,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 
,! ORIG9S ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,! ORIG9S ( ,TICKT9'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ,P>T ,I WE GAVE A L5G?Y TREATM5T ( :AT HAS PROBABLY BE5 ! BE/ KN[N CRITICAL !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION3 ,LEON ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE'4 ,:ILE CRITICAL ( ! PRIVILEGES ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY1 LACK ( FRE$OM & WORK]S' DEMOCRACY1 ,TROTSKY TOOK ! VIEW ?AT ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R -- I4E4 ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E NOT PRIVATE PROP]TY BUT ! PROP]TY ( A WORK]S' /ATE -- MEANT ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD NOT BE SE5 AS BE+ CAPITALI/1 BUT WAS 9/EAD A TRANSITORY REGIME CAU<T BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM :I* HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,IT FOLL[$ FROM ?IS ?AT1 = ,TROTSKY1 DESPITE ALL ITS FAULTS & MON/R\S DI/ORTIONS1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ULTIMATELY PROGRESSIVE4 ,AS SU*1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS A DECISIVE ADVANCE OV] CAPITALISM :I*1 BY PRES]V+ ! PROLET>IAN GA9S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 HAD TO BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y & IDEOLOGICAL ATTACKS ( ! GREAT CAPITALI/ P[]S4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE SAW1 = ,TROTSKY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S PR$ICAM5T C\LD NOT = LA/ LONG4 ,EI!R ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W\LD RISE UP & REASS]T CONTROL OV] !IR /ATE ?R\< A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* W\LD DEPOSE ! BUREAUCRACY1 OR ELSE ! BUREAUCRACY W\LD SEEK TO PRES]VE ITS PREC>I\S POSITION ( P[] BY RE9TRODUC+ PRIVATE PROP]TY RELATIONS & RE/OR+ CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,EI!R WAY1 = ,TROTSKY1 ! RA!R PECULI> HI/ORICAL SITUATION 9 :I* ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY F\ND ITSELF1 /UCK HALF-WAY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 C\LD ONLY BE A FLEET+ PH5OM5A4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS SITUATION W\LD BE RESOLV$ ONE WAY OR ANO!R 9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( ! SECOND WORLD W>4 

,YET1 AS WE N[ KN[1 ,TROTSKY'S PR$ICTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD SOON BE EI!R OV]?R[N BY A WORK]S' REVOLUTION OR ELSE REV]T BACK TO CAPITALISM ) ! BUREAUCRACY CONV]T+ ITSELF 9TO A NEW ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE FAIL$ TO COME AB\T4 ,9/EAD ! ,U,S,S,R P]SI/$ = ANO!R =TY YE>S R5D]+ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY 9CREAS+LY UNT5ABLE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE MANY ,TROTSKYI/S W]E L$ TO BREAK FROM ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION REG>D+ ,RUSSIA TO >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! MA9 DEBATE ON ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA >OSE BETWE5 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM'S 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE' & ! NEO-,TROTSKYI/ V]SION ( /ATE CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ BY ,TONY ,CLIFF4 ,AS WE PO9T$ \T 9 ,P>T ,I1 :ILE ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ ACC\NT OBVI\SLY HAD BIG PROBLEMS1 ?IS ALT]NATIVE !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM HAD ?REE VITAL WEAKNESSES3 #a7 ,CLIFF'S ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! PO9T ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM CO9CIDE ) ,/AL9'S FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN 7& ,TROTSKY'S EXILE72 #b7 HIS D5IAL ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE OP]AT$ )9 ! ,U,S,S,R2 & #c7 HIS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ 9SI/5CE ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WAS ! HI<E/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM :I* IMPLI$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4.<#d#d.> 

,AS A RESULT1 ?R\<\T ! PO/W> ]A1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S W]E ABLE DOGMATICALLY TO DEF5D ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE2 !Y W]E CONT5T ?AT1 :ILE ! RIVAL /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORY MAY APPE> MORE POLITICALLY 9TUITIVE1 !IR [N WAS MORE !ORETICALLY COH]5T4 ,9DE$1 ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #a#i#i1 MANY ,TROTSKYI/S FELT V9DICAT$ 9 ?AT ,TROTSKY'S PR$ICTIONS ( ! POSSIBLE RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM N[ SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 PROV$ CORRECT1 ALBEIT RA!R BELAT$LY4.<#d#e.> 

,H[EV]1 !RE HAVE BE5 A FEW MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,TROTSKYI/S :O1 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! 9ADEQUACIES ( ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 HAVE S\<T TO DEVELOP NEW CONCEPTIONS ( :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS & H[ IT CAME TO COLLAPSE4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T ( !SE HAS BE5 ,HILLEL ,TICKT94 

,TICKT9 & ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,TROTSKYISM 

,BY ! #a#i#gS1 ! *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION & GROSS ECONOMIC 9EFFICI5CIES ( ,BREZHNEV'S ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME WIDELY RECOGNIZ$4 ,FEW 'SOVIETOLOGI/S' W]E NOT N[ SKEPTICAL ( ! PRODUCTION FIGURES PUMP$ \T BY ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES2 & EV]YONE WAS AW>E ( ! LONG QUEUES = BASIC NECESSITIES & ! ECONOMIC ABSURDITIES ?AT SEEM$ TO *>ACT]IZE ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,( C\RSE1 ,TROTSKY HIMSELF HAD >GU$ ?AT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( WORK]S' DEMOCRACY1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE PLANN+ W\LD LEAD TO WA/E & ECONOMIC 9EFFICI5CY4 ,YET1 = ,TROTSKY1 IT HAD BE5 CLE> ?AT1 DESPITE SU* 9EFFICI5CIES1 BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+ W\LD NECESS>ILY BE SUP]IOR TO ! AN>*Y ( ! M>KET4 ,YET IT WAS N[ BECOM+ APP>5T ?AT ! GROSS 9EFFICI5CIES & /AGNATION ( ! ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R W]E ( SU* A SCALE COMP>$ ) ECONOMIC P]=MANCE 9 ! ,WE/ ?AT ITS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM C\LD NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ AS BE+ SUP]IOR TO FREE M>KET CAPITALISM4 

,9 RESPONSE TO !SE P]CEPTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S1 :ILE ACCEPT+ ! 9EFFICI5CIES ( BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 C\LD ONLY >GUE ?AT ! REPORTS ( ! ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W]E EXAGG]AT$ & OBSCUR$ ITS REAL & LA/+ A*IEVEM5TS4 ,YET IT WAS A L9E ?AT NOT ALL ,TROTSKYI/S F\ND EASY TO DEF5D4 

,AS AN ACADEMIC ,M>XI/ SPECIALIZ+ 9 ! FIELD ( ,RUSSIAN & ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN /UDIES1 ,TICKT9 C\LD NOT IGNORE ! CRITICAL ANALYZES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE+ DEVELOP$ BY BO? LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE 'SOVIETOLOGI/S'4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! M\NT+ EVID5CE ( ! DIRE /ATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY IT WAS !RE=E P]HAPS NOT SO EASY = ,TICKT9 TO SIMPLY DEF5D ! /&>D ,TROTSKYI/ L9E4 ,AS A RESULT ,TICKT9 CAME TO REJECT ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE & ! NOTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS OBJECTIVELY PROGRESSIVE ?AT ?IS !ORY IMPLI$4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE HE REJECT$ ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 ,TICKT9 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ATE CAPITALI/4 ,IMM]S$ 9 ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,TICKT9 MA9TA9$ ! OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION ?AT /ATE CAPITALI/ !ORIES SIMPLY PROJECT$ ! CATEGORIES ( CAPITALISM ONTO ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT9 ! FAILURE ( ALL ,M>XI/ !ORIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ?AT !Y DID NOT DEVELOP \T ( ! EMPIRICAL REALITIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= ,TICKT9 ! TASK WAS TO DEVELOP A ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ?AT WAS ABLE TO GRASP ! HI/ORICAL PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION )\T FALL+ F\L ( ! %ALL[ EMPIRICISM ( MO/ B\RGEOIS !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,H[EV]1 9 REJECT+ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ,TICKT9 WAS OBLIG$ TO UND]TAKE A MAJOR REEVALUATION ( ,TROTSKY4 ,AFT] ALL1 ALONGSIDE HIS !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION & UNEV5 & COMB9$ DEVELOPM5T1 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE HAD BE5 SE5 AS C5TRAL TO BO? ,TROTSKY & ,TROTSKYISM4 ,AS ,CLIFF'S ADOPTION ( A !ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM HAD %[N1 A REJECTION ( ! !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE C\LD PROVE PROBLEMATIC = ANYONE :O S\<T TO MA9TA9 A CONSI/5T ,TROTSKYI/ POSITION4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?R\< BO? HIS REEVALUATION ( ,TROTSKY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 HAS BE5 ABLE TO (F] A RECON/RUCT$ ,TROTSKYISM ?AT1 BY FREE+ IT FROM ITS CRITICAL SUPPORT = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 HAS CUT ! UMBILICAL CORD ) A DECL9+ ,/AL9ISM1 PROVID+ ! OPPORTUNITY = A NEW LEASE ( LIFE = ,L59ISM 9 ! PO/-,/AL9I/ ]A4.<#d#f.> 

,TICKT9 & ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* 

,= OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYISM1 ! !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE /OOD ALONGSIDE BO? ! !ORY ( COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T & ! !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION AS ONE ( ! C5TRAL PILL>S ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T4 ,= ,TICKT91 H[EV]1 ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ,TROTSKY'S IDEAS WAS ! NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT91 ! NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* WAS ! KEY/ONE ?AT HELD ! 5TIRE /RUCTURE ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T TOGE!R1 & IT WAS ONLY BY FULLY GRASP+ ?IS NOTION ?AT HIS V>I\S !ORIES C\LD BE ADEQUATELY UND]/OOD4 

,( C\RSE1 ! NOTION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGE & WAS ON ! V]GE ( GIV+ WAY TO SOCIALISM HAD BE5 COMMONPLACE AMONG ,M>XI/S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 IT HAD BE5 WIDELY ACCEPT$ BY MO/ LEAD+ !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT1 ) ! EM]G5CE ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM 9 ! #a#h#gS1 ! ]A ( CLASSICAL CAPITALISM /UDI$ BY ,M>X HAD COME TO AN 5D4 ,AS A RESULT ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? W]E BECOM+ EV] MORE ACUTE & C\LD BE ONLY BE RESOLV$ ?R\< ! WORK+ CLASS COM+ TO P[] & CREAT+ A NEW SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,FAC$ ) ! HORRORS & %E] B>B>ITY ( ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 MANY ,M>XI/S HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGE & WAS 9 DECL9E4 ,:ILE N9ETE5? C5TURY CAPITALISM1 DESPITE ALL ITS FAULTS1 HAD AT LEA/ S]V$ TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION AT AN UNPREC$5T$ RATE1 CAPITALISM N[ SEEM$ TO (F] ONLY *RONIC ECONOMIC /AGNATION & TOTAL W>4 ,AS CAPITALISM 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGE ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION C\LD ONLY BE 'W> OR REVOLUTION'1 'SOCIALISM OR B>B>ISM'4.<#d#g.> 

,YET :ILE MANY ,M>XI/S HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! FIR/ WORLD W> H]ALD$ ! ]A ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT IT WAS ,TROTSKY :O W5T FUR!/ 9 DRAW+ \T BO? ! !ORETICAL & POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,?US1 :]EAS MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD SE5 ! QUE/ION ( TRANSITION PR9CIPALLY 9 T]MS ( P>TICUL> NATION-/ATES1 ,TROTSKY EMPHASIZ$ CAPITALISM AS A WORLD SY/EM4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 IT WAS CAPITALISM AS A WORLD SY/EM ?AT1 ) ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 HAD 5T]$ ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,FROM ?IS GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE !RE WAS NOT SOME PR$ET]M9$ L9E ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T :I* EA* NATION-/ATE HAD TO PASS ?R\< BE=E IT REA*$ ! ?RE%OLD ( SOCIALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORE BACKW>D ECONOMIES WAS CONDITION$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS4 

,IT WAS TO EXPLA9 H[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! BACKW>D NATIONS ( ! WORLD W]E RADICALLY RE%AP$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS ?AT ,TROTSKY DEVELOP$ HIS !ORY ( COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS !N1 ON ! BASIS ( ?IS !ORY ( COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT ,TROTSKY C\LD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* W\LD BECOME MO/ ACUTE1 NOT 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES AS MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD ASSUM$1 BUT 9 ! MORE BACKW>D NATIONS SU* AS ,RUSSIA ?AT HAD YET TO MAKE ! FULL TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS ?IS CONCLUSION ?AT !N =M$ ! BASIS ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION 9 :I* ,TROTSKY HAD >GU$ ?AT 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY SU* AS ,RUSSIA IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y = ANY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION TO DEVELOP AT ONCE 9TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,?US1 :]EAS MO/ ,M>XI/S HAD ASSUM$ ! REVOLUTION W\LD BREAK \T 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS &1 BY DE/ROY+ IMP]IALISM1 W\LD SPREAD TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 ,TROTSKY1 ?R\< HIS NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*1 HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS MORE LIKELY TO BREAK \T 9 ! MORE BACKW>D NATIONS4 ,YET ,TROTSKY HAD 9SI/$ ?AT ANY SU* PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE SUCCESSFUL IF IT S]V$ TO SP>K PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,)\T ! AID ( REVOLUTIONS 9 !SE MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS ANY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY C\LD ONLY DEG5]ATE4 

,H5CE ,TROTSKY WAS LAT] ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT SWEPT ACROSS ,EUROPE FOLL[+ ! 5D ( ! FIR/ WORLD W> HAD LEFT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ISOLAT$4 ,TRAPP$ )9 ITS [N ECONOMIC & CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS & SURR\ND$ BY HO/ILE CAPITALI/ P[]S1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' /ATE C\LD ONLY DEG5]ATE4 ,) ?IS !N WE HAVE ! BASIS ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,YET ! IMPORTANCE ( ,TROTSKY'S NOTION ( TRANSITIONAL EPO* WAS NOT ONLY ?AT IT ALL[$ ,TROTSKY TO GRASP ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION ON A WORLD SCALE1 BUT ALSO ?AT IT IMPLI$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ?IS TRANSITION C\LD BE A PROLONG$ PROCESS4 ,IF PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS W]E MORE LIKELY AT FIR/ TO BREAK \T 9 LESS ADVANC$ C\NTRIES IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT !RE C\LD BE SEV]AL SU* REVOLUTIONS BE=E ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS REA*$ SU* A PO9T TO 5SURE ?AT SU* REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAKS W\LD LEAD TO A WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!R1 AS HAPP5$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ISOLATION & SUBSEQU5T DEG5]ATION ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ! P]IPH]Y C\LD !N S]VE TO DISCR$IT & !REBY RET>D ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 

,H[EV]1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO DRAW \T SU* IMPLICATIONS ( HIS NOTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*4 ,AS A RESULT ,TROTSKY SEV]ELY UND]E/IMAT$ ! CAPACITY ( BO? SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,/AL9ISM 9 =E/ALL+ WORLD REVOLUTION & ! GLOBAL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,>M$ ) ! H9DSI<T ( ! PO/W> ]A1 ,TICKT9 HAS S\<T TO OV]COME ?IS FAIL+ 9 ! ?\<T ( HIS GREAT TEA*]4 

,= ,TICKT9 !N1 ! FIR/ WORLD W> 9DE$ M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*1.<#d#h.> AN EPO* 9 :I* !RE CAN BE SE5 A GR[+ /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ! IMMAN5T LAW ( PLANN+4 ,) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT SWEPT ,EUROPE FROM #a#i#a#h-#b#d1 ! FIR/ ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE 9 ,EUROPE & ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 CAPITALISM F\ND ! MEANS TO PROLONG ITSELF4 ,9 ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 UND] ! BANN] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 A COMB9ATION ( CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS & ! NATIONALIZATION ( L>GE SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY ALL[$ CAPITALISM TO CONTA9 ! %>P5+ SOCIAL CONFLICTS BR\<T AB\T BY ! HEI<T5+ ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL?4 

,YET !SE V]Y MEANS TO PREV5T COMMUNISM HAVE ONLY S]V$ TO UND]M9E CAPITALISM 9 ! LONG] T]M4 ,CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 = EXAMPLE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A WELF>E /ATE1 & ! NATIONALIZATION ( L>GE SECTIONS ( 9DU/RY HAVE S]V$ TO RE/RICT &1 AS ,RADICAL ,*A9S PUT IT1 'P>TIALLY SUSP5D' ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE4.<#d#i.> ,) ITS BASIC REGULATORY PR9CIPLE -- ! LAW ( VALUE -- BE+ PROGRESSIVELY MADE NON-OP]ATIONAL1 CAPITALISM IS ULTIMATELY DOOM$4 ,= ,TICKT91 EV5 ! MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS BY ,?AT*] & 'NEO-LIB]ALISM' TO REV]SE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & RE-IMPOSE ! LAW ( VALUE OV] ! LA/ TWO DECADES CAN ONLY BE %ORT LIV$4 ,! CLE>E/ EXPRESSION ( ?IS IS ! HUGE GR[? ( P>ASITICAL F9ANCE CAPITAL :OSE GR[? CAN ULTIMATELY ONLY BE AT ! EXP5SE ( DEVELOPM5T TRULY PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 

,AS = ,RUSSIA1 ,TICKT9 ACCEPTS ,TROTSKY'S POSITION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OV]?REW CAPITALISM & E/ABLI%$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 & ?AT ) ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' /ATE HAD DEG5]AT$4 ,H[EV]1 UNLIKE ,TROTSKY1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ) ! TRIUMPH ( ,/AL9 9 ! #a#i#cS ! ,U,S,S,R CEAS$ TO BE A WORK]S' /ATE4 ,) ,/AL9 ! BUREAUCRATIC ELITE HAD TAK5 P[]4 ,YET1 UNABLE TO MOVE BACK TO CAPITALISM )\T CONFRONT+ ! P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS1 & UNABLE & UNWILL+ TO MOVE =W>D SOCIALISM S9CE ?IS W\LD UND]M9E ! ELITE'S P[] & PRIVILEGES1 ! ,U,S,S,R BECAME /UCK HALF-WAY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 

,AS A SY/EM ?AT WAS NE!R FI% NOR F\L -- NEI!R CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM -- ! ,U,S,S,R WAS AN UNVIABLE SY/EM4 ,A SY/EM ?AT C\LD ONLY PRES]VE ! GA9S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION BY PETRIFY+ !M2 & IT WAS A SY/EM ?AT C\LD ONLY PRES]VE ITSELF ?R\< ! T]ROR ( ! ,GULAG & ! SECRET POLICE4 

,YET IT WAS SU* A MON/R\S SY/EM ?AT PRES5T$ ITSELF AS BE+ SOCIALI/ & DEM&$ ! ALLEGIANCE ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! WORLD'S WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS SU* IT CAME TO DISCR$IT SOCIALISM1 &1 ?R\< ! DOM9ANCE ( ,/AL9ISM1 CRIPPLE ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ?R\<\T ! WORLD = MORE ?AN FIVE DECADES4 ,?US1 AL?\< ! ,U,S,S,R S]V$ TO RE/RICT ! 9T]NATIONAL OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE BY REMOV+ MILLIONS FROM ! WORLD M>KET1 P>TICUL>LY FOLL[+ ! =MATION ( ! ,EA/]N BLOC & ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 IT ALSO S]V$ TO PROLONG ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* & ! SURVIVAL ( CAPITALISM4 

,BY DRAW+ \T ,TROTSKY'S CONCEPTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO* 9 ?IS WAY1 ,TICTK9 ATTEMPT$ F9ALLY TO CUT ! UMBILICAL BETWE5 ,TROTSKYISM & A DECL9+ ,/AL9ISM4 ,TICKT9 IS !REBY ABLE TO (F] A RECON/RUCT$ ,TROTSKYISM ?AT IS FREE TO D5\NCE UNEQUIVOCALLY BO? ,/AL9ISM & ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS WE %ALL N[ SEE1 9 DO+ SO ,TICKT9 IS L$ TO BO? EXALT ,TROTSKY'S !ORETICAL CAPACITIES & P9PO9T HIS !ORETICAL WEAKNESSES4 

,TICKT9 & ! FAILURE ( ,TROTSKY 

,FOLL[+ ,L59'S DEA?1 & ) ! RISE ( ,L59'S P]SONALITY CULT1 ,TROTSKY HAD 5DEAVOR$ TO PLAY D[N ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,L594 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 OR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/S1 EV] FAI?FUL TO ! WORD ( ,TROTSKY1 HAD ALWAYS S\<T TO M9IMIZE ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 ,= !M ,TROTSKY WAS M]ELY ! TRUE HEIR TO ,L594 

,H[EV]1 BY FOCUS+ ON ,TROTSKY'S KEY CONCEPTION ( ! TRANSITIONAL EPO*1 ,TICKT9 IS ABLE CA/ NEW LI<T ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T AS A :OLE4 ,= ,TICKT91 AL?\< HE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 MORE POLITICALLY ADEPT ?AN ,TROTSKY1 ,L59'S OV]RID+ CONC]N ) IMM$IATE ,RUSSIAN AFFAIRS CON/RA9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS !ORETICAL ?\<T AT CRUCIAL PO9TS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 = ,TICKT91 ! %E] COSMOPOLITAN BREAD? ( ,TROTSKY'S CONC]NS 9 MANY RESPECTS PLAC$ ,TROTSKY ABOVE ,L59 ) REG>DS TO !ORETICAL ANALYSIS4 

,BUT RAIS+ ! /&+ ( ,TROTSKY AS A !ORI/ ONLY S]VES TO UND]L9E AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION = ,TICKT9'S UND]/&+ ( ,TROTSKY4 ,IF ,TROTSKY WAS SO 9TELLECTUALLY BRILLIANT :Y DID HE P]SI/ 9 DEF5D+ ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE LONG AFT] LESS] 9TELLECTS HAD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SU* A POSITION WAS UNT5ABLE8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS ,TICKT9 PUTS =W>D SEV]AL EXPLANATIONS4 

,FIR/ ( ALL ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ,TROTSKY MADE ! MI/AKE ( REG>D+ ,/AL9 AS A 'C5TRI/'4.<#e.> ,?R\<\T ! P]IOD ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 :AT ,TROTSKY FE>$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ WAS ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM ?R\< ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW CLASS ( CAPITALI/ F>M]S & MIDDLEM54 ,= ,TROTSKY AT ?IS TIME1 ,/AL91 & ! BUREAUCRATIC =CES ?AT HE REPRES5T$1 WAS A BULW>K AGA9/ DANG] ( CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 ,HE WAS A LESS] ( TWO EVILS4 ,?US ,TROTSKY HAD ALWAYS 5D$ UP DEF]R+ TO ,/AL9 RA!R ?AN RISK ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,RI<T4 ,IT WAS ?IS ATTITUDE T[>DS ,/AL9 AS A C5TRI/ ?AT WAS C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ,TROTSKY'S P]CEPTION ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS4 

,:ILE ?IS IMM$IATE POLITICAL ORI5TATION MI<T EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ,TROTSKY'S POSITION ) REG>D TO ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA ( ! #a#i#cS IT DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y HE P]SI/$ ) IT4 ,TO EXPLA9 ?IS ,TICKT9 PO9TS TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ,TROTSKY F\ND HIMSELF 94 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ) HIS EXILE FROM ! ,U,S,S,R ,TROTSKY F\ND HIMSELF ISOLAT$4 ,BE+ REMOV$ FROM ! C5T] ( POLITICAL & !ORETICAL ACTIVITY & DULL$ BY ILL HEAL? & OLD AGE ! %>PNESS ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T BEGAN TO SUFF]4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 ! F9AL FEW YE>S ( HIS LIFE ,TROTSKY C\LD ONLY CL+ TO ! POSITIONS ?AT HE HAD DEVELOP$ UP AS F> AS ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,! DECL9E ( ,TROTSKY'S ?\<T WAS FUR!R COMP\ND$ BY ! WEAKNESS ( RIVAL !ORIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ,TROTSKY WAS EASILY ABLE TO %OOT D[N ! !ORY ORIG9ALLY PUT =W>D BY ,BRUNO ,RIZZI1 & LAT] TAK5 UP BY ! M9ORITY FACTION )9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S,W,P1 :I* >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVISM4 ,! EASE ) :I* ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO DISMISS SU* RIVAL !ORIES ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS BE+ UN,M>XI/ MEANT ?AT HE WAS NOT OBLIG$ S]I\SLY TO RECONSID] HIS [N POSITION ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,YET1 AS ,TICKT9 RECOGNIZES1 :ILE SU* CIRCUM/ANTIAL EXPLANATIONS AS OLD AGE1 EXILE & LACK ( CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVES MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO AN UND]/&+ ( :Y ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO RADICALLY REVISE HIS !ORY ( ! NATURE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA !Y >E F> FROM CON/ITUT+ A SUFFICI5T EXPLANATION 9 !MSELVES4 ,= ,TICKT9 !RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL EXPLANATION = ,TROTSKY'S FAILURE TO DEVELOP HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AT ?IS TIME :I* >ISES DUE ,TROTSKY'S RELATION TO ,PREOBRAZH5SKY4 

,= ,TICKT91 ! FUNDAM5TAL OB/ACLE :I* PREV5T$ ,TROTSKY FROM DEVELOP+ HIS CRITIQUE ( ! ,U,S,S,R IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! V]Y ORIG9S ( ?IS CRITIQUE4 ,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ORIG9AT$ FROM E>LI] CRITICISMS ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! ,N,E,P ?AT HAD BE5 ADVANC$ BY ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION DUR+ ! #a#i#bS4 ,9 ADVANC+ !SE CRITICISMS1 !RE HAD BE5 A DI/9CT DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,TROTSKY1 AS ! SOLE MEMB] ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION )9 ! ,POLITBURO1 HAD CONC5TRAT$ ON ! BROAD POLITICAL ISSUES & DETAIL$ QUE/IONS ( POLICY4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD BE5 LEFT TO SET \T ! 'ECONOMICS' :I* UND]LAY !SE POLITICAL & POLICY POSITIONS ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4 

,AS WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD S\<T TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY = ! P]IOD ( ! TRANSITION ( ,RUSSIA FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM 9 T]MS ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO REGULAT+ ME*ANISMS ( CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM ?AT HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ BY ! CLASSICAL ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! BASIC REGULAT+ PR9CIPLE ( CAPITALISM WAS ! BL9D OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( VALUE'4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! BASIC REGULAT+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIALISM WAS TO BE CONSCI\S PLANN+4 ,=M ?IS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD >GU$ ?AT DUR+ ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM !SE TWO PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION W\LD NECESS>Y CO-EXI/ & AS SU* W\LD BE 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 

,H[EV]1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 9 ! RELATIVELY BACKW>D CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA !RE WAS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( PLANN+ W\LD PREVAIL OV] ! LAW ( VALUE ON PURELY ECONOMIC GR\NDS4 ,H5CE1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! PROLET>IAN /ATE TO ACTIVELY 9T]V5E 9 ORD] TO ACCEL]ATE ACCUMULATION 9 ?OSE SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 SU* AS /ATE 9DU/RY1 :]E ! PR9CIPLE ( PLANN+ PR$OM9AT$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ?OSE SECTORS1 SU* AS PEASANT AGRICULTURE1 :]E ! LAW ( VALUE /ILL HELD SWAY4 ,IT WAS ?IS !ORY ( 'PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION' :I* HAD UND]P9N$ ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION'S CRITICISMS ( ! ,N,E,P & !IR ADVOCACY ( AN ALT]NATIVE POLICY ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION4 

,:5 ,/AL9 F9ALLY AB&ON$ ! ,N,E,P 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ EMBODI$ 9 ! FIVE YE> PLANS MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 9CLUD+ ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HIMSELF1 TOOK ! VIEW ?AT ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP HAD F9ALLY1 IF RA!R BELAT$LY1 COME R\ND TO !IR POSITION ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY ALONG ) O!R =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION FULLY EMBRAC$ ,/AL9'S NEW TURN & FELL 9 L9E ) LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,TROTSKY1 ON ! O!R1 MA9TA9$ A F> MORE CRITICAL ATTITUDE TO ,/AL9'S NEW TURN4 

,( C\RSE1 EV5 IF HE HAD WANT$ TO1 ,TROTSKY WAS 9 NO POSITION TO FALL 9 BEH9D ,/AL9 & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,TROTSKY WAS TOO MU* ( AN 5EMY & RIVAL TO ,/AL9 = ?AT4 ,H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY'S BROAD] POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ALL[$ HIM TO MA9TA9 & DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA4 ,:ILE ,TROTSKY WELCOM$ ,/AL9'S ADOPTION ( A POLICY ( C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ & RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION HE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS TOO LONG DELAY$4 ,! SUDD5 ZIG-ZAGS ( POLICY FROM ONE EXTREME POSITION TO ANO!R W]E = ,TROTSKY SYMPTOMATIC ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE & ,P>TY & 9DICAT$ ! DEG5]ATION ( ,RUSSIA AS A WORK]S' /ATE4 

,?R\< SU* CRITICISMS ,TROTSKY CAME TO =MULATE HIS !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,YET :ILE ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP HIS CRITIQUE ( ! NEW ,/AL9I/ REGIME 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 ?AT IS AS ! POLITICAL DOM9ATION ( A DI/9CT BUREAUCRATIC CA/E ?AT HAD TAK5 OV] ! WORK]S' /ATE1 HE FAIL$ TO RECONSID] ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! OLD DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,TROTSKY IMPLICITLY REMA9$ CONT5T ) ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( TRANSITION ?AT HAD BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! #a#i#bS BY ,PREOBRAZH5SKY4 

,= ,TICKT9 IT WAS ?IS FAILURE TO DEVELOP ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY ( TRANSITION 9 ! LI<T ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA ?AT PROV$ TO BE ! ,A*ILLES' HEEL ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,( C\RSE1 GIV5 ?AT ,TROTSKY C\LD AT ! TIME REASONABLY EXPECT ! ,U,S,S,R TO BE A %ORT-LIV$ PH5OM5ON HE C\LD P]HAPS BE EXCUS$ FROM NEGLECT+ ! LONG & >DU\S TASK ( DEVELOP+ A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= ,TICKT91 HIS FOLL[]S HAVE HAD NO SU* EXCUSE4 ,AS WE %ALL N[ SEE1 = ,TICKT9 ! C5TRAL TASK 9 DEVELOP+ ,TROTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS BE5 TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,TICKT9 & ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 

,SO1 = ,TICKT91 ! ,A*ILLES' HEEL ( ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE WAS HIS FAILURE TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,YET1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ,TICKT9 REJECT$ ! NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 ANY WAY CAPITALI/4 ,= HIM1 ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 CORRECT 9 SEE+ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION UND] A WORK]S' /ATE1 AS A DECISIVE BREAK FROM CAPITALISM4 ,AS SU* ANY ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD NOT SIMPLY APPLY ! CATEGORIES DEVELOP$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM S9CE ! ,U,S,S,R HAD CEAS$ TO BE CAPITALI/4 ,9/EAD IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DEVELOP A NEW POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS A SPECIFIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,TICKT9 BEGAN HIS ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP SU* A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #aigc ) AN >TICLE 5TITL$ ',T[>DS A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R' :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,CRITIQUE4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A S]IES ( >TICLES & POLEMICS 9 SUBSEQU5T ISSUES ( ,CRITIQUE & CULM9AT$1 #ai YE>S LAT]1 ) HIS ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 ,ESSAYS ON ! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( A ,DIS9TEGRAT+ ,SY/EM4 ,AL?\< ,TICKT9'S WORK UND\BT$LY PROVIDES IMPORTANT 9SI<TS 9TO :AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS & ! CAUSES ( ITS CRISIS & EV5TUAL COLLAPSE -- & AS SU* PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT *ALL5GE TO ANY ALT]NATIVE !ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R -- AFT] ALL !SE YE>S HE FAILS TO PROVIDE A SY/EMATIC POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS ! SUBTITLE TO ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 9DICATES1 HIS ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS OV]TAK5 BY EV5TS & ALL WE >E LEFT ) IS A S]IES ( ESSAYS :I* SEEK TO L9K HIS V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ) AN EXPLANATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S EV5TUAL DEMISE4 

,AS WE %ALL >GUE1 ?IS FAILURE TO DEVELOP A SY/EMATIC PRES5TATION ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NO ACCID5T4 ,= US IT WAS A FAILURE ROOT$ 9 HIS V]Y PREMISE ( HIS ANALYSIS :I* HE D]IVES FROM ,TROTSKY4 ,YET BE=E CONSID]+ SU* AN >GUM5T WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BRIEFLY REVIEW ,TICKT9'S ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,A ,QUE/ION ( ,ME?OD8 

,! TASK FAC+ ,TICKT9 ( DEVELOP+ A ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS NOT AS /RAI<T=W>D AS IT MAY SEEM4 ,:AT IS POLITICAL ECONOMY8 ,= ,M>X1 POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS ! B\RGEOIS SCI5CE P> EXCELL5CE4 ,IT WAS ! SCI5CE ?AT GREW UP ) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 & JU/IFY IT AS A NATURAL & OBJECTIVE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,:5 ,M>X CAME TO WRITE ,CAPITAL HE DID NOT AIM TO WRITE YET ANO!R TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM -- NUM]\S B\RGEOIS WRIT]S HAD DONE ?IS ALREADY -- BUT RA!R HE S\<T TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 EV5 IF WE ADMIT ?AT 9 ORD] TO MAKE HIS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ,M>X HAD TO DEVELOP & COMPLETE B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ! PROBLEM REMA9S ( H[ F> CAN A POLITICAL ECONOMY BE CON/RUCT$ = A MODE ( PRODUCTION O!R ?AN CAPITALISM8 ,AFT] ALL IT IS ONLY ) ! RISE CAPITALISM1 :]E ! SOCIAL RELATIONS COME TO MANIFE/ !MSELVES AS RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S1 ?AT ! POLITICAL ECONOMY AS AN OBJECTIVE SCI5CE BECOMES FULLY POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,TICKT9 IS NOT M]ELY SEEK+ TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY = A MODE ( PRODUCTION O!R ?AN CAPITALISM BUT = SY/EM 9 TRANSITION FROM ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R -- 9DE$ = A SY/EM ?AT ,TICKT9 HIMSELF COMES TO CONCLUDE IS A 'NON-MODE ( PRODUCTION'6 

,UN=TUNATELY ,TICKT9 NOT ONLY SIDE-/EPS ALL !SE PRELIM9>Y QUE/IONS1 BUT HE ALSO FAILS TO ADDRESS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ME?ODOLOGICAL QUE/IONS ( H[ TO BEG9 & H[ TO PROCE$ ) HIS PROPOS$ 'POLITICAL ECONOMY' ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9/EAD HE ADOPTS A RA!R HEURI/IC APPROA*1 ADOPT+ V>I\S PO9TS ( DEP>TURE TO SEE H[ F> HE CAN GO4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 !SE REA* A DEAD 5D ?AT WE F9D ,TICKT9 APPEAL+ TO QUE/IONS ( ME?OD4 ,AS A RESULT WE F9D A NUMB] ( FALSE />TS ?AT ,TICKT9 !N SEEKS TO DRAW TOGE!R4 ,LET US BEG9 BY BRIEFLY EXAM9E SOME ( !SE FALSE />TS4 

,CLASS 

,9 ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 BEG9S ) AN ANALYSIS ( ! ?REE MA9 GR\PS & CLASSES ?AT C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ )9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 NAMELY1 ! ELITE1 ! ,9TELLIG5TSIA & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?R\< ?IS ANALYSIS ,TICKT9 IS !N ABLE TO DEVELOP A FRAMEWORK ?R\< :I* TO UND]/& ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL =CES LY+ BEH9D ! POLICIES ( ,GLASNO/ & ,P]E/ROIKA PURSU$ 9 ! F9AL YE>S ( ! ,U,S,S,R'S DECL9E4 ,YET1 DESPITE ! USEFULNESS SU* CLASS ANALYSIS MAY HAVE 9 EXPLA9+ C]TA9 POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS )9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 IT DOES NOT ITSELF AM\NT TO A 'POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R'4 ,9DE$1 IF WE TAKE ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL AS A 'MODEL ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY'1 AS ,TICKT9 SURELY DOES1 !N IT IS CLE> ?AT CLASS ANALYSIS MU/ BE A RESULT ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY NOT ITS PREMISE4.<#e#a.> 

,LAWS 

,IF 'CLASS' PROVES TO BE A NON/>T] 9 DEVELOP+ A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R !N A MORE PROMIS+ />T+ PO9T MAY APPE> TO BE AN ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL LAWS ?R\< :I* IT WAS REGULAT$4 ,( C\RSE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?IS WAS ! APPROA* ?AT HAD BE5 PIONE]$ BY ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & ADOPT$ BY ,TROTSKY & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD >GU$ ?AT ! NATURE ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM HAD TO BE GRASP$ 9 T]MS ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO REGULAT+ ME*ANISM ( CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM3 ?AT IS BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ! LAW ( PLANN+4 ,9DE$1 AS WE HAVE ALSO SE51 ONE ( ,TICKT9'S MO/ IMPORTANT CRITICISMS ( ,TROTSKY WAS HIS FAILURE TO DEVELOP ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ,/AL9 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ !N ?AT WE F9D ,TICKT9 REPEAT$LY RETURN+ TO ?IS L9E ( APPROA* 9 HIS V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,TICKT9 PROCE$S BY >GU+ ?AT ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S !ORY WAS CORRECT = ,RUSSIA UP UNTIL ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & ! FIR/ FIVE YE> PLAN4 ,UP UNTIL !N !RE HAD EXI/$ A L>GE M>KET-ORI5T$ PEASANT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ALONGSIDE A /ATE-[N$ & PLANN$ 9DU/RIAL SECTOR 7AL?\< EV5 ?IS WAS /ILL BAS$ ON QUASI-AUTONOM\S 5T]PRISES RUN ON A 'PR(IT & LOSS' CRIT]IA74 ,AS SU*1 ! 'LAW ( PLANN+'.<#e#b.> & ! LAW ( VALUE CO-EXI/$ AS DI/9CT REGULAT+ ME*ANISMS -- AL?\< !Y BO? CONFLICT$ & CONDITION$ EA* O!R ?R\< ! RELATIONS BO? BETWE5 & )9 ! 9DU/RIAL & ! AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 

,) ! ABOLITION ( PEASANT AGRICULTURE ?R\< =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION1 & ! 9TRODUCTION ( COMPREH5SIVE C5TRAL PLANN+ GE>$ T[>DS ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA1 ! TWO LAWS C\LD NO LONG] CO-EXI/ AS DI/9CT REGULATORY ME*ANISMS ?AT PR$OM9AT$ 9 DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! TWO LAWS '9T]P5ETRAT$' EA* O!R1 PREV5T+ EA* O!R'S PROP] FUNCTION+4 ,AS A RESULT !RE EM]G$ UND] ,/AL9 A SY/EM BAS$ NEI!R ON ! LAW ( VALUE NOR ON ! LAW ( PLANN+4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT9 !SE LAWS DEG5]AT$1 ! LAW ( PLANN+ GIV+ RISE TO ! 'LAW ( ORGANIZATION' & ! LAW ( VALUE GIV+ RISE TO ! 'LAW ( SELF-9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL UNIT'4 

,YET IT SOON BECOMES CLE> ?AT AS ! NUMB] ( LAWS 9 ,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS PROLIF]ATE !IR EXPLANATORY P[] DIM9I%ES4 ,9 ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 :]E HE PURSUES ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T ! FUR!/1 ,TICKT9 IS EV5TUALLY OBLIG$ TO ASK ! QUE/ION :AT HE MEANS BY A 'LAW'4 ,HE ANSW]S ?AT A LAW IS ! MOVEM5T BETWE5 T[ POLES ( A CONTRADICTION BUT HE DOES NOT !N GO ON CONSID] ! GR\ND ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 

,WA/E 

,P]HAPS ,TICKT9'S MO/ PROMIS+ PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ?AT ( ! PROBLEM ( ! 5DEMIC WA/E ?AT WAS SO APP>5T EV5 = ! LEA/ CRITICAL ( OBS]V]S ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,?IS BECAME MO/ CLE>LY EVID5T 9 ! />K CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 9CREAS+ AM\NTS ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY WAS ABLE TO PRODUCE & ! CONT9U$ %ORTAGES ( EV5 ! MO/ BASIC CONSUM] GOODS 9 ! %OPS4 

,FOLL[+ ! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R UND] ,/AL9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION C\LD BOA/ ?AT IT C\LD RIVAL ANY C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( ABSOLUTE LEVELS ( PRODUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY TRUE = HEAVY & BASIC 9DU/RIES4 ,RUSSIA'S PRODUCTION ( SU* PRODUCTS AS COAL1 IRON1 /EEL1 CONCRETE & SO =? HAD GR[N 5ORM\SLY 9 M]ELY A FEW DECADES4 ,YET ALONGSIDE SU* COLOSSAL ADVANCES 9 ! QUANTITY ( GOODS PRODUC$1 :I* HAD ACCOMPANI$ ! />TL+ TRANS=MATION ( ,RUSSIA FROM A PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT SOCIETY 9TO AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 ! /&>D ( LIV+ = MO/ PEOPLE HAD GR[N V]Y SL[LY4 ,DESPITE REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO GIVE GREAT] PRIORITY TO ! PRODUCTION 9 CONSUM] 9DU/RIES FROM ! #a#i#eS ONW>DS1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION CONT9U$ TO FACE ACUTE %ORTAGES ( BASIC CONSUM] GOODS RI<T UP UNTIL ! DEMISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,SO :ILE ! APOLOGI/S ( ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD TRIUMPHANTLY GREET ! PUBLICATION ( EA* RECORD-BREAK+ PRODUCTION FIGURE1 !IR CRITICS M]ELY PO9T$ TO ! L5G?Y %OPP+ QUEUES & EMPTY %OPS EVID5T TO ANY VISITOR TO ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT !N EXPLA9$ ?IS HUGE GAP BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION8 ,= ,TICKT91 AS = MANY O!R !ORI/S ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! REASON CLE>LY LAY 9 ! HUGE WA/E 5DEMIC TO ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,AL?\< ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS ABLE TO PRODUCE 9 GREAT QUANTITIES1 MU* ( ?IS PRODUCTION WAS SUB/&>D4 ,9DE$ A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( :AT WAS PRODUC$ WAS SO SUB/&>D AS TO BE USELESS4 ,?IS PROBLEM ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION BECAME FUR!R COMP\ND$ S9CE1 9 AN ECONOMY AS 9TEGRAT$ & SELF-CONTA9$ AS ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! \TPUTS ( EA* 9DU/RY 9 ! 9DU/RIAL *A9 ( PRODUCTION BECAME ! 9PUTS ( TOOLS1 MA*9]Y OR RAW MAT]IALS = SUBSEQU5T 9DU/RIES 9 ! *A94 ,9DE$4 9 MANY 9DU/RIES MORE LABOR HAD TO BE DEVOT$ TO REPAIR+ DEFECTIVE TOOLS1 MA*9]Y & \TPUT ?AN 9 ACTUAL PRODUCTION6 

,AS A RESULT1 WA/E SWALL[$ UP EV] 9CREAS+ AM\NTS ( LABOR & RES\RCES4 ,?IS1 TOGE!R ) ! GREAT RESI/ANCE TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTION ME?ODS 9 EXI/+ FACTORIES1 MEANT ?AT HUGE AM\NTS ( LABOR & RES\RCES HAD TO BE 9VE/$ 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! 9PUTS NECESS>Y TO ALL[ JU/ A SMALL 9CREASE 9 ! \TPUT ( CONSUM] GOODS AT ! 5D ( ! 9DU/RIAL *A9 ( PRODUCTION4 

,TAK+ ?IS PH5OM5ON ( 'WA/E'1 ,TICKT9 S\<T TO F9D A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! ,U,S,S,R ANALOG\S TO ?AT :I* IS F\ND 9 ! OP5+ *APT] ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 ,9 ,CAPITAL ,M>X BEG9S ) ! IMM$IATE APPE>ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 :I* WEAL? APPE>S AS AN 'IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES'4 ,M>X !N ANALYZ$ ! 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY & F\ND ?AT IT IS COMPOS$ ( TWO CONTRADICTORY ASPECTS3 EX*ANGE-VALUE & USE-VALUE4 ,BY EXAM9+ H[ ?IS CONTRADICTORY SOCIAL =M ( ! COMMODITY IS PRODUC$ ,M>X WAS !N ABLE TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( ALL ! CATEGORIES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,LIKEWISE1 ,TICKT9 S\<T TO TAKE AS HIS />T+ PO9T ! IMM$IATE APPE>ANCE ( ! ,SOVIET ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,H[EV]1 = ,TICKT91 ?IS ECONOMIC SY/EM DID NOT PRES5T ITSELF AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES4 ,9DE$1 = ,TICKT91 WEAL? DID NOT ASSUME ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( ! COMMODITY AS IT DOES = CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 

,( C\RSE1 AS ,BETTELHEIM HAS PO9T$ \T1 AL?\< ALL PRODUCTION IS =MALLY /ATE [N$ ACTUAL PRODUCTION IS DEVOLV$ 9TO COMPET+ UNITS4 ,!SE UNITS ( PRODUCTION1 ! 5T]PRISE & ! V>I\S TRU/S1 BUY & SELL PRODUCTS TO EA* O!R AS WELL AS SELL+ PRODUCTS TO CONSUM]S4 ,!RE=E ! M>KET & COMMODITIES /ILL P]SI/$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT SU* BUY+ & SELL+ WAS /RICTLY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! C5TRAL PLAN & W]E MORE LIKE TRANSF]S ( PRODUCTS RA!R ?AN REAL SALES4 ,:ILE MONEY WAS ALSO TRANSF]R$ AS A RESULT ( !SE PRODUCT TRANSF]S SU* TRANSACTIONS W]E SIMPLY A =M ( ACC\NT+ ) /RICT LIMITS BE+ PLAC$ ON ! AM\NT ( PR(ITS ?AT C\LD BE ACCUMULAT$ AS A RESULT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PRICES ( PRODUCTS W]E NOT DET]M9$ ?R\< ! M>KET BUT W]E SET BY ! C5TRAL PLAN4 ,!SE PRICES W]E AS A RESULT ADM9I/]$ PRICES & W]E !RE=E NOT A REFLECTION ( VALUE4 ,PRODUCTS DID NOT !RE=E ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES NOR DID !Y HAVE A VALUE 9 ! ,M>XI/ S5SE4 

,H5CE1 = ,TICKT91 ! WEAL? DID NOT PRES5T ITSELF AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES AS IT DOES UND] CAPITALISM BUT RA!R AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS4 

,SO1 = ,TICKT91 S9CE PRODUCTS DID NOT ASSUME ! =M ( COMMODITIES1 ! ELEM5T>Y CONTRADICTION ( ,SOVIET POLITICAL ECONOMY C\LD NOT BE ?AT BETWE5 USE-VALUE & VALUE1 AS IT WAS )9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD1 ,TICKT9 >GU$ ?AT ! ELEM5T>Y CONTRADICTION ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM PRES5T$ ITSELF AS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! POT5TIAL USE-VALUE ( ! PRODUCT & ITS REAL USE-VALUE4 ,?AT IS1 ! PRODUCT WAS PRODUC$ = ! PURPOSE ( MEET+ A SOCIAL NE$ DET]M9$ ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY'S 'C5TRAL PLAN'2 AS SU*1 IT ASSUM$ ! 'ADM9I/]$ =M' ( AN 9T5D$ OR POT5TIAL USE-VALUE4 ,H[EV]1 9 G5]AL1 ! USE-VALUE ( ! PRODUCT FELL F> %ORT ( ! 9T5D$ OR POT5TIAL USE-VALUE -- IT WAS DEFECTIVE4 ,?US AS ,TICKT9 CONCLUDES3 

,! WA/E 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !N EM]GES AS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT ! PRODUCT PROMISES & :AT IT IS4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! APPE>ANCE ( PLANN+ & SOCIALISM & ! REALITY ( A H>% BUREAUCRATIZ$ ADM9I/RATION %[S ITSELF 9 ! PRODUCT ITSELF4 

7,ORIG9S ( ! ,CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 P4 #a#c#d7 

,! QUE/ION !N >ISES AS TO H[ ?IS CONTRADICTION EM]G$ \T ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION :I* PRODUC$ SU* PRODUCTS4 

,= ,M>X ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ANY CLASS SOCIETY WAS TO DET]M9E ! PRECISE WAY 9 :I* SURPLUS-LABOR WAS EXTRACT$ FROM DIRECT PRODUC]S4 ,) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E DISPOSSESS$ ( BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,) NO MEANS ( SUPPORT+ !MSELVES ON !IR [N ACCORD1 ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E OBLIG$ TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS :I* [NS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE H[ IT MAY APPE> TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL WORK]1 9 BUY+ ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WORK]S ! CAPITALI/S DO NOT PAY ACCORD+ TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR ! WORK]S P]=M1 & ?US ! AM\NT ( VALUE ! WORK]S CREATE1 BUT !Y PAY ! LEVEL ( WAGES REQUIR$ TO REPRODUCE ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WORK]S AS A :OLE4 ,S9CE WORK]S CAN CREATE PRODUCTS ) A VALUE GREAT] ?AN ! VALUE !Y REQUIRE TO REPRODUCE !IR [N LABOR-P[]1 ! CAPITALI/S >E ABLE TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! =M ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE ( ! PRODUCT ! WORK]S PRODUCE4 

,?US = ,M>X ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS ! SALE ( ! WORK]'S LABOR-P[] & ! CONSEQU5T EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE BY ! CLASS ( CAPITALI/S4 ,= ,TICKT91 H[EV]1 ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]4.<#e#c.> 

,YET1 AL?\< HE D5IES ?AT LABOR-P[] WAS SOLD 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,TICKT9 DOES NOT D5Y ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DISPOSSESS$ ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT ,TICKT9 REJECTS ANY IDEA ?AT ! WORK]S SOMEH[ [N$ !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION DUE TO ! P]SI/5CE ( SOME =M ( 'DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE'4 ,9DE$1 IT IS C5TRAL TO ,TICKT9'S >GUM5T ?AT ! WORK]S ALI5ATE ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 

,H[EV]1 ! DISPOSSESSION ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS NOT ! ONLY ESS5TIAL PRE-CONDITION = ! SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,! O!R ALL-IMPORTANT PRE-CONDITION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ?AT !RE EXI/S G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,IF1 AS ,TICKT9 MA9TA9S1 !RE WAS NO G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R -- & ?US1 AS HE 9F]S1 NEI!R VALUE NOR REAL MONEY -- H[ C\LD LABOR-P[] ITSELF ASSUME ! =M ( A COMMODITY ?AT C\LD BE SOLD8 

,( C\RSE1 ,TICKT9 ADMITS ?AT WORK]S W]E =MALLY PAID WAGES 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 JU/ AS GOODS W]E B\<T & SOLD1 BUT = HIM ?IS DID NOT AM\NT TO ! REAL SALE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,TO UND]/& :Y ,TICKT9 ?\<T ?IS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO LOOK AT HIS CONCEPTION ( ! WAGE & MONEY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,UND] CAPITALISM ! PR9CIPAL IF NOT EXCLUSIVE MEANS ( OBTA9+ WEAL? IS MONEY4 ,= ! WORK]1 MONEY ASSUMES ! =M ( ! WAGE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 MONEY1 & !RE=E ! WAGE1 WAS F> FROM BE+ A SUFFICI5T OR EXCLUSIVE MEANS ( OBTA9+ ! WORK]'S NE$S4 ,O!R FACTORS W]E NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 ! GOODS & S]VICES ! WORK] NE$$ -- SU* AS TIME TO WAIT 9 QUEUES1 CONNECTIONS & 9FLU5CE ) WELL-PLAC$ PEOPLE 9 ! /ATE OR ,P>TY APP>ATUS1 & ACCESS TO ! BLACK M>KET4 ,SU* FACTORS1 TOGE!R ) ! FACT ?AT A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! WORK]S' NE$S W]E PROVID$ = FREE OR W]E HI<LY SUBSIDIZ$ -- SU* AS H\S+1 *ILD-C>E1 & TRANSPORT -- MEANT ?AT ! WAGE WAS F> LESS IMPORTANT TO ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] ?AN TO HIS OR H] ,WE/]N C\NT]P>T4 ,9 FACT IT C\LD BE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! WAGE WAS MORE LIKE A P5SION ?AN A REAL WAGE4 

,UND] CAPITALISM ! WAGE APPE>S TO ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] AS ! PRICE ( !IR LABOR4 ,! MORE ?AT 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S LABOR ! MORE !Y >E PAID4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! WAGE S]VES AS A DIRECT 9C5TIVE = EA* 9DIVIDUAL WORK] TO WORK = ! CAPITALI/4.<#e#d.> ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! WAGE1 BE+ LITTLE MORE ?AN A P5SION1 WAS A F> WEAK] 9C5TIVE = ! ,SOVIET WORK]4 

,BUT NOT ONLY WAS ! WAGE AN 9ADEQUATE C>ROT1 MANAGEM5T LACK$ ! /ICK ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! ?REAT ( ! SACK OR R$UNDANCY IS AN IMPORTANT MEANS ?R\< :I* MANAGEM5T CAN DISCIPL9E ITS WORK=CE & 5SURE ITS CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 H[EV]1 ! /ATE GU>ANTE$ FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANAG]S1 FAC+ *RONIC LABOR %ORTAGES1 HAD LITTLE SCOPE TO USE ! ?REAT ( DISMISSALS TO DISCIPL9E ! WORK =CE4 

,LACK+ BO? ! C>ROT ( MONEY-WAGES & ! /ICK ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 MANAGEM5T WAS UNABLE TO GA9 FULL CONTROL ( ! WORK]S' LABOR4 ,FROM ?IS ,TICKT9 CONCLUDES ?AT1 AL?\< ! WORK]S MAY HAVE BE5 PAID :AT AT FIR/ SI<T APPE>S AS A WAGE1 9 REALITY !Y DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[] S9CE ! WORK]S RETA9$ A SUB/ANTIAL CONTROL OV] ! USE ( !IR LABOR4 ,AS ! OLD ,BRITI% ,RAIL WORK]S' ADAGE HAD IT3 0MANAGEM5T PRET5DS TO PAY US & WE PRET5D TO WORK60 

,H[EV]1 AL?\< = ,TICKT9 ! WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]1 & !RE=E DID NOT ALI5ATE !IR LABOR1 ,TICKT9 /ILL >GUES ?AT ! WORK]S ALI5AT$ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 ,S9CE ! WORK]S W]E ALI5AT$ FROM ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR !Y HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 IT4 ,!RE=E ! WORK]S' MA9 CONC]N 9 EX]CIS+ !IR CONTROL OV] !IR [N LABOR WAS TO M9IMIZE IT4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 MANAGEM5T1 AL?\< TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! F9AL PRODUCT ( ! LABOR PROCESS1 LACK$ FULL CONTROL OV] ! LABOR PROCESS ?AT PRODUC$ IT4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ELITE LACK$ CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTION ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT ( ! ECONOMY1 & ) ?IS ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-PRODUCT NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT ITSELF4 

,IT IS ) ?IS ?AT ,TICKT9 LOCATES ! BASIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! DEM&S ( ! ELITE = 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION NECESS>Y TO SECURE ! EXTRACTION ( A SURPLUS-PRODUCT2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO IT1 /OOD ! NEGATIVE CONTROL ( ! WORK+ CLASS OV] ! LABOR PROCESS :I* S\<T TO M9IMIZE ITS LABOR4 ,! RESOLUTION ( ?IS CONTRADICTION WAS F\ND 9 DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION4 

,?R\< ! IMPOSITION ( ! C5TRAL PLAN1 ! ELITE S\<T TO APPROPRIATE ! PRODUCTS ( ! LABOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS NECESS>Y BO? TO MA9TA9 ITS [N PRIVILEG$ POSITION & = ! EXP&$ REPRODUCTION ( ! SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,TO 5SURE ! EXTRACTION ( A SURPLUS-PRODUCT ?AT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO MEET ITS [N PRIVILEG$ NE$S1 & AT ! SAME TIME 5SURE ! EXPANSION ( ! SY/EM1 ! ELITE WAS OBLIG$ TO SET AMBITI\S & EV]-9CREAS+ PRODUCTION T>GETS ?R\< ! SY/EM ( C5TRAL PLANN+4 

,H[EV]1 ! ACTUAL IMPLEM5TATION ( ! C5TRAL PLAN HAD TO BE DEVOLV$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE4 ,FAC$ ) ! AMBITI\S PRODUCTION T>GETS SET \T 9 ! C5TRAL PLAN ON ! ONE SIDE & ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS OV] ! LABOR PROCESS ON ! O!R1 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISE W]E OBLIG$ TO /RIKE A COMPROMISE ) ITS WORK]S :I* 9 EFFECT SUBV]T$ ! 9T5TIONS ( ! PLAN :ILE AT ! SAME TIME APPE>+ TO FULFILL ITS SPECIFICATIONS4 ,TO DO ?IS1 MANAGEM5T S\<T TO MEET ! MORE V]IFIABLE CRIT]IA ( ! PLAN1 :I* W]E USUALLY ITS MORE QUANTIFIABLE ASPECTS1 :ILE SURR5D]+ ! PLAN'S LESS V]IFIABLE QUALITATIVE CRIT]IA4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 QUALITY WAS SACRIFIC$ = QUANTITY1 LEAD+ TO ! PRODUCTION ( DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS4 

,YET ?IS WAS NOT ALL4 ,9 ORD] TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM ! EV]-9CREAS+ UNREALIZABLE DEM&S ( ! C5TRAL PLANN]S1 ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES RESORT$ TO SY/EMATICALLY MIS9=M+ ! C5T] CONC]N+ ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION AT ! SAME TIME AS HO>D+ WORK]S & SC>CE RES\RCES4 ,)\T RELIABLE 9=MATION ON ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! PRODUCTION PLANS SET \T 9 ! C5TRAL PLAN BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIVORC$ FROM REALITY1 :I* L$ TO ! FUR!R MALFUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM :I* COMP\ND$ DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION ?R\< ! MISALLOCATION ( RES\RCES4 

,?US1 = ,TICKT91 BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S DID NOT SELL !IR LABOR-P[]1 AL?\< !Y ALI5AT$ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 ! ELITE WAS UNABLE FULLY TO CONTROL ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS B$EVIL$ BY WA/E ON A COLOSSAL SCALE TO ! PO9T :]E IT B>ELY FUNCTION$4 ,AS NEI!R CAPITALISM NOR SOCIALISM1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 EFFECT A NON-MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU*1 ! CRUCIAL QUE/ION WAS NOT H[ ! ,U,S,S,R FUNCTION$ AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM BUT H[ IT WAS ABLE TO SURVIVE = SO LONG4 ,IT WAS 9 ADDRESS+ ?IS PROBLEM ?AT ,TICKT9 CAME TO ANALYZE ! CRISIS & DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,! QUE/ION ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 

,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS BAS$ ON CLASS EXPLOITATION1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS YET TO BE TORN AP>T & DE/ROY$ BY CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 ,! REASON = ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION GIVES RISE TO A P[]FUL IDEOLOGY ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 ITS V]Y MAT]IAL EXI/5CE4 

,! BASIS ( ?IS IDEOLOGY LIES 9 COMMODITY FETI%ISM4.<#e#e.> ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE APPE> AS A RELATION BETWE5 ?+S4 ,AS A RESULT1 SOCIAL RELATIONS APPE> AS SOME?+ OBJECTIVE & NATURAL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 SO F> AS CAPITALISM IS ABLE TO PRES5T ITSELF AS A SOCIETY ( G5]ALIZ$ COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 EV]YONE APPE>S AS A COMMODITY-[N]_/CITIZ54 ,AS SU*1 EV]YONE IS AS FREE & EQUAL AS EV]YONE ELSE TO BUY & SELL4 ,?US IT APPE>S ?AT ! WORK]1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 IS ABLE TO OBTA9 A FAIR PRICE = HIS LABOR1 JU/ AS MU* AS ! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO OBTA9 A FAIR RETURN ON HIS CAPITAL & ! L&LORD A FAIR R5T ON HIS L&4 

,SO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY APPE>S AS A SOCIETY :I* IS NOT ONLY NATURAL BUT ONE 9 :I* EV]YONE IS FREE & EQUAL4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS 'FREE M>KET' IDEOLOGY IS NOT SIMPLY PROPAG&A4 ,IT >ISES \T ( ! EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 SO F> AS IT EXI/S AS A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT IS !RE=E AN IDEOLOGY ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 ! EV]YDAY REALITY ( CAPITALISM4.<#e#f.> ,( C\RSE1 ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM AS A 'M>KET ECONOMY' IS ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! MORE SUP]FICIAL SIDE AT ?AT4 ,NEV]!LESS IT PROVIDES A /RONG & COH]5T F\NDATION = B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 

,H[EV]1 IF1 AS ,TICKT9 MA9TA9S1 !RE WAS NO COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !RE C\LD NO BASIS = COMMODITY FETI%ISM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 LACK+ ANY ALT]NATIVE TO COMMODITY FETI%ISM :I* C\LD OBSCURE ! EXPLOITATIVE NATURE ( ! SY/EM1 !RE C\LD BE NO BASIS = A COH]5T IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,9/EAD !RE WAS SIMPLY ! 'BIG LIE' :I* WAS (FICIALLY PROPAGAT$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4.<#e#g.> ,BUT ?IS WAS A LIE :I* NO ONE ANY LONG] REALLY BELIEV$ -- AL?\< EV]YONE WAS OBLIG$ TO PRET5D ?AT !Y DID BELIEVE IT4.<#e#h.> 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT ! NATURE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E FULLY TRANSP>5T 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,) !IR PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO GOODS & S]VICES1 EV]YONE C\LD SEE ! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( ! ELITE & !IR EXPLOITATIVE & P>ASITICAL RELATION TO ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 GIV5 ! BLATANT WA/E & 9EFFICI5CY ( ! SY/EM1 NO ONE HAD ANY ILLUSIONS 9 ! EFFICACY ( 'SOCIALI/ PLANN+'4 ,EV]YONE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! SY/EM WAS A MESS & WAS RUN 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A SMALL M9ORITY ?AT MADE UP ! ELITE ( ! /ATE & ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY4 

,BUT IF ! WAS NO IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 :AT WAS IT ?AT S]V$ TO HOLD ?IS EXPLOITATIVE SY/EM TOGE!R = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY8 ,TICKT9 >GUES !RE W]E TWO FACTORS ?AT S]V$ TO MA9TA9 ! ,U,S,S,R = SO LONG4 ,FIR/1 !RE W]E ! CONCESSIONS MADE TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! GU>ANTEE ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 FREE $UCATION & HEAL? C>E1 *EAP H\S+ & TRANSPORT & AN EGALIT>IAN WAGE /RUCTURE ALL S]V$ TO B9D ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! SY/EM4 ,SECOND1 & COMPLEM5T+ ! FIR/1 !RE WAS BRUTAL POLICE REPRESSION :I*1 BY SUPPRESS+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS & COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION NOT SANCTION$ BY ! /ATE1 S]V$ TO ATOMIZE ! WORK+ CLASS & PREV5T IT FROM BECOM+ A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS =-ITSELF4 

,IT WAS ?R\< ?IS CRUDE C>ROT-&-/ICK APPROA* ?AT ! ELITE S\<T TO MA9TA9 ! SY/EM & !IR PRIVILEG$ PLACE )9 IT4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS AN APPROA* ?AT WAS RIV5 BY CONTRADICTIONS & ONE ?AT WAS ULTIMATELY UNVIABLE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 IT WAS !SE V]Y CONCESSIONS MADE TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( FULL EMPLOYM5T1 :I* MEANT ?AT ! ELITE W]E UNABLE TO GA9 FULL CONTROL ( ! LABOR PROCESS & :I* 9 TURN RESULT$ 9 ! GROSS 9EFFICI5CY ( ! SY/EM4 ,UNWILL+ TO SURR5D] !IR [N PRIVILEG$ POSITION1 ! ,SOVIET ELITE W]E UNABLE TO MOVE T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,!RE=E ! ELITE'S ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO MA9TA9+ ! GROSSLY 9EFFICI5T SY/EM ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS TO MOVE T[>DS CAPITALISM BY 9TRODUC+ ! M>KET4 ,BUT SU* A MOVE T[>DS ! M>KET NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( MASS UNEMPLOYM5T & ! )DRAWAL ( ! ELITE'S CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ELITE !RE=E FAC$ A CONT9UAL DILEMMA4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE IT S\<T TO MOVE AWAY FROM ITS 9EFFICI5T ECONOMIC SY/EM BY 9TRODUC+ M>KET RE=MS2 BUT ON ! O!R SIDE IT FE>$ ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION ( SU* RE=MS W\LD CAUSE A REVOLUTION>Y RESPONSE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,TICKT9 >GUES ?AT IT WAS ?IS DILEMMA :I* UND]LAY ! HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R FOLL[+ ! DEA? ( ,/AL9 & :I* EXPLA9S ! CRISIS ?AT CONFRONT$ ,GORBA*EV & ! F9AL DEMISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,TICKT9'S ANALYSIS ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS F9AL CRISIS & DEMISE DOES NOT CONC]N US H]E4.<#e#i.> ,WE N[ NE$ TO EXAM9E ! PROBLEMS ( ,TICKT9'S 'POLITICAL ECONOMY' ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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