,*APT] #ai 

#aidaid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,IF ! OBJECT ( ?IS %AM PSEUDO-SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY HAD NOT BE5 ! SAME AS ?AT ( ALL O!R LEGAL SCI5CES1--! JU/IFICATION ( CO]CION1--IT C\LD NOT HAVE AVOID$ NOTIC+ ! /RANGE PH5OM5A ?AT ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 ! DEPRIVATION ( SOME M5 ( L& & CAPITAL1 & ! 5SLAV]Y ( SOME M5 TO O!RS1 DEP5D UPON MONEY1 & ?AT IT IS ONLY BY MEANS ( MONEY ?AT SOME M5 UTILIZE ! LABOR ( O!RS1--9 O!R WORDS1 5?RALL$ !M4 

,I REPEAT ?AT A MAN :O HAS MONEY MAY BUY UP & MONOPOLIZE ALL ! CORN & KILL O!RS BY />VATION1 COMPLETELY OPPRESS+ !M1 AS IT HAS FREQU5TLY HAPP5$ BE=E \R [N EYES ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE4 

,IT W\LD SEEM !N ?AT WE \<T TO EXAM9E ! CONNECTION ( !SE OCCURR5CES ) MONEY2 BUT ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE1 ) FULL ASSURANCE1 ASS]TS ?AT MONEY HAS NO CONNECTION :ATEV] ) ! MATT]4 

,?IS SCI5CE SAYS1 0,MONEY IS AS MU* AN >TICLE ( M]*&ISE AS ANY?+ ELSE :I* CONTA9S ! VALUE ( ITS PRODUCTION1 ONLY ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1--?AT ?IS >TICLE ( M]*&ISE IS *OS5 AS ! MORE CONV5I5T M$IUM ( EX*ANGE = E/ABLI%+ VALUES1 = SAV+1 & = MAK+ PAYM5TS4 ,ONE MAN HAS MADE BOOTS1 ANO!R HAS GR[N :EAT1 ! ?IRD HAS BR$ %EEP2 & N[1 9 ORD] TO EX*ANGE MORE CONV5I5TLY1 !Y PUT MONEY 9TO CIRCULATION1 :I* REPRES5TS ! EQUIVAL5T ( LABOR2 & BY ?IS M$IUM !Y EX*ANGE ! SOLES  
  ( BOOTS = A LO9 ( MUTTON1 OR T5 P\NDS ( FL\R40 

,/UD5TS ( ?IS %AM SCI5CE >E V]Y FOND ( PICTUR+ TO !MSELVES SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS2 BUT !RE HAS NEV] BE5 SU* A CONDITION 9 ! WORLD4 ,?IS IDEA AB\T SOCIETY IS LIKE ! FANCY AB\T ! PRIMITIVE1 PREHI/ORIC1 P]FECT HUMAN /ATE :I* ! PHILOSOPH]S *]I%$2 BUT SU* A /ATE NEV] EXI/$4 

,9 ALL HUMAN SOCIETIES :]E MONEY HAS BE5 US$ !RE HAS ALSO BE5 ! OPPRESSION BY ! /RONG & ! >M$ ( ! WEAK & ! DEF5SELESS2 & :]EV] !RE WAS OPPRESSION1 !RE ! /&>D ( VALUE1 MONEY1 :ATEV] IT CONSI/$ (1 CATTLE OR HIDES1 SK9 OR METALS1 MU/ HAVE UNAVOIDABLY LO/ ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE1 & RECEIV$ ! MEAN+ ( A RANSOM FROM  
VIOL5CE4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT MONEY DOES POSSESS ! 9(F5SIVE PROP]TIES :I* SCI5CE 5UM]ATES2 BUT IT W\LD HAVE !SE PROP]TIES ONLY 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* !RE WAS NO VIOL5CE1--9 AN IDEAL /ATE4 ,BUT 9 SU* A SOCIETY MONEY W\LD NOT BE F\ND AS A G5]AL MEASURE ( VALUE4 ,9 SU* A COMMUNITY1 AT ! ADV5T ( VIOL5CE1 MONEY W\LD IMM$IATELY LOSE ITS SIGNIFICANCE4 

,9 ALL SOCIETIES KN[N TO US :]E MONEY IS US$ IT RECEIVES ! SIGNIFICANCE ( A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE ONLY BECAUSE IT S]VES AS A MEANS ( VIOL5CE4 ,& ITS *IEF OBJECT IS TO ACT ?US1--NOT AS A M]E M$IUM4 ,:]E VIOL5CE EXI/S1 MONEY CANNOT BE A TRUE M$IUM ( EX*ANGE1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT A MEASURE ( VALUE1--BECAUSE1 AS SOON AS ONE MAN MAY TAKE AWAY FROM ANO!R ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR1 ALL MEASURES ( VALUE >E DIRECTLY VIOLAT$4 ,IF HORSES & C[S1 BR$ BY ONE MAN1 & VIOL5TLY TAK5 AWAY BY O!RS1 W]E BR\<T TO A M>KET1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! VALUE ( O!R HORSES & C[S !RE1 :5 BR\<T 9TO COMPETITION ) /OL5 ANIMALS1 W\LD NO LONG] CORRESPOND ) ! LABOR ( BRE$+ !M4 ,& ! VALUE ( EV]Y?+ ELSE W\LD ALSO *ANGE ) ?IS *ANGE1 & SO MONEY C\LD NOT DET]M9E VALUES4 

,BESIDES1 IF ONE MAN MAY ACQUIRE BY =CE A C[ OR A HORSE OR A H\SE1 HE MAY BY ! SAME =CE ACQUIRE MONEY ITSELF1 & ) ?IS MONEY ACQUIRE ALL K9DS ( PRODUCE4 ,IF1 !N1 MONEY ITSELF IS ACQUIR$ BY VIOL5CE1 & SP5T TO PUR*ASE PRODUCTS1 MONEY 5TIRELY LOSES ITS QUALITY AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 

,! OPPRESSOR :O TAKES MONEY & GIVES IT = ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR DOES NOT EX*ANGE ANY?+1 BUT OBTA9S FROM LABOR ALL ?AT HE WANTS4 

,BUT LET US SUPPOSE ?AT SU* AN IMAG9>Y & IMPOSSIBLE  
  /ATE ( SOCIETY REALLY EXI/$1 9 :I* MONEY IS 9 CIRCULATION1 )\T ! EX]CISE ( G5]AL VIOL5CE1--SILV] OR GOLD S]V+ AS A MEASURE ( VALUE & AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 ,ALL ! SAV+S 9 SU* A SOCIETY >E EXPRESS$ BY MONEY4 ,!RE APPE>S 9 ?IS SOCIETY AN OPPRESSOR 9 ! %APE ( A CONQU]OR4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS OPPRESSOR CLAIMS ! C[S1 HORSES1 CLO!S1 & ! H\SES ( ! 9HABITANTS2 BUT1 AS IT IS NOT CONV5I5T = HIM TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ALL ?IS1 HE NATURALLY ?9KS ( TAK+ ?AT :I* REPRES5TS AMONG !SE M5 ALL K9DS ( VALUES & IS EX*ANG$ = EV]Y?+1--MONEY4 ,& AT ONCE 9 ?IS COMMUNITY1 MONEY RECEIVES1 = ! OPPRESSOR & HIS ASSI/ANTS1 ANO!R SIGNIFICATION1 & ITS *>ACT] AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE !RE=E IMM$IATELY CEASES4 

,! MEASURE ( ! VALUES WILL ALWAYS DEP5D ON ! PLEASURE ( ! OPPRESSOR4 ,! >TICLES MO/ NECESS>Y TO HIM1 & = :I* HE GIVES MORE MONEY1 >E CONSID]$ GREAT] VALUE1 & VISE V]SA2 SO ?AT1 9 A COMMUNITY EXPOS$ TO VIOL5CE1 MONEY AT ONCE RECEIVES ITS *IEF MEAN+1--IT BECOMES A MEANS ( VIOL5CE & A RANSOM FROM VIOL5CE1 & IT RETA9S1 AMONG ! OPPRESS$1 ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE ONLY SO F> AS ?AT IS CONV5I5T TO ! OPPRESSOR4 

,LET US PICTURE ! :OLE AFFAIR 9 A CIRCLE1 ?US3--,! S]FS SUPPLY !IR L&LORD ) L951 P\LTRY1 %EEP1 & DAILY LABOR4 ,! L&LORD SUB/ITUTES MONEY = !SE GOODS1 & FIXES ! VALUE ( ! V>I\S >TICLES S5T 94 ,?OSE :O HAVE NO L951 CORN1 CATTLE1 OR MANUAL LABOR TO (F]1 MAY BR+ A DEF9ITE SUM ( MONEY4 

,IT IS OBVI\S1 ?AT1 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! PEASANTS ( ?IS L&LORD1 ! PRICE ( ! V>I\S >TICLES WILL ALWAYS DEP5D UPON ! L&LORD'S PLEASURE4 ,! L&LORD USES ! >TICLES COLLECT$ AMONG HIS PEASANTS1 & SOME ( !SE >TICLES >E MORE NECESS>Y = HIM ?AN O!RS3 HE FIXES ! PRICES = !M ACCORD+LY1 MORE OR LESS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! M]E WILL & REQUIREM5TS ( ! L&LORD MU/ REGULATE ! PRICES ( !SE >TICLES AMONG ! PAY]S4 ,IF HE IS 9 WANT ( CORN1 HE WILL SET A HI< PRICE = A FIX$ QUANTITY ( IT1 & A L[ PRICE = L951 CATTLE1 OR WORK2 & !RE=E ?OSE :O HAVE NO CORN WILL SELL !IR LABOR1 L951 & CATTLE TO O!RS1 9 ORD] TO BUY CORN TO GIVE IT TO ! L&LORD4 

,IF ! L&LORD *OOSES TO SUB/ITUTE MONEY = ALL HIS CLAIMS1 !N ! VALUE ( ?+S WILL AGA9 DEP5D1 NOT UPON ! VALUE ( LABOR1 BUT FIR/ UPON ! SUM ( MONEY :I* ! L&LORD REQUIRES1 & SECONDLY UPON !  
  >TICLES PRODUC$ BY ! PEASANTS1 :I* >E MORE NECESS>Y TO ! L&LORD1 & = :I* HE ALL[S A HI<] PRICE4 

,! MONEY-CLAIM MADE BY ! L&LORD ON ! PEASANTS CEASES TO 9FLU5CE ! PRICES ( ! >TICLES ONLY :5 ! PEASANTS ( ?IS L&LORD LIVE SEP>ATELY FROM O!R PEOPLE & HAVE NO CONNECTION ) ANY ONE2 & SECONDLY1 :5 ! L&LORD EMPLOYS MONEY1 NOT 9 PUR*AS+ ?+S 9 HIS [N VILLAGE1 BUT ELSE:]E4 ,ONLY UND] !SE TWO CONDITIONS W\LD ! PRICES ( ?+S1 ?\< *ANG$ NOM9ALLY1 REMA9 RELATIVELY ! SAME1 & MONEY W\LD BECOME A MEASURE ( VALUE & A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 

,BUT IF ! PEASANTS HAVE ANY BUS9ESS CONNECTIONS ) ! 9HABITANTS SURR\ND+ !M1 ! PRICES ( !IR PRODUCE1 AS SOLD TO !IR NEI<BORS1 W\LD DEP5D ON ! SUM REQUIR$ FROM !M BY !IR L&LORD4 7,IF LESS MONEY IS REQUIR$ FROM !IR NEI<BORS ?AN FROM !MSELVES1 !N !IR PRODUCTS W\LD BE SOLD *EAP] ?AN ! PRODUCTS ( !IR NEI<BORS1 & VISE V]SA47 ,AGA91 ! L&LORD'S MONEY-DEM& W\LD CEASE TO 9FLU5CE ! PRICES ( ! >TICLES1 ONLY :5 ! SUMS COLLECT$ BY ! L&LORD W]E NOT SP5T 9 BUY+ ! PRODUCTS ( HIS [N PEASANTS4 ,BUT IF HE SP5DS ! MONEY 9 PUR*AS+ FROM !M1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! PRICES ( V>I\S >TICLES WILL CON/ANTLY V>Y AMONG !M ACCORD+ AS ! L&LORD BUYS MORE ( ONE ?+ ?AN ANO!R4 

,SUPPOSE ONE L&LORD HAS FIX$ A V]Y HI< POLL-TAX1 & HIS NEI<BOR A V]Y L[ ONE3 IT IS CLE> ?AT ON ! E/ATE ( ! FIR/ L&LORD EV]Y ?+ WILL BE *EAP] ?AN ON ! E/ATE ( ! SECOND1 & ?AT ! PRICES ON EI!R E/ATE WILL DEP5D ONLY UPON ! 9CREASE & DECREASE ( ! POLL-TAXES4 ,?IS IS ONE EFFECT ( VIOL5CE ON VALUE4 

,ANO!R1 RIS+ \T ( ! FIR/1 CONSI/S 9 RELATIVE VALUES4 ,SUPPOSE ONE L&LORD IS FOND ( HORSES1 & PAYS A HI< PRICE = !M2 ANO!R IS FOND ( T[ELS1 & (F]S A HI< FIGURE = !M4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ON ! E/ATE ( EI!R ( !SE TWO L&LORDS1 ! HORSES & ! T[ELS WILL BE DE>1 & ! PRICES ( !SE >TICLES WILL BE \T ( PROPORTION TO ?OSE ( C[S OR ( CORN4 ,IF TO-MORR[ ! COLLECTOR ( T[ELS DIES1 & HIS HEIRS >E FOND ( P\LTRY1 !N IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! PRICE ( T[ELS WILL FALL & ?AT ( P\LTRY WILL RISE4 

,:]EV] 9 SOCIETY !RE IS ! MA/]Y ( ONE MAN OV] ANO!R1 !RE ! MEAN+ ( MONEY AS ! MEASURE ( VALUE AT ONCE YIELDS TO ! WILL ( ! OPPRESSOR1 &  
  ITS MEAN+ AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR IS REPLAC$ BY ANO!R1--?AT ( ! MO/ CONV5I5T MEANS ( UTILIZ+ O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR4 

,! OPPRESSOR WANTS MONEY NEI!R AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE1--= HE TAKES :ATEV] HE WANTS )\T EX*ANGE1--NOR AS A MEASURE ( VALUE1--= HE HIMSELF DET]M9ES ! VALUE ( EV]Y?+1--BUT ONLY = ! CONV5I5CE IT AF=DS ( EX]CIS+ VIOL5CE2 & ?IS CONV5I5CE CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT MONEY MAY BE /OR$ UP1 & IS ! MO/ CONV5I5T MEANS ( HOLD+ 9 SLAV]Y ! MAJORITY ( MANK9D4 

,IT IS NOT CONV5I5T TO C>RY AWAY ALL ! CATTLE 9 ORD] ALWAYS TO HAVE HORSES1 C[S1 & %EEP :5EV] WANT$1 BECAUSE !Y MU/ BE F$2 ! SAME HOLDS GOOD ) CORN1 = IT MAY BE SPOIL$2 ! SAME ) SLAVES2 SOMETIMES A MAN MAY REQUIRE ?\S&S ( WORKM51 & SOMETIMES NONE4 ,MONEY DEM&$ FROM ?OSE :O HAVE NOT GOT IT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO GET RID ( ALL !SE 9CONV5I5CES & TO HAVE EV]Y?+ ?AT IS REQUIR$2 & ?IS IS :Y ! OPPRESSOR WANTS MONEY4 ,BESIDES :I*1 HE WANTS MONEY SO ?AT HIS RI<T TO UTILIZE ANO!R MAN'S LABOR MAY NOT BE CONF9$ TO C]TA9 M5 BUT MAY BE EXT5D$ TO ALL M5 :O REQUIRE ! MONEY4 

,:5 !RE WAS NO MONEY 9 CIRCULATION EA* L&LORD C\LD UTILIZE ! LABOR ( HIS [N S]FS ONLY2 BUT :5 !Y AGRE$ TO DEM& FROM ! PEASANTS MONEY :I* !Y HAD NOT1 !Y W]E 5ABL$ TO APPROPRIATE )\T DI/9CTION ! LABOR ( ALL M5 ON EV]Y E/ATE4 

,?US ! OPPRESSOR F9DS IT MORE CONV5I5T TO PRESS ALL HIS CLAIMS ON LABOR 9 ! %APE ( MONEY1 & = ?IS SOLE OBJECT IS IT DESIR$4 ,TO ! VICTIM FROM :OM IT IS TAK5 AWAY MONEY CANNOT BE ( USE1 EI!R = ! PURPOSE ( EX*ANGE 7SEE+ HE EX*ANGES )\T MONEY1 AS ALL NATIONS HAVE EX*ANG$ :O HAD NO GOV]NM5T72 NOR = A MEASURE ( VALUE1 BECAUSE ?IS IS FIX$ )\T HIM2 NOR = ! PURPOSE ( SAV+1 BECAUSE ! MAN :OSE PRODUCTIONS >E TAK5 AWAY CANNOT SAVE2 NEI!R = PAYM5TS1 BECAUSE AN OPPRESS$ MAN ALWAYS HAS MORE TO PAY ?AN TO RECEIVE2 & IF HE DOES RECEIVE ANY?+1 ! PAYM5T IS MADE1 NOT 9 MONEY1 BUT 9 >TICLES ( M]*&ISE 9 EI!R CASE2 :E!R ! WORKMAN TAKES HIS GOODS FROM HIS MA/]'S %OP TO REMUN]ATE HIS LABOR1 OR :E!R HE BUYS ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE ) HIS E>N+S 9 O!R %OPS1 ! MONEY IS REQUIR$ FROM HIM1 & HE IS TOLD BY HIS OPPRESSORS ?AT IF HE DOES NOT PAY IT !Y WILL REFUSE TO GIVE HIM L& OR BREAD1 OR WILL TAKE AWAY HIS C[ OR HIS HORSE1 OR CONDEMN HIM TO WORK1 OR PUT HIM 9 PRISON4 ,HE CAN ONLY FREE HIMSELF FROM ALL  
  ?IS BY SELL+ ! PRODUCTS ( HIS TOIL1 HIS [N LABOR1 OR ?AT ( HIS *ILDR54 

,HE WILL HAVE TO SELL ?IS ACCORD+ TO ! PRICES E/ABLI%$1 NOT BY A REGUL> EX*ANGE1 BUT BY ! AU?ORITY :I* DEM&S MONEY ( HIM4 

,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! 9FLU5CE ( TRIBUTE & TAXES ON PRICES1--:I* EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS REPEAT !MSELVES1 AS MU* ) ! L&-[N]S 9 A N>R[ CIRCLE1 AS ) ! /ATE ON A L>G] SCALE 79 :I* ! CAUSES ( ! MODIFICATION ( PRICES >E AS OBVI\S TO US1 AS ! MOTION ( ! H&S & FEET ( PUPPETS IS OBVI\S TO ?OSE :O LOOK BEH9D ! CURTA9 & SEE :O >E ! WIRE-PULL]S73--UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO SAY ?AT MONEY IS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE & A MEASURE ( VALUE1 IS AT LEA/ A/ONI%+4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,FEBRU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ai -- ,ADD$4 

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