,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 
,:O WAS ?IS COMMUNI/ LEFT8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,:O WAS ?IS COMMUNI/ LEFT8 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT EM]G$ \T ( ! CRISIS ( ,M>XI/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?AT BECAME ACUTELY VISIBLE DUR+ ! W>4 ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ CURR5TS EM]G$ ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,?OSE ) POLITICS ?AT WE & ,L59 C\LD DESCRIBE AS LEFT COMMUNI/ W]E G5]ALLY ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS FROM !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES ATTRACT$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,COM9T]N7 SET UP 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,9 SOME C\NTRIES NOTABLY ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY A MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O =M$ !IR RESPECTIVE COMMUNI/ P>TIES HAD LEFT COMMUNI/ POLITICS4 ,H[EV] !IR EXP]I5CE WAS -- SOON] OR LAT] -- TO F9D !MSELVES 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ! POLICIES PROMOT$ FROM ,MOSC[ & EV5TUALLY EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,TWO MA9 W+S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE AS TRADITIONS3 ! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* ,LEFT.<#f#c.> 7SOMETIMES KN[N AS ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S7 & ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT 7SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ,BORDIGI/S AFT] A F\ND+ MEMB]74 ,:ILE !IR ANALYZES W]E NOT ! SAME ON ALL PO9TS1 :AT REALLY DEF9$ !M WAS A P]CEPTION ( ! NE$ = COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS TO BE A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK FROM ?OSE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,SU* A BREAK NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ AN ATTEMPT TO OV]COME ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ! ECONOMIC ?AT WAS C5TRAL TO ! !ORY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,AL?\< !Y DISAGRE$ AT :AT TIME IT OCCURR$1 !IR P]CEPTION WAS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY SLIPP$ BACK 9TO1 OR NEV] QUITE LEFT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POSITIONS4 ,ID5TIFY+ !MSELVES AS REVOLUTION>Y & AS ,M>XI/ ! COMMON PROBLEM = !SE CURR5TS WAS TO UND]/& :AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 A WAY ?AT WAS TRUE TO BO?4 ,:ILE SAY+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS CAPITALI/ ALL[$ A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION TO BE TAK5 UP AGA9/ IT1 !Y F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO DO ?IS 9 A WAY ?AT MADE S5SE 9 T]MS ( ,M>X'S CATEGORIES & UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,\T ( !IR DIFF]5T EXP]I5CES !Y DEVELOP$ V]Y DIFF]5T !ORIES ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ( ! CAPITALISM ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,H[EV] !SE OPPOSITIONS TO ! ,MOSC[ L9E W]E L>GELY ECLIPS$ BY ! /R5G? ( ,/AL9ISM 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & BY A LAT] OPPOSITION TO ?IS ?AT GREW UP >\ND ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ! EXIL$ LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & /ATE4 ,DUE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CR$5TIALS & PRE/IGE ( ITS F\ND]1 ,TROTSKYISM E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS ! MO/ VISIBLE & NUM]\S OPPOSITION TO ! LEFT ( ! (FICIAL ',COMMUNI/' MOVEM5T4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ,BRITA91 :I* HAS NOT REALLY G5]AT$ ITS [N LEFT ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 IT MANAG$ TO PLAUSIBLY PRES5T ITSELF AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM AS ! G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,= ?IS REASON WE DEVOT$ ! PREVI\S >TICLES TO A PRES5TATION & CRITIQUE ( !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R COM+ \T ( ,TROTSKYISM3 ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! DEG5]AT$ WORK]S /ATE1 ,TONY ,CLIFF'S V]SION ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 & ,HILLEL ,TICKT9'S REC5TLY 9FLU5TIAL !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A SPECIFICALLY DI/ORT$ & UNT5ABLE SOCIETY4.<#f#d.> 

,WE >GU$ ?AT A WEAKNESS ( ALL !SE !ORIES WAS ?AT !Y MOV$ )9 A C]TA9 K9D ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,ID5TIFY+ ) ! ,SOVIET /ATE UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 !Y ASSUM$ ?AT1 ON ! BASIS ( ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ PREMISE ?AT SOCIALISM IS ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?R\< ITS :OLESALE NATIONALIZATION BY ! /ATE1 ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA :I* 9 SOME WAY HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,!Y DISAGRE$ ON :AT TYPE ( SY/EM HAD EM]G$1 BUT !Y G5]ALLY SAW IT AS H++ ON ! LACK ( WORK]S' DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY4 ,= ,TROTSKYISM1 ,L59ISM IS ! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,TROTSKYISM WAS ! REVOLUTION>Y CONT9UATION ( ,L59ISM AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM4 ,! EXI/5CE ( A ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT ?REAT5S ?IS PICTURE4 ,IT %[S ?AT ,TROTSKYISM WAS BY NO MEANS ! ONLY ,M>XI/ OPPOSITION TO ,/AL9ISM4 ,9 FACT1 AS WE'LL SEE1 IT QUE/IONS :E!R ,TROTSKYISM HAS BE5 A 'REVOLUTION>Y' OPPOSITION AT ALL4 

,H[EV] :ILE ,TROTSKYISM1 ?R\< ! FLEXIBLE TACTICS IT WAS WILL+ TO ADOPT1 C\LD EXI/ ON ! FR+ES ( A ,/AL9I/ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DOM9AT$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! LEFT COMMUNI/S1 !IR POLITICS FUNDAM5TALLY ORI5T$ TO REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 W]E R$UC$ BY ! ?IRTIES TO A F> SMALL] & MORE ISOLAT$ EXI/5CE4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ,/AL9ISM'S HOLD ON ! REVOLUTION>Y IMAG9ATION BEGAN TO BREAK 9 #aief & ) ! WAVE ( /RUGGLES BEG9N+ 9 ! SIXTIES ?AT !RE WAS A RESURG5CE ( 9T]E/ 9 REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES TO ! LEFT ( ,TROTSKYISM1 LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 ,! FOCUS ON ,C\NCILS & WORK]S' SELF-ACTIVITY ?AT WAS BASIC TO ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT WAS TAK5 UP BY GR\PS LIKE ,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM 7& ITS L9K$ ,BRITI% GR\P ,SOLID>ITY7 & BY ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#f#e.> ,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT :I* DECL>$ ITSELF ANTI-,L59I/ WAS MORE IMM$IATELY ATTRACTIVE TO ?OSE REJECT+ ,/AL9ISM & ! CRITICAL SUPPORT GIV5 IT BY ,TROTSKYISM ?AN ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT :I*1 BECAUSE IT EMPHASIZ$ ! P>TY1 SEEM$ LIKE ANO!R V]SION ( ,L59ISM4 ,H[EV] AFT] '#f#h P>TLY DUE TO A P]CEIV$ WEAKNESS ( A M]ELY 'C\NCILI/' OR 'LIB]T>IAN' OPPOSITION TO ,L59ISM1 !RE WAS A R5EWAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT :I* WAS ! O!R MA9 ,COMMUNI/ LEFT TO HAVE H&$ D[N A TRADITION4.<#f#f.> 

,9 ?IS >TICLE WE %ALL LOOK AT ! V>I\S !ORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN_/,DUT* & ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 ,WE %ALL IGNORE C]TA9 O!R COMMUNI/ LEFTS BECAUSE EI!R !Y HAVE NOT MANAG$ TO PASS D[N ANY !ORETICAL WRIT+S ON ! QUE/ION OR BECAUSE AS1 SAY1 ) ! ,BRITI% ,LEFT !Y L>GELY FOLL[$ ! ,G]MAN_/,DUT* LEFT ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4.<#f#g.> ,\R PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ?AT ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT :I* DEVELOP$ )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF & :I* RECEIV$ ,L59'S WRA? BE=E ! RE/4 ,?\< ! ,RUSSIAN ,LEFT CANNOT BE SAID TO HAVE DEVELOP$ ! SAME BODY ( COH]5T !ORY AS ! O!R TWO1 ITS V]Y CLOS5ESS TO ! EV5TS GIVES ITS CONSID]ATIONS A C]TA9 IMPORTANCE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/