,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 
,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE 

,9TRODUCTION 

,IT IS N[ EASY TO D]IDE ?OSE :O HAVE S\<T1 H[EV] CRITICALLY1 TO DEF5D ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ BE5 9 SOME S5SE 'PROGRESSIVE'4 ,YET = MORE ?AN A HALF A C5TURY ! 'DEF5SE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION' WAS A C5TRAL ISSUE = NE>LY ALL 'REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S'1 & IS A CONC]N ?AT /ILL P]SI/S TODAY AMONG SOME4 ,TO UND]/& ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE SOME EF=T TO APPRECIATE ! PR(\ND IMPACT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MU/ HAVE HAD ON PREVI\S G5]ATIONS ( SOCIALI/S & WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS4 

,I ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,IT IS P]HAPS NOT ?AT H>D TO IMAG9E ! PR(\ND IMPACT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD ON ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS AT ! TIME4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! GREAT W>1 NOT ONLY HAD ! WORK+ MASSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE RIS5 UP & OV]?R[N ! ONCE =MIDABLE ,CZ>I/ POLICE /ATE1 BUT !Y HAD SET \T TO CON/RUCT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AT ! V]Y TIME :5 CAPITALISM HAD PLUNG$ ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE 9TO W> ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE & SEEM$ TO HAVE LITTLE ELSE TO (F] ! WORK+ CLASS BUT MORE W> & POV]TY1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OP5$ UP A REAL SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE ( PEACE & PROSP]ITY4 ,ALL ?OSE CYNICS :O SNE]$ AT ! IDEA ?AT ! WORK+ PEOPLE C\LD GOV]N SOCIETY & :O D5I$ ! FEASIBILITY ( COMMUNISM ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT WAS 9 SOME WAY AGA9/ 'HUMAN NATURE'1 C\LD N[ BE REFUT$ BY ! LIV+ EXAMPLE ( A WORK]S' /ATE 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 

,= MANY SOCIALI/S AT ?IS TIME ! REVOLUTION>Y BUT DISCIPL9$ POLITICS ( ,BOL%EVIKS /OOD 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! :EEL]-DEAL+ & BACK-SLID+ ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ALL !IR PROCLAMATIONS ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 )\T EXCEPTION ! RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD L9$ UP BEH9D !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL RUL+ CLASSES & 9 DO+ SO HAD CONDEMN$ A :OLE G5]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! HELL & DEA? ( ! TR5*ES4 ,AS A RESULT1 ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT SWEPT ,EUROPE FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S FLOCK$ TO ! NEWLY =M$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES BAS$ ON ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL1 & UNIT$ )9 ! NEWLY =M$ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL DIRECT$ FROM ,MOSC[4 ,FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION ! PRIM>Y TASK ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ?AT ( BUILD+ SUPPORT = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & OPPOS+ ANY FUR!R >M$ 9T]V5TION AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ON ! P>T ( ! MA9 ,WE/]N ,P[]S4 ,AFT] ALL IT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ SELF-EVID5T !N ?AT ! DEF5SE ( ,RUSSIA WAS ! DEF5SE ( SOCIALISM4 

,I,I ,! #a#i#cS & ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I 

,BY ! #a#i#cS ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD SWEPT ACROSS ,EUROPE AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> HAD ALL BUT BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,! IMM$IATE HOPES ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION FAD$ 9 ! FACE ( RIS+ FASCISM & ! LOOM+ PROSPECTS ( A SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 9 LESS ?AN A G5]ATION4 ,YET ?IS DID NOT DIM9I% ! ATTRACTIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! ,SOVIET ,UNION /OOD \T AS A BEACON ( HOPE COMP>$ TO ! DESPAIR & /AGNATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,WE/4 

,:ILE CAPITALISM HAD BR\<T AB\T AN UNPREC$5T$ ADVANCE 9 PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ELECTRICITY1 WA%+ MA*9ES1 VACUUM CLEAN]S1 C>S1 RADIOS & EV5 TELEVISIONS1 ALL ( :I* PROMIS$ TO TRANS=M ! LIVES ( EV]YONE1 IT HAD PLUNG$ ! WORLD 9TO AN UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC SLUMP ?AT CONDEMN$ MILLIONS TO UNEMPLOYM5T & POV]TY4 ,9 />K CONTRA/ TO ?IS ECONOMIC /AGNATION BR\<T AB\T BY ! AN>*Y ( M>KET =CES1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION %[$ ! REM>KABLE POSSIBILITIES ( RATIONAL C5TRAL PLANN+ :I* WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANS=M+ ! BACKW>D ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,! APP>5T A*IEVEM5TS ( 'SOCIALI/ PLANN+' ?AT W]E BE+ BR\<T AB\T UND] ,/AL9'S FIVE-YE> PLANS NOT ONLY APPEAL$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS TRAPP$ 9 ! ECONOMIC SLUMP1 BUT ALSO TO 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD N[ LO/ ALL FAI? 9 CAPITALISM4 

,( C\RSE1 FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD BE5 SUBJECT$ TO ! LIES & DI/ORTIONS PUT \T BY ! B\RGEOIS PROPAG&A MA*9E & IT WAS EASY = COMMITT$ SUPPORT]S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :E!R WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS OR 9TELLECTUALS1 TO DISMISS ! REPORTS ( ! PURGES & %[ TRIALS UND] ,/AL9 AS FUR!R ATTEMPTS TO DISCR$IT BO? SOCIALISM & ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,EV5 IF ! REPORTS W]E BASICALLY TRUE1 IT SEEM$ A SMALL PRICE TO PAY = ! HUGE & DRAMATIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS BE+ BR\<T AB\T 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* PROMIS$ TO B5EFIT HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE & :I* PROVID$ A LIV+ EXAMPLE TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ( :AT C\LD BE A*IEV$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOIS PRESS BLEAT$ AB\T ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 ,/AL9 WAS FREE+ MILLIONS FROM A FUTURE ( POV]TY & HUNG]4 

,( C\RSE NOT EV]YONE ON ! LEFT WAS TAK5 9 BY ! AFFABILITY ( ',UNCLE ,JOE' ,/AL94 ,! PURGE & EXILE ( MO/ ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ORIG9AL ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 ! ZIG-ZAGS 9 =EIGN POLICY ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! NON-AGGRESSION PACT ) ,HITL]1 ! DISA/R\S REV]SALS 9 POLICY IMPOS$ ON ! V>I\S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ?R\< ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! BETRAYAL ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#g1 ALL COMB9$ TO CA/ D\BTS ON ,/AL9 & ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,YET ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> S]V$ TO FUR!R 5HANCE ! REPUTATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & NOT ONLY AMONG SOCIALI/S4 ,ONCE ! NON-AGGRESSION PACT ) ,G]MANY 5D$ 9 #a#i#d1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ABLE TO 5T] ! W> UND] ! BANN] ( ANTI-FASCISM & C\LD CLAIM TO HAVE PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! EV5TUAL DEFEAT ( ,HITL]4 ,:ILE ! RUL+ CLASSES ?R\<\T ,EUROPE HAD EXPRESS$ SYMPA?Y ) FASCISM1 & 9 ! CASE ( ,FRANCE COLLABORAT$ ) ! OCCUPY+ ,G]MAN =CES1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! ,RESI/ANCE & ,P>TIZAN MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD HELP$ TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 ,AS A RESULT1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,GREECE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES C\LD CLAIM TO BE *AMPIONS ( ! PATRIOTIC ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5TS1 9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ ( ! ,QUISL+ B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 

,I,I,I ,! #a#i#eS 

,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 5D$ ) ! ,U,S,A AS ! UNDISPUT$ SUP]P[] 9 ! ,WE/]N HEMISPH]E1 BUT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R %E N[ FAC$ A =MIDABLE RIVAL4 ,! ,U,S,S,R WAS NO LONG] AN ISOLAT$ BACKW>D C\NTRY AT ! P]IPH]Y ( WORLD CAPITAL ACCUMULATION C5T]$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION UND] ,/AL9 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS HAD TRANS=M$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9TO A MAJOR 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y P[]1 :ILE ! W> HAD LEFT HALF ( ,EUROPE UND] ,SOVIET CONTROL4 ,) ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION 9 #aidi OV] A ?IRD ( HUMAN K9D N[ LIV$ UND] ',COMMUNI/ RULE'6 

,NOT ONLY ?IS4 ,?R\<\T MU* ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! V]Y HE>TL&S & CRADLE ( CAPITALISM1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES UND] ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ,MOSC[1 OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ) SIGNIFICANT LEFT-W+ CURR5TS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ,RUSSIAN SYMPA?IES1 W]E ON ! V]GE ( P[]4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! FIR/ MAJORITY ,LABOR GOV]NM5T CAME TO P[] ) #dh P] C5T ( ! VOTE1 :ILE 9 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES WON MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! VOTE 9 ! PO/W> ELECTIONS & W]E ONLY KEPT FROM P[] BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( HI<LY PROPORTIONAL VOT+ SY/EMS4 

,:AT IS MORE1 FEW 9 ! RUL+ CIRCLES ( ! ,AM]ICAN OR ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE C\LD BE CONFID5T ?AT ! ECONOMIC BOOM ?AT FOLL[$ ! W> W\LD LA/ LONG BEYOND ! IMM$IATE P]IOD ( PO/W> RECON/RUCTION4 ,IF ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! PREVI\S ,WORLD ,W> WAS ANY?+ TO GO BY1 ! MO/ LIKELY PROSPECT WAS ( AT BE/ A DOZ5 OR SO YE>S ( 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY FOLL[$ BY ANO!R SLUMP :I* C\LD ONLY REK9DLE ! CLASS CONFLICTS & SOCIAL POL>IZATION ?AT HAD BE5 EXP]I5C$ DUR+ #a#i#cS4 ,YET N[ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES1 & !IR ALLIES ON ! LEFT1 W]E 9 A MU* /RONG] />T+ POSITION TO EXPLOIT SU* SOCIAL T5SIONS4 

,:ILE ! ,WE/ FAC$ ! PROSPECTS ( LONG T]M ECONOMIC /AGNATION1 !RE SEEM$ NO LIMITS TO ! PLANN$ ECONOMIC GR[? & TRANS=MATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,EA/]N BLOC4 ,9DE$1 EV5 AS ! LATE AS ! E>LY #a#i#fS ,KHRU%*EV C\LD CLAIM1 ) ALL CR$IBILITY = MANY ,WE/]N OBS]V]S1 ?AT HAV+ E/ABLI%$ A MOD]N ECONOMIC BASE ( HEAVY 9DU/RY UND] ,/AL91 ,RUSSIA WAS N[ 9 A POSITION TO %IFT ITS EMPHASIS TO ! EXPANSION ( ! CONSUM] GOODS SECTOR SO ?AT IT C\LD \T/RIP ! LIV+ /&>DS 9 ! ,U,S,A )9 T5 YE>S6 

,IT WAS ?IS BLEAK VIEWPO9T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 =G$ 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/W> REALITIES ( ! LATE #a#i#dS & E>LY #a#i#eS1 :I* S]V$ AS ! ORIG9AL BASIS ( ! VIRUL5T ANTI-,COMMUNI/ P>ANOIA ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,U,S,A2 FROM ! ANTI-,COMMUNI/ WIT*-HUNTS ( ! ,MC,C>?Y ]A TO ,REAGAN'S 'EVIL EMPIRE' RHETORIC 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS4 

,= ! B\RGEOISIE1 EXPROPRIATION BY EI!R ! PROLET>IAT OR BY A ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY MADE LITTLE DIFF]5CE4 ,! ?REAT ( COMMUNISM WAS ! ?REAT ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,TO ! M9DS ( ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAD N[ BECOME 9SCRIB$ 9 ! V]Y /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD SUP]P[]S3 BETWE5 ! ',FREE ,WORLD' & ! ',COMMUNI/ ,WORLD'4.<#d.> 

,?IS NOTION ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO SUP]P[]S AS BE+ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ! F9AL TITANIC /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR WAS ONE ?AT WAS READILY ACCEPT$ BY MANY ON ! LEFT4 ,= MANY IT SEEM$ CLE> ?AT ! MAJOR CONCESSIONS ?AT HAD BE5 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! V>I\S PO/W> SETTLEM5TS HAD BE5 PROMPT$ BY ! FE> ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! ,WE/1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 W\LD GO OV] TO ,COMMUNISM4 ,! PO/W> COMMITM5TS TO ! WELF>E /ATE1 FULL EMPLOYM5T1 DEC5T H\S+ & SO =?1 C\LD ALL BE DIRECTLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE'S FE> ( BO? ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS ALLI$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ! ,WE/4 ,FUR!RMORE1 DESPITE ALL ITS FAULTS1 IT WAS ! ,U,S,S,R :O C\LD BE SE5 TO BE ! *AMPION ! MILLIONS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ) ITS BACK+ = ! V>I\S NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! OLD IMP]IALI/ & COLONIAL P[]S & ! NEW RAPACI\S IMP]IALISM ( ! MULT9ATIONALS4 

,9 ?IS VIEW !RE W]E ONLY TWO CAMPS3 ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,EA/]N BLOC1 :I* /OOD BEH9D ! WORK+ CLASS & ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ! WORLD1 V]SUS ! ,U,S,A & ! ,WE/]N P[]S :O /OOD BEH9D ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,?OSE :O REFUS$ TO TAKE SIDES W]E SE5 AS NO?+ BETT] ?AN PETIT-B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS :O C\LD ONLY DWELL 9 !IR UTOPIAN AB/RACTIONS & :O REFUS$ TO GET !IR H&S DIRTY 9 DEAL+ ) CURR5T REALITY4 

,( C\RSE1 BY ! E>LY #a#i#eS ! FULL HORRORS & BRUTALITY ( ,/AL9'S RULE HAD BECOME UND5IABLE4 ,AS A RESULT MANY TURN$ T[>DS RE=MI/ SOCIALISM EMBRAC+ ! RE=MS ?AT HAD BE5 WON 9 ! PO/W> SETTLEM5T4 ,:ILE MA9TA9+ SYMPA?IES = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & BE+ GREATLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! NOTION ( SOCIALISM AS PLANN+ EVID5T 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 !Y S\<T TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y MEANS & ME?ODS ( BOL%EVISM ?AT W]E SE5 AS ! CAUSE ( ! 'TOTALIT>IANISM' ( ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,?IS C\RSE T[>DS 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM' WAS TO BE FOLL[$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES !MSELVES #b YE>S LAT] ) ! RISE ( SO-CALL$ ,EURO-COMMUNISM 9 ! #a#i#gS4 

,:ILE MANY TURN$ T[>DS 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM'1 & O!RS CLUNG TO AN UNSW]V+ COMMITM5T TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! DEF5SE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 !RE W]E ?OSE :O1 :ILE ACCEPT+ ! MON/ROSITIES ( ,/AL9I/ & PO/-,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 REFUS$ TO SURR5D] ! REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE ( ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ! LIMITATIONS ( ! PO/W> SETTLEM5T1 & REFUS+ TO =GET ! BETRAYALS EXP]I5C$ ! G5]ATION BE=E AT ! H&S ( RE=MI/ SOCIALISM1.<#e.> !Y S\<T TO SALVAGE ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SI<TS ( ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM :AT !Y SAW AS ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION BR\<T AB\T UND] ,/AL94 ,! OBVI\S 9SPIRATION = ?OSE :O HELD ?IS POSITION WAS ,/AL9'S GREAT RIVAL ,LEON ,TROTSKY & HIS !ORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,LEON ,TROTSKY 

,IT IS NOT ?AT H>D TO UND]/& :Y ?OSE :O HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY DISILLUSION$ ) ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 BUT :O /ILL WI%$ TO DEF5D ,L59 & ! REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE ( #aiag %\LD HAVE TURN$ TO ,LEON ,TROTSKY4 ,TROTSKY HAD PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( BO? #aie & #aiag 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,DESPITE ,/AL9'S ATTEMPTS TO LIT]ALLY PA9T HIM \T ( ! PICTURE1 ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 A PROM95T MEMB] ( ! E>LY ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T1 SO MU* SO ?AT IT CAN BE CONV9C+LY >GU$ ?AT HE WAS ,L59'S [N PREF]R$ SUCCESSOR4 

,AS SU*1 9 MAK+ HIS CRITICISMS ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 ,TROTSKY C\LD NOT BE SO EASILY DISMISS$ AS SOME B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUAL ATTEMPT+ TO DISCR$IT SOCIALISM1 NOR C\LD HE BE ACCUS$ ( BE+ AN UTOPIAN ULTRA-LEFTI/ OR AN>*I/ ATTEMPT+ TO MEASURE UP ! CONCRETE LIMITATIONS ( ! 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM' ( ! ,U,S,S,R AGA9/ SOME AB/RACT IDEAL ( :AT SOCIALISM %\LD BE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T ,TROTSKY HAD BE5 RESPONSIBLE = MAK+ H>% & (T5 RU?LESS DECISIONS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! FRAGILE & ISOLAT$ REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,TROTSKY HAD NOT %RUNK FROM SUPPORT+ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & ,TAYLORISM1 NOR HAD HE %I$ AWAY FROM CRU%+ WAYW>D REVOLUTION>IES AS WAS CLE>LY %[N :5 HE L$ ! ,R$ ,>MY DETA*M5TS TO PUT D[N BO? ,MAKHNO'S PEASANT >MY DUR+ ! CIVIL W> & ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS 9 #a#i#b#a4,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY (T5 W5T BEYOND ?OSE POLICIES DEEM$ NECESS>Y BY ,L59 & O!R ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S AS WAS CLE>LY EXEMPLIFI$ BY HIS CALL = ! COMPLETE MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR4.<#f.> 

,YET ,TROTSKY WAS NOT M]ELY A PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y CAPABLE ( TAK+ & DEF5D+ DIFFICULT DECISIONS4 ,TROTSKY HAD PROV$ TO BE ONE ( ! FEW IMPORTANT /RATEGIC & !ORETICAL ?9K]S AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS :O C\LD RIVAL ! !ORETICAL & /RATEGIC LEAD]%IP ( ,L594 ,WE MU/ N[ CONSID] ,TROTSKY'S IDEAS 9 DETAIL & 9 !IR [N T]MS1 RES]V+ MORE SUB/ANTIAL CRITICISMS UNTIL LAT]4 

,TROTSKY & ! ,OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL.<#g.> 

,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ,TROTSKY REMA9$ COMMITT$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE TO ! OR?ODOX VIEW ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM :I* HAD BECOME E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,LIKE MO/ ,M>XI/S ( HIS TIME1 ,TROTSKY SAW HI/ORY PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE CLASS /RUGGLE MAY HAVE BE5 ! MOTOR ( HI/ORY :I* DROVE IT =W>D1 ! DIRECTION & PURPOSE ( HI/ORY WAS ABOVE ALL ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( HUMAN LABOR T[>DS ITS ULTIMATE GOAL ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* HUMANITY AS A :OLE W\LD BE FREE FROM BO? WANT & SC>CITY4 

,AS SU*1 HI/ORY WAS SE5 AS A S]IES ( DI/9CT /AGES1 EA* ( :I* WAS DOM9AT$ BY A P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS ! POT5TIAL = EA* MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ADVANCE ! PRODUCTIVE =CES BECAME EXHAU/$ ITS 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS W\LD BECOME MORE ACUTE & ! EXHAU/$ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD NECESS>ILY GIVE WAY TO A NEW MORE ADVANC$ MODE ( PRODUCTION :I* W\LD ALL[ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( HUMAN LABOR4 

,! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION HAD DEVELOP$ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION F> BEYOND ANY?+ ?AT HAD BE5 A*IEV$ BE=E4 ,YET 9 DO+ SO CAPITALISM HAD BEGUN TO CREATE ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ITS [N SUP]SESSION BY A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD L$ TO AN 9CREAS+ POL>IZATION BETWE5 A T9Y CLASS ( CAPITALI/S AT ONE POLE & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PROLET>IANS AT ! O!R4 

,AT ! SAME TIME MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY HAD BEGUN TO REPLACE ! NUM]\S 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S COMPET+ 9 EA* BRAN* ( 9DU/RY BY HUGE JO9T /OCK MONOPOLIES ?AT DOM9AT$ 5TIRE 9DU/RIES 9 A P>TICUL> ECONOMY4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( HUGE JO9T /OCK MONOPOLIES & 9DU/RIAL C>TELS1 IT WAS >GU$ BY MO/ ,M>XI/S ?AT ! CLASSICAL =M ( COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 :I* HAD BE5 ANALYZ$ BY ,M>X 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY1 HAD N[ GIV5 WAY TO MONOPOLY CAPITALISM4 ,UND] COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM :AT WAS PRODUC$ & H[ ?IS PRODUC$ WEAL? %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ HAD BE5 DECID$ ?R\< ! 'AN>*Y ( M>KET =CES'1 ?AT IS AS ! UN=ESE5 \TCOME ( ! COMPETITIVE BATTLE BETWE5 COMPET+ CAPITALI/S4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION WAS BECOM+ MORE & MORE PLANN$ AS MONOPOLIES & C>TELS FIX$ 9 ADVANCE ! LEVELS ( PRODUCTION & PRIC+ ON AN 9DU/RY-WIDE BASIS4 

,YET ?IS WAS NOT ALL4 ,AS ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9T]DEP5D5T & COMPLEX ! /ATE1 IT WAS >GU$1 C\LD NO LONG] PLAY A M9IMAL ECONOMIC ROLE AS IT HAD DONE DUR+ ! COMPETITIVE /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY ! /ATE 9CREAS+LY HAD TO 9T]V5E & DIRECT ! ECONOMY4 ,?US = OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 ! DEVELOPM5T T[>DS MONOPOLY CAPITALISM WAS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME A DEVELOPM5T T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,AS ECONOMIC PLANN+ BY ! MONOPOLIES & ! /ATE REPLAC$ ! 'AN>*Y ( M>KET' 9 REGULAT+ ! ECONOMY1 ! BASIC CONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W]E BE+ PUT 9 PLACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! BASIC CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM BETWE5 ! 9CREAS+LY SOCIAL *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? IT PRODUC$ WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY ACUTE4 ,! P]IODIC CRISES ?AT HAD S]V$ BO? TO DISRUPT YET R5EW ! COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM ( ! E>LY & MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD N[ GIV5 WAY TO PROLONG$ P]IODS ( ECONOMIC /AGNATION AS ! MONOPOLI/S S\<T TO RE/RICT PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR MONOPOLY PR(ITS4 

,! BASIS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( WEAL? BAS$ ON ! RI<TS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY C\LD N[ BE SE5 TO BE BECOM+ A FETT] ON ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,! P]IOD ( ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM WAS FA/ APPROA*+ AS CAPITALISM 5T]$ ITS F9AL /AGES ( DECL9E4 ,) ! GR[+ POL>IZATION ( SOCIETY1 :I* WAS CREAT+ A HUGE & ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 ALL ?AT W\LD BE NE$$ WAS = ! WORK+ CLASS TO SEIZE /ATE P[] & TO NATIONALIZE ! MAJOR BANKS & MONOPOLIES SO ?AT PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION C\LD BE RATIONALLY PLANN$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL ( SOCIETY RA!R ?AN 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! T9Y M9ORITY ( CAPITALI/S4 ,ONCE ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 SWEPT AWAY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION W\LD BE SET FREE & ! WAY W\LD BE OP5 TO CREAT+ A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* FRE$OM W\LD TRIUMPH OV] NECESSITY4 

,( C\RSE1 LIKE MANY ON ! LEFT & C5T] ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,TROTSKY REJECT$ ! MORE SIMPLI/IC V]SIONS ( ?IS BASIC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM :I* 5VISAG$ ! SMOO? EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM 9TO SOCIALISM4 ,= ,TROTSKY ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM W\LD NECESS>ILY BE A CONTRADICTORY & (T5 VIOL5T PROCESS 9 :I* ! POLITICAL C\LD NOT BE SIMPLY R$UC$ TO ! ECONOMIC4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! CONTRADICTORY DEVELOPM5T ( DECL9+ CAPITALISM C\LD PROMPT ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS LONG BE=E ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL PRECONDITIONS = A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY HAD COME 9TO BE+4 ,?IS POSSIBILITY ( A WORK]S' /ATE FAC+ A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( TRANSITION TO A FULLY =M$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WAS TO BE P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT TO ! REVOLUTION 9 ,TROTSKY'S NATIVE ,RUSSIA4 

,TROTSKY & ! !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION.<#h.> 

,:ILE ,TROTSKY DEF5D$ ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATURE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HE DIFF]$ RADICALLY ON ITS SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO ,RUSSIA1 & IT WAS ON ?IS ISSUE ?AT ,TROTSKY MADE HIS MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO :AT WAS TO BECOME ! NEW OR?ODOXY ( ,SOVIET ,M>XISM4 

,! OR?ODOX VIEW ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 ?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION W\LD NECESS>ILY BREAK \T 9 ONE ( ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES :]E CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY CREAT$ ! PRECONDITIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIA1 !RE C\LD BE NO IMM$IATE PROSPECTS ( MAK+ A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,RUSSIA REMA9$ A SEMI-FEUDAL EMPIRE DOM9AT$ BY ! ALL P[]FUL ,CZ>I/ AUTOCRACY :I* HAD SEV]ELY RE/RICT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ON ,RUSSIAN SOIL4 ,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ,RUSSIA AS A MAJOR MILIT>Y P[]1 ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD BE5 OBLIG$ TO PROMOTE A LIMIT$ DEGREE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION :I* HAD BEGUN TO GA!R PACE BY ! TURN ( C5TURY4 ,YET EV5 ) ?IS 9DU/RIALIZATION ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY WAS /ILL DOM9AT$ BY SMALL SCALE PEASANT AGRICULTURE4 

,UND] SU* CONDITIONS IT APPE>$ ?AT ! IMM$IATE TASK = ,M>XI/S WAS TO HA/5 ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION :I*1 BY SWEEP+ AWAY ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 W\LD OP5 ! WAY = ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 DO+ SO PREP>E ! WAY = A FUTURE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,! QUE/ION ?AT CAME TO DIVIDE ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S WAS ! PRECISE *>ACT] ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE & AS A CONSEQU5CE ! ROLE ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO PLAY )9 IT4 

,= ! ,M5%EVIKS ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO BE C>RI$ \T 9 ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! TASKS ( ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE TO ACT AS ! MO/ RADICAL W+ ( ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION :I* W\LD !N PRESS = A 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL RE=MS :I*1 :ILE COMPATIBLE ) BO? PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! LIMITS ( ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 W\LD PROVIDE A S\ND BASIS = ! FUTURE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & CAPITALISM4 

,9 CONTRA/1 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS F> TOO WEAK & C[>DLY TO C>RY \T !IR [N REVOLUTION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO BE MADE = !M BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANT MASSES4 ,H[EV]1 9 MAK+ A REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY ! QUE/ION ( L& RE=M W\LD HAVE TO BE PLAC$ AT ! TOP ( ! POLITICAL AG5DA ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,YET1 AS PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD %[N1 AS SOON AS L& HAD BE5 EXPROPRIAT$ FROM ! L&[N]S & R$I/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEASANTRY MO/ ( ! PEASANTS W\LD BEG9 TO LOSE 9T]E/ 9 ! REVOLUTION & BECOME A CONS]VATIVE =CE4 ,SO1 HAV+ PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL P>T 9 C>RY+ \T ! REVOLUTION1 ! PEASANTRY W\LD 5D UP BLOCK+ ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & CONF9E IT )9 ! LIMITS ( A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 :I* RI<TS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE TO BE PRES]V$4 

,AGA9/ BO? !SE POSITIONS1 :I* T5D$ TO SEE ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA 9 ISOLATION1 ,TROTSKY 9SI/$ ?AT ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA WAS P>T ( ! OV]ALL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,AS A BACKW>D ECONOMY ,RUSSIA HAD BE5 ABLE TO IMPORT ! MO/ UP TO DATE ME?ODS ( MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY 'READY MADE' )\T GO+ ?R\< ! LONG1 DRAWN \T PROCESS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T :I* HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,AS A RESULT ,RUSSIA POSSESS$ SOME ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ALONGSIDE SOME ( ! MO/ BACKW>D =MS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS COMB9ATION ( UNEV5 LEVELS ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T MEANT ?AT ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD BE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY OCCURR$ ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE4 

,FIR/LY1 ! DIRECT IMPLANTATION ( MOD]N 9DU/RY 9TO ,RUSSIA UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD MEANT ?AT MU* ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS EI!R [N$ BY ! /ATE OR BY =EIGN CAPITAL4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,RUSSIA LACK$ A /RONG & 9DEP5D5T 9DIG5\S B\RGEOISIE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ?IS DIRECT IMPLANTATION ( MOD]N L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY HAD BR\<T 9TO BE+ AN ADVANC$ PROLET>IAT :OSE POT5TIAL ECONOMIC P[] WAS F> GREAT] ?AN ITS LIMIT$ NUMB]S MI<T SUGGE/4 ,F9ALLY1 BY LEAP+ OV] ! 9T]M$I>Y /AGES ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ,RUSSIA LACK$ ! VA/ NUMB]S ( 9T]M$I>Y SOCIAL /RATA ROOT$ 9 SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION & :I* HAD PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ANALYSIS ,TROTSKY CONCLUD$ AS E>LY AS #aid ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO C>RY \T ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANT MASSES BECAUSE ( ! V]Y WEAKNESS ( ! 9DIG5\S ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T ,TROTSKY'S CONCLUSIONS CONCURR$ ) ?OSE ( ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ?AT TIME4 ,H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY W5T FUR!R4 ,= ,TROTSKY BO? ! HET]OG5EITY & LACK ( ORGANIZATION AMONG ! PEASANT MASSES MEANT ?AT1 DESPITE !IR OV]:ELM+ NUMB]S1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY C\LD ONLY PLAY A SUPPORT+ ROLE )9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS POLITICAL WEAKNESS ( ! PEASANTRY1 TOGE!R ) ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE SOCIAL /RATA BAS$ 9 SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION1 MEANT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT W\LD BE COMPELL$ TO PLAY ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 BO? ! REVOLUTION1 & 9 ! SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,SO1 :]EAS ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5VISAG$ ?AT IT W\LD BE A DEMOCRATIC WORK]S-PEASANT GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE TO C>RY \T ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE NO OPTION BUT TO IMPOSE ITS DOM9ATION ON ANY SU* REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,9 SU* A LEAD+ POSITION1 ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT SIMPLY PLAY ! ROLE ( ! LEFT W+ ( DEMOCRACY & SEEK TO PRESS = ! ADOPTION ( ITS 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' ( DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,IT W\LD BE 9 P[]1 & AS SU* IT W\LD HAVE LITTLE OPTION BUT TO IMPLEM5T ! 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' ITSELF4 ,H[EV]1 ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT IF A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T L$ BY ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS ATTEMPT$ TO IMPLEM5T A 'M9IMAL PROGRAM' IT W\LD SOON MEET ! RESOLUTE OPPOSITION ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,9 ! FACE ( SU* OPPOSITION ! WORK+ CLASS P>TY W\LD EI!R HAVE TO ABDICATE P[] OR ELSE PRESS HEAD BY ABOLI%+ PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 9 DO+ SO BEG9 AT ONCE ! PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,= ,TROTSKY IT W\LD BE BO? ABSURD & IRRESPONSIBLE = ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO SIMPLY ABDICATE P[] 9 SU* A CRUCIAL SITUATION4 ,9 SU* A POSITION1 ! P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO TAKE ! OPPORTUNITY ( EXPROPRIAT+ ! WEAK B\RGEOISIE & ALL[ ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION TO PASS1 UN9T]RUPT$1 9TO A PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,TROTSKY ACCEPT$ ?AT ! PEASANTRY W\LD 9EVITABLY BECOME A CONS]VATIVE =CE ONCE AGR>IAN RE=M HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 ,H[EV]1 HE >GU$ ?AT A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! PEASANTRY W\LD CONT9UE TO BACK ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T = A :ILE1 NOT BECAUSE ( ANY ADVANC$ 'REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS' BUT DUE TO !IR V]Y 'BACKW>DNESS'2.<#i.> ?IS1 TOGE!R ) ! PROLET>IATS' SUP]IOR ORGANIZATION1 W\LD GIVE ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T TIME4 ,ULTIMATELY1 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T'S ONLY HOPE W\LD BE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION W\LD TRIGG] REVOLUTION ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE & ! WORLD4 

,TROTSKY & ! P]ILS ( TRANSITION 

,:ILE ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION MAY HAVE APPE>$ ADV5TURI/1 IF NOT A LITTLE UTOPIAN1 TO MO/ ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S :5 IT WAS FIR/ SET \T 9 ,RESULTS & ,PROSPECTS 9 #a#i#f1 ITS CONCLUSIONS W]E TO PROVE CRUCIAL ELEV5 YE>S LAT] 9 ! =MATION ( ! NEW ,M>XI/-,L59I/ OR?ODOXY :I* CAME TO BE E/ABLI%$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g4 

,! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag TOOK ALL POLITICAL P>TIES & FACTIONS BY SURPRISE4 ,)9 A FEW DAYS ! C5TURIES OLD ,CZ>I/ REGIME HAD BE5 SWEPT AWAY & A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] E/ABLI%$4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T DOM9AT$ BY ! V>I\S LIB]AL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 ON ! O!R SIDE /OOD ! GR[+ NUMB]S ( WORK]S & PEASANT SOVIETS4 ,= ! ,M5%EVIKS ! POSITION WAS CLE>3 ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO GIVE CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! B\RGEOIS ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T :ILE IT C>RI$ \T ITS DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 ,9 CONTRA/1 FAC$ ) A DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS ,GOV]NM5T :I* !Y HAD D5I$ WAS POSSIBLE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ?R[N 9TO CONFUSION4 ,A CONFUSION ?AT CAME TO A VIRTUAL SPLIT ) ! RETURN ( ,L59 FROM EXILE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,APRIL4 

,9 HIS ,APRIL ,!SES ,L59 PROPOS$ A RADICAL %IFT 9 POLICY1 :I*1 DESPITE V>I\S DIFF]5CES 9 DETAIL & EMPHASIS1 BR\<T HIM CLOSE TO ! POSITIONS ?AT HAD BE5 PUT =W>D BY ,TROTSKY ) HIS !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION4 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT ! ,B\RGEOIS ,GOV]NM5T W\LD EV5TUALLY PROVE TOO WEAK TO C>RY \T ITS DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO P]SUADE ! SOVIETS TO OV]?R[ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI% A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD NOT ONLY HAVE ! TASK ( 9TRODUC+ DEMOCRATIC RE=M1 BUT :I* W\LD EV5TUALLY HAVE TO MAKE A />T ON ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 

,) ?IS RADICAL %IFT 9 POSITION 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,APRIL ,!SES1 & ,TROTSKY'S SUBSEQU5T ACCEPTANCE ( ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 ! WAY WAS OP5$ = ,TROTSKY TO JO9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS2 &1 TOGE!R ) ,L591 ,TROTSKY WAS TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE NOT ONLY 9 ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T BUT ALSO 9 ! !ORETICAL ELABORATION ( :AT WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ,M>XI/-,L59ISM4 

,:ILE BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY >GU$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO OV]?R[ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI% A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T ?R\< A SOCIALI/-PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 NEI!R ,L59 NOR ,TROTSKY SAW SOCIALISM AS AN IMM$IATE PROSPECT 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY SU* AS ,RUSSIA4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT E/ABLI%$ ! WORK]-PEASANT DICTATOR%IP WAS SE5 AS ONLY ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! LONG TRANSITION TO A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS ,TROTSKY WAS LAT] TO >GUE1.<#a.> EV5 9 AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY LIKE ! ,U,S,A A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO BR+ AB\T A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ALL AT ONCE4 ,A P]IOD ( TRANSITION W\LD BE REQUIR$ ?AT W\LD ALL[ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE ! MAT]IAL BASIS = A SELF-SU/A9+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY LIKE ! ,U,S,A SU* A P]IOD ( TRANSITION C\LD TAKE SEV]AL YE>S2 9 A C\NTRY AS BACKW>D AS ,RUSSIA IT W\LD TAKE DECADES1 & ULTIMATELY IT W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE ) ! MAT]IAL SUPPORT ( A SOCIALI/ ,EUROPE4 

,= BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY !N1 ,RUSSIA FAC$ A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( TRANSITION1 A TRANSITION ?AT WAS FRAU<T ) DANG]S4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! EV] PRES5T DANG] ( ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM EI!R ?R\< A C\NT]-REVOLUTION BACK$ BY =EIGN MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION OR ?R\< ! REEM]G5CE ( B\RGEOIS RELATIONS )9 ! ECONOMY2 ON ! O!R SIDE /OOD ! DANG] ( ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! WORK]S' /ATE4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ,TROTSKY SAW ! KEY TO W>D+ (F ALL !SE GREAT P]ILS ( ,RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM 9 ! OV]RID+ IMP]ATIVE ( BO? 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION & DEVELOP+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :ILE WAIT+ = ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! FIR/ C\PLE ( YE>S FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION MANY ON ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 5?US$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #aiag & NO D\BT 9SPIR$ BY ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* RE/AT$ ! ,M>XI/ VISION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 SAW ,RUSSIA AS BE+ ON ! V]GE ( COMMUNISM4 ,= !M ! POLICY ?AT HAD BECOME KN[N AS ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 UND] :I* MONEY HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY ABOLI%$ ?R\< HYP]-9FLATION & ! M>KET REPLAC$ BY DIRECT REQUISITION+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! W> EF=T1 WAS AN IMM$IATE PRELUDE TO ! COMMUNISM ?AT W\LD COME ) ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W> & ! SPREAD ( ! REVOLUTION TO ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE4.<#a#a.> 

,BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY REJECT$ SU* VIEWS FROM ! LEFT ( ! ,P>TY4 ,= !M ! POLICY ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A SET ( EM]G5CY MEASURES =C$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T :I* W]E NECESS>Y TO W9 ! CIVIL W> & DEFEAT >M$ =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,= BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY !RE WAS NO IMM$IATE PROSPECT ( SOCIALISM LET ALONE COMMUNISM.<#a#b.> 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 HIS POLEMICS ) ! LEFT AT ?IS TIME ,L59 >GU$ ?AT1 GIV5 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ?R\<\T MU* ( ,RUSSIA1 /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A WELCOME ADVANCE4 ,AS HE /ATES3 

,REALITY TELLS US ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A /EP =W>D4 ,IF 9 A SMALL SPACE ( TIME WE C\LD A*IEVE /ATE CAPITALISM1 ?AT W\LD BE A VICTORY4 7,L59'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ,VOL4 #b#g1 P4 #b#i#c7 

,TROTSKY W5T EV5 FUR!R1 DISMISS+ ! GR[+ COMPLA9TS FROM ! LEFT CONC]N+ ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE & P>TY APP>ATUS1 HE >GU$ = ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR 9 ORD] TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION BO? = ! W> EF=T & = ! PO/W> RECON/RUCTION4 ,AS EV5 ,TROTSKY'S ADMIR]S HAVE TO ADMIT1 AT ?IS TIME ,TROTSKY WAS CLE>LY ON ! 'AU?ORIT>IAN W+' ( ! P>TY1 & AS SU* DI/9CTLY TO ! RI<T ( ,L594.<#a#c.> 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 GIV5 ?AT HE HAD SE5 ,W> ,COMMUNISM AS M]ELY A COLLECTION ( EM]G5CY MEASURES RA!R ?AN ! FIR/ /EPS TO COMMUNISM1 ?AT ONCE ! CIVIL W> BEGAN TO DRAW TO A CLOSE & ! ?REAT ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION BEGAN TO REC$E1 ,TROTSKY WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO ADVOCATE ! AB&ONM5T ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM & ! RE/ORATION ( MONEY & M>KET RELATIONS4 ,!SE PROPOSALS = A RETREAT TO ! M>KET W]E TAK5 UP 9 ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 ?AT CAME TO BE ADOPT$ 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,! ,N,E,P & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 

,BY #aiba ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T FAC$ A SEV]E POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,! POLICY ( =C$ REQUISITION+ HAD L$ TO A MASS REFUSAL BY ! PEASANTRY TO S[ SUFFICI5T GRA9 TO FE$ ! CITIES4 ,FAC$ ) FAM9E1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S SIMPLY RETURN$ TO !IR RELATIVES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME 9DU/RY HAD BE5 RUN 9TO ! GR\ND AFT] YE>S ( W> & REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS DIRE ECONOMIC SITUATION1 ! 5D+ ( ! CIVIL W> HAD GIV5 RISE TO M\NT+ POLITICAL UNRE/ AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 BO? )9 & \TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 :I* ?REAT5$ ! V]Y BASIS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T4 ,FAC$ ) POLITICAL & ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE WAS NO O!R OPTION BUT MAKE A MAJOR RETREAT TO ! M>KET4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T !RE=E AB&ON$ ,W> ,COMMUNISM & ADOPT$ ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P7 :I* HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY MOOT$ BY ,TROTSKY4 

,UND] ! ,N,E,P1 /ATE 9DU/RY WAS BROK5 UP 9 TO L>GE TRU/S :I* W]E TO BE RUN 9DEP5D5TLY ON /RICT COMM]CIAL L9ES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A NEW DEAL WAS TO BE /RUCK ) ! PEASANTRY4 ,=C$ REQUISITION+ WAS TO BE REPLAC$ ) A FIX$ AGRICULTURAL TAX1 ) RE/RICTIONS LIFT$ ON ! HIR+ ( LABOR & LEAS+ ( L& TO 5C\RAGE ! RI* & MIDDLE-9COME PEASANTS TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET4.<#a#d.> ,) ! RETREAT FROM PLANN+1 ! ECONOMIC ROLE ( ! /ATE WAS TO BE MA9LY RE/RICT$ TO REE/ABLI%+ A /ABLE CURR5CY ?R\< OR?ODOX F9ANCIAL POLICES & A BALANC$ /ATE BUDGET4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! ,N,E,P1 LIKE ,W> ,COMMUNISM BE=E IT1 WAS A POLICY NECESS>Y TO PRES]VE ! 'WORK]S' /ATE' UNTIL IT C\LD BE RESCU$ BY REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,TROTSKY HAD1 LIKE ,L591 =ESE5 AN ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY AS C5TRAL TO SU/A9+ A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 & ! ,N,E,P WAS PRIM>ILY A MEANS ( REE/ABLI%+ ! WORK]S-PEASANTS ALLIANCE :I* HAD BE5 S]I\SLY UND]M9$ BY ! EXCESSES ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE ALSO SE51 ,TROTSKY HAD F> LESS CONFID5CE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! PEASANTRY ?AN ,L59 OR O!R ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! ,N,E,P1 BY 5C\RAG+ ! PEASANTS TO PRODUCE = ! M>KET1 HELD ! DANG] ( CREAT+ A NEW CLASS ( CAPITALI/ F>M]S :O W\LD !N PROVIDE ! SOCIAL BASIS = A B\RGEOIS C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ! RE/ORATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 FROM AN E>LY /AGE1 ,TROTSKY BEGAN TO ADVOCATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMPREH5SIVE /ATE PLANN+ & A COMMITM5T TO 9DU/RIALIZATION )9 ! BROAD FRAMEWORK ( ! ,N,E,P4 

,AL?\< ,TROTSKY'S EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( PLANN+ & 9DU/RIALIZATION LEFT HIM ISOLAT$ )9 ! ,POLITBURO1 IT PLAC$ HIM ALONGSIDE ,PREOBRAZH5SKY AT ! HEAD ( A SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY )9 ! WID] LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & /ATE APP>ATUS :I* SUPPORT$ SU* A %IFT 9 DIRECTION ( ! ,N,E,P1 & :I* BECAME KN[N AS ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4 ,AS A LEAD+ SPOKESMAN = ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 & AT ! SAME TIME ONE ( ! =EMO/ ECONOMI/S )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY CAME TO DEVELOP ! ,!ORY ( ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,ACCUMULATION :I* S]V$ TO UND]P9 ! >GUM5TS ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 9CLUD+ ,TROTSKY HIMSELF4 

,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S !ORY ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 = ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL :]EAS CAPITALISM WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! OP]ATION ( M>KET =CES -- OR 9 MORE PRECISE ,M>XI/ T]MS ! 'LAW ( VALUE' -- SOCIALISM W\LD BE REGULAT$ BY PLANN+4 ,FROM ?IS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM HAD TO BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! TRANSITION FROM ! REGULATION ( ! ECONOMY ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! LAW ( VALUE TO ! REGULATION ( ! ECONOMY ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! 'LAW ( PLANN+'4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION BO? ! LAW ( VALUE & ! LAW ( PLANN+ W\LD NECESS>ILY CO-EXI/1 EA* CONDITION+ & COMPET+ ) ! O!R4 

,UND] ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 MO/ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION HAD REMA9$ UND] /ATE [N]%IP & =M$ ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?IS /ATE SECTOR HAD BE5 BROK5 UP 9TO DI/9CT TRU/S & 5T]PRISES :I* W]E GIV5 LIMIT$ FRE$OM TO TRADE ) ONE ANO!R & AS SU* W]E RUN ON A PR(IT-&-LOSS BASIS4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T IT C\LD BE SE5 ?AT ! LAW ( VALUE /ILL P]SI/$ )9 ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,YET = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO DIRECT 9VE/M5T & OV]RIDE PR(IT-&-LOSS CRIT]IA MEANT ?AT ! LAW ( PLANN+ PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AGRICULTURE WAS DOM9AT$ BY SMALL-SCALE PEASANT PRODUC]S4 ,AS SU*1 AL?\< ! /ATE WAS ABLE TO REGULATE ! PROCUREM5T PRICES = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE1 AGRICULTURE WAS1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 DOM9AT$ BY ! LAW ( VALUE4 

,FROM ?IS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! LAW ( VALUE & ! LAW ( PLANN+ WAS AT ! SAME TIME ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & ! /ATE SECTOR ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,YET AL?\< L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS BO? ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ?AT ( PEASANT AGRICULTURE ! %E] SIZE ( ! PEASANT SECTOR ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY MEANT ?AT !RE WAS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! LAW ( PLANN+ W\LD PREVAIL4 ,9DE$1 = ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 UND] ! POLICY ( OPTIMUM & BALANC$ GR[? ADVOCAT$ BY ,BUKH>9 & ! RI<T ( ! ,P>TY & SANCTION$ BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP1 !RE WAS A REAL DANG] ?AT ! /ATE SECTOR C\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO A FA/] GR[+ AGRICULTURAL SECTOR & ) ?IS ! LAW ( VALUE W\LD PREVAIL4 

,TO AV]T ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT ! WORK]S' /ATE HAD TO TILT ! ECONOMIC BALANCE 9 FAVOR ( ACCUMULATION )9 ! /ATE SECTOR4 ,BY RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ! /ATE SECTOR C\LD BE EXP&$ :I* W\LD BO? 9CREASE ! NUMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAT & 5HANCE ! ASC5DANCY ( ! LAW ( PLANN+4 ,ONCE A COMPREH5SIVE 9DU/RIAL BASE HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$1 AGRICULTURE C\LD BE ME*ANIZ$ & ?R\< A PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION AGRICULTURE C\LD BE EV5TUALLY BR\<T )9 ! /ATE SECTOR & REGULAT$ BY ! LAW ( PLANN+4 

,YET RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION REQUIR$ HUGE LEVELS ( 9VE/M5T :I* (F]$ LITTLE PROSPECTS ( RETURNS = SEV]AL YE>S4 ,= ,PREOBRAZH5SKY !RE APPE>$ LITTLE HOPE ( F9ANC+ SU* LEVELS ( 9VE/M5T )9 ! /ATE SECTOR ITSELF )\T SQUEEZ+ ! WORK+ CLASS -- AN OPTION ?AT W\LD UND]M9E ! V]Y SOCIAL BASE ( A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T4 ,! ONLY OPTION WAS TO F9ANCE 9DU/RIAL 9VE/M5T \T ( ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS PRODUC$ 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY ! USE ( TAX & PRIC+ POLICIES4 

,?IS POLICY ( SIPHON+ (F ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS PRODUC$ 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR WAS TO =M ! BASIS = A P]IOD ( ,PRIMITIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,ACCUMULATION4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY >GU$ ?AT JU/ AS CAPITALISM HAD TO UND]GO A P]IOD PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 9 :I* IT PLUND]$ PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION1 BE=E IT C\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF ON A SELF-SU/A9+ BASIS1 SO1 BE=E A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF ON A SELF-SU/A9+ BASIS1 IT TOO W\LD HAVE TO GO ?R\< AN ANALOG\S P]IOD ( PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION1 AT LEA/ 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY SU* AS ,RUSSIA4 

,! RISE ( ,/AL9 

,) ! DECL9E 9 ,L59'S HEAL? & HIS EV5TUAL DEA? 9 #a#i#b#d1 ! QUE/ION ( PLANN+ & 9DU/RIALIZATION BECAME A C5TRAL ISSUE 9 ! P[] /RUGGLE = ! SUCCESSION TO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,YET :ILE HE WAS WIDELY RECOGNIZ$ )9 ! ,P>TY AS ,L59'S NATURAL SUCCESSOR1 & AS SU* HAD BE5 GIV5 ,L59'S [N BLESS+1 ,TROTSKY WAS RELUCTANT TO *ALL5GE ! EM]G+ TROIKA ( ,/AL91 ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV1 :O1 9 REPRES5T+ ! CONS]VATIVE =CES )9 ! /ATE & ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY1 S\<T TO MA9TA9 ! ,N,E,P AS IT WAS4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! OV]RID+ DANG] WAS ! ?REAT ( A B\RGEOIS C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,AS A RESULT HE WAS UNWILL+ TO SPLIT ! ,P>TY OR ELSE UND]M9E ! 'C5TRI/' TROIKA & ALL[ ! RI<T ( ! ,P>TY TO COME TO P[]1 5ABL+ ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM ?R\< ! BACK DOOR4 

,FUR!RMORE1 DESPITE ,/AL9'S ABILITY REPEAT$LY TO \T-MANEUV] BO? ,TROTSKY & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION ?R\< HIS CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY1 ,TROTSKY C\LD TAKE COM=T FROM ! FACT ?AT AFT] ! RESOLUTION ( ! FIR/ 'SCISSORS CRISIS'.<#a#e.> 9 #aibc ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY PROGRESSIVELY ADOPT$ A POLICY ( PLANN+ & 9DU/RIALIZATION1 AL?\< )\T FULLY ADMITT+ IT4 

,BY #a#i#b#e1 HAV+ SIL5C$ ,TROTSKY & MU* ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 ,/AL9 HAD CONSOLIDAT$ SUFFICI5T P[] TO \/ BO? ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV.<#a#f.> & =CE !M TO JO9 ,TROTSKY 9 OPPOSITION4 ,HAV+ SECUR$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY1 ,/AL9 N[ OP5LY DECL>$ A POLICY ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION UND] ! BANN] ( 'BUILD+ SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY' ) P>TICUL> EMPHASIS ON BUILD+ UP HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,YET AT FIR/ ,/AL9 REFUS$ TO F9ANCE SU* AN 9DU/RIALIZATION /RATEGY BY SQUEEZ+ ! PEASANTS4 ,S9CE 9DU/RIALIZATION HAD TO BE F9ANC$ FROM )9 ! 9DU/RIAL /ATE SECTOR ITSELF1 9VE/M5T 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY C\LD ONLY COME AT ! EXP5SE ( 9VE/M5T 9 LI<T 9DU/RY :I* PRODUC$ ! TOOLS & CONSUM] GOODS DEM&$ BY ! PEASANTRY4 ,AS A RESULT A 'GOODS FAM9E' EM]G$ AS LI<T 9DU/RY LAGG$ BEH9D ! GR[? ( PEASANT 9COMES & ! GR[? ( HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,UNABLE TO BUY GOODS FROM ! CITIES ! PEASANTS SIMPLY HO>D$ GRA9 SO ?AT1 DESPITE RECORD H>VE/S 9 #aibg & #a#i#b#h1 ! SUPPLY ( FOOD SOLD TO ! CITIES FELL DRAMATICALLY4 

,?IS CRISIS ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY BR\<T ) IT A POLITICAL CRISIS )9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL OPPOSITION )9 ! ,P>TY HAD TO BE CRU%$4 ,TROTSKY & ,Z9OVIEV W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY1 ) ,TROTSKY EV5TUALLY BE+ =C$ 9TO EXILE1 LEAV+ ,/AL9 TO ASSUME SUPREME P[] 9 BO? ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE4 ,TO CONSOLIDATE & SU/A9 HIS P[] ,/AL9 WAS OBLIG$ TO LAUN* A REIGN ( T]ROR )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS T]ROR CULM9AT$ 9 A S]IES ( PURGES & %[ TRIALS 9 ! #a#i#cS :I* L$ TO ! EXECUTION ( MANY ( ! LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIKS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,P]HAPS RA!R IRONICALLY1 :ILE ,/AL9 HAD DEF5D$ ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY TO ! LA/1 HE N[ SET \T TO RESOLVE ! ECONOMIC CRISIS BY ADOPT+ ! ]/:ILE POLICIES ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION ALBEIT PU%+ !M TO AN UN5VISAG$ EXTREME4.<#a#g.> ,UND] ! FIVE YE> PLANS1 ! FIR/ ( :I* BEGAN 9 #a#i#b#h1 ALL ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! OV]RID+ OBJECTIVE ( MAXIMIZ+ GR[? & 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,9CREAS+ PHYSICAL \TPUT AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE WAS N[ TO BE ! NUMB] ONE CONC]N1 ) ! QUE/ION ( PR(IT & LOSS ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES R$UC$ TO A SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION AT BE/4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AGRICULTURE WAS TO BE TRANS=M$ ?R\< A POLICY ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,MILLIONS ( PEASANTS W]E H]D$ 9TO COLLECTIVES & /ATE F>MS :I*1 UND] /ATE DIRECTION1 C\LD APPLY MOD]N ME*ANIZ$ F>M+ ME?ODS4 

,IT WAS 9 ! FACE ( ?IS AB\T TURN 9 ECONOMIC POLICY1 & ! POLITICAL T]ROR ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS OBLIG$ TO DEVELOP HIS CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA & ) ?IS ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS N[ NO LONG] SUFFICI5T = ,TROTSKY TO SIMPLY CRITICIZE ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! LEAD]%IP AS HE HAD DONE DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION4 ,9/EAD ,TROTSKY HAD TO BROAD5 HIS CRITICISMS TO EXPLA9 H[ ! V]Y C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION HAD 5D$ UP 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC NI<TM>E ?AT WAS ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,TROTSKY'S NEW CRITIQUE WAS TO F9D ITS FULLE/ EXPRESSION 9 HIS SEM9AL WORK ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#c#f4 

,TROTSKY & ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( P>TY1 CLASS & ! /ATE 

,AS WE %ALL SEE1 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 ,TROTSKY CONCLUDES ?AT1 ) ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD1 ! WORK]S' /ATE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD DEG5]AT$ ?R\< ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( BO? ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE4 ,TO UND]/& H[ ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO COME TO ?IS CONCLUSION :ILE REMA9+ )9 ,M>XI/ & ,L59I/ OR?ODOXY1 WE MU/ FIR/ CONSID] H[ ,TROTSKY APPROPRIAT$ & DEVELOP$ ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE1 P>TY & CLASS4 

,FROM ALMO/ ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION !RE HAD BE5 ?OSE BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,P>TY :O HAD W>N$ AGA9/ ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! E>LY YE>S1 ,TROTSKY HAD LITTLE SYMPA?Y = SU* COMPLA9TS CONC]N+ BUREAUCRATIZATION & AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! IMM$IATE IMP]ATIVE ( CRU%+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 & ! LONG-T]M AIM ( BUILD+ ! MAT]IAL BASIS = SOCIALISM1 BO? DEM&$ A /RONG /ATE & A RESOLUTE ,P>TY :I* W]E SE5 AS NECESS>Y TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION & DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,= ,TROTSKY AT ?IS TIME1 ! CRITICISMS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION & AU?ORIT>IANISM1 :E!R ADVANC$ BY ?OSE ON ! RI<T OR ! LEFT1 C\LD ONLY S]VE TO UND]M9E ! VITAL ROLE ( ! ,P>TY & ! /ATE 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 

,H[EV]1 HAV+ BE5 =C$ 9TO OPPOSITION & EV5TUAL EXILE ,TROTSKY WAS =C$ TO DEVELOP HIS [N CRITIQUE ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT 9 DO+ SO HE WAS ANXI\S TO REMA9 )9 ! BASIC ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS ( ! /ATE1 P>TY & CLASS :I* HE HAD RESOLUTELY DEF5D$ AGA9/ E>LI] CRITICS4 

,FOLL[+ ,5GELS1 !ORI/S )9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD PLAC$ MU* /ORE 9 ! NOTION ?AT :AT DI/+UI%$ ,M>XISM FROM ALL =M] SOCIALI/ !ORIES WAS ?AT IT WAS NEI!R AN UTOPIAN SOCIALISM NOR AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM BUT A SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ,M>XISM T5D$ TO BE VIEW$ AS A BODY ( POSITIVE SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ?AT EXI/$ AP>T FROM ! IMM$IATE EXP]I5CES & PRACTICE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X'S [N !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM SEEM$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9EVITABLY APPE>$ 9 =MS ?AT S]V$ TO OBSCURE !IR [N TRUE EXPLOITATIVE NATURE4.<#a#h.> ,SO1 :ILE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS MAY FEEL 9/9CTIVELY ?AT !Y W]E ALI5AT$ & EXPLOIT$1 CAPITALISM W\LD /ILL APPE> TO !M AS BE+ BAS$ ON FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,?US1 RA!R ?AN SEE+ WAGE-LABOR 9 G5]AL AS BE+ EXPLOITATIVE1 !Y W\LD SEE !MSELVES BE+ *EAT$ BY A P>TICUL> WAGE DEAL4 ,SO1 RA!R ?AN CALL+ = ! ABOLITION ( WAGE-LABOR1 LEFT TO !MSELVES ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD CALL = A 'FAIR DAY'S PAY = A FAIR DAY'S WORK'4 

,TRAPP$ )9 ! R\T9ES ( !IR EV]YDAY LIFE1 ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD NOT BE ABLE BY !MSELVES TO GO BEYOND SU* A SECTIONAL & TRADE UNION P]SPECTIVE4 ,H5CE ONE ( ! C5TRAL TASKS ( A WORK]S' P>TY WAS TO $UCATE ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! SCI5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT W\LD ONLY BE ?R\< A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ,M>XISM ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE ABLE TO REA* CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & AS SU* BE 9 A POSITION TO UND]/& ITS HI/ORIC ROLE 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM & BR++ AB\T A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,9 ADAPT+ ?IS OR?ODOX VIEW ( ! ,P>TY TO CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA ,L59 HAD PU%$ IT TO A P>TICUL> LOGICAL EXTREME4 ,IT WAS 9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 ?AT ,L59 HAD FIR/ SET \T HIS CONCEPTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY BAS$ ON DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM4 ,9 ?IS WORK ,L59 HAD ADVOCAT$ A P>TY MADE UP ( D$ICAT$ & DISCIPL9$ PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES 9 :I*1 :ILE ! OV]ALL POLICY & DIRECTION ( ! P>TY W\LD BE MADE ?R\< DISCUSSION & DEMOCRATIC DECISION1 9 ! EV]YDAY RUNN+ ( ! P>TY ! L[] ORGANS ( ! P>TY W\LD BE COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ?OSE ( ! C5T]4 ,AT ! TIME1 ,TROTSKY HAD /RONGLY CRITICIZ$ ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE81 >GU+ ?AT ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY IMPLI$ ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! P>TY = ! CLASS4 

,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY'S REJECTION ( ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( ! P>TY HAS (T5 BE5 SE5 AS ! MA9 DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY RI<T UP UNTIL !IR EV5TUAL RECONCILIATION 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g4 ,?US1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ ?AT1 :ILE ! Y\NG ,TROTSKY HAD SID$ ) ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ! ,M5%EVIKS OV] ! CRUCIAL ISSUE ( ! NE$ = AN ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY1 HE HAD BE5 UNABLE TO ACCEPT ,L59'S AU?ORIT>IAN POSITION ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ( #aiag ?AT ,TROTSKY HAD COME OV] TO ,L59'S VIEWPO9T CONC]N+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,TROTSKY ACCEPT$ ! BASIC PREMISE ( ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE81 :I* WAS ROOT$ 9 ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY1 ?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS HAD TO BE 9TRODUC$ FROM \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASS BY 9TELLECTUALS $UCAT$ 9 ! 'SCI5CE ( ,M>XISM'4 ,!RE IS ALSO LITTLE D\BT ?AT FROM AN E>LY DATE ,TROTSKY ACCEPT$ ! NE$ = A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY OV] ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION W]E = ! MO/ P>T A DIFF]5CE ( EMPHASIS4.<#a#i.> ,:AT SEEMS TO HAVE REALLY KEPT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY AP>T = SO LONG WAS NOT SO MU* ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION BUT ,TROTSKY'S 'CONCILIATIONISM'4 ,:]EAS ,L59 ALWAYS >GU$ = A %>P DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,M5%EVIKS TO 5SURE POLITICAL & !ORETICAL CL>ITY1 ,TROTSKY HAD ALWAYS S\<T TO RE-UNITE ! TWO W+S ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,TO SOME EXT5T ,L59'S =MULATION ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM 9 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 WAS DET]M9$ BY ! REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS !N PREVAIL+ 9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA2 BUT IT WAS ALSO PREMIS$ ON ! P]CEIV$ CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS :I*1 IT WAS ?\<T1 W\LD NECESS>ILY P]SI/ EV5 AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,UNLIKE ,G]MANY1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W]E SEMI-LIT]ATE & UN$UCAT$4 ,9DE$1 MANY1 IF NOT A MAJORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS W]E FRE% \T ( ! C\NTRYSIDE &1 = SOCIALI/ 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 RETA9$ AN UNC\? P>O*IAL PEASANT M5TALITY4 ,AS SU* !RE SEEM$ LITTLE HOPE ( $UCAT+ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS BEYOND A BASIC TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS4 

,H[EV]1 !RE W]E A M9ORITY )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ITS MORE E/ABLI%$ & SKILL$ /RATA1 :O C\LD1 ?R\< !IR [N EF=TS & UND] ! TUTELAGE ( ! P>TY1 ATTA9 A CLE> CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT WAS !SE MORE ADVANC$ WORK]S1 :I*1 ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! P>TY1 W\LD =M ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT W\LD BE ! SPE>HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,( C\RSE ?IS WAS NOT TO SAY ?AT RE/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR EV5 ! PEASANTRY1 C\LD NOT BE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 = ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 REVOLUTION WAS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< ! MASS 9VOLVEM5T ( ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ! 9/9CTIVE REVOLUTION>Y WILL ( ! MASSES HAD TO BE GIV5 LEAD]%IP & DIRECTION BY ! P>TY4 ,ONLY ?R\< ! LEAD]%IP ( ! PROLET>IAN VANGU>D ORGANIZ$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO M$IATE & RECONCILE ! IMM$IATE & (T5 COMPET+ 9DIVIDUAL & SECTIONAL 9T]E/S ( WORK]S & PEASANTS ) ! OV]ALL & LONG-T]M 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 

,= ,L591 ! FIR/ TASK 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM HAD TO BE ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]4 ,DUR+ HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ?OSE ON ! RI<T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY :O HAD1 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 FE>$ ?AT ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOIS ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] MI<T PROVE PREMATURE1 ,L59 HAD RETURN$ TO ,5GELS' CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE 9 ! /AGE ( SOCIALISM4 

,AGA9/ BO? ,LASSALLE'S CONCEPTION ( /ATE SOCIALISM & ! AN>*I/S' CALL = ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ,5GELS HAD >GU$ ?AT1 :ILE IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO RETA9 ! /ATE AS MEANS ( MA9TA9+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS UNTIL ! DANG] ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAD BE5 F9ALLY OV]COME1 A SOCIALI/ /ATE W\LD BE RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* HAD EXI/$ BE=E4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! /ATE HAD TO /& ABOVE SOCIETY 9 ORD] BO? TO M$IATE BETWE5 COMPET+ CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S & TO IMPOSE ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS M9ORITY OV] ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! V>I\S ORGANS ( ! /ATE1 SU* AS ! >MY1 ! POLICE & ! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS HAD TO BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! POPULATION AT L>GE & RUN BY A DI/9CT CLASS ( SPECIALI/S4 ,UND] SOCIALISM ! /ATE W\LD ALREADY BE 9 ! PROCESS ( WI!R+ AWAY ) ! BREAK+ D[N ( ITS SEP>ATION FROM SOCIETY4 ,?US POLICE & >MY W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A WORK]S' MILITIA1 :ILE ! /ATE ADM9I/RATION W\LD BE C>RI$ \T 9CREAS+LY BY ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 

,RALLY+ ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY >\ND ?IS VISION ( SOCIALISM1 ,L59 HAD >GU$ ?AT ) SUFFICI5T REVOLUTION>Y WILL ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ MASSES & ) ! CORRECT LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO SMA% ! /ATE & BEG9 IMM$IATELY ! CON/RUCTION ( ,5GELS' 'SEMI-/ATE' )\T TOO MU* DIFFICULTY4.<#b.> ,ALREADY ! BASIS = ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /ATE C\LD BE SE5 9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ! SOVIETS & ! TRADE UNIONS1 & BY ! LATE SUMM] ( #aiag MO/ ( !SE HAD FALL5 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4.<#b#a.> ,YET ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE :I* 9SPIR$ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION DID NOT LA/ LONG 9TO ! NEW YE>4 

,CONFRONT$ BY ! REALITIES ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! P[] ( ! NEW WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T 9 ! BACKW>D ECONOMIC & CULTURAL CONDITIONS !N PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E ,L59 WAS OBLIG$ TO RECONSID] HIS [N OV]-OPTIMI/IC ASSESSM5TS = ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM ?AT HE HAD ADOPT$ JU/ PRIOR TO ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION4 ,AS A RESULT1 )9 WEEKS ( COM+ TO P[] IT BECAME CLE> TO ,L59 ?AT ! FL$G+ ,SOVIET ,/ATE C\LD NOT AF=D ! TIME OR RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO $UCATE ! MASS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ! PO9T :]E !Y C\LD BE DRAWN 9TO DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! /ATE4 ,NOR C\LD ! ECONOMY AF=D A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( DISRUPTION ?AT W\LD FOLL[ ! TRIALS & ]RORS ( ANY EXP]IM5T 9 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,L59 SOON CONCLUD$ ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( MOV+ IMM$IATELY T[>DS ,5GELS' CONCEPTION ( A 'SEMI-/ATE'1 :I* AFT] ALL HAD BE5 5VISAG$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BE+ MADE 9 AN ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! OV]RID+ IMP]ATIVE ( DEVELOP+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* ALONE C\LD PROVIDE ! MAT]IAL & CULTURAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 DEM&$ NOT A WEAK5+1 BUT A /R5G!N+ ( ! /ATE -- ALBEIT UND] ! /RICT LEAD]%IP ( ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ )9 ! P>TY4 

,SO N[1 = ,L591 ADM9I/RATIVE & ECONOMIC EFFICI5CY DEM&$ ! CONC5TRATION ( DAY TO DAY DECISION MAK+ 9TO ! H&S ( SPECIALI/S & ! ADOPTION ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ ME?ODS ( 'SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T'4.<#b#b.> ,! 9TRODUCTION ( SU* MEASURES AS ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & ! ADOPTION ( ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T NOT ONLY UND]M9$ WORK]S' P[] & 9ITIATIVE OV] ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ALSO W5T H&-9-H& ) ! EMPLOYM5T ( ?\S&S ( =M] CAPITALI/ MANAG]S & =M] ,CZ>I/ ADM9I/RATORS4 

,YET1 :ILE SU* MEASURES S]V$ TO RE-IMPOSE B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT SU* CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS C\LD BE C\NT]-BALANC$ BY ! POLITICAL CONTROL EX]CIS$ OV] ! /ATE-9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS BY ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY4 ,9DE$1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 AGA9/ ! OBJECTIONS FROM ! LEFT ?AT HIS POLICIES AM\NT$ TO ! 9TRODUCTION NOT ( SOCIALISM BUT ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 ,L591 RETURN+ TO ! OR?ODOX =MULATION1 RETORT$ ?AT ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN '/ATE CAPITALISM UND] WORK]S' CONTROL'1 & ?AT1 GIV5 ! WOEFUL BACKW>DNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY1 ANY DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD ONLY BE A WELCOME ADVANCE4 

,AS ! ECONOMIC SITUATION DET]IORAT$ ) ! ONSET ( ! CIVIL W> & ! 9T]V5TION ( ! 9FAM\S 'F\RTE5 IMP]IALI/ >MIES'1.<#b#c.> ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS & ?OSE ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY GR[4 ,! NE$ TO MA9TA9 ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,P>TY L$ AT FIR/ TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!R WORK] & PEASANT P>TIES FROM ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T & !N TO ! EXT5SION ( ! ,R$ ,T]ROR1 :I* HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 AIM$ AT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 TO ALL ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME P[] WAS GRADUALLY %IFT$ FROM ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & CONC5TRAT$ )9 ! C5TRAL ORGANS ( ! ,P>TY4.<#b#d.> ,AS A RESULT IT WAS ! ,P>TY :I* HAD TO 9CREAS+LY S]VE AS ! *ECK ON ! /ATE & ! GU>ANTEE ( ITS PROLET>IAN *>ACT]4 

,! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,TROTSKY %>$ SU* ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS CONC]N+ ! /ATE1 P>TY & CLASS1 & ) !M ! VIEW ?AT ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM REQUIR$ BO? ! /R5G!N+ ( ! /ATE & ! RE-IMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 ?IS P]SPECTIVE CAN BE CLE>LY SE5 9 ! WAY HE C>RI$ \T ! TASK ( CON/RUCT+ ! ,R$ ,>MY4.<#b#e.> ,:AT IS MORE1 ,TROTSKY DID NOT BALK AT ! IMPLICATIONS ( !SE ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS & ! POLICIES ?AT FOLL[$ FROM !M4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY FULLY SUPPORT$ ! 9CREAS+ SUPPRESSION ( OPPOSITION BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,P>TY :I* CULM9AT$ ) HIS BACK+ = ! SUSP5SION ( ,P>TY FACTIONS AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 #aiba & HIS P]SONAL ROLE 9 CRU%+ ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#a4 

,IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS FULLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTIONS & POLICIES1 & ?AT SU* CONCEPTIONS & POLICIES PROVID$ BO? ! BASIS & PREC$5T = ,/AL9ISM & ! %[ TRIALS ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,H[EV]1 = ,TROTSKY & HIS FOLL[]S !RE WAS A QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CONSOLIDATION ( P[] & REPRESSION ( OPPOSITION ?AT W]E ADOPT$ AS TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5TS MADE NECESS>Y DUE TO ! CIVIL W> & ! ?REAT ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & ! P]MAN5T & 9/ITUTIONAL MEASURES ?AT W]E LAT] ADOPT$ BY ,/AL94 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ?IS QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ! PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION ?AT >OSE ) ! FAILURE ( WORLD REVOLUTION TO SAVE ! ,SOVIET ,REVOLUTION FROM ISOLATION4 

,9 HIS F9AL YE>S ,L59 HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY CONC]N$ ) ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( BO? ! /ATE & ,P>TY APP>ATUS4 ,= ,L591 ! NECESSITY ( EMPLOY+ NON-PROLET>IAN B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S & ADM9I/RATORS1 :O W\LD 9EVITABLY T5D TO WORK AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION :E!R CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 MEANT ?AT !RE W\LD BE A SEP>ATION ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS FROM ! WORK+ CLASS & ) ?IS ! EM]G5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 ,H[EV]1 AS A C\NT] TO !SE BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES /OOD ! ,P>TY4 ,! ,P>TY1 BE+ ROOT$ 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ACT$ AS A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! WORK+ CLASS1 &1 ?R\< ! IMPOSITION ( ! ',P>TY ,L9E'1 5SUR$ ! /ATE REMA9$ ESS5TIALLY A 'WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /ATE'4 

,YET ! LOSSES ( ! CIVIL W> LEFT ! ,P>TY LACK+ SOME ( ITS F9E/ WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 & ?OSE :O REMA9$ HAD BE5 DRAFT$ 9TO ! APP>ATUS ( ! ,P>TY & /ATE AS FULL TIME (FICIALS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,L59 FE>$ ?AT MORE & MORE NON-PROLET>IAN C>E]I/ ELEM5TS W]E JO9+ ! ,P>TY4 ,AS A RESULT1 %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? ,L59 C\LD COMPLA9 ?AT ONLY #a P] C5T ( ! ,P>TY MEMB]%IP W]E /ILL AT ! FACTORY B5*4 ,LOS+ ITS FOOT+ 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ,L59 C\LD ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT ! ,P>TY ITSELF WAS BECOM+ BUREAUCRATIZ$4 

,9 DEVELOP+ HIS [N CRITIQUE ( ,/AL91 ,TROTSKY TOOK UP !SE >GUM5TS :I* HAD BE5 FIR/ PUT =W>D BY ,L594 ,TROTSKY FUR!R EMPHASIZ$ ?AT1 ) ! EXHAU/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM1 BY ! #a#i#bS EV5 ! MO/ ADVANC$ PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS )9 ! /ATE & ,P>TY APP>ATUS HAD BEGUN TO SUCCUMB TO ! PRESSURES ( BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS GREATLY ACCEL]AT$ BY ! SEV]E MAT]IAL %ORTAGES :I* 5C\RAG$ /ATE & ,P>TY (FICIALS1 ( :ATEV] CLASS ORIG91 TO PLACE !IR [N COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S AS P>T ( ! BUREAUCRACY ABOVE ?OSE ( WORK+ MASSES4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! RISE TO P[] ( ! TROIKA ( ,/AL91 ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV FOLL[+ ,L59'S DEA? M>K$ ! PO9T :]E ?IS PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE & ,P>TY HAD REA*$ & 5SN>$ ! V]Y LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY ITSELF4.<#b#f.> ,DRAW+ A P>ALLEL ) ! C\RSE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,TROTSKY >GU$ ?AT ?IS PO9T REPRES5T$ ! TRANSITION TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,!RMIDOR -- A P]IOD ( CONS]VATIVE REACTION >IS+ FROM ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,AS SU*1 = ,TROTSKY1 ,RUSSIA REMA9$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 BUT ONE :OSE PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ POLICIES HAD N[ BECOME DI/ORT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ & 9CREAS+LY CONS]VATIVE /RATA ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT =M$ ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ?R\< :I* /ATE POLICY WAS BO? =MULAT$ & IMPLEM5T$4 

,= ,TROTSKY1 !SE CONS]VATIVE-BUREAUCRATIC DI/ORTIONS ( /ATE POLICY W]E CLE>LY EVID5T 9 BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL AFFAIRS4 ,CONS]VATIVE-BUREAUCRATIC DI/ORTIONS W]E EXEMPLIFI$ 9 =EIGN POLICY BY ! AB&ONM5T ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM1 :I* HAD S\<T TO SPREAD ! REVOLUTION BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! =M] ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 9 FAVOR ( ! POLICY ( 'BUILD+ SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY'4 ,= ! BUREAUCRACY ! DISAV[AL ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM OP5$ ! WAY = ! NORMALIZATION ( DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ) ! CAPITALI/ P[]S ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! AB&ONM5T ( PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM DIM9I%$ ! PROSPECTS ( WORLD REVOLUTION :I* WAS ULTIMATELY ! ONLY HOPE = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IF IT WAS TO AVOID ISOLATION 9 A CAPITALI/ WORLD & FUR!R DEG5]ATION CULM9AT+ 9 ! EV5TUAL RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,DOME/ICALLY1 ! POLICY ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY HAD ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ! P]SI/5CE ( ! CAUTI\S ECONOMIC POLICIES ( BALANC$ & OPTIMAL GR[? REPRES5T$ BY ! CONT9UATION ( ! ,N,E,P1 :I* = ,TROTSKY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ?REAT5$ ! RISE ( A NEW B\RGEOISIE AMONG ! RI* PEASANTRY & ) ?IS ! DANG] ( CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 

,H[EV]1 JU/ AS ! ,!RMIDOR P]IOD ( CONS]VATIVE REACTION HAD GIV5 WAY TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE :I* IMPOS$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE MAN1 SO ! ,RUSSIAN ,!RMIDOR1 :I* 5D$ ) ! CRISIS 9 ! ,N,E,P1 GAVE RISE TO ,/AL9 AS ! SOLE DICTATOR4 ,= ,TROTSKY !N1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,/AL9 REPRES5T$ A ',BONAP>TI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION' FROM )9 ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 :I* M>K$ ! F9AL /AGE 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' /ATE4 ,YET1 JU/ AS ,BONAP>TE'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* :ILE RE/OR+ ! MON>*Y DID SO BY PRES]V+ ! TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY RELATIONS A*IEV$ BY ! REVOLUTION1 SO LIKEWISE ,/AL9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION PRES]V$ ! FUNDAM5TAL GA9S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ?AT IT MA9TA9$ PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ALONG ) /ATE PLANN+4 ,9DE$1 :ILE ,TROTSKY DISMISS$ ,/AL9'S CLAIMS ?AT1 ) ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9TRODUCTION ( COMPREH5SIVE C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ ( ! FIVE YE> PLANS1 ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME FULLY SOCIALI/1 HE ACCEPT$ ?AT !SE W]E MAJOR A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! TRANSITION T[>DS SOCIALISM4 

,SO1 = ,TROTSKY1 H[EV] DEG5]AT$ ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME1 IT REMA9$ A WORK]S' /ATE & AS SU* PRES]V$ ! FUNDAM5TAL GA9S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BY PRES]V+ PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & /ATE PLANN+1 :I* OP5$ ! WAY = ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 ,/AL9'S REGIME C\LD BE SE5 TO DEVELOP ! OBJECTIVE SOCIAL & MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = SOCIALISM4 ,AS SU*1 = ALL ITS CRIMES1 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA OBJECTIVELY REPRES5T$ A CRUCIAL HI/ORIC ADVANCE OV] ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,!RE=E1 = ,TROTSKY1 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA DEM&$ CRITICAL SUPPORT FROM ALL REVOLUTION>IES4.<#b#g.> 

,YET1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! 9CREAS+ T5SION BETWE5 ! B>B>ISM ( ,/AL9'S REGIME1 :I* CONDEMN$ MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & REVOLUTION>IES 79CLUD+ MANY ( ,TROTSKY'S [N =M] COMRADES7 TO DEA? OR H>D LABOR1 & ,TROTSKY'S 9SI/5CE ( ITS OBJECTIVELY PROGRESSIVE *>ACT]1 PROMPT$ MANY1 9CLUD+ ,TROTSKY'S [N >D5T FOLL[]S1 TO QUE/ION HIS NOTION ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE4 

,! OBVI\S OBJECTION WAS ?AT ! TOTALIT>IANISM ( ,/AL9'S REGIME WAS VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ,HITL]'S :I* HAD ALSO GONE A LONG WAY T[>DS NATIONALIZ+ ! ECONOMY & BR+ IT UND] /ATE PLANN+4 ,TROTSKY DISMISS$ ANY RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA & ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY AS BE+ M]ELY SUP]FICIAL4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 DUR+ ITS P]IOD ( DECL9E CAPITALISM W\LD NECESS>ILY BE =C$ 9TO AN 9CREAS+ /ATIFICATION ( ! ECONOMY :I* W\LD GIVE RISE TO AU?ORIT>IAN & FASCI/ REGIMES4 ,?IS PROCESS T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY REA*$ AN EXTREME 9 SU* C\NTRIES AS ,ITALY UND] ,MUSSOL9I & ,G]MANY UND] ,HITL] BUT C\LD ALSO BE SE5 9 ! GR[+ /ATISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 O!R 'DEMOCRATIC' C\NTRIES SU* AS ,FRANCE4 ,H[EV]1 SU* /ATIFICATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! GR[? 9 PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS BE+ C>RI$ \T AS A LA/ DIT* EF=T TO PRES]VE ITS OPPOSITE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS DEVELOP+ ON ! V]Y BASIS ( ! PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA HAD CROSS$ ! HI/ORICAL ,RUBICON ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,?US1 :ILE IT MAY HAVE APPE>$ ?AT ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY1 = ,TROTSKY !Y W]E ESS5TIALLY V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,BUREAUCRACY & CLASS 

,A MORE P5ETRAT+ OBJECTION TO ,TROTSKY'S CRITICAL DEF5SE ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA CONC]N$ ! QUE/ION ( ! NATURE ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY4 ,AGA9/ ,TROTSKY1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT UND] ,/AL91 IF NOT BE=E1 ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS A NEW EXPLOITATIVE RUL+ CLASS4 ,IF ?IS WAS ! CASE !N IT C\LD NO LONG] BE MA9TA9$ ?AT ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA WAS 9 ANY S5SE A WORK]S' /ATE1 H[EV] DEG5]AT$4 ,FUR!R1 IF ! BUREAUCRACY WAS NOT SIMPLY A /RATA ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT HAD BECOME SEP>AT$ FROM ! RE/ ( ITS CLASS1 BUT A CLASS 9 ITSELF1 IT C\LD NO LONG] BE CLAIM$ ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY ULTIMATELY RUL$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ALBEIT 9 A DI/ORT$ MANN]4 ,! BUREAUCRACY C\LD ONLY RULE 9 ITS [N N>R[ & M9ORITY CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,AS A RESULT IT C\LD BE CONCLUD$ ?AT EI!R ,RUSSIA HAD REV]T$ BACK TO A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 OR ELSE HAD GIV5 RISE TO A NEW UNKN[N MODE ( PRODUCTION2 EI!R WAY !RE C\LD BE NO LONG] ANY OBLIGATION = REVOLUTION>IES TO GIVE ,/AL9'S MON/R\S REGIME 'CRITICAL SUPPORT'4 

,GIV5 ?AT ?IS *>GE ?AT ! ,/AL9I/'S BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ A DI/9CT EXPLOITATIVE CLASS ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E ! V]Y BASIS ( HIS !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 ,TROTSKY WAS AT GREAT PA9S TO REFUTE IT4 ,( C\RSE1 IT WAS C5TRAL TO ,TROTSKY'S CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION UND] ,/AL9 ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY HAD EM]G$ AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P ?AT HAD COME TO DOM9ATE ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9DE$1 AS ,TROTSKY HIMSELF PUT IT1 ! BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ 'A COMM&+ & PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL /RATUM'4 ,YET DESPITE ?IS ,TROTSKY D5I$ ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY C\LD 9 ANY WAY CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 

,9 D5Y+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO DIRECTLY 9VOKE ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS ( CLASS & BUREAUCRACY4 ,9 DO+ SO ,TROTSKY WAS ABLE TO CLAIM AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE WAS DEF5D+ ,M>XISM ITSELF AGA9/ ! REVISIONI/ >GUM5TS ( HIS OPPON5TS2 BUT1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 BY 9VOK+ ! AU?ORITY ( ,M>X1 ,TROTSKY WAS SP>$ ! TASK ( SETT+ \T ! BASIS ( HIS [N CONCEPTION ( ! NATURE ( CLASS & BUREAUCRACY ) ANY DEGREE ( CL>ITY4 

,= BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS SOCIAL CLASSES W]E CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT NECESS>ILY >OSE \T ( ! P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION UPON :I* A GIV5 SOCIETY WAS BAS$4 ,9DE$1 = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ANY CLASS SOCIETY WAS DET]M9$ BY ! MANN] 9 :I* ! EXPLOITATIVE CLASSES EXTRACT$ SURPLUS LABOR FROM ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 

,= OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 SU* SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E 9T]PRET$ PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( PROP]TY RELATIONS4.<#b#h.> ,H5CE1 )9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ! ESS5TIAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E SE5 PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ITS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ITS NON-[N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 ONCE IT HAS CONSUM$ ITS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 HAD NO OPTION BUT TO SELL ITS LABOR P[] TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IF IT WAS TO SURVIVE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 BUY+ ! LABOR P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ! CAPITALI/ CLASS OBTA9$ ! RI<TS ( POSSESSION ( ALL ! WEAL? ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CREAT$ ) ITS LABOR4 ,ONCE IT HAD PAID ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ ! CO/S ( REPRODUC+ LABOR-P[]1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS LEFT 9 POSSESSION ( ! SURPLUS-LABOR CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS ! DIRECT PRODUC]S1 9 ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE4.<#b#i.> 

,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS OR?ODOX 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATURE ( CLASS1 BACK$ UP BY V>I\S POLITICAL WRIT+S ( BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS1 IT WAS NOT H>D TO >GUE ?AT1 AT LEA/ )9 CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD NOT CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS4 ,! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD CLE>LY BE SE5 TO /& \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION1 & AS SU* WAS NOT DIRECTLY CON/ITUT$ \T ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 9S(> AS ! /ATE WAS ABLE TO GO BEYOND ITS M]E FUNCTION AS ! 'EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! B\RGEOISIE' SO ?AT ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD ACT AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P :I* WAS ABLE TO PURSUE ITS [N 5DS & 9T]E/S1 ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY /ILL DID NOT CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT CLASS S9CE ITS SOCIAL POSITION WAS NOT BAS$ 9 PRIVATE PROP]TY BUT 9 ITS EXTRA-ECONOMIC POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,SO1 EV5 9S(> AS ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY WAS ABLE TO APPROPRIATE A %>E 9 ! SURPLUS-VALUE IT DID SO NOT BY VIRTUE ( ITS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION OR CAPITAL BUT ?R\< EXTRA-ECONOMIC MEANS SU* AS TAXATION & T>IFFS4 

,SO1 AT LEA/ UND] CAPITALISM1 IT SEEM$ CLE> ?AT ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD NOT CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS4 ,BUT :AT ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM8 ,= ,TROTSKY1 FOLL[+ ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY1 ! QUE/ION WAS CLE> CUT4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #aiag HAD SWEPT AWAY ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ) IT ! BASIS = ! EXPLOITATION ( 'MAN BY MAN' :I* HAD BE5 P]FECT$ UND] CAPITALISM4 ,) ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIAL PLANN+ !RE WAS NO BASIS = ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY TO EXI/ AS AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 

,TROTSKY MADE CLE> HIS POSITION AT ! V]Y \TSET ( HIS CONSID]ATION ( ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY3 

,CLASSES >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY !IR POSITION 9 ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ECONOMY1 & PRIM>ILY BY !IR RELATION TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES1 PROP]TY RELATIONS >E VALIDAT$ BY LAWS4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( L&1 ! MEANS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 TRANSPORT & EX*ANGE1 TOGE!R ) ! MONOPOLY ( =EIGN TRADE1 CON/ITUTE ! BASIS ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,?R\< !SE RELATIONS1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A PROLET>IAN /ATE IS = US BASICALLY DEF9$4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d#h7 

,TO ?IS EXT5T ,TROTSKY'S POSITION IS LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,/AL93 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 5DS ! EXPLOITATION ( 'MAN BY MAN'4.<#c.> 

,( C\RSE1 ,TROTSKY C\LD NOT SIMPLY REMA9 CONT5T ) ,/AL9'S D5IAL ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS4 ,9DE$ ,/AL9'S POSITION EV5 D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P4 ,TO MAKE HIS CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 ,TROTSKY HAD TO LOOK BEYOND ! =MAL & JUDICIAL TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY RELATIONS BR\<T AB\T BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,TROTSKY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT1 AL?\< ! NATIONALIZATION DECREES ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION HAD =MALLY & JURIDICALLY TRANSF]R$ ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! H&S ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/S TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ?IS WAS NOT ! SAME AS ! REAL TRANSF] ( ! [N]%IP TO ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION HAD M]ELY TRANSF]R$ ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! CAPITALI/ TO ! /ATE1 :I*1 :ILE A NECESS>Y /EP 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM1 WAS NOT ! SAME AS REAL PUBLIC [N]%IP4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 9 A REAL S5SE ! '/ATE [NS ! ECONOMY & ! BUREAUCRACY [NS ! /ATE'4 

,AS ,TROTSKY HIMSELF PO9TS \T1 ! REAL PROP]TY RELATIONS1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! =MAL & JURIDICAL PROP]TY RELATIONS1 IS A SOCIAL REALITY ACUTELY APP>5T TO ! ,SOVIET WORK]3 

0,! WORK] 9 \R C\NTRY IS NOT A WAGE SLAVE & IS NOT A SELL] ( A COMMODITY CALL$ LABOR-P[]4 ,HE IS A FREE WORKMAN0 7,PRAVDA74 ,= ! PRES5T P]IOD ?IS UNCTU\S =MULA IS UNP]MISSIBLE BRAGG+4 ,! TRANSF] ( ! FACTORIES TO ! /ATE *ANG$ ! SITUATION ( ! WORK] ONLY JURIDICALLY4 ,9 REALITY1 HE IS COMPELL$ TO LIVE 9 WANT & WORK A DEF9ITE AM\NT ( H\RS = A DEF9ITE WAGE4 ,?OSE HOPES :I* ! WORK] =M]LY PLAC$ 9 ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS1 HE TRANSF]R$ AFT] ! REVOLUTION TO ! /ATE CREAT$ BY HIM4 ,BUT ! USEFUL FUNCTION+ ( ?IS IMPLEM5T TURN$ \T TO BE LIMIT$ BY ! LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE & CULTURE4 ,9 ORD] TO RAISE ?IS LEVEL1 ! NEW /ATE RESORT$ TO ! OLD ME?ODS ( PRESSURE UPON ! MUSCLES & N]VES ( ! WORK]4 ,!RE GREW UP A CORPS ( SLAVE DRIV]S4 ,! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY BECAME SUP]-BUREAUCRATIC4 ,! WORK]S LO/ ALL 9FLU5CE :ATEV] UPON MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORY4 ,) PIECEWORK PAYM5T1 H>D CONDITIONS ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 LACK ( FREE MOVEM5T1 ) T]RIBLE POLICE REPRESSION P5ETRAT+ ! LIFE ( EV]Y FACTORY1 IT IS H>D 9DE$ = ! WORK] TO FEEL HIMSELF A FREE WORKMAN4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d#a7 

,= ,TROTSKY1 ! OV]RID+ NE$ TO DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA REQUIR$ ! /ATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTION4 ,?R\< ! /ATE ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY HAD1 9 A S5SE1 TAK5 REAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & AS SU* HAD COME TO CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT SOCIAL GR\P4 ,JU/ AS ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD OBS]V$ ?AT UND] CAPITALISM ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY C\LD 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS OBTA9 A RELATIVE DEGREE ( AUTONOMY FROM ! B\RGEOIS RUL+ CLASS1 SO 9 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY WAS ABLE TO OBTA9 A RELATIVE AUTONOMY FROM ! PROLET>IAN RUL+ CLASS4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY >GUES ?AT ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY IS ALL ! GREAT] ?AN ITS C\NT]P>TS UND] CAPITALISM S9CE ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT AN 9H]5TLY DOM9AT+ CLASS4 

,?US1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION HAD =MALLY FRE$ ! WORK] FROM ! DICTATES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & MADE HIM A CO-[N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 REALITY ! WORK] F\ND HIMSELF 9 A SITUATION ?AT SEEM$ LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT UND] CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 SUBORD9AT$ TO ! DEM&S ( ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY ! WORK] MAY WELL FEEL JU/ AS EXPLOIT$ AS HE HAD BE5 UND] CAPITALISM4 ,BUT = ,TROTSKY1 AL?\< ! WORK] MAY SUBJECTIVELY FEEL EXPLOIT$1 OBJECTIVELY HE WAS NOT4 ,! PLI<T ( ! WORK]S' SITUATION WAS NOT DUE TO EXPLOITATION BUT TO ! OBJECTIVE NE$ TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,( C\RSE1 LIKE ALL BUREAUCRACIES ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY C\LD ABUSE ITS POSITION TO OBTA9 MAT]IAL & P]SONAL ADVANTAGES & ?IS C\LD RE9=CE ! WORK]S' P]CEPTION ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY WAS EXPLOIT+ !M4 ,BUT = ,TROTSKY SU* MAT]IAL & P]SONAL ADVANTAGES W]E NOT DUE TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 BUT DUE TO ! BUREAUCRACY'S PRIVILEG$ POSITION )9 ! WORK]S' /ATE4 

,H5CE :ILE ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! WORK]S' /ATE HAD 5D$ CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & !REBY 5D$ EXPLOITATION1 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS 9 ,RUSSIA HAD ALL[$ ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY TO GA9 A PRIVILEG$ & COMM&+ POSITION & MA9TA9 B\RGEOIS NORMS ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,! BUREAUCRACY NO MORE EXPLOIT$ ! WORK+ CLASS ?AN MONOPOLI/ CAPITALI/S EXPLOIT$ O!R CAPITALI/S BY *>G+ MONOPOLY PRICES4 ,ALL ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY DID WAS R$I/RIBUTE ! SURPLUS-LABOR ( SOCIETY 9 ITS [N FAVOR4 ,?IS IS P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY ,TROTSKY'S [N ANALOGY ) %>E-HOLD+ 9 A M>KET ECONOMY3 

,IF WE TRANSLATE SOCIALI/ RELATIONS1 = ILLU/RATION1 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! M>KET1 WE MAY REPRES5T ! CITIZ5 AS A /OCKHOLD] 9 A COMPANY :I* [NS ! WEAL? ( C\NTRY4 ,IF PROP]TY BELONG$ TO ALL ! PEOPLE1 ?AT W\LD PRESUME EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( 0%>ES01 & CONSEQU5TLY A RI<T TO ! SAME DIVID5D = ALL 0%>EHOLD]S04 ,! CITIZ5S P>TICIPATE 9 ! NATIONAL 5T]PRISE1 H[EV]1 NOT ONLY AS 0%>EHOLD]S01 BUT ALSO AS PRODUC]S4 ,ON ! L[] /AGE ( COMMUNISM1 :I* WE HAVE AGRE$ TO CALL SOCIALISM1 PAYM5TS = LABOR >E /ILL MADE ACCORD+ TO B\RGEOIS NORMS -- ?AT IS1 DEP5D5CE UPON SKILL & 9T5SITY ETC4 ,! !ORETICAL 9COME ( EA* CITIZ5 IS ?US COMPOS$ ( TWO P>TS1 A "4 B -- ?AT IS1 DIVID5D PLUS WAGES4 ,! HI<] ! TE*NIQUE & ! MORE COMPLETE ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 ! GREAT] IS ! PLACE OCCUPI$ BY A AS AGA9/ B1 & ! LESS IS ! 9FLU5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES ( LABOR UPON ! /&>D ( LIV+4 ,FROM ! FACT ?AT WAGE DIFF]5CES 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION >E NOT LESS1 BUT GREAT] ?AN 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 IT MU/ BE 9F]R$ ?AT ! %>ES ( ! ,SOVIET CITIZ5 >E NOT EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$1 & ?AT 9 HIS 9COME ! DIVID5D AS WELL AS ! WAGE PAYM5T >E UNEQUAL4 ,:]EAS ! UNSKILL$ LABOR RECEIVES ONLY B1 ! M9IMUM PAYM5T :I* UND] SIMIL> CONDITIONS HE W\LD RECEIVE 9 A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 ! ,/AKHANOVI/ OR BUREAUCRAT RECEIVES #bA "4 B1 OR #cA "4 B1 ETC41 :ILE B ALSO 9 TURN MAY BECOME #bB1 #cB1 ETC4 ,! DIFF]5CES 9 9COME >E DET]M9$1 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT ONLY BY DIFF]5CES ( 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTIV5ESS1 BUT ALSO BY A MASK$ APPROPRIATION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR ( O!RS4 ,! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ( %>EHOLD]S IS LIV+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! DEPRIV$ MAJORITY4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d74 

,SO1 = ,TROTSKY1 9S(> AS ! REVOLUTION ( #aiag HAD ABOLI%$ ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ! BASIS = SOCIALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 MADE1 B\RGEOIS NORMS ( DI/RIBUTION /ILL P]SI/$ & HAD BECOME EXAC]BAT$ BY ! GR[+ P[] ( ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY 9 SU* CONDITIONS4 

,TROTSKY & ! QUE/ION ( TRANSITION 

,TROTSKY'S ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME D5Y+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY CON/ITUT$ AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS1 WAS F> FROM BE+ UNPROBLEMATIC4 ,9 DEVELOP+ ?IS CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?R\< HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ,/AL9I/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! LEFT COMMUNI/S & SOME ( HIS [N FOLL[]S ON ! O!R1 ,TROTSKY HAD LITTLE TIME TO PRES5T 9 DETAIL ! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( HIS >GUM5TS4 ,9/EAD1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ,TROTSKY = ! MO/ P>T APPEAL$ TO ! COMMONLY ACCEPT$ T5ETS ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO SET \T CLE>LY HIS IDEAS ON SU* FUNDAM5TAL MATT]S AS ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & PROP]TY RELATIONS1 & BETWE5 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY 9DICAT$1 P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT WEAKNESS ( ,TROTSKY IS HIS ACCEPTANCE ( ! OR?ODOX R$UCTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION TO SIMPLE PROP]TY RELATIONS1 WE %ALL BRIEFLY EXAM9E ?IS N[4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 NOT ONLY DID ,TROTSKY 9T]PRET ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( PROP]TY RELATIONS BUT1 ALONG ) ,/AL91 9SI/$ ?AT !SE PROP]TY RELATIONS HAD TO BE GIV5 AN IMM$IATE EXPRESSION 9 ! JURIDICAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ?AT REGULAT$ SOCIETY4 ,AS ,TROTSKY ASS]TS3 ',9 ALL CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES1 PROP]TY RELATIONS >E VALIDAT$ BY LAWS'4 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE ALSO SE51 9 ORD] TO PRESS HOME HIS CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY ,TROTSKY HAD TO GO BEYOND ! APP>5T LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & 9 DO+ SO1 AT LEA/ IMPLICITLY1 ACKN[L$GE ?AT REAL PROP]TY RELATIONS MAY DIFF] FROM !IR =MAL & JURIDICAL EXPRESSION4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS DISJUNCTION BETWE5 REAL & =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS IS NOT UNKN[N 9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N CORPORATION FROM ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !RE HAS >IS5 A GR[+ DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !IR MANAGEM5T4 ,! MOD]N JO9T /OCK COMPANY IS =MALLY [N$ BY ITS %>EHOLD]S :ILE ! ACTUAL RUNN+ ( ! COMPANY IS LEFT TO ! S5IOR MANAGEM5T :O CAN BE SAID TO HAVE ! REAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W\LD BE TRANS=M$ SIMPLY BY NATIONALIZ+ ! FIRM SO ?AT IT IS RUN = SOCIETY AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN = A FEW %>EHOLD]S4 ,) NATIONALIZATION1 LEGAL [N]%IP IS TRANSF]R$ TO ! /ATE :ILE ! REAL POSSESSION ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION MAY REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! MANAGEM5T OR BUREAUCRACY4 ,H5CE1 JU/ AS UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES ! MANAGEM5T ( JO9T /OCK COMPANY CREAM (F SOME ( ! PR(ITS 9 ! =M ( HUGE SAL>IES & %>E OPTIONS1 SO UND] CONDITIONS ( UND]DEVELOPM5T ! MANAGEM5T ( /ATE 5T]PRISES MAY ALSO BE 9 A POSITION TO CREAM ( ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS PRODUC$ BY ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RY4 

,YET FEW W\LD D5Y ?AT :ILE ! MANAGEM5T ( A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE MAY NOT !MSELVES LEGALLY [N ! FIRM !Y /ILL FUNCTION AS CAPITALI/S ) REG>D TO ! WORK]S4 ,! MANAGEM5T FUNCTIONS TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-VALUE & AS A CONSEQU5CE !Y FUNCTION AS ! ACTUAL EXPLOIT]S ( ! WORK]S4 ,)9 ! ,SOVIET 5T]PRISE ! WORK]S MAY =MALLY [N ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT 9 REAL T]MS !Y >E DISPOSSESS$4 ,!Y HAVE TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] = A WAGE4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ! 'SOCIALI/' MANAGEM5T >E OBLIG$ TO EXTRACT SURPLUS-LABOR JU/ AS MU* AS !IR CAPITALI/ C\NT]P>TS1 AS EV5 ,TROTSKY ADMITS4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! ACTUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 ! WORK]S :O >E REALLY DISPOSSESS$ & ! MANAGEM5T :O HAVE REAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS ! SAME4 ,:AT HAS *ANG$ IS ! M]ELY ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS :I* AFFECTS ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SURPLUS-LABOR1 NOT ITS PRODUCTION4 

,9 ?IS VIEW ,TROTSKY'S POSITION BECOMES 9V]T$3 ! REVOLUTION ( #aiag ONLY W5T SO F> AS TO SOCIALIZE ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ECONOMIC SURPLUS :ILE LEAV+ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION AS CAPITALI/4 ,?IS L9E ( >GUM5T PROVIDES ! BASIS = A TELL+ CRITIQUE1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 BUT ALSO ! 'POLITICISM' ( ! 5TIRE ,L59I/ PROJECT :I* HAD BE5 9H]IT$ FROM ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#c#a.> ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T HAS (T5 BE5 TAK5 UP 9 V>I\S GUISES BY MANY AN>*I/S & LEFT COMMUNI/S OPPOS$ TO ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,YET1 IF WE >E TO GRASP :AT HAS GIV5 ,TROTSKY'S !ORY ( A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE ITS HOLD AS ONE ( ! PR9CIPLE CRITIQUES ( ! ,U,S,S,R IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! IMPORTANCE ( 'TRANSITION' TO ,TROTSKY4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! NOTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM WAS C5TRAL = ,TROTSKY4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ?IS V]Y NOTION ( TRANSITION :I* ALL[$ ,TROTSKY TO DEF5D ! OR?ODOX ,L59I/ & ,M>XI/ POSITIONS ALONGSIDE ,/AL91 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME DI/ANC+ HIMSELF SUFFICI5TLY FROM ,/AL9 TO MAKE A ?OR\< CRITIQUE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 BO? ,/AL9 & ,TROTSKY SUPPORT$ ! OR?ODOX POSITION ?AT ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ANY E/ABLI%$ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD HAVE TO F9D !IR IMM$IATE LEGAL & =MAL EXPRESSION4 ,YET1 :ILE ,/AL9 ASS]T$ ?AT ) ! FIVE YE> PLANS & ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE ! ,U,S,S,R HAD BECOME SOCIALI/1 ,TROTSKY 9SI/$ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS /ILL 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,S9CE ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 TRANSITION FROM ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R1 ! =MAL & LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS C\LD BE 9 ADVANCE ( ! REAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! DISJUNCTION BETWE5 ! REAL & =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS ! RESULT ( ! REAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO ?OSE ( SOCIALISM4 

,( C\RSE = ,TROTSKY1 SOON] OR LAT] =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE BR\<T 9TO CON=MITY ) ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,EI!R ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES W\LD EV5TUALLY ALL[ ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS TO BE GIV5 A REAL SOCIALI/ CONT5T OR ELSE ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD COLLAPSE BACK 9TO CAPITALISM ) ! RE/ORATION ( ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 = ,TROTSKY1 IT WAS ?IS CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! =MAL PROP]TY RELATIONS & ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT PLAC$ ! BUREAUCRACY 9 A PREC>I\S & UN/ABLE POSITION :I* PREV5T$ IT FROM CON/ITUT+ ITSELF AS A CLASS4 ,TO DEF5D ITS POSITION ! BUREAUCRACY HAD TO DEF5D /ATE PROP]TY & DEVELOP ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,YET1 :ILE ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ WAS ROOT$ 9 ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT WAS BACK$ BY LAW1 ! 9DIVIDUAL BUREAUCRAT WAS SIMPLY AN EMPLOYEE ( ! /ATE :O [$ HIS OR H] POSITION TO ?OSE HI<] UP 9 ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,UNABLE TO REPRODUCE ITSELF OV] ! G5]ATIONS ?R\< 9H]ITANCE ,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY C\LD NOT LA/ LONG4 ,! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY WAS M]ELY A FLEET+ PH5OM5A ( TRANSITION ?AT W\LD ONE WAY OR ANO!R HAVE TO PASS AWAY4.<#c#b.> 

,IT WAS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ,TROTSKY >GU$3 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 9 CONTRA/ TO DECAY+ CAPITALISM1 IT DEVELOPS ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 .<! BUREAUCRACY.> IS PREP>+ ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( SOCIALISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 = ! B5EFIT ( AN UPP] /RATUM1 IT C>RIES TO MORE & MORE EXTREME EXPRESSION B\RGEOIS NORMS ( DI/RIBUTION1 IT IS PREP>+ A CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION4 7,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$1 P4 #b#d#d7 

,SO1 = ,TROTSKY1 EI!R ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD MAKE ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM1 9 :I* CASE ! BUREAUCRACY W\LD BE SWEPT AWAY1 OR ELSE IT W\LD 9TO CAPITALISM & ! BUREAUCRACY W\LD LEGALIZE !IR POSITION ?R\< ! RE9TRODUCTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & CAPITALISM1 & 9 DO+ SO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO A NEW CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,TROTSKY'S NOTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM WAS C5TRAL TO HIS !ORY ( ,RUSSIA AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE &1 AT ! TIME ( WRIT+1 SEEM$ TO GIVE HIS !ORY SUB/ANTIAL EXPLANATORY P[]4 ,YET ,TROTSKY'S PROGNOSIS ?AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> W\LD SEE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION EI!R BECOME SOCIALI/ ) ! SUPPORT ( WORLD REVOLUTION OR ELSE FACE ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM WAS TO BE CONTRADICT$ BY ! 5TR5*M5T ( ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY FOLL[+ ! W>4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS WAS TO PROVOKE A RECURR5T CRISIS AMONG ,TROTSKY'S FOLL[]S4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/