,*APT] #c 

#aidaid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS DOCTR9E HAD ITS COMM5CEM5T AB\T HALF A C5TURY AGO4 ,ITS *IEF F\ND] WAS ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPH] ,COMTE4 ,COMTE1 BE+ A LOV] ( SY/EMATIC !ORY1 & AT ! SAME TIME A MAN ( RELIGI\S T5D5CY1 WAS IMPRESS$ BY ! !N NEW PHYSIOLOGICAL RESE>*ES ( ,BI*AT2 & HE CONCEIV$ ! OLD IDEA1 EXPRESS$ 9 BYGONE DAYS BY ,M55IUS ,AGRIPPA1 ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES1 9DE$ ALL HUMAN-K9D1 MAY BE REG>D$ AS ONE :OLE1 ,AN ,ORGANISM1 & M5--AS LIVE P>TICLES ( SEP>ATE  
  ORGANS1 EA* HAV+ HIS DEF9ITE DE/9ATION TO FULFILL 9 ! S]VICE ( ! :OLE ORGANISM4 

,COMTE WAS SO FASC9AT$ BY ?IS IDEA ?AT HE F\ND$ HIS PHILOSOPHICAL !ORY ON IT2 & ?IS !ORY SO CAPTIVAT$ HIM ?AT HE QUITE =GOT ?AT HIS PO9T ( DEP>TURE WAS NO MORE ?AN A PRETTY COMP>ISON1 SUITABLE 5\< 9 A FABLE1 BUT 9 NO WAY JU/IFIABLE AS ! F\NDATION ( A SCI5CE4 ,AS IT (T5 HAPP5S1 HE TOOK HIS PET HYPO!SIS = AN AXIOM1 & SO IMAG9$ ?AT HIS :OLE !ORY WAS BAS$ UPON ! MO/ FIRM & POSITIVE F\NDATIONS4 

,ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY IT APPE>$ ?AT1 AS MANK9D IS AN ORGANISM1 !RE=E ! KN[L$GE ( :AT MAN IS & :AT HIS RELATION TO ! WORLD \<T TO BE1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< ! KN[L$GE ( ! PROP]TIES ( ?IS ORGANISM4 ,& TO BE ABLE TO LE>N !SE PROP]TIES MAN IS FITT$ TO MAKE OBS]VATIONS UPON O!R L[] ORGANISMS & TO DRAW D$UCTIONS FROM !IR LIVES4 

,!RE=E1 FIR/1 ! TRUE & EXCLUSIVE ME?OD ( SCI5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,COMTE1 IS ! 9DUCTIVE ONE1 & SCI5CE IS ONLY SCI5CE :5 IT HAS EXP]IM5T = ITS BASIS4 ,SECONDLY1 ! F9AL AIM & ! SUMMIT ( SCI5CE BECOMES ! NEW SCI5CE CONC]N+ ! IMAG9>Y ORGANISM ( ,MANK9D1 OR ! ORGANIC BE+1--,MANK9D4 ,?IS NEW HYPO!TIC SCI5CE IS ,SOCIOLOGY4 ,FROM ?IS VIEW ( SCI5CE IT G5]ALLY TURNS \T ?AT ALL =M] KN[L$GE WAS FALSE1 & ?AT ! :OLE HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 9 ! S5SE ( ITS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 DIVIDES ITSELF 9TO ?REE1 OR RA!R TWO1 P]IODS4 ,FIR/1 ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL P]IOD1 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD TO ,COMTE4 ,&1 SECONDLY1 ! MOD]N P]IOD ( TRUE SCI5CE1 POSITIVE SCI5CE1 BEG9N+ ) ,COMTE4 

,ALL ?IS WAS V]Y WELL1 BUT !RE WAS ONE MI/AKE 9 IT1 :I* WAS ?IS3 ?AT ALL ?IS $IFICE WAS BUILT ON ! S&1 ON AN >BITR>Y 7& 9CORRECT7 ASS]TION ?AT MANK9D1 COLLECTIVELY CONSID]$1 WAS AN ORGANISM4 

,?IS ASS]TION IS >BITR>Y BECAUSE1 IF WE >E TO ACKN[L$GE ! EXI/5CE ( MANK9D AS AN ORGANISM1 :I* IS BEYOND OBS]VATION1 WE MI<T AS WELL ACKN[L$GE ! EXI/5CE ( ! TRIPLE ,GOD & SIMIL> !OLOGICAL PROPOSITIONS4 

,IT WAS 9CORRECT1 BECAUSE TO ! IDEA ( MANK9D1 ?AT IS1 ( M51 ! DEF9ITION ( AN ORGANISM WAS ADD$1 :]EAS MAN LACKS ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( AN ORGANISM1--A C5T] ( S5SATION OR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,WE CALL AN ELEPHANT1 AS WELL AS A BACT]IUM1 ORGANISMS1 ONLY BECAUSE WE SUPPOSE BY ANALOGY 9 !SE BE+S ?AT !RE IS UNIFICATION ( S5SATIONS1 OR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT HUMAN SOCIETIES & MANK9D LACK ?IS ESS5TIAL2 & !RE=E1  
  H[EV] MANY O!R G5]AL *>ACT]-SIGNS WE MAY F9D 9 MANK9D & 9 AN ORGANISM1--)\T ?IS1 ! ASS]TION ?AT MAN IS AN ORGANISM IS 9CORRECT4 

,BUT NOT)/&+ ! >BITR>9ESS & 9CORRECTNESS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROPOSITION ( ,POSITIVE ,PHILOSOPHY1 IT WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! SO-CALL$ 0,$UCAT$ ,WORLD0 ) GREAT SYMPA?Y1 BECAUSE ( ?AT GREAT FACT1 IMPORTANT = ! CR[D1 ?AT IT AF=D$ A JU/IFICATION ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S BY RECOGNIZ+ ! LAWFULNESS ( ! EXI/+ DIVISION ( LABOR2 ?AT IS1 ( VIOL5CE 9 MANK9D4 ,IT IS REM>KABLE 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT FROM ! WRIT+S ( ,COMTE1 COMPOS$ ( TWO P>TS1--A ,POSITIVE ,PHILOSOPHY & A ,POSITIVE ,POLITICS1--ONLY ! FIR/ P>T WAS ACCEPT$ ON NEW EXP]IM5TAL PR9CIPLES BY ! LE>N$ WORLD1 ?AT :I* JU/IFI$ ! EXI/+ EVIL 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,! SECOND P>T1 TREAT+ ( ! MORAL1 ALTRUI/IC DUTIES1 FOLL[+ FROM ?IS RECOGNITION ( MANK9D AS AN ORGANISM1 WAS CONSID]$ NOT ONLY UNIMPORTANT BUT EV5 UNSCI5TIFIC4 

,H]E ! SAME ?+ WAS REPEAT$ :I* OCCURR$ ) ! TWO P>TS ( ,KANT'S WRIT+S4 ,! 0,CRITIQUE ( ,PURE ,REASON10 WAS ACCEPT$ BY SCI5CE2 BUT ! 0,CRITIQUE ( ,PRACTICAL ,REASON10 ?AT P>T :I* CONTA9S ! ESS5CE ( MORAL DOCTR9E1 WAS REJECT$4 ,9 ! TEA*+ ( ,COMTE1 ?AT WAS RECOGNIZ$ TO BE SCI5TIFIC :I* HUMOR$ ! REIGN+ EVIL4 

,BUT ! ,POSITIVE ,PHILOSOPHY ACCEPT$ BY ! CR[D1 BAS$ ON AN >BITR>Y & 9CORRECT SUPPOSITION1 WAS BY ITSELF TOO ILL-GR\ND$1 & !RE=E TOO UN/EADY1 & C\LD NOT BE SU/A9$ BY ITSELF4 

,& N[1 AMONG ! IDLE PLAY ( IDEAS ( SO-CALL$ 0,M5 ( ,SCI5CE10 !RE HAS APPE>$ A SIMIL>LY >BITR>Y & 9CORRECT ASS]TION1 NOT AT ALL NEW1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT ALL LIV+ BE+S 7?AT IS1 ORGANISMS71 PROCE$ ONE FROM ANO!R2 NOT ONLY ONE ORGANISM FROM ANO!R1 BUT ONE ORGANISM FROM MANY2 ?AT DUR+ A V]Y LONG P]IOD1 A MILLION ( YE>S1 = 9/ANCE1 NOT ONLY MAY A FI% & A DUCK HAVE PROCE$$ FROM ONE & ! SAME =EFA!R1 BUT ALSO ONE ORGANISM MI<T HAVE PROCE$$ FROM MANY SEP>ATE ORGANISMS2 SO1 = 9/ANCE1 \T ( A SW>M ( BEES A S+LE ANIMAL MAY PROCE$4 ,?IS >BITR>Y & 9CORRECT ASS]TION WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! LE>N$ WORLD ) /ILL GREAT] SYMPA?Y4 

,! ASS]TION WAS >BITR>Y1 BECAUSE NO ONE HAS EV] SE5 H[ ONE K9D ( ORGANISM IS MADE FROM O!RS2 & !RE=E ! HYPO!SIS AB\T ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A M]E SUPPOSITION & NEV] BECOME AN EXP]IM5TAL FACT4 

 ,! HYPO!SIS WAS 9CORRECT1 BECAUSE ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES BY ! !ORY ( ! LAWS ( 9H]ITANCE & ACCOMMODATION DUR+ AN 9F9ITELY LONG P]IOD1 IS NOT A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM AT ALL1 BUT ! M]E REIT]ATION ( ! QUE/ION 9 ANO!R =M4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM BY ,MOSES 7TO OPPOSE :I* IS ! OBJECT ( ,COMTE'S !ORY71 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! V>IETY ( ! SPECIES ( LIV+ BE+S PROCE$$ FROM ! WILL ( ,GOD & HIS 9F9ITE OMNIPOT5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,!ORY ( ,EVOLUTION1 IT APPE>S ?AT ! V>IETY ( SPECIES ( LIV+ BE+S PROCE$$ FROM !MSELVES 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( CONDITIONS ( 9H]ITANCE & 5VIRONM5T 9 AN 9F9ITE P]IOD ( TIME4 

,! ,!ORY ( ,EVOLUTION1 SPEAK+ PLA9LY1 ASS]TS ONLY ?AT 7BY *ANCE7 9 AN 9F9ITE P]IOD ( TIME1 ANY?+ Y\ LIKE MAY PROCE$ FROM ANY?+ ELSE Y\ *OOSE4 

,?IS IS NO ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION2 IT IS SIMPLY ! SAME QUE/ION PUT DIFF]5TLY3 9/EAD ( ,WILL IS PUT ,*ANCE1 & ! CO-EFFICI5T ( ! ,9F9ITE IS TRANSF]R$ FROM ,OMNIPOT5CE TO ,TIME4 

,BUT ?IS NEW ASS]TION1 5=C$ BY ,D>W9'S FOLL[]S 9 AN >BITR>Y & 9ACCURATE SPIRIT1 MA9TA9$ ! FIR/ ASS]TION ( ,COMTE1 & !RE=E IT BECAME ! ,REVELATION = \R TIME1 & ! F\NDATION ( ALL SCI5CES1 EV5 ?AT ( ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION2 & BESIDES1 ACCORD+ TO ! NAIVE CONFESSION ( ,D>W9 HIMSELF1 ! IDEA WAS AWAK5$ 9 HIM BY ! LAW ( ,MAL?US2 & !RE=E HE PO9T$ TO ! 0,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE0 NOT ONLY ( M5 BUT ( ALL LIV+ BE+S1 AS A FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( EV]Y LIV+ ?+1 & ?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT WAS WANT$ BY ! CR[D ( IDLE PEOPLE = !IR [N JU/IFICATION4 

,TWO UN/ABLE !ORIES :I* C\LD NOT /& ON !IR [N FEET SUPPORT$ EA* O!R1 & SO RECEIV$ A %[ ( /ABILITY4 ,BO? ! !ORIES BORE 9 !M A S5SE1 PRECI\S TO ! CR[D1 ?AT M5 >E NOT TO BE BLAM$ = ! EXI/+ EVIL 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES1 ?AT ! EXI/+ ORD] IS :AT %\LD BE2 & ?US ! NEW !ORY WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! CR[D 9 ! S5SE WANT$ BY !M1 ) FULL CONFID5CE & UNPREC$5T$ 5?USIASM4 

,?US ! NEW SCI5TIFIC DOCTR9E WAS F\ND$ UPON TWO >BITR>Y & 9CORRECT PROPOSITIONS1 ACCEPT$ 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT DOGMAS ( FAI? >E ACCEPT$4 ,BO? 9 MATT] & =M ?IS NEW DOCTR9E IS REM>KABLY LIKE ! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN ONE4 ,9 MATT]1 ! SIMIL>ITY LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT 9 BO? DOCTR9ES ALIKE A FANTA/ICAL MEAN+  
  IS ATTA*$ TO REALLY EXI/+ ?+S1 & ?IS >TIFICIAL MEAN+ IS TAK5 AS ! OBJECT ( \R RESE>*4 

,9 ! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 TO ,*RI/ :O DID REALLY EXI/1 IS ATTRIBUT$ ! FANTA/IC CONCEPTION ( BE+ ,GOD ,HIMSELF1 SCRE5$4 ,9 ! ,POSITIVE DOCTR9E1 TO ! REALLY EXI/+ FACT ( LIVE M5 IS ATTRIBUT$ ! FANTA/ICAL ATTRIBUTES ( AN ORGANISM4 

,9 =M1 ! SIMIL>ITY ( !SE TWO DOCTR9ES IS REM>KABLE1 S9CE1 9 BO? CASES1 A !ORY EMANAT+ FROM ONE CLASS ( M5 IS ACCEPT$ AS ! ONLY & 9FALLIBLE TRU?4 ,9 ! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 ! ,*UR*'S WAY ( UND]/&+ ,GOD'S REVELATION TO M5 IS REG>D$ AS ! SACR$ & ONLY TRUE ONE4 ,9 ! DOCTR9E ( ,POSITIVISM1 C]TA9 M5'S WAY ( UND]/&+ SCI5CE IS REG>D$ AS ABSOLUTELY CORRECT & TRUE4 

,AS ! ,*UR*-,*RI/IANS REG>D ! F\NDATION ( !IR *UR* AS ! ONLY ORIG9 ( TRUE KN[L$GE ( ,GOD1 & ONLY \T ( A K9D ( C\RTESY ADMIT ?AT =M] BELIEV]S MAY ALSO BE REG>D$ AS HAV+ =M$ A *UR*2 SO 9 PRECISELY ! SAME MANN] DOES ,POSITIVE SCI5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N /ATEM5T1 PLACE ITS ORIG9 9 ,COMTE3 & ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 ALSO ONLY \T ( C\RTESY1 ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( PREVI\S SCI5CE1 & ?AT ONLY AS REG>D+ C]TA9 ?9K]S1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ,>I/OTLE4 ,BO? ! ,*UR* & ,POSITIVE SCI5CE ALTOGE!R EXCLUDE ! IDEAS ( ALL ! RE/ ( MANK9D1 & REG>D ALL KN[L$GE \TSIDE !IR [N AS ]RONE\S4 ,! SIMIL>ITY P]SI/S4 ,JU/ AS TO ! SUPPORT ( ! FIR/ ADV5TAL !OLOGICAL DOGMAS ( ! ,TR9ITY & ( ! DIV9ITY ( ,*RI/ COMES ! OLD--BUT NEWLY-9T]PRET$--DOGMAS ( MAN'S FALL & ( HIS R$EMPTION BY ! DEA? ( ,*RI/1 & \T ( !SE DOGMAS IS DEVELOP$ POPUL> ,*UR* TEA*+3 SO 9 \R TIME1 ! OLD DOGMA ( ,EVOLUTION COMES 9 ) NEW IMPORTANCE TO HELP ! FUNDAM5TAL DOGMA ( ,COMTE CONC]N+ ! ORGANISM ( MANK9D2 & FROM !SE TWO ELEM5TS ! POPUL> SCI5TIFIC DOCTR9E HAS BE5 =M$4 ,AS 9 ONE TEA*+1 SO 9 ! O!R3 ! NEW DOGMA IS NECESS>Y = ! SUPPORT ( ! OLD ONE1 & BECOMES COMPREH5SIBLE ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) IT4 ,IF TO A BELIEV] 9 ! ,DIV9ITY ( ,*RI/1 IT IS NOT CLE>LY COMPREH5SIBLE :Y ,GOD %\LD COME D[N TO E>?1 ! DOCTR9E ( ATONEM5T EXPLA9S IT4 ,IF IT IS NOT QUITE CLE> TO A BELIEV] 9 ! ,ORGANISM ( ,MANK9D :Y A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS MAY BE C\NT$ AS AN ORGANISM1 ! DOGMA ( ,EVOLUTION IS *>G$ ) ! EXPLANATION4 ,?IS DOGMA IS NE$$ TO RECONCILE ! CONTRADICTIONS & C]TA9TIES ( ! FIR/3 MANK9D IS AN ORGANISM1 & WE SEE  
  ?AT IT DOES NOT CONTA9 ! *IEF *>ACT]I/IC ( AN ORGANISM2 H[ MU/ WE ACC\NT = IT8 

,H]E ! DOGMA ( EVOLUTION COMES 91 & EXPLA9S1 ,MANK9D IS AN ORGANISM 9 A /ATE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF Y\ ACCEPT ?IS1 Y\ MAY !N CONSID] MANK9D AS SU*4 

,AS TO ANY MAN FREE FROM SUP]/ITIONS AB\T ! TR9ITY & ! ,DIV9ITY ( ,*RI/1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE EV5 TO UND]/& ! =CE & ! MEAN+ ( ! TEA*+ ( ATONEM5T1 :I* MEAN+ COMES ONLY ?R\< ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( ,*RI/ AS ,GOD ,HIMSELF1 SO A MAN :O IS FREE FROM ! ,POSITIVE SUP]/ITION CANNOT EV5 UND]/& :]E9 LIES ! 9T]E/ ( ! !ORY ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES & ( ,EVOLUTION2 & ?IS 9T]E/ IS EXPLA9$ ONLY :5 WE LE>N ! FUNDAM5TAL DOGMA1 ?AT 0,MANK9D IS AN ,ORGANISM40 ,& AS ! SUBTLETIES ( !OLOGY >E ONLY 9TELLIGIBLE TO ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL DOGMAS1 SO ALSO ! SUBTLETIES ( SOCIOLOGY1 :I* N[ OCCUPY ! M9DS ( ALL ADH]5TS ( ?IS REC5T & PR(\ND SCI5CE1 >E 9TELLIGIBLE ONLY TO BELIEV]S4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ATONEM5T IS NECESS>Y TO RECONCILE ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! FIR/ DOGMA & FACTS4 ,GOD DESC5D$ ON E>? TO SAVE M54 ,BUT M5 >E NOT SAV$4 ,H[ !N EXPLA9 ?IS8 ,! DOGMA ( ATONEM5T ASS]TS 0,HE SAV$ ?OSE1 :O BELIEV$ 9 ATONEM5T4 ,IF Y\ BELIEVE 9 ATONEM5T1 Y\ >E SAV$40 

,! SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 !SE TWO DOCTR9ES HOLDS GOOD YET FUR!R4 ,BE+ F\ND$ ON DOGMAS ACCEPT$ BY FAI?1 !SE DOCTR9ES NEI!R QUE/ION NOR ANALYZE !IR [N PR9CIPLES1 :I*1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E US$ AS />T+-PO9TS = ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y !ORIES4 ,! PREA*]S ( !SE CALL !MSELVES1 9 ,!OLOGY1 SANCTIFI$2 9 ,POSITIVE KN[L$GE1 SCI5TIFIC2 9 BO? CASES1 9FALLIBLE4 ,& AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y CONCEIVE ! MO/ P]EMPTORY1 9CR$IBLE1 & UNF\ND$ ASS]TIONS1 :I* !Y GIVE =? ) ! GREATE/ POMP & S]I\SNESS1 & :I* >E ) EQUAL POMP & S]I\SNESS CONTRADICT$ 9 ALL !IR DETAILS BY O!RS :O DO NOT AGREE1 & YET :O EQUALLY RECOGNIZE ! FUNDAM5TAL DOGMAS4 

,! ,BASIL ! ,GREAT ( SCI5TIFIC DOCTR9E1 ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 9 ONE ( HIS FIR/ WRIT+S EXPRESSES !SE DOCTR9ES ?US3 ,SOCIETIES & ORGANISMS1 SAYS HE1 >E ALIKE 9 ! FOLL[+ PO9TS3 ,FIR/1 9 ?AT1 BE+ CONCEIV$ AS SMALL AGGREGATES1 !Y IMP]CEPTIBLY GR[ 9 MASS1 SO ?AT SOME ( !M BECOME T5 ?\S& TIMES BIGG] ?AN !IR ORIG9ALS4 

,SECONDLY1 9 ?AT1 :ILE 9 ! BEG9N+ !Y HAVE SU* SIMPLE /RUCTURE ?AT !Y MAY ALMO/ BE CONSID]$  
  /RUCTURELESS1 9 !IR GR[? !Y DEVELOP AN EV]-9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( /RUCTURE4 

,?IRDLY1 9 ?AT1 ?\< 9 !IR E>LY UNDEVELOP$ P]IOD !RE DOES NOT EXI/ AMONG !M ANY DEP5D5CE ( P>TICLES UPON ONE ANO!R1 !SE P>TICLES BY & BY ACQUIRE A MUTUAL DEP5D5CE1 :I* AT LA/ BECOMES SO /RONG ?AT ! ACTIVITY & ! LIFE ( EA* P>T IS POSSIBLE ONLY ) ! ACTIVITY & ! LIVES ( ALL O!RS4 

,F\R?LY1 9 ?IS1 ?AT ! LIFE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY IS MORE 9DEP5D5T & LONG] ?AN ! LIFE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV]Y UNIT :I* GOES TO =M IT1 & :I* IS SEP>ATELY BORN & GR[+ & ACT+ & MULTIPLY+ & DY+ :ILE ! POLITICAL BODY =M$ ( SU* CONT9UES TO LIVE ONE G5]ATION AFT] ANO!R1 DEVELOP+ 9 MASS1 9 P]FECTION ( /RUCTURE1 & 9 FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY4 

,!N FOLL[ ! PO9TS ( DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ORGANISMS & SOCIETIES1 & IT IS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT !SE DIFF]5CES >E ONLY SEEM+ ONES1 & ?AT ORGANISMS & SOCIETIES >E QUITE SIMIL>4 

,TO AN IMP>TIAL MAN ! QUE/ION AT ONCE >ISES1 ,:AT >E Y\ SPEAK+ AB\T1 !N8 ,:Y IS MANK9D AN ORGANISM OR SOME?+ SIMIL>8 ,Y\ SAY ?AT SOCIETIES >E SIMIL> TO ORGANISMS ACCORD+ TO !SE F\R PO9TS2 BUT EV5 ?IS COMP>ISON IS 9CORRECT4 ,Y\ TAKE ONLY A FEW *>ACT]I/ICS ( AN ORGANISM1 & Y\ !N APPLY !M TO HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,Y\ PRODUCE F\R PO9TS ( SIMIL>ITY1 !N Y\ TAKE ! PO9TS ( DIFF]5CE :I* Y\ SAY >E ONLY SEEM+LY SO1 & Y\ CONCLUDE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ORGANISMS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN AN IDLE PLAY ( DIALECTICS4 ,ON ?IS GR\ND WE MAY CONSID] AS AN ORGANISM EV]Y?+ WE *OOSE4 ,I TAKE ! FIR/ ?+ :I* COMES TO MY M9D1--A =E/1 AS IT IS PLANT$ 9 A FIELD & GR[S UP3 FIR/ BEG9N+ AS A SMALL AGGREGATE & IMP]CEPTIBLY 9CREAS+ 9 MASS4 ,SECONDLY1 0,9 ! BEG9N+ ! /RUCTURE ( AN ORGANISM IS SIMPLE1 !N ! COMPLEXITY 9CREASES10 & SO ON4 ,?IS IS ! CASE ) ! =E/3 AT FIR/ !RE >E ONLY BIR*-TREES1 !N HAZEL1 & SO ON2 FIR/ ALL ! TREES GR[ /RAI<T1 & AFT]W>DS !Y 9T]LACE !IR BRAN*ES4 ,?IRDLY1 0,! DEP5D5CE ( ! P>TS 9CREASES SO ?AT ! LIFE ( EA* P>T DEP5DS UPON ! LIVES & ACTIVITIES ( ALL ! O!RS03 IT IS EXACTLY ! SAME ) ! =E/2 ! NUT-TREE KEEPS ! TRUNKS W>M 7IF Y\ HEW IT D[N1 ! O!R TREES WILL BE FROZ5 9 W9T]71 ! UND]WOOD KEEPS (F W9D1 ! SE$-TREES CONT9UE ! SPECIES1 ! TALL & LEAFY ONES GIVE %AD[1 & ! LIFE ( EA* TREE DEP5DS UPON ?AT ( ! RE/4  
  ,F\R?LY1 0,SEP>ATE P>TS MAY DIE1 BUT ! :OLE ORGANISM CONT9UES TO LIVE40 ,SEP>ATE TREES P]I%1 BUT ! =E/ CONT9UES 9 LIFE & GR[?4 

,! SAME HOLDS GOOD ) ! EXAMPLE SO (T5 BR\<T BY ! DEF5D]S ( ! SCI5TIFIC DOCTR9E4 ,CUT (F AN >M1--! >M WILL DIE3 WE MAY SAY REMOVE A TREE FROM ! %AD[ & ! GR\ND ( A =E/1 IT WILL DIE4 

,ANO!R REM>KABLE SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ?IS SCI5TIFIC DOCTR9E & ! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN ONE1--& ANY O!R !ORY F\ND$ UPON PROPOSITIONS :I* >E ACCEPT$ ?R\< FAI?1--LIES 9 !IR MUTUAL CAPACITY ( BE+ PRO( AGA9/ LOGIC4 

,HAV+ DEMON/RAT$ ?AT BY ?IS !ORY A =E/ MAY BE CONSID]$ AS AN ORGANISM1 Y\ ?9K Y\ HAVE PROV$ TO ! FOLL[]S ( ! !ORY ! 9CORRECTNESS ( !IR DEF9ITION8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,!IR DEF9ITION ( AN ORGANISM IS SO LOOSE & PLA/IC ?AT !Y CAN APPLY IT TO EV]Y?+ !Y LIKE4 

,YES1 !Y WILL SAY1 Y\ MAY CONSID] ! =E/1 TOO1 AS AN ORGANISM4 ,A =E/ IS A MUTUAL COOP]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O DO NOT DE/ROY EA* O!R2 AN AGGREGATE3 ITS P>TS CAN ALSO PASS 9TO A CLOS] RELATION%IP1 & BY DIFF]5TIATION & 9TEGRATION IT MAY BECOME AN ORGANISM4 

,!N Y\ WILL SAY1 ?AT 9 ?AT CASE1 ! BIRDS TOO & ! 9SECTS1 & ! H]BS ( ?IS =E/1 :I* MUTUALLY COOP]ATE & DO NOT DE/ROY EA* O!R1 MAY BE CONSID]$1 ) ! TREES1 TO BE AN ORGANISM4 ,!Y W\LD AGREE TO ?IS1 TOO4 ,ACCORD+ TO !IR !ORY1 WE MAY CONSID] AS AN ORGANISM EV]Y COLLECTION ( LIV+ BE+S :I* MUTUALLY COOP]ATE1 & DO NOT DE/ROY ONE ANO!R4 ,Y\ CAN E/ABLI% A CONNECTION & COOP]ATION BETWE5 EV]Y?+ Y\ LIKE1 &1 ACCORD+ TO EVOLUTION1 Y\ CAN ASS]T ?AT FROM ANY?+ MAY PROCE$ ANY?+ ELSE Y\ LIKE1 IF A LONG 5\< P]IOD IS GRANT$4 

,TO ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ! ,TR9ITY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE ?AT IT DOES NOT EXI/4 ,BUT ONE CAN %[ !M ?AT !IR ASS]TION IS NOT BAS$ ON KN[L$GE1 BUT IS AN ASS]TION ( FAI?1 & ?AT IF !Y ASS]T ?AT !RE >E ?REE ,GODS1 ,I HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO ASS]T ?AT !RE >E #ag #a_/#b  ,GODS4 ,ONE MAY SAY ! SAME ?+ ) YET BETT] GR\ND TO ! FOLL[]S ( ,POSITIVE & ,EVOLUTIONAL SCI5CE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS SCI5CE ONE C\LD UND]TAKE TO PROVE ANY?+ ONE LIK$4 ,& ! /RANGE/ ?+ ( ALL IS1 ?AT ?IS SAME ,POSITIVE SCI5CE REG>DS ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD AS A CONDITION ( TRUE KN[L$GE1 & ?AT IT HAS ITSELF DEF9$ ! ELEM5TS ( ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 ,IT PR(ESSES ?AT COMMON S5SE IS ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 ,& YET COMMON S5SE ITSELF DISCLOSES ! FALLACIES (  
  ! DOCTR9E AT EV]Y /EP4 ,! MOM5T ?OSE :O OCCUPI$ ! POSITION ( SA9TS FELT !RE WAS NO LONG] ANY?+ SACR$ 9 !M1 ?AT !Y >E CURS$ LIKE ! ,POPE & \R [N ,SYNOD1 !Y IMM$IATELY CALL$ !MSELVES NOT M]ELY SACR$1 BUT 0MO/ SACR$40 ,! MOM5T SCI5CE FELT ?AT IT HAD GIV5 UP COMMON S5SE1 IT CALL$ ITSELF ,! ,SCI5CE ( ,REASON1 ,! ,ONLY ,REALLY ,SCI5TIFIC ,SCI5CE4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aic 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/