WAS ONE ?+ W> COMMUNISM WAS NOT1 IT WAS SY/EM BAS$ ON CONCESSIONS TO ! PEASANTS4 ,IT CONSEQU5TLY BECAME DIFFICULT = !M TO DESCRIBE ,RUSSIA AS /ATE CAPITALI/4 

,9 FACT1 ! TE*NOCRATIC W+ ( ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ EV5 W5T AS F> AS WELCOM+ 'W> COMMUNISM' AS A REAL ADVANCE TO COMMUNISM4 ,& :5 W> COMMUNISM RESULT$ 9 MASS 9FLATION VIRTUALLY WIP+ \T MONEY1 !Y EQUALLY SAW IT AS A G5]AL MOVE TO AN ECONOMY 9 K9D ) ALL SORTS ( TRANSACTIONS1 EV5 WAGES1 CEAS+ TO USE MONEY4 ,! SELF-EMANCIPATORY W+1 7:I* WAS TO PROVIDE BO? ! ORIG9AL >GUM5TS AS WELL AS P]SONNEL ( ! LAT] LEFT OPPOSITIONS ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALI/S & ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION7 TOOK A MORE CAUTI\S /&4 ,!Y HAD T5D$ TO FOCUS !IR CRITICISM ON ! EXCESSIVE C5TRALIZATION ( P[] & ! BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( ! /ATE ECONOMY1 TO :I* !Y C\NT]-POS$ A RE/ORATION ( P[] & LOCAL 9ITIATIVE TO ! SOVIETS & O!R WORK]S' BODIES4 ,BUT )\T ! O!R COMPON5TS ( !IR E>LI] CRITIQUE1 & CONSID]+ ?AT ,L59 HIMSELF HAD DESCRIB$ /ATE CAPITALISM -- ) ALL ITS MANAGEM5T ME?ODS -- AS PLAY+ A PROGRESSIVE P>T1 ! LEFT OPPOSITIONS CEAS$ TO DESCRIBE IT AS SU*4 

,! MI/AKE ( CONFUS+ ! W>-TIME MEASURES AS A /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM BECAME CLE> AS ! W> CAME TO AN 5D & ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO /EP UP ! W> ECONOMY MEASURES4.<#g#g.> ,! FALLACY ( ASSOCIAT+ /ATE-CONTROL ) SOCIALISM1 DESPITE ! 9T5SIFICATION ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 BECAME CLE> AS WORK]S & PEASANTS REACT$ TO !IR MAT]IAL SITUATION ) A WAVE ( /RIKES & UPRIS+S4 ,! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT 9 P>TICUL> %[$ ! GIANT GULF BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,DESPITE ?IS G5]AL DISCONT5T1 BO? \TSIDE & )9 ! P>TY1 ,L59 RESPOND$ )1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P71 & ON ! O!R1 ! BANN+ ( FACTIONS ) ! FAM\S /ATEM5T ?AT WAS TO *>ACT]IZE ! REGIME !REAFT]3 ',H]E & !RE ) A RIFLE1 BUT NOT ) OPPOSITION2 WE'VE HAD 5\< OPPOSITION'4 

,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY3 ,NEW ,OPPOSITION 

,IT IS IMPORTANT !N TO GRASP ?AT ! ,N,E,P1 :I* WAS ESS5TIALLY A RETURN TO ! MOD]ATE /ATE CAPITALISM *AMPION$ BY ,L59 9 ! ,NEW ,C\RSE DEBATE1 DID NOT M>K AN AB&ONM5T ( COMMUNISM1 BUT M]ELY A *ANGE 9 ! =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,C5TRAL TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 WAS A *ANG$ RELATION TO ! PEASANTRY ) A PROGRESSIVE TAX 9 K9D REPLAC+ /ATE PROCUREM5T & LEAV+ ! PEASANTS FREE TO TRADE = A PR(IT ANY?+ LEFT ABOVE ?IS4 ,FREE TRADE :I* HAD NOT DISAPPE>$ WAS N[ LEGAL4 ,ON ! 9DU/RIAL FRONT SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION WAS TOTALLY D5ATIONALIZ$ & MANY1 ?\< NOT ! L>GE/ FACTORIES1 LEAS$ BACK TO !IR =M] [N]S TO RUN ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS4 ,= ! WORK+ CLASS !RE WAS RE9TRODUC$ PAYM5T ( WAGES 9 CA% & *>GES = PREVI\SLY FREE S]VICES4 ,! COMM& ECONOMY ( ! 'W> COMMUNISM' YE>S WAS AB&ON$ 9 FAVOR ( ! RUNN+ ( ! ECONOMY ON A COMM]CIAL BASIS4 ,NEV]!LESS ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY REMA9$ UND] /ATE CONTROL & ! BASIS = SY/EMATIC /ATE PLANN+ 9 T]MS ( =ECA/+ ETC4 CONT9U$ TO BE DEVELOP$4 ,9 FACT1 ! V]Y CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! ,NEW ,C\RSE & ! ,N,E,P ALSO %[$ UP 9 ! FACT ?AT ,L591 9 TRY+ TO JU/IFY ! ,N,E,P 9 ! PAMPHLET ,TAX 9 ,K9D1 REPR9T$ L>GE P>TS ( HIS E>LI] CRITIQUE ( ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 9CLUD+ ! '#e SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURES' MODEL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 

,9 #aiba ,L59 GAVE ! SAME REPLY TO ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION ACCUSATIONS ( /ATE CAPITALISM AS HE HAD TO ! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S 9 #a#i#a#h1 NAMELY ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A TREM5D\S /EP =W>D FROM :AT ,RUSSIA ACTUALLY WAS1 :I* WAS A 'PETTY PRODUC] CAPITALISM ) A WORK+-CLASS P>TY CONTROLL+ ! /ATE4'.<#g#h.> ,! KEY ?+ AB\T ! REGIME DEVELOP+ AT ! TIME ( ,N,E,P WAS ?AT1 ACCOMPANY+ ECONOMIC CONCESSIONS TO PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 WAS 9T5SIFI$ POLITICAL REPRESSION1 ! BANN+ ( FACTIONS 9 ! P>TY1 & NON-TOL]ATION ( ANY 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS ,CILIGA LAT] OBS]V$1 BE=E ! ,N,E,P ! 9T5SITY ( REPRESSION ( LEFT OPPOSITION HAD V>I$1 AFT] ?IS DATE ALL OPPOSITION WAS REPRESS$ ON PR9CIPLE & ! TREATM5T ( PRISON]S GREW WORSE4.<#g#i.> 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ( POLITICAL REPRESSION & ECONOMIC RE-IMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ =MS ?AT A NUMB] ( SMALL OPPOSITION GR\PS EM]G$1 :I* AGA9 TOOK UP ! NOTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,:AT WAS COMMON TO !SE NEW GR\PS WAS ?AT1 UNLIKE ! PREVI\S LEFT COMMUNI/ T5D5CY & ! LAT] LEFT OPPOSITION ( ,TROTSKY1 !SE GR\PS DID MAKE A DECISIVE BREAK FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,ONE SU* GR\P ?AT EM]G$ WAS ! ,WORK]S ,TRU? C5T]$ >\ND AN OLD LEFT ADV]S>Y ( ,L591 ,BOGDANOV4 ,9 ISSU+ AN ,APPEAL1 />T+ ) ,M>X'S FAM\S '! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S CAN ONLY BE ! DE$ ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES'1 !Y >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY WAS NO LONG] A PROLET>IAN P>TY1 BUT RA!R ! P>TY ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 & ?US !Y CALL$ = A NEW P>TY4.<#h.> 

,) AT FIR/ A LITTLE LESS !ORETICAL CL>ITY1 IT WAS H[EV]1 ! ,WORK]S ,GR\P1 C5T]$ >\ND ,MIASNIKOV1 ?AT MADE ! BIGGE/ IMPACT ON ! CLASS4 ,! MA9 OPPOSITION /R& HAD BE5 ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION1 :I* :ILE APPE>+ TO SUPPORT ! WORK+ CLASS1 HAD ESS5TIALLY BE5 DEM&+ A TRANSF] ( P[] FROM ONE P>TY FACTION TO ANO!R1 NAMELY ?AT ORGANIZ$ 9 ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,MIASNIKOV & HIS SUPPORT]S HAD AT ?IS PO9T REJECT$ BO? ! /ATE ECONOMIC BODIES & ! TRADE UNIONS AS BUREAUCRATIZ$ =MS1 & 9 >GU+ = A RETURN ( P[] TO ! SOVIETS1 HAD IMPLICITLY QUE/ION$ ! P>TY4 ,MIASNIKOV /OOD \T EV5 MORE BY NOT SUPPORT+ ! REPRESSION ( ,KRON/ADT1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ AS AN ABYSS ! P>TY HAD CROSS$4 ,?IS WILL+NESS TO BREAK ) ! P>TY WAS CRUCIAL BECAUSE OPPOSITIONS UNTIL !N1 ?\< REFLECT+ DISCONT5T \TSIDE ! P>TY1 HAD REMA9$ W$D$ TO IT SEEK+ REFUGE 9 ORGANIZATIONAL FIXES ?AT FAIL$ CONSPICU\SLY TO DELIV]4 

,9 #aibc !Y PRODUC$ A ,MANIFE/O APPEAL+ TO BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT4 ,RA!R ?AN !ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS !IR DESCRIPTION ( ! ,N,E,P AS /&+ = ! ',NEW ,EXPLOITATION ( ! ,PROLET>IAT' SIMPLY TRIES TO EXPRESS ! CONDITIONS ?AT ! WORK]S W]E FAC+4 ,!Y D5\NC$ ! ATTACKS ON ! WORK+ CLASS ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS C>RY+ \T MAK+ A PO9T ?AT E*O$ ,LUXEMBURG3.<#h#a.> 0! B\RGEOISIE HAS1 & WILL HAVE1 NO BETT] ADVOCATE' ?AN ! 'SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES' BECAUSE !Y HAVE ! ABILITY TO DISORI5TATE ! PROLET>IAT ) !IR PHRASES4 ,OR AGA93 'A V]Y GREAT DANG] ?REAT5S ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 NOT SO MU* FROM \TSIDE AS FROM 9SIDE ITSELF4' ,EXPRESS+ ?IS EMPHASIS ON ! WORLD PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ! WORK]S GR\P TOOK A RESOLUTELY 9T]NATIONALI/ L9E4 ,!Y W]E SURE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT'S ONLY HOPE LAY 9 AID FROM REVOLUTION ELSE:]E4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES ( A 'SOCIALI/ UNIT$ FRONTS' & WORK]S GOV]NM5TS W]E ACT+ AGA9/ ?AT HOPE ( WORLD REVOLUTION4.<#h#b.> 

,H[EV]1 ! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! GR\P WAS ! FACT ?AT !Y TOOK !IR CRITICISM ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ DIRECTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( SUPPORT+ PROLET>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! REGIME4 ,9 LATE '#b#c A WAVE ( /RIKES BROKE \T & ! ,WORK]S ,GR\P BECAME 9VOLV$ GA9+ AN 9FLU5CE = !IR ,MANIFE/O AMONG ! PROLET>IAT & PROMPT+ !IR SUPPRESSION BY ! SECRET POLICE4 ,SOON !IR EXI/5CE WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! PRISON CAMPS OR 9 EXILE4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT !Y MOV$ AWAY FROM !IR FOCUS ON ! ,N,E,P1 & />T$ TO QUE/ION W> COMMUNISM4 ,!RE !IR /ATE CAPITALI/ ANALYSIS BECAME MORE & MORE 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! CAMPS :]E1 AS ,CILIGA OBS]V$1 A POLITICAL LIFE REPRESS$ ELSE:]E CONT9U$4 ,!Y EXT5D$ !IR CRITIQUE TO ! SORT ( 'SOCIALISM' ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRI$ TO CREATE EV5 BE=E ,N,E,P1 >GU+ ?AT BECAUSE IT WAS BAS$ ON CO]CION OV] ! WORK+ CLASS & NOT ! FREE CREATION ( ! CLASS1 WAS 9 REALITY A BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,WE HAVE LOOK$ !N AT ?OSE >GUM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT MO/ ILLUM9AT+ = AN UND]/&+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! #aiah ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S WAS NOT JU/ ! FACT ?AT !Y RI<T FROM AN E>LY /AGE >GU$ ?AT !RE WAS A DANG] ?AT NOT SOCIALISM1 BUT CAPITALISM W\LD EM]GE FROM ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE 9 HIS BATTLES ) !M1 ,L59 MO/ EXPLICITLY REVEAL$ HIS [N SUPPORT = '/ATE CAPITALISM'4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ,MIASNIKOV'S ,WORK]S ,GR\P LAY 9 !M BE+ ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ( ! PO/ #aiba GR\PS :O TOOK !IR CRITICISM ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ DIRECTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( SUPPORT+ PROLET>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! REGIME4 ,!IR CONFRONTATION ) ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE WAS F> MORE CONSI/5T & COH]5T ?AN ?AT ( ,TROTSKY'S ,LEFT OPPOSITION4 ,H[EV] WE CANNOT SAY ?AT !Y PROVID$ ! !ORETICAL >GUM5TS TO SOLIDLY GR\ND A !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,WE WILL TURN N[ TO ! T5D5CIES 9 ,EUROPE1 ) :OM !Y MADE CONTACT1 TO SEE IF !Y HAD MORE SUCCESS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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