,MEMOIR #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,A ,LETT] ,TO ,M4 ,BLANQUI4 ,P>IS1 ,APRIL #a1 #ahda 

#ahdahd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,SECOND ,MEMOIR 

,A ,LETT] TO ,M4 ,BLANQUI4 ,P>IS1 ,APRIL #a1 #a#h#d#a4 

,MONSIEUR1 -- ,BE=E RESUM+ MY 0,9QUIRIES 9TO ,GOV]NM5T & ,PROP]TY10 IT IS FITT+1 = ! SATISFACTION ( SOME WOR?Y PEOPLE1 & ALSO 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ORD]1 ?AT ,I %\LD MAKE TO Y\ A PLA91 /RAI<T=W>D EXPLANATION4 ,9 A MU*-GOV]N$ ,/ATE1 NO ONE W\LD BE ALL[$ TO ATTACK ! EXT]NAL =M ( ! SOCIETY1 & ! GR\NDWORK ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 UNTIL HE HAD E/ABLI%$ HIS RI<T TO DO SO1 -- FIR/1 BY HIS MORALITY2 SECOND1 BY HIS CAPACITY2 &1 ?IRD1 BY ! PURITY ( HIS 9T5TIONS4 ,ANY ONE :O1 WI%+ TO PUBLI% A TREATISE UPON ! CON/ITUTION ( ! C\NTRY1 C\LD NOT SATISFY ?IS ?REEFOLD CONDITION1 W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO PROCURE ! 5DORSEM5T ( A RESPONSIBLE PATRON POSSESS+ ! REQUISITE QUALIFICATIONS4 

,BUT WE ,FR5*M5 HAVE ! LIB]TY ( ! PRESS4 ,?IS GR& RI<T -- ! SWORD ( ?\<T1 :I* ELEVATES ! VIRTU\S CITIZ5 TO ! RANK ( LEGISLATOR1 & MAKES ! MALICI\S CITIZ5 AN AG5T ( DISCORD -- FREES US FROM ALL PRELIM9>Y RESPONSIBILITY TO ! LAW2 BUT IT DOES NOT RELEASE US FROM \R 9T]NAL OBLIGATION TO R5D] A PUBLIC ACC\NT ( \R S5TIM5TS & ?\<TS4 ,I HAVE US$1 9 ALL ITS FULLNESS1 & CONC]N+ AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 ! RI<T :I* ! *>T] GRANTS US4 ,I COME TO-DAY1 SIR1 TO SUBMIT MY CONSCI5CE TO Y\R JUDGM5T1 & MY FEEBLE 9SI<T TO Y\R DISCRIM9AT+ REASON4 ,Y\ HAVE CRITICIZ$ 9 A K9DLY SPIRIT -- ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID ) P>TIALITY = ! WRIT] -- A WORK :I* TEA*ES A DOCTR9E ?AT Y\ ?\<T IT Y\R DUTY TO CONDEMN4 0,! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CES10 SAID Y\ 9 Y\R REPORT1 0CAN ACCEPT ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! AU?OR ONLY AS F> AS IT LIKES40 ,I V5TURE TO HOPE1 SIR1 ?AT1 AFT] Y\ HAVE READ ?IS LETT]1 IF Y\R PRUD5CE /ILL RE/RA9S Y\1 Y\R FAIRNESS WILL 9DUCE Y\ TO DO ME JU/ICE4 

,M51 EQUAL 9 ! DIGNITY ( !IR P]SONS & EQUAL BE=E ! LAW1 %\LD BE EQUAL 9 !IR CONDITIONS1 -- SU* IS ! !SIS :I* ,I MA9TA9$ & DEVELOP$ 9 A MEMOIR BE>+ ! TITLE1 0,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 OR1 ,AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,RI<T & ( ,GOV]NM5T40 

,! IDEA ( SOCIAL EQUALITY1 EV5 9 9DIVIDUAL =TUNES1 HAS 9 ALL AGES BESIEG$1 LIKE A VAGUE PRES5TIM5T1 ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION4 ,POETS HAVE SUNG ( IT 9 !IR HYMNS2 PHILOSOPH]S HAVE DREAM$ ( IT 9 !IR ,UTOPIAS2 PRIE/S TEA* IT1 BUT ONLY = ! SPIRITUAL WORLD4 ,! PEOPLE1 GOV]N$ BY IT1 NEV] HAVE HAD FAI? 9 IT2 & ! CIVIL P[] IS NEV] MORE DI/URB$ ?AN BY ! FABLES ( ! AGE ( GOLD & ! REIGN ( ,A/]A4 ,A YE> AGO1 H[EV]1 ?IS IDEA RECEIV$ A SCI5TIFIC DEMON/RATION1 :I* HAS NOT YET BE5 SATISFACTORILY ANSW]$1 &1 P]MIT ME TO ADD1 NEV] WILL BE4 ,?IS DEMON/RATION1 [+ TO ITS SLI<TLY IMPASSION$ /YLE1 ITS ME?OD ( REASON+1 -- :I* WAS SO AT V>IANCE ) ?AT EMPLOY$ BY ! G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ AU?ORITIES1 -- & ! IMPORTANCE & NOVELTY ( ITS CONCLUSIONS1 WAS ( A NATURE TO CAUSE SOME AL>M2 & MI<T HAVE BE5 DANG]\S1 HAD IT NOT BE5 -- AS Y\1 SIR1 SO WELL SAID -- A SEAL$ LETT]1 SO F> AS ! G5]AL PUBLIC WAS CONC]N$1 ADDRESS$ ONLY TO M5 ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,I WAS GLAD TO SEE ?AT ?R\< ITS METAPHYSICAL DRESS Y\ RECOGNIZ$ ! WISE =ESI<T ( ! AU?OR2 & ,I ?ANK Y\ = IT4 ,MAY ,GOD GRANT ?AT MY 9T5TIONS1 :I* >E :OLLY PEACEFUL1 MAY NEV] BE *>G$ UPON ME AS TREASONABLE6 

,LIKE A /ONE ?R[N 9TO A MASS ( S]P5TS1 ! ,FIR/ ,MEMOIR ON ,PROP]TY EXCIT$ 9T5SE ANIMOSITY1 & >\S$ ! PASSIONS ( MANY4 ,BUT1 :ILE SOME WI%$ ! AU?OR & HIS WORK TO BE PUBLICLY D5\NC$1 O!RS F\ND 9 !M SIMPLY ! SOLUTION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY2 A FEW EV5 BAS+ EVIL SPECULATIONS UPON ! NEW LI<T :I* !Y HAD OBTA9$4 ,IT WAS NOT TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT A SY/EM ( 9DUCTIONS AB/RACTLY GA!R$ TOGE!R1 & /ILL MORE AB/RACTLY EXPRESS$1 W\LD BE UND]/OOD ) EQUAL ACCURACY 9 ITS 5SEMBLE & 9 EA* ( ITS P>TS4 

,TO F9D ! LAW ( EQUALITY1 NO LONG] 9 *>ITY & SELF-SACRIFICE 7:I* >E NOT B9D+ 9 !IR NATURE71 BUT 9 JU/ICE2 TO BASE EQUALITY ( FUNCTIONS UPON EQUALITY ( P]SONS2 TO DET]M9E ! ABSOLUTE PR9CIPLE ( EX*ANGE2 TO NEUTRALIZE ! 9EQUALITY ( 9DIVIDUAL FACULTIES BY COLLECTIVE =CE2 TO E/ABLI% AN EQUATION BETWE5 PROP]TY & ROBB]Y2 TO *ANGE ! LAW ( SUCCESSION )\T DE/ROY+ ! PR9CIPLE2 TO MA9TA9 ! HUMAN P]SONALITY 9 A SY/EM ( ABSOLUTE ASSOCIATION1 & TO SAVE LIB]TY FROM ! *A9S ( COMMUNISM2 TO SYN!SIZE ! MON>*ICAL & DEMOCRATIC =MS ( GOV]NM5T2 TO REV]SE ! DIVISION ( P[]S2 TO GIVE ! EXECUTIVE P[] TO ! NATION1 & TO MAKE LEGISLATION A POSITIVE1 FIX$1 & ABSOLUTE SCI5CE1 -- :AT A S]IES ( P>ADOXES6 :AT A /R+ ( DELUSIONS6 IF ,I MAY NOT SAY1 :AT A *A9 ( TRU?S6 ,BUT IT IS NOT MY PURPOSE H]E TO PASS UPON ! !ORY ( ! RI<T ( POSSESSION4 ,I DISCUSS NO DOGMAS4 ,MY ONLY OBJECT IS TO JU/IFY MY VIEWS1 & TO %[ ?AT1 9 WRIT+ AS ,I DID1 ,I NOT ONLY EX]CIS$ A RI<T1 BUT P]=M$ A DUTY4 

,YES1 ,I HAVE ATTACK$ PROP]TY1 & %ALL ATTACK IT AGA92 BUT1 SIR1 BE=E DEM&+ ?AT ,I %ALL MAKE ! AM5DE HONORABLE = HAV+ OBEY$ MY CONSCI5CE & SPOK5 ! EXACT TRU?1 CONDESC5D1 ,I BEG ( Y\1 TO CA/ A GLANCE AT ! EV5TS :I* >E HAPP5+ >\ND US2 LOOK AT \R DEPUTIES1 \R MAGI/RATES1 \R PHILOSOPH]S1 \R M9I/]S1 \R PR(ESSORS1 & \R PUBLICI/S2 EXAM9E !IR ME?ODS ( DEAL+ ) ! MATT] ( PROP]TY2 C\NT UP ) ME ! RE/RICTIONS PLAC$ UPON IT EV]Y DAY 9 ! NAME ( ! PUBLIC WELF>E2 MEASURE ! BREA*ES ALREADY MADE2 E/IMATE ?OSE :I* SOCIETY ?9KS ( MAK+ H]EAFT]2 ADD ! IDEAS CONC]N+ PROP]TY HELD BY ALL !ORIES 9 COMMON2 9T]ROGATE HI/ORY1 & !N TELL ME :AT WILL BE LEFT1 HALF A C5TURY H5CE1 ( ?IS OLD RI<T ( PROP]TY2 &1 ?US P]CEIV+ ?AT ,I HAVE SO MANY ACCOMPLICES1 Y\ WILL IMM$IATELY DECL>E ME 9NOC5T4 

,:AT IS ! LAW ( EXPROPRIATION ON ! GR\ND ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 :I* EV]YBODY FAVORS1 & :I* IS EV5 ?\<T TOO L5I5T8.<#d.> ,A FLAGRANT VIOLATION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,SOCIETY 9DEMNIFIES1 IT IS SAID1 ! DISPOSSESS$ PROPRIETOR2 BUT DOES IT RETURN TO HIM ! TRADITIONAL ASSOCIATIONS1 ! POETIC *>M1 & ! FAMILY PRIDE :I* ACCOMPANY PROP]TY8 ,NABO?1 & ! MILL] ( ,SANS-,S\CI1 W\LD HAVE PROTE/$ AGA9/ ,FR5* LAW1 AS !Y PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! CAPRICE ( !IR K+S4 0,IT IS ! FIELD ( \R FA!RS10 !Y W\LD HAVE CRI$1 0& WE WILL NOT SELL IT60 ,AMONG ! ANCI5TS1 ! REFUSAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL LIMIT$ ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,ROMAN LAW B[$ TO ! WILL ( ! CITIZ51 & AN EMP]OR -- ,COMMODUS1 IF ,I REMEMB] RI<TLY -- AB&ON$ ! PROJECT ( 5L>G+ ! =UM \T ( RESPECT = ! RI<TS ( ! OCCUPANTS :O REFUS$ TO ABDICATE4 ,PROP]TY IS A REAL RI<T1 JUS 9 RE1 -- A RI<T 9H]5T 9 ! ?+1 & :OSE PR9CIPLE LIES 9 ! EXT]NAL MANIFE/ATION ( MAN'S WILL4 ,MAN LEAVES HIS IMPR9T1 /AMPS HIS *>ACT]1 UPON ! OBJECTS ( HIS H&IWORK4 ,?IS PLA/IC =CE ( MAN1 AS ! MOD]N JURI/S SAY1 IS ! SEAL :I*1 SET UPON MATT]1 MAKES IT HOLY4 ,:OEV] LAYS H&S UPON IT1 AGA9/ ! PROPRIETOR'S WILL1 DOES VIOL5CE TO ! LATT]'S P]SONALITY4 ,& YET1 :5 AN ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE SAW FIT TO DECL>E ?AT PUBLIC UTILITY REQUIR$ IT1 PROP]TY HAD TO GIVE WAY TO ! G5]AL WILL4 ,SOON1 9 ! NAME ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 ME?ODS ( CULTIVATION & CONDITIONS ( 5JOYM5T WILL BE PRESCRIB$2 9SPECTORS ( AGRICULTURE & MANUFACTURES WILL BE APPO9T$2 PROP]TY WILL BE TAK5 AWAY FROM UNSKILLFUL H&S1 & 5TRU/$ TO LABOR]S :O >E MORE DES]V+ ( IT2 & A G5]AL SUP]9T5D5CE ( PRODUCTION WILL BE E/ABLI%$4 ,IT IS NOT TWO YE>S S9CE ,I SAW A PROPRIETOR DE/ROY A =E/ MORE ?AN FIVE HUNDR$ ACRES 9 EXT5T4 ,IF PUBLIC UTILITY HAD 9T]F]$1 ?AT =E/ -- ! ONLY ONE = MILES >\ND -- W\LD /ILL BE /&+4 

,BUT1 IT IS SAID1 EXPROPRIATION ON ! GR\ND ( PUBLIC UTILITY IS ONLY AN EXCEPTION :I* CONFIRMS ! PR9CIPLE1 & BE>S TE/IMONY 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T4 ,V]Y WELL2 BUT FROM ?IS EXCEPTION WE WILL PASS TO ANO!R1 FROM ?AT TO A ?IRD1 & SO ON FROM EXCEPTIONS TO EXCEPTIONS1 UNTIL WE HAVE R$UC$ ! RULE TO A PURE AB/RACTION4 

,H[ MANY SUPPORT]S DO Y\ ?9K1 SIR1 CAN BE CLAIM$ = ! PROJECT ( ! CONV]SION ( ! PUBLIC FUNDS8 ,I V5TURE TO SAY ?AT EV]YBODY FAVORS IT1 EXCEPT ! FUND-HOLD]S4 

,N[1 ?IS SO-CALL$ CONV]SION IS AN EXT5SIVE EXPROPRIATION1 & 9 ?IS CASE ) NO 9DEMNITY :ATEV]4 ,! PUBLIC FUNDS >E SO MU* REAL E/ATE1 ! 9COME FROM :I* ! PROPRIETOR C\NTS UPON ) P]FECT SAFETY1 & :I* [ES ITS VALUE TO ! TACIT PROMISE ( ! GOV]NM5T TO PAY 9T]E/ UPON IT AT ! E/ABLI%$ RATE1 UNTIL ! FUND-HOLD] APPLIES = R$EMPTION4 ,=1 IF ! 9COME IS LIABLE TO DIM9UTION1 IT IS LESS PR(ITABLE ?AN H\SE-R5T OR F>M-R5T1 :OSE RATES MAY RISE OR FALL ACCORD+ TO ! FLUCTUATIONS 9 ! M>KET2 & 9 ?AT CASE1 :AT 9DUCEM5T HAS ! CAPITALI/ TO 9VE/ HIS MONEY 9 ! ,/ATE8 ,:51 !N1 Y\ =CE ! FUND-HOLD] TO SUBMIT TO A DIM9UTION ( 9T]E/1 Y\ MAKE HIM BANKRUPT TO ! EXT5T ( ! DIM9UTION2 & S9CE1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONV]SION1 AN EQUALLY PR(ITABLE 9VE/M5T BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE1 Y\ DEPRECIATE HIS PROP]TY4 

,?AT SU* A MEASURE MAY BE JU/LY EXECUT$1 IT MU/ BE G5]ALIZ$2 ?AT IS1 ! LAW :I* PROVIDES = IT MU/ DECREE ALSO ?AT 9T]E/ ON SUMS L5T ON DEPOSIT OR ON MORTGAGE ?R\<\T ! REALM1 AS WELL AS H\SE & F>M-R5TS1 %ALL BE R$UC$ TO ?REE P]C5T4 ,?IS SIMULTANE\S R$UCTION ( ALL K9DS ( 9COME W\LD BE NOT A :IT MORE DIFFICULT TO ACCOMPLI% ?AN ! PROPOS$ CONV]SION2 &1 FUR!R1 IT W\LD (F] ! ADVANTAGE ( =E/ALL+ AT ONE BL[ ALL OBJECTIONS TO IT1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT W\LD 9SURE A JU/ ASSESSM5T ( ! L&-TAX4 ,SEE6 ,IF AT ! MOM5T ( CONV]SION A PIECE ( REAL E/ATE YIELDS AN 9COME ( ONE ?\S& FRANCS1 AFT] ! NEW LAW TAKES EFFECT IT WILL YIELD ONLY SIX HUNDR$ FRANCS4 ,N[1 ALL[+ ! TAX TO BE AN ALIQUOT P>T -- ONE-F\R? = EXAMPLE -- ( ! 9COME D]IV$ FROM EA* PIECE ( PROP]TY1 IT IS CLE> ON ! ONE H& ?AT ! PROPRIETOR W\LD NOT1 9 ORD] TO LI<T5 HIS %>E ( ! TAX1 UND]E/IMATE ! VALUE ( HIS PROP]TY2 S9CE1 H\SE & F>M-R5TS BE+ FIX$ BY ! VALUE ( ! CAPITAL1 & ! LATT] BE+ MEASUR$ BY ! TAX1 TO DEPRECIATE HIS REAL E/ATE W\LD BE TO R$UCE HIS REV5UE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS EQUALLY EVID5T ?AT ! SAME PROPRIETORS C\LD NOT OV]E/IMATE ! VALUE ( !IR PROP]TY1 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE !IR 9COMES BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! LAW1 S9CE ! T5ANTS & F>M]S1 ) !IR OLD LEASES 9 !IR H&S1 W\LD 5T] A PROTE/4 

,SU*1 SIR1 MU/ BE ! RESULT SOON] OR LAT] ( ! CONV]SION :I* HAS BE5 SO LONG DEM&$2 O!RWISE1 ! F9ANCIAL OP]ATION ( :I* WE >E SPEAK+ W\LD BE A CRY+ 9JU/ICE1 UNLESS 9T5D$ AS A /EPP+-/ONE4 ,?IS LA/ MOTIVE SEEMS ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE ONE2 = 9 SPITE ( ! CLAMORS ( 9T]E/$ P>TIES1 & ! FLAGRANT VIOLATION ( C]TA9 RI<TS1 ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE IS B\ND TO FULFILL ITS DESIRE1 & IS NO MORE AFFECT$ :5 *>G$ ) ATTACK+ PROP]TY1 ?AN :5 LI/5+ TO ! COMPLA9TS ( ! BONDHOLD]S4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 9/9CTIVE JU/ICE BELIES LEGAL JU/ICE4 

,:O HAS NOT HE>D ( ! 9EXTRICABLE CONFUSION 9TO :I* ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES WAS ?R[N LA/ YE>1 :ILE DISCUSS+ ! QUE/ION ( COLONIAL & NATIVE SUG>S8 ,DID !Y LEAVE !SE TWO 9DU/RIES TO !MSELVES8 ,! NATIVE MANUFACTUR] WAS RU9$ BY ! COLONI/4 ,TO MA9TA9 ! BEET-ROOT1 ! CANE HAD TO BE TAX$4 ,TO PROTECT ! PROP]TY ( ! ONE1 IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO VIOLATE ! PROP]TY ( ! O!R4 ,! MO/ REM>KABLE FEATURE ( ?IS BUS9ESS WAS PRECISELY ?AT TO :I* ! LEA/ ATT5TION WAS PAID2 NAMELY1 ?AT1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 PROP]TY HAD TO BE VIOLAT$4 ,DID !Y IMPOSE ON EA* 9DU/RY A PROPORTIONAL TAX1 SO AS TO PRES]VE A BALANCE 9 ! M>KET8 ,!Y CREAT$ A MAXIMUM PRICE = EA* V>IETY ( SUG>2 &1 AS ?IS MAXIMUM PRICE WAS NOT ! SAME1 !Y ATTACK$ PROP]TY 9 TWO WAYS1 -- ON ! ONE H&1 9T]F]+ ) ! LIB]TY ( TRADE2 ON ! O!R1 DISREG>D+ ! EQUALITY ( PROPRIETORS4 ,DID !Y SUPPRESS ! BEET-ROOT BY GRANT+ AN 9DEMNITY TO ! MANUFACTUR]8 ,!Y SACRIFIC$ ! PROP]TY ( ! TAX-PAY]4 ,F9ALLY1 DID !Y PREF] TO CULTIVATE ! TWO V>IETIES ( SUG> AT ! NATION'S EXP5SE1 JU/ AS DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( TOBACCO >E CULTIVAT$8 ,!Y ABOLI%$1 SO F> AS ! SUG> 9DU/RY WAS CONC]N$1 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,?IS LA/ C\RSE1 BE+ ! MO/ SOCIAL1 W\LD HAVE BE5 C]TA9LY ! BE/2 BUT1 IF PROP]TY IS ! NECESS>Y BASIS ( CIVILIZATION1 H[ IS ?IS DEEP-SEAT$ ANTAGONISM TO BE EXPLA9$8.<#d#a.> 

,NOT SATISFI$ ) ! P[] ( DISPOSSESS+ A CITIZ5 ON ! GR\ND ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 !Y WANT ALSO TO DISPOSSESS HIM ON ! GR\ND ( PRIVATE UTILITY4 ,= A LONG TIME1 A REVISION ( ! LAW CONC]N+ MORTGAGES WAS CLAMOR$ =2 A PROCESS WAS DEM&$1 9 BEHALF ( ALL K9DS ( CR$IT & 9 ! 9T]E/ ( EV5 ! DEBTORS !MSELVES1 :I* W\LD R5D] ! EXPROPRIATION ( REAL E/ATE AS PROMPT1 AS EASY1 & AS EFFECTIVE AS ?AT :I* FOLL[S A COMM]CIAL PROTE/4 ,! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ?IS YE>1 #a#h#d#a1 DISCUSS$ ?IS PROJECT1 & ! LAW WAS PASS$ ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE JU/1 NO?+ MORE REASONABLE1 NO?+ MORE PHILOSOPHICAL APP>5TLY1 ?AN ! MOTIVES :I* GAVE RISE TO ?IS RE=M4 

,I4 ,=M]LY1 ! SMALL PROPRIETOR :OSE OBLIGATION HAD >RIV$ AT MATURITY1 & :O F\ND HIMSELF UNABLE TO MEET IT1 HAD TO EMPLOY ALL ?AT HE HAD LEFT1 AFT] BE+ RELEAS$ FROM HIS DEBT1 9 DEFRAY+ ! LEGAL CO/S4 ,H5CE=?1 ! PROMPTNESS ( EXPROPRIATION WILL SAVE HIM FROM TOTAL RU94 #b4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( PAYM5T >RE/$ CR$IT1 & PREV5T$ ! EMPLOYM5T ( CAPITAL 9 AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES4 ,?IS CAUSE ( DI/RU/ NO LONG] EXI/+1 CAPITALI/S WILL F9D NEW M>KETS1 AGRICULTURE WILL RAPIDLY DEVELOP1 & F>M]S WILL BE ! FIR/ TO 5JOY ! B5EFIT ( ! NEW LAW4 #c4 ,F9ALLY1 IT WAS 9IQUIT\S & ABSURD1 ?AT1 ON ACC\NT ( A PROTE/$ NOTE1 A POOR MANUFACTUR] %\LD SEE 9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS HIS BUS9ESS >RE/$1 HIS LABOR SUSP5D$1 HIS M]*&ISE SEIZ$1 HIS MA*9]Y SOLD AT AUCTION1 & F9ALLY HIMSELF L$ (F TO PRISON1 :ILE TWO YE>S W]E SOMETIMES NECESS>Y TO EXPROPRIATE ! MO/ MIS]ABLE PIECE ( REAL E/ATE4 ,!SE >GUM5TS1 & O!RS BESIDES1 Y\ CLE>LY /AT$1 SIR1 9 Y\R FIR/ LECTURES ( ?IS ACADEMIC YE>4 

,BUT1 :5 /AT+ !SE EXCELL5T >GUM5TS1 DID Y\ ASK Y\RSELF1 SIR1 :I!R W\LD T5D SU* A TRANS=MATION ( \R SY/EM ( MORTGAGES8 444 ,TO MONETIZE1 IF ,I MAY SAY SO1 L&$ PROP]TY2 TO ACCUMULATE IT )9 PORTFOLIOS2 TO SEP>ATE ! LABOR] FROM ! SOIL1 MAN FROM ,NATURE2 TO MAKE HIM A W&]] OV] ! FACE ( ! E>?2 TO ]ADICATE FROM HIS HE>T EV]Y TRACE ( FAMILY FEEL+1 NATIONAL PRIDE1 & LOVE ( C\NTRY2 TO ISOLATE HIM MORE & MORE2 TO R5D] HIM 9DIFF]5T TO ALL >\ND HIM2 TO CONC5TRATE HIS LOVE UPON ONE OBJECT1 -- MONEY2 &1 F9ALLY1 BY ! DI%ONE/ PRACTICES ( USURY1 TO MONOPOLIZE ! L& TO ! PR(IT ( A F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY1 -- A WOR?Y AUXILI>Y ( ?AT 9DU/RIAL FEUDALITY :OSE P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE WE BEG9 TO FEEL SO BITT]LY4 ,?US1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! LABOR] TO ! IDL]1 ! RE/ORATION ( ABOLI%$ CA/ES1 & ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 PATRICIAN & PLEBEIAN1 W\LD BE EFFECT$2 ?US1 ?ANKS TO ! NEW PRIVILEGES GRANT$ TO ! PROP]TY ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ?AT ( ! SMALL & 9T]M$IATE PROPRIETORS W\LD GRADUALLY DISAPPE>1 & ) IT ! :OLE CLASS ( FREE & HONE/ LABOR]S4 ,?IS C]TA9LY IS NOT MY PLAN = ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY4 ,F> FROM MOBILIZ+ ! SOIL1 ,I W\LD1 IF POSSIBLE1 IMMOBILIZE EV5 ! FUNCTIONS ( PURE 9TELLIG5CE1 SO ?AT SOCIETY MI<T BE ! FULFILLM5T ( ! 9T5TIONS ( ,NATURE1 :O GAVE US \R FIR/ POSSESSION1 ! L&4 ,=1 IF ! 9/RUM5T OR CAPITAL ( PRODUCTION IS ! M>K ( ! LABOR]1 IT IS ALSO HIS P$E/AL1 HIS SUPPORT1 HIS C\NTRY1 &1 AS ! ,PSALMI/ SAYS1 ! PLACE ( HIS ACTIVITY & HIS RE/4.<#d#b.> 

,LET US EXAM9E MORE CLOSELY /ILL ! 9EVITABLE & APPROA*+ RESULT ( ! LA/ LAW CONC]N+ JUDICIAL SALES & MORTGAGES4 ,UND] ! SY/EM ( COMPETITION :I* IS KILL+ US1 & :OSE NECESS>Y EXPRESSION IS A PLUND]+ & TYRANNICAL GOV]NM5T1 ! F>M] WILL NE$ ALWAYS CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO REPAIR HIS LOSSES1 & WILL BE =C$ TO CONTRACT LOANS4 ,ALWAYS DEP5D+ UPON ! FUTURE = ! PAYM5T ( HIS DEBTS1 HE WILL BE DECEIV$ 9 HIS HOPE1 & SURPRIS$ BY MATURITY4 ,= :AT IS !RE MORE PROMPT1 MORE UNEXPECT$1 MORE ABBREVIATORY ( SPACE & TIME1 ?AN ! MATURITY ( AN OBLIGATION8 ,I ADDRESS ?IS QUE/ION TO ALL :OM ?IS PITILESS ,NEMESIS PURSUES1 & EV5 TR\BLES 9 !IR DREAMS4 ,N[1 UND] ! NEW LAW1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( A DEBTOR WILL BE EFFECT$ A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE RAPIDLY2 !N1 ALSO1 SPOLIATION WILL BE A HUNDR$ TIMES SUR]1 & ! FREE LABOR] WILL PASS A HUNDR$ TIMES SOON] FROM HIS PRES5T CONDITION TO ?AT ( A S]F ATTA*$ TO ! SOIL4 ,=M]LY1 ! L5G? ( TIME REQUIR$ TO EFFECT ! SEIZURE CURB$ ! USUR]'S AVIDITY1 GAVE ! BORR[] AN OPPORTUNITY TO RECOV] HIMSELF1 & GAVE RISE TO A TRANSACTION BETWE5 HIM & HIS CR$ITOR :I* MI<T RESULT F9ALLY 9 A COMPLETE RELEASE4 ,N[1 ! DEBTOR'S S5T5CE IS IRREVOCABLE3 HE HAS BUT A FEW DAYS ( GRACE4 

,& :AT ADVANTAGES >E PROMIS$ BY ?IS LAW AS AN (FSET TO ?IS SWORD ( ,DAMOCLES1 SUSP5D$ BY A S+LE HAIR OV] ! HEAD ( ! UN=TUNATE HUSB&MAN8 ,! EXP5SES ( SEIZURE WILL BE MU* LESS1 IT IS SAID2 BUT WILL ! 9T]E/ ON ! BORR[$ CAPITAL BE LESS EXORBITANT8 ,=1 AFT] ALL1 IT IS 9T]E/ :I* IMPOV]I%ES ! PEASANT & LEADS TO HIS EXPROPRIATION4 ,?AT ! LAW MAY BE 9 H>MONY ) ITS PR9CIPLE1 ?AT IT MAY BE TRULY 9SPIR$ BY ?AT SPIRIT ( JU/ICE = :I* IT IS COMM5D$1 IT MU/ -- :ILE FACILITAT+ EXPROPRIATION -- L[] ! LEGAL PRICE ( MONEY4 ,O!RWISE1 ! RE=M CONC]N+ MORTGAGES IS BUT A TRAP SET = SMALL PROPRIETORS1 -- A LEGISLATIVE TRICK4 

,L[] 9T]E/ ON MONEY6 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 ?AT IS TO LIMIT PROP]TY4 ,H]E1 SIR1 Y\ %ALL MAKE Y\R [N DEF5SE4 ,MORE ?AN ONCE1 9 Y\R LE>N$ LECTURES1 ,I HAVE HE>D Y\ DEPLORE ! PRECIPITANCY ( ! ,*AMB]S1 :O1 )\T PREVI\S /UDY & )\T PR(\ND KN[L$GE ( ! SUBJECT1 VOT$ ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY TO MA9TA9 ! /ATUTES & PRIVILEGES ( ! ,BANK4 ,N[ !SE PRIVILEGES1 !SE /ATUTES1 ?IS VOTE ( ! ,*AMB]S1 MEAN SIMPLY ?IS1 -- ?AT ! M>KET PRICE ( SPECIE1 AT FIVE OR SIX P]C5T1 IS NOT TOO HI<1 & ?AT ! CONDITIONS ( EX*ANGE1 DISC\NT1 & CIRCULATION1 :I* G5]ALLY D\BLE ?IS 9T]E/1 >E NONE TOO SEV]E4 ,SO ! GOV]NM5T ?9KS4 ,M4 ,BLANQUI -- A PR(ESSOR ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 PAID BY ! ,/ATE -- MA9TA9S ! CONTR>Y1 & PRET5DS TO DEMON/RATE1 BY DECISIVE >GUM5TS1 ! NECESSITY ( A RE=M4 ,:O1 !N1 BE/ UND]/&S ! 9T]E/S ( PROP]TY1 -- ! ,/ATE1 OR ,M4 ,BLANQUI8 

,IF SPECIE C\LD BE BORR[$ AT HALF ! PRES5T RATE1 ! REV5UES FROM ALL SORTS ( PROP]TY W\LD SOON BE R$UC$ ONE-HALF ALSO4 ,= EXAMPLE3 :5 IT CO/S LESS TO BUILD A H\SE ?AN TO HIRE ONE1 :5 IT IS *EAP] TO CLE> A FIELD ?AN TO PROCURE ONE ALREADY CLE>$1 COMPETITION 9EVITABLY LEADS TO A R$UCTION ( H\SE & F>M-R5TS1 S9CE ! SURE/ WAY TO DEPRECIATE ACTIVE CAPITAL IS TO 9CREASE ITS AM\NT4 ,BUT IT IS A LAW ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ?AT AN 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION AUGM5TS ! MASS ( AVAILABLE CAPITAL1 CONSEQU5TLY T5DS TO RAISE WAGES1 & F9ALLY TO ANNIHILATE 9T]E/4 ,!N1 PROPRIETORS >E 9T]E/$ 9 MA9TA9+ ! /ATUTES & PRIVILEGES ( ! ,BANK2 !N1 A RE=M 9 ?IS MATT] W\LD COMPROMISE ! RI<T ( 9CREASE2 !N1 ! PE]S & DEPUTIES >E BETT] 9=M$ ?AN ,PR(ESSOR ,BLANQUI4 

,BUT !SE SAME DEPUTIES1 -- SO JEAL\S ( !IR PRIVILEGES :5EV] ! EQUALIZ+ EFFECTS ( A RE=M >E )9 !IR 9TELLECTUAL HORIZON1 -- :AT DID !Y DO A FEW DAYS BE=E !Y PASS$ ! LAW CONC]N+ JUDICIAL SALES8 ,!Y =M$ A CONSPIRACY AGA9/ PROP]TY6 ,!IR LAW TO REGULATE ! LABOR ( *ILDR5 9 FACTORIES WILL1 )\T D\BT1 PREV5T ! MANUFACTUR] FROM COMPELL+ A *ILD TO LABOR MORE ?AN SO MANY H\RS A DAY2 BUT IT WILL NOT =CE HIM TO 9CREASE ! PAY ( ! *ILD1 NOR ?AT ( ITS FA!R4 ,TO-DAY1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( HEAL?1 WE DIM9I% ! SUBSI/5CE ( ! POOR2 TO-MORR[ IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PROTECT !M BY FIX+ !IR M9IMUM WAGES4 ,BUT TO FIX !IR M9IMUM WAGES IS TO COMPEL ! PROPRIETOR1 IS TO =CE ! MA/] TO ACCEPT HIS WORKMAN AS AN ASSOCIATE1 :I* 9T]F]ES ) FRE$OM & MAKES MUTUAL 9SURANCE OBLIGATORY4 ,ONCE 5T]$ UPON ?IS PA?1 WE NEV] %ALL /OP4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ! GOV]NM5T WILL BECOME MANUFACTUR]1 COMMISSION-M]*ANT1 & RETAIL DEAL]4 ,IT WILL BE ! SOLE PROPRIETOR4 ,:Y1 AT ALL EPO*S1 HAVE ! M9I/]S ( ,/ATE BE5 SO RELUCTANT TO M$DLE ) ! QUE/ION ( WAGES8 ,:Y HAVE !Y ALWAYS REFUS$ TO 9T]F]E BETWE5 ! MA/] & ! WORKMAN8 ,BECAUSE !Y KNEW ! T\*Y & JEAL\S NATURE ( PROP]TY1 &1 REG>D+ IT AS ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL CIVILIZATION1 FELT ?AT TO M$DLE ) IT W\LD BE TO UNSETTLE ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,SAD CONDITION ( ! PROPRIET>Y REGIME1 -- ONE ( 9ABILITY TO EX]CISE *>ITY )\T VIOLAT+ JU/ICE6.<#d#c.> 

,&1 SIR1 ?IS FATAL CONSEQU5CE :I* NECESSITY =CES UPON ! ,/ATE IS NO M]E IMAG9ATION4 ,EV5 N[ ! LEGISLATIVE P[] IS ASK$1 NO LONG] SIMPLY TO REGULATE ! GOV]NM5T ( FACTORIES1 BUT TO CREATE FACTORIES ITSELF4 ,LI/5 TO ! MILLIONS ( VOICES %\T+ ON ALL H&S = ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 ! CREATION ( NATIONAL WORK%OPS6 ,! :OLE LABOR+ CLASS IS AGITAT$3 IT HAS ITS J\RNALS1 ORGANS1 & REPRES5TATIVES4 ,TO GU>ANTEE LABOR TO ! WORK+MAN1 TO BALANCE PRODUCTION ) SALE1 TO H>MONIZE 9DU/RIAL PROPRIETORS1 IT ADVOCATES TO-DAY -- AS A SOV]EIGN REM$Y -- ONE SOLE HEAD1 ONE NATIONAL W>D5%IP1 ONE HUGE MANUFACTUR+ COMPANY4 ,=1 SIR1 ALL ?IS IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! IDEA ( NATIONAL WORK%OPS4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT ,I WI% TO QUOTE1 AS PRO(1 ! VIEWS ( AN ILLU/RI\S ECONOMI/1 A BRILLIANT M9D1 A PROGRESSIVE 9TELLECT1 AN 5?USIA/IC S\L1 A TRUE PATRIOT1 & YET AN (FICIAL DEF5D] ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4.<#d#d.> 

,! HONORABLE PR(ESSOR ( ! ,CONS]VATORY PROPOSES !N1 -- 

#a4 ,TO *ECK ! CONT9UAL EMIGRATION ( LABOR]S FROM ! C\NTRY 9TO ! CITIES4 

,BUT1 TO KEEP ! PEASANT 9 HIS VILLAGE1 HIS RESID5CE !RE MU/ BE MADE 5DURABLE3 TO BE JU/ TO ALL1 ! PROLETAIRE ( ! C\NTRY MU/ BE TREAT$ AS WELL AS ! PROLETAIRE ( ! CITY4 ,RE=M IS NE$$1 !N1 ON F>MS AS WELL AS 9 FACTORIES2 &1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T 5T]S ! WORK%OP1 ! GOV]NM5T MU/ SEIZE ! PL[6 ,:AT BECOMES1 DUR+ ?IS PROGRESSIVE 9VASION1 ( 9DEP5D5T CULTIVATION1 EXCLUSIVE DOMA91 PROP]TY8 

#b4 ,TO FIX = EA* PR(ESSION A MOD]ATE SAL>Y1 V>Y+ ) TIME & PLACE & BAS$ UPON C]TA9 DATA4 

,! OBJECT ( ?IS MEASURE W\LD BE TO SECURE TO LABOR]S !IR SUBSI/5CE1 & TO PROPRIETORS !IR PR(ITS1 :ILE OBLIG+ ! LATT] TO SACRIFICE FROM MOTIVES ( PRUD5CE1 IF = NO O!R REASON1 A PORTION ( !IR 9COME4 ,N[1 ,I SAY1 ?AT ?IS PORTION1 9 ! LONG RUN1 W\LD SWELL UNTIL AT LA/ !RE W\LD BE AN EQUALITY ( 5JOYM5T BETWE5 ! PROLETAIRE & ! PROPRIETOR4 ,=1 AS WE HAVE HAD OCCASION TO REM>K SEV]AL TIMES ALREADY1 ! 9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/ -- 9 O!R WORDS ! 9CREASE ( ! IDL] -- T5DS1 ON ACC\NT ( ! P[] ( LABOR1 ! MULTIPLICATION ( PRODUCTS & EX*ANGES1 TO CONT9UALLY DIM9I%1 &1 BY CON/ANT R$UCTION1 TO DISAPPE>4 ,SO ?AT1 9 ! SOCIETY PROPOS$ BY ,M4 ,BLANQUI1 EQUALITY W\LD NOT BE REALIZ$ AT FIR/1 BUT W\LD EXI/ POT5TIALLY2 S9CE PROP]TY1 ?\< \TW>DLY SEEM+ TO BE 9DU/RIAL FEUDALITY1 BE+ NO LONG] A PR9CIPLE ( EXCLUSION & 5CROA*M5T1 BUT ONLY A PRIVILEGE ( DIVISION1 W\LD NOT BE SL[1 ?ANKS TO ! 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 PASS+ 9TO ABSOLUTE EQUALITY1 -- AS ABSOLUTE AT LEA/ AS ANY ?+ CAN BE ON ?IS E>?4 

,I OMIT1 = ! SAKE ( BREVITY1 ! NUM]\S CONSID]ATIONS :I* ! PR(ESSOR ADDUCES 9 SUPPORT ( :AT HE CALLS1 TOO MODE/LY 9 MY OP9ION1 HIS ,UTOPIA4 ,!Y W\LD S]VE ONLY TO PROVE BEYOND ALL QUE/ION ?AT1 ( ALL ! *>LATANS ( RADICALISM :O FATIGUE ! PUBLIC E>1 NO ONE APPROA*ES1 = DEP? & CLE>NESS ( ?\<T1 ! AUDACI\S ,M4 ,BLANQUI4 

#c4 ,NATIONAL WORK%OPS %\LD BE 9 OP]ATION ONLY DUR+ P]IODS ( /AGNATION 9 ORD9>Y 9DU/RIES2 AT SU* TIMES !Y %\LD BE OP5$ AS VA/ \TLETS TO ! FLOOD ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION4 

,BUT1 SIR1 ! /OPPAGE ( PRIVATE 9DU/RY IS ! RESULT ( OV]-PRODUCTION1 & 9SUFFICI5T M>KETS4 ,IF1 !N1 PRODUCTION CONT9UES 9 ! NATIONAL WORK%OPS1 H[ WILL ! CRISIS BE T]M9AT$8 ,UND\BT$LY1 BY ! G5]AL DEPRECIATION ( M]*&ISE1 &1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 BY ! CONV]SION ( PRIVATE WORK%OPS 9TO NATIONAL WORK%OPS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL NE$ CAPITAL ) :I* TO PAY ITS WORKM52 N[1 H[ WILL ?IS CAPITAL BE OBTA9$8 ,BY TAXATION4 ,& UPON :AT WILL ! TAX BE LEVI$8 ,UPON PROP]TY4 ,!N Y\ WILL HAVE PROPRIET>Y 9DU/RY SU/A9+ AGA9/ ITSELF1 & AT ITS [N EXP5SE1 ANO!R 9DU/RY ) :I* IT CANNOT COMPETE4 ,:AT1 ?9K Y\1 WILL BECOME1 9 ?IS FATAL CIRCLE1 ( ! POSSIBILITY ( PR(IT1 -- 9 A WORD1 ( PROP]TY8 

,?ANK ,HEAV56 EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS TAU<T 9 ! PUBLIC S*OOLS2 LET US FE> REVOLUTIONS NO LONG]4 ,! MO/ IMPLACABLE 5EMY ( PROP]TY C\LD NOT1 IF HE WI%$ TO DE/ROY IT1 GO TO WORK 9 A WIS] & MORE EFFECTIVE WAY4 ,C\RAGE1 !N1 M9I/]S1 DEPUTIES1 ECONOMI/S6 MAKE HA/E TO SEIZE ?IS GLORI\S 9ITIATIVE2 LET ! WAT*WORDS ( EQUALITY1 UTT]$ FROM ! HEI<TS ( SCI5CE & P[]1 BE REPEAT$ 9 ! MID/ ( ! PEOPLE2 LET !M ?RILL ! BREA/S ( ! PROLETAIRES1 & C>RY DISMAY 9TO ! RANKS ( ! LA/ REPRES5TATIVES ( PRIVILEGE6 

,! T5D5CY ( SOCIETY 9 FAVOR ( COMPELL+ PROPRIETORS TO SUPPORT NATIONAL WORK%OPS & PUBLIC MANUFACTORIES IS SO /RONG ?AT = SEV]AL YE>S1 UND] ! NAME ( ELECTORAL RE=M1 IT HAS BE5 EXCLUSIVELY ! QUE/ION ( ! DAY4 ,:AT IS1 AFT] ALL1 ?IS ELECTORAL RE=M :I* ! PEOPLE GRASP AT1 AS IF IT W]E A BAIT1 & :I* SO MANY AMBITI\S P]SONS EI!R CALL = OR D5\NCE8 ,IT IS ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! RI<T ( ! MASSES TO A VOICE 9 ! ASSESSM5T ( TAXES1 & ! MAK+ ( ! LAWS2 :I* LAWS1 AIM+ ALWAYS AT ! PROTECTION ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 AFFECT1 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE1 ALL QUE/IONS ( TAXATION OR WAGES4 ,N[ ! PEOPLE1 9/RUCT$ LONG S9CE BY !IR J\RNALS1 !IR DRAMAS1.<#d#e.> & !IR SONGS1.<#d#f.> KN[ TO-DAY ?AT TAXATION1 TO BE EQUITABLY DIVID$1 MU/ BE GRADUAT$1 & MU/ BE BORNE MA9LY BY ! RI*1 -- ?AT IT MU/ BE LEVI$ UPON LUXURIES1 @&C4 ,& BE SURE ?AT ! PEOPLE1 ONCE 9 ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,*AMB]1 WILL NOT FAIL TO APPLY !SE LESSONS4 ,ALREADY WE HAVE A M9I/] ( PUBLIC WORKS4 ,NATIONAL WORK%OPS WILL FOLL[2 & SOON1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! EXCESS ( ! PROPRIETOR'S REV5UE OV] ! WORK+MAN'S WAGES WILL BE SWALL[$ UP 9 ! C(F]S ( ! LABOR]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT 9 ?IS WAY PROP]TY IS GRADUALLY R$UC$1 AS NOBILITY WAS =M]LY1 TO A NOM9AL TITLE1 TO A DI/9CTION PURELY HONOR>Y 9 ITS NATURE8 

,EI!R ! ELECTORAL RE=M WILL FAIL TO ACCOMPLI% ?AT :I* IS HOP$ FROM IT1 & WILL DISAPPO9T ITS 9NUM]ABLE P>TISANS1 OR ELSE IT WILL 9EVITABLY RESULT 9 A TRANS=MATION ( ! ABSOLUTE RI<T UND] :I* WE LIVE 9TO A RI<T ( POSSESSION2 ?AT IS1 ?AT :ILE1 AT PRES5T1 PROP]TY MAKES ! ELECTOR1 AFT] ?IS RE=M IS ACCOMPLI%$1 ! CITIZ51 ! PRODUC] WILL BE ! POSSESSOR4.<#d#g.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! RADICALS >E RI<T 9 SAY+ ?AT ! ELECTORAL RE=M IS 9 !IR EYES ONLY A MEANS2 BUT1 :5 !Y >E SIL5T AS TO ! 5D1 !Y %[ EI!R PR(\ND IGNORANCE1 OR USELESS DISSIMULATION4 ,!RE %\LD BE NO SECRETS OR RES]VATIONS FROM PEOPLES & P[]S4 ,HE DISGRACES HIMSELF & FAILS 9 RESPECT = HIS FELL[S1 :O1 9 PUBLI%+ HIS OP9IONS1 EMPLOYS EVASION & CUNN+4 ,BE=E ! PEOPLE ACT1 !Y NE$ TO KN[ ! :OLE TRU?4 ,UNHAPPY HE :O %ALL D>E TO TRIFLE ) !M6 ,= ! PEOPLE >E CR$UL\S1 BUT !Y >E /RONG4 ,LET US TELL !M1 !N1 ?AT ?IS RE=M :I* IS PROPOS$ IS ONLY A MEANS1 -- A MEANS (T5 TRI$1 & HI!RTO )\T EFFECT1 -- BUT ?AT ! LOGICAL OBJECT ( ! ELECTORAL RE=M IS EQUALITY ( =TUNES2 & ?AT ?IS EQUALITY ITSELF IS ONLY A NEW MEANS HAV+ 9 VIEW ! SUP]IOR & DEF9ITIVE OBJECT ( ! SALVATION ( SOCIETY1 ! RE/ORATION ( MORALS & RELIGION1 & ! REVIVAL ( POETRY & >T4 

,IT W\LD BE AN ABUSE ( ! READ]'S PATI5CE TO 9SI/ FUR!R UPON ! T5D5CY ( \R TIME T[>DS EQUALITY4 ,!RE >E1 MOREOV]1 SO MANY PEOPLE :O D5\NCE ! PRES5T AGE1 ?AT NO?+ IS GA9$ BY EXPOS+ TO !IR VIEW ! POPUL>1 SCI5TIFIC1 & REPRES5TATIVE T5D5CIES ( ! NATION4 ,PROMPT TO RECOGNIZE ! ACCURACY ( ! 9F]5CES DRAWN FROM OBS]VATION1 !Y CONF9E !MSELVES TO A G5]AL C5SURE ( ! FACTS1 & AN ABSOLUTE D5IAL ( !IR LEGITIMACY4 0,:AT WOND]10 !Y SAY1 0?AT ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( EQUALITY 9TOXICATES US1 CONSID]+ ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID & DONE DUR+ ! PA/ T5 YE>S6 444 ,DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT SOCIETY IS DISSOLV+1 ?AT A SPIRIT ( 9FATUATION IS C>RY+ US AWAY8 ,ALL !SE HOPES ( REG5]ATION >E BUT =EBOD+S ( DEA?2 Y\R SONGS ( TRIUMPH >E LIKE ! PRAY]S ( ! DEP>T+1 Y\R TRUMPET PEALS ANN\NCE ! BAPTISM ( A DY+ MAN4 ,CIVILIZATION IS FALL+ 9 RU93 ,IMUS1 IMUS1 PRAECIPITES60 

,SU* PEOPLE D5Y ,GOD4 ,I MI<T CONT5T MYSELF ) ! REPLY ?AT ! SPIRIT ( #ahc WAS ! RESULT ( ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! VIOLAT$ *>T]2 ?AT ?IS *>T] >OSE FROM ! ,REVOLUTION ( '#h#i2 ?AT '#h#i IMPLIES ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL'S RI<T ( REMON/RANCE1 & ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! COMMUNES2 ?AT ! COMMUNES SUPPOSE FEUDALISM1 :I* 9 ITS TURN SUPPOSES 9VASION1 ,ROMAN LAW1 ,*RI/IANITY1 @&C4 

,BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO LOOK FUR!R4 ,WE MU/ P5ETRATE TO ! V]Y HE>T ( ANCI5T 9/ITUTIONS1 PLUNGE 9TO ! SOCIAL DEP?S1 & UNCOV] ?IS 9DE/RUCTIBLE LEAV5 ( EQUALITY :I* ! ,GOD ( JU/ICE BREA!D 9TO \R S\LS1 & :I* MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ALL \R WORKS4 

,LABOR IS MAN'S CONTEMPOR>Y2 IT IS A DUTY1 S9CE IT IS A CONDITION ( EXI/5CE3 0,9 ! SWEAT ( ?Y FACE %ALT ?\ EAT BREAD40 ,IT IS MORE ?AN A DUTY1 IT IS A MISSION3 0,GOD PUT ! MAN 9TO ! G>D5 TO DRESS IT40 ,I ADD ?AT LABOR IS ! CAUSE & MEANS ( EQUALITY4 

,CA/ AWAY UPON A DES]T ISL& TWO M53 ONE L>GE1 /RONG1 & ACTIVE2 ! O!R WEAK1 TIMID1 & DOME/IC4 ,! LATT] WILL DIE ( HUNG]2 :ILE ! O!R1 A SKILLFUL HUNT]1 AN EXP]T FI%]MAN1 & AN 9DEFATIGABLE HUSB&MAN1 WILL OV]/OCK HIMSELF ) PROVISIONS4 ,:AT GREAT] 9EQUALITY1 9 ?IS /ATE ( ,NATURE SO DE> TO ! HE>T ( ,JEAN ,JACQUES1 C\LD BE IMAG9$6 ,BUT LET !SE TWO M5 MEET & ASSOCIATE !MSELVES3 ! SECOND IMM$IATELY ATT5DS TO ! COOK+1 TAKES *>GE ( ! H\SEHOLD AFFAIRS1 & SEES TO ! PROVISIONS1 B$S1 & CLO!S2 PROVID$ ! /RONG] DOES NOT ABUSE HIS SUP]IORITY BY 5SLAV+ & ILL-TREAT+ HIS COMPANION1 !IR SOCIAL CONDITION WILL BE P]FECTLY EQUAL4 ,?US1 ?R\< EX*ANGE ( S]VICES1 ! 9EQUALITIES ( ,NATURE NEUTRALIZE EA* O!R1 TAL5TS ASSOCIATE1 & =CES BALANCE4 ,VIOL5CE & 9]TIA >E F\ND ONLY AMONG ! POOR & ! >I/OCRATIC4 ,& 9 ?AT LIES ! PHILOSOPHY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ! MY/]Y ( HUMAN BRO!RHOOD4 ,HIC E/ SAPI5TIA4 ,LET US PASS FROM ! HYPO!TICAL /ATE ( PURE ,NATURE 9TO CIVILIZATION4 

,! PROPRIETOR ( ! SOIL1 :O PRODUCES1 ,I WILL SUPPOSE ) ! ECONOMI/S1 BY L5D+ HIS 9/RUM5T1 RECEIVES AT ! F\NDATION ( A SOCIETY SO MANY BU%ELS ( GRA9 = EA* ACRE ( >ABLE L&4 ,AS LONG AS LABOR IS WEAK1 & ! V>IETY ( ITS PRODUCTS SMALL1 ! PROPRIETOR IS P[]FUL 9 COMP>ISON ) ! LABOR]S2 HE HAS T5 TIMES1 ONE HUNDR$ TIMES1 ! PORTION ( AN HONE/ MAN4 ,BUT LET LABOR1 BY MULTIPLY+ ITS 9V5TIONS1 MULTIPLY ITS 5JOYM5TS & WANTS1 & ! PROPRIETOR1 IF HE WI%ES TO 5JOY ! NEW PRODUCTS1 WILL BE OBLIG$ TO R$UCE HIS 9COME EV]Y DAY2 & S9CE ! FIR/ PRODUCTS T5D RA!R TO DEPRECIATE ?AN TO RISE 9 VALUE1 -- 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONT9UAL ADDITION ( ! NEW ONES1 :I* MAY BE REG>D$ AS SUPPLEM5TS ( ! FIR/ ONES1 -- IT FOLL[S ?AT ! IDLE PROPRIETOR GR[S POOR AS FA/ AS PUBLIC PROSP]ITY 9CREASES4 0,9COMES0 7,I LIKE TO QUOTE Y\1 SIR1 BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE TOO GOOD AN AU?ORITY = !SE ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMY1 & BECAUSE ,I CANNOT EXPRESS !M BETT] MYSELF71 09COMES10 Y\ HAVE SAID1 0T5D TO DISAPPE> AS CAPITAL 9CREASES4 ,HE :O POSSESSES TO-DAY AN 9COME ( TW5TY ?\S& P\NDS IS NOT NE>LY AS RI* AS HE :O POSSESS$ ! SAME AM\NT FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,! TIME IS COM+ :5 ALL PROP]TY WILL BE A BURD5 TO ! IDLE1 & WILL NECESS>ILY PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! ABLE & 9DU/RI\S4.<#d#h.> 4440 

,9 ORD] TO LIVE AS A PROPRIETOR1 OR TO CONSUME )\T PRODUC+1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 !N1 TO LIVE UPON ! LABOR ( ANO!R2 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO KILL ! LABOR]4 ,IT IS UPON ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT PROPRIETORS ( ?OSE V>IETIES ( CAPITAL :I* >E ( PRIM>Y NECESSITY 9CREASE !IR F>M-R5TS AS FA/ AS 9DU/RY DEVELOPS1 MU* MORE C>EFUL ( !IR PRIVILEGES 9 ?AT RESPECT1 ?AN ?OSE ECONOMI/S :O1 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N PROP]TY1 ADVOCATE A R$UCTION ( 9T]E/4 ,BUT ! CRIME IS UNAVAIL+3 LABOR & PRODUCTION 9CREASE2 SOON ! PROPRIETOR WILL BE =C$ TO LABOR1 & !N PROP]TY IS LO/4 

,! PROPRIETOR IS A MAN :O1 HAV+ ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( AN 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION1 CLAIMS ! RI<T TO 5JOY ! PRODUCT ( ! 9/RUM5T )\T US+ IT HIMSELF4 ,TO ?IS 5D HE L5DS IT2 & WE HAVE JU/ SE5 ?AT FROM ?IS LOAN ! LABOR] D]IVES A P[] ( EX*ANGE1 :I* SOON] OR LAT] WILL DE/ROY ! RI<T ( 9CREASE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! PROPRIETOR IS OBLIG$ TO ALL[ ! LABOR] A PORTION ( ! PRODUCT1 = )\T IT ! LABOR] C\LD NOT LIVE4 ,SOON ! LATT]1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS 9DU/RY1 F9DS A MEANS ( REGA9+ ! GREAT] PORTION ( ?AT :I* HE GIVES TO ! PROPRIETOR2 SO ?AT AT LA/1 ! OBJECTS ( 5JOYM5T 9CREAS+ CONT9UALLY1 :ILE ! 9COME ( ! IDL] REMA9S ! SAME1 ! PROPRIETOR1 HAV+ EXHAU/$ HIS RES\RCES1 BEG9S TO ?9K ( GO+ TO WORK HIMSELF4 ,!N ! VICTORY ( ! PRODUC] IS C]TA94 ,LABOR COMM5CES TO TIP ! BALANCE T[>DS ITS [N SIDE1 & COMM]CE LEADS TO EQUILIBRIUM4 

,MAN'S 9/9CT CANNOT ]R2 AS1 9 LIB]TY1 EX*ANGE ( FUNCTIONS LEADS 9EVITABLY TO EQUALITY AMONG M51 SO COMM]CE -- OR EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS1 :I* IS ID5TICAL ) EX*ANGE ( FUNCTIONS -- IS A NEW CAUSE ( EQUALITY4 ,AS LONG AS ! PROPRIETOR DOES NOT LABOR1 H[EV] SMALL HIS 9COME1 HE 5JOYS A PRIVILEGE2 ! LABOR]'S WELF>E MAY BE EQUAL TO HIS1 BUT EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS DOES NOT EXI/4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! PROPRIETOR BECOMES A PRODUC]1 -- S9CE HE CAN EX*ANGE HIS SPECIAL PRODUCT ONLY ) HIS T5ANT OR HIS COMM&ITE1 -- SOON] OR LAT] ?IS T5ANT1 ?IS EXPLOIT$ MAN1 IF VIOL5CE IS NOT DONE HIM1 WILL MAKE A PR(IT \T ( ! PROPRIETOR1 & WILL OBLIGE HIM TO RE/ORE -- 9 ! EX*ANGE ( !IR RESPECTIVE PRODUCTS -- ! 9T]E/ ON HIS CAPITAL4 ,SO ?AT1 BALANC+ ONE 9JU/ICE BY ANO!R1 ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES WILL BE EQUAL4 ,LABOR & EX*ANGE1 :5 LIB]TY PREVAILS1 LEAD1 !N1 TO EQUALITY ( =TUNES2 MUTUALITY ( S]VICES NEUTRALIZES PRIVILEGE4 ,?AT IS :Y DESPOTS 9 ALL AGES & C\NTRIES HAVE ASSUM$ CONTROL ( COMM]CE2 !Y WI%$ TO PREV5T ! LABOR ( !IR SUBJECTS FROM BECOM+ AN OB/ACLE TO ! RAPACITY ( TYRANTS4 

,UP TO ?IS PO9T1 ALL TAKES PLACE 9 ! NATURAL ORD]2 !RE IS NO PREM$ITATION1 NO >TIFICE4 ,! :OLE PROCE$+ IS GOV]N$ BY ! LAWS ( NECESSITY ALONE4 ,PROPRIETORS & LABOR]S ACT ONLY 9 OB$I5CE TO !IR WANTS4 ,?US1 ! EX]CISE ( ! RI<T ( 9CREASE1 ! >T ( ROBB+ ! PRODUC]1 DEP5DS -- DUR+ ?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( CIVILIZATION -- UPON PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 MURD]1 & W>4 ,BUT AT ?IS PO9T A GIGANTIC & COMPLICAT$ CONSPIRACY IS HAT*$ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! WEAPON ( ! EXPLOIT]S IS MET BY ! EXPLOIT$ ) ! 9/RUM5T ( COMM]CE1 -- A M>VEL\S 9V5TION1 D5\NC$ AT ITS ORIG9 BY ! MORALI/S :O FAVOR$ PROP]TY1 BUT 9SPIR$ )\T D\BT BY ! G5IUS ( LABOR1 BY ! ,M9]VA ( ! PROLETAIRES4 

,! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ! EVIL LAY 9 ! ACCUMULATION & IMMOBILITY ( CAPITAL ( ALL SORTS1 -- AN IMMOBILITY :I* PREV5T$ LABOR1 5SLAV$ & SUBALT]NIZ$ BY HAU<TY IDL5ESS1 FROM EV] ACQUIR+ IT4 ,! NECESSITY WAS FELT ( DIVID+ & MOBILIZ+ WEAL?1 ( R5D]+ IT PORTABLE1 ( MAK+ IT PASS FROM ! H&S ( ! POSSESSOR 9TO ?OSE ( ! WORK]4 ,LABOR 9V5T$ MONEY4 ,AFT]W>DS1 ?IS 9V5TION WAS REVIV$ & DEVELOP$ BY ! BILL ( EX*ANGE & ! ,BANK4 ,= ALL !SE ?+S >E SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME1 & PROCE$ FROM ! SAME M9D4 ,! FIR/ MAN :O CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( REPRES5T+ A VALUE BY A %ELL1 A PRECI\S /ONE1 OR A C]TA9 WEI<T ( METAL1 WAS ! REAL 9V5TOR ( ! ,BANK4 ,:AT IS A PIECE ( MONEY1 9 FACT8 ,IT IS A BILL ( EX*ANGE WRITT5 UPON SOLID & DURABLE MAT]IAL1 & C>RY+ ) IT ITS [N R$EMPTION4 ,BY ?IS MEANS1 OPPRESS$ EQUALITY WAS 5ABL$ TO LAU< AT ! EF=TS ( ! PROPRIETORS1 & ! BALANCE ( JU/ICE WAS ADJU/$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! TRADESMAN'S %OP4 ,! TRAP WAS CUNN+LY SET1 & ACCOMPLI%$ ITS PURPOSE SO ?OR\<LY ?AT 9 IDLE H&S MONEY BECAME ONLY DISSOLV+ WEAL?1 A FALSE SYMBOL1 A %AD[ ( RI*ES4 ,AN EXCELL5T ECONOMI/ & PR(\ND PHILOSOPH] WAS ?AT MIS] :O TOOK AS HIS MOTTO1 0,:5 A GU9EA IS EX*ANG$1 IT EVAPORATES40 ,SO IT MAY BE SAID1 0,:5 REAL E/ATE IS CONV]T$ 9TO MONEY1 IT IS LO/40 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! CON/ANT FACT ( HI/ORY1 ?AT ! NOBLES -- ! UNPRODUCTIVE PROPRIETORS ( ! SOIL -- HAVE EV]Y :]E BE5 DISPOSSESS$ BY 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL PLEBEIANS4 ,SU* WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,ITALIAN REPUBLICS1 BORN1 DUR+ ! MIDDLE AGES1 ( ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! SEIGNIORS4 ,I WILL NOT PURSUE ! 9T]E/+ CONSID]ATIONS :I* ?IS MATT] SUGGE/S2 ,I C\LD ONLY REPEAT ! TE/IMONY ( HI/ORIANS1 & PRES5T ECONOMICAL DEMON/RATIONS 9 AN ALT]$ =M4 

,! GREATE/ 5EMY ( ! L&$ & 9DU/RIAL >I/OCRACY TO-DAY1 ! 9CESSANT PROMOT] ( EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 IS ! BANK]4 ,?R\< HIM IMM5SE PLA9S >E DIVID$1 M\NTA9S *ANGE !IR POSITIONS1 =E/S >E GR[N UPON ! PUBLIC SQU>ES1 ONE HEMISPH]E PRODUCES = ANO!R1 & EV]Y CORN] ( ! GLOBE HAS ITS USUFRUCTU>IES4 ,BY MEANS ( ! ,BANK NEW WEAL? IS CONT9UALLY CREAT$1 ! USE ( :I* 7SOON BECOM+ 9DISP5SABLE TO SELFI%NESS7 WRE/S ! DORMANT CAPITAL FROM ! H&S ( ! JEAL\S PROPRIETOR4 ,! BANK] IS AT ONCE ! MO/ POT5T CREATOR ( WEAL?1 & ! MA9 DI/RIBUTOR ( ! PRODUCTS ( >T & ,NATURE4 ,& YET1 BY ! /RANGE/ ANT9OMY1 ?IS SAME BANK] IS ! MO/ REL5TLESS COLLECTOR ( PR(ITS1 9CREASE1 & USURY EV] 9SPIR$ BY ! DEMON ( PROP]TY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! S]VICES :I* HE R5D]S LEADS US TO 5DURE1 ?\< NOT )\T COMPLA9T1 ! TAXES :I* HE IMPOSES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 S9CE NO?+ CAN AVOID ITS PROVID5TIAL MISSION1 S9CE NO?+ :I* EXI/S CAN ESCAPE ! 5D = :I* IT EXI/S ! BANK] 7! MOD]N ,CROESUS7 MU/ SOME DAY BECOME ! RE/OR] ( EQUALITY4 ,& FOLL[+ 9 Y\R FOOT/EPS1 SIR1 ,I HAVE ALREADY GIV5 ! REASON2 NAMELY1 ?AT PR(IT DECREASES AS CAPITAL MULTIPLIES1 S9CE AN 9CREASE ( CAPITAL -- CALL+ = MORE LABOR]S1 )\T :OM IT REMA9S UNPRODUCTIVE -- ALWAYS CAUSES AN 9CREASE ( WAGES4 ,:5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ,BANK1 TO-DAY ! SUCTION-PUMP ( WEAL?1 IS DE/9$ TO BECOME ! /EW>D ( ! HUMAN RACE4 

,! PHRASE EQUALITY ( =TUNES *AFES PEOPLE1 AS IF IT REF]R$ TO A CONDITION ( ! O!R WORLD1 UNKN[N H]E BEL[4 ,!RE >E SOME P]SONS1 RADICALS AS WELL AS MOD]ATES1 :OM ! V]Y M5TION ( ?IS IDEA FILLS ) 9DIGNATION4 ,LET1 !N1 !SE SILLY >I/OCRATS ABOLI% M]CANTILE SOCIETIES & 9SURANCE COMPANIES1 :I* >E F\ND$ BY PRUD5CE = MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE4 ,= ALL !SE SOCIAL FACTS1 SO SPONTANE\S & FREE FROM ALL LEVEL+ 9T5TIONS1 >E ! LEGITIMATE FRUITS ( ! 9/9CT ( EQUALITY4 

,:5 ! LEGISLATOR MAKES A LAW1 PROP]LY SPEAK+ HE DOES NOT MAKE IT1 -- HE DOES NOT CREATE IT3 HE DESCRIBES IT4 ,9 LEGISLAT+ UPON ! MORAL1 CIVIL1 & POLITICAL RELATIONS ( CITIZ5S1 HE DOES NOT EXPRESS AN >BITR>Y NOTION3 HE /ATES ! G5]AL IDEA1 -- ! HI<] PR9CIPLE :I* GOV]NS ! MATT] :I* HE IS CONSID]+2 9 A WORD1 HE IS ! PROCLAIM]1 NOT ! 9V5TOR1 ( ! LAW4 ,SO1 :5 TWO OR MORE M5 =M AMONG !MSELVES1 BY SYNALLAGMATIC CONTRACT1 AN 9DU/RIAL OR AN 9SURANCE ASSOCIATION1 !Y RECOGNIZE ?AT !IR 9T]E/S1 =M]LY ISOLAT$ BY A FALSE SPIRIT ( SELFI%NESS & 9DEP5D5CE1 >E FIRMLY CONNECT$ BY !IR 9N] NATURES1 & BY ! MUTUALITY ( !IR RELATIONS4 ,!Y DO NOT REALLY B9D !MSELVES BY AN ACT ( !IR PRIVATE WILL3 !Y SWE> TO CON=M H5CE=? TO A PREVI\SLY EXI/+ SOCIAL LAW HI!RTO DISREG>D$ BY !M4 ,& ?IS IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT !SE SAME M51 C\LD !Y AVOID ASSOCIATION1 W\LD NOT ASSOCIATE4 ,BE=E !Y CAN BE 9DUC$ TO UNITE !IR 9T]E/S1 !Y MU/ ACQUIRE FULL KN[L$GE ( ! DANG]S ( COMPETITION & ISOLATION2 H5CE ! EXP]I5CE ( EVIL IS ! ONLY ?+ :I* LEADS !M 9TO SOCIETY4 

,N[ ,I SAY ?AT1 TO E/ABLI% EQUALITY AMONG M51 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO G5]ALIZE ! PR9CIPLE UPON :I* 9SURANCE1 AGRICULTURAL1 & COMM]CIAL ASSOCIATIONS >E BAS$4 ,I SAY ?AT COMPETITION1 ISOLATION ( 9T]E/S1 MONOPOLY1 PRIVILEGE1 ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 EXCLUSIVE 5JOYM5T1 SUBORD9ATION ( FUNCTIONS1 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION1 ! RI<T ( PR(IT OR 9CREASE1 ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 &1 TO SUM UP ALL !SE SPECIES UND] ONE HEAD1 ?AT ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y IS ! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( MIS]Y & CRIME4 ,&1 = HAV+ >RIV$ AT ?IS (F5SIVE & ANTI-PROPRIET>Y CONCLUSION1 ,I AM AN ABHORR$ MON/]2 RADICALS & CONS]VATIVES ALIKE PO9T ME \T AS A FIT SUBJECT = PROSECUTION2 ! ACADEMIES %[] !IR C5SURES UPON ME2 ! MO/ WOR?Y PEOPLE REG>D ME AS MAD2 & ?OSE >E EXCESSIVELY TOL]ANT :O CONT5T !MSELVES ) ! ASS]TION ?AT ,I AM A FOOL4 ,OH1 UNHAPPY ! WRIT] :O PUBLI%ES ! TRU? O!RWISE ?AN AS A P]=MANCE ( A DUTY6 ,IF HE HAS C\NT$ UPON ! APPLAUSE ( ! CR[D2 IF HE HAS SUPPOS$ ?AT AV>ICE & SELF-9T]E/ W\LD =GET !MSELVES 9 ADMIRATION ( HIM2 IF HE HAS NEGLECT$ TO 5CASE HIMSELF )9 ?REE ?ICKNESSES ( BRASS1 -- HE WILL FAIL1 AS HE \<T1 9 HIS SELFI% UND]TAK+4 ,! UNJU/ CRITICISMS1 ! SAD DISAPPO9TM5TS1 ! DESPAIR ( HIS MI/AK5 AMBITION1 WILL KILL HIM4 

,BUT1 IF ,I AM NO LONG] P]MITT$ TO EXPRESS MY [N P]SONAL OP9ION CONC]N+ ?IS 9T]E/+ QUE/ION ( SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM1 LET ME1 AT LEA/1 MAKE KN[N ! ?\<T ( MY MA/]S1 & DEVELOP ! DOCTR9ES ADVOCAT$ 9 ! NAME ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IT NEV] HAS BE5 MY 9T5TION1 SIR1 9 SPITE ( ! VIGOR\S C5SURE :I* Y\1 9 BEHALF ( Y\R ACADEMY1 HAVE PRON\NC$ UPON ! DOCTR9E ( EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 TO CONTRADICT & COPE ) Y\4 ,9 LI/5+ TO Y\1 ,I HAVE FELT MY 9F]IORITY TOO KE5LY TO P]MIT ME TO 5T] UPON SU* A DISCUSSION4 ,& !N1 -- IF IT MU/ BE SAID1 -- H[EV] DIFF]5T Y\R LANGUAGE IS FROM M9E1 WE BELIEVE 9 ! SAME PR9CIPLES2 Y\ %>E ALL MY OP9IONS4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO 9S9UATE !REBY1 SIR1 ?AT Y\ HAVE 7TO USE ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ! S*OOLS7 AN ESOT]IC & AN EXOT]IC DOCTR9E1 -- ?AT1 SECRETLY BELIEV+ 9 EQUALITY1 Y\ DEF5D PROP]TY ONLY FROM MOTIVES ( PRUD5CE & BY COMM&4 ,I AM NOT RA% 5\< TO REG>D Y\ AS MY COLLEAGUE 9 MY REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS2 & ,I E/EEM Y\ TOO HI<LY1 MOREOV]1 TO SUSPECT Y\ ( DISSIMULATION4 ,I ONLY MEAN ?AT ! TRU?S :I* ME?ODICAL 9VE/IGATION & LABORI\S METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION HAVE PA9FULLY DEMON/RAT$ TO ME1 A PR(\ND ACQUA9TANCE ) POLITICAL ECONOMY & A LONG EXP]I5CE REVEAL TO Y\4 ,:ILE ,I HAVE REA*$ MY BELIEF 9 EQUALITY BY LONG REFLECTION1 & ALMO/ 9 SPITE ( MY DESIRES1 Y\ HOLD Y\RS1 SIR1 ) ALL ! ZEAL ( FAI?1 -- ) ALL ! SPONTANEITY ( G5IUS4 ,?AT IS :Y Y\R C\RSE ( LECTURES AT ! ,CONS]VATORY IS A P]PETUAL W> UPON PROP]TY & 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES2 ?AT IS :Y Y\R MO/ LE>N$ 9VE/IGATIONS1 Y\R MO/ +5I\S ANALYZES1 & Y\R 9NUM]ABLE OBS]VATIONS ALWAYS CONCLUDE 9 A =MULA ( PROGRESS & EQUALITY2 ?AT IS :Y1 F9ALLY1 Y\ >E NEV] MORE ADMIR$ & APPLAUD$ ?AN AT ?OSE MOM5TS ( 9SPIRATION :51 BORNE UPON ! W+S ( SCI5CE1 Y\ ASC5D TO ?OSE L(TY TRU?S :I* CAUSE PLEBEIAN HE>TS TO BEAT ) 5?USIASM1 & :I* *ILL ) HORROR M5 :OSE 9T5TIONS >E EVIL4 ,H[ MANY TIMES1 FROM ! PLACE :]E ,I EAG]LY DRANK 9 Y\R ELOQU5T WORDS1 HAVE ,I 9W>DLY ?ANK$ ,HEAV5 = EXEMPT+ Y\ FROM ! JUDGM5T PASS$ BY ,/4 ,PAUL UPON ! PHILOSOPH]S ( HIS TIME1 -- 0,!Y HAVE KN[N ! TRU?1 & HAVE NOT MADE IT KN[N06 ,H[ MANY TIMES HAVE ,I REJOIC$ AT F9D+ MY [N JU/IFICATION 9 EA* ( Y\R DISC\RSES6 ,NO1 NO2 ,I NEI!R WI% NOR ASK = ANY ?+ :I* Y\ DO NOT TEA* Y\RSELF4 ,I APPEAL TO Y\R NUM]\S AUDI5CE2 LET IT BELIE ME IF1 9 COMM5T+ UPON Y\1 ,I P]V]T Y\R MEAN+4 

,A DISCIPLE ( ,SAY1 :AT 9 Y\R EYES IS MORE ANTI-SOCIAL ?AN ! CU/OM-H\SES2 OR1 AS Y\ CORRECTLY CALL !M1 ! B>RI]S ]ECT$ BY MONOPOLY BETWE5 NATIONS8 ,:AT IS MORE ANNOY+1 MORE UNJU/1 OR MORE ABSURD1 ?AN ?IS PROHIBITORY SY/EM :I* COMPELS US TO PAY =TY S\S 9 ,FRANCE = ?AT :I* 9 ,5GL& OR ,BELGIUM W\LD BR+ US BUT FIFTE58 ,IT IS ! CU/OM-H\SE1 Y\ ONCE SAID1.<#d#i.> :I* >RE/S ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATION BY PREV5T+ ! SPECIALIZATION ( 9DU/RIES2 IT IS ! CU/OM-H\SE :I* 5RI*ES A HUNDR$ MONOPOLI/S BY IMPOV]I%+ MILLIONS ( CITIZ5S2 IT IS ! CU/OM-H\SE :I* PRODUCES FAM9E 9 ! MID/ ( ABUNDANCE1 :I* MAKES LABOR /]ILE BY PROHIBIT+ EX*ANGE1 & :I* /IFLES PRODUCTION 9 A MORTAL EMBRACE4 ,IT IS ! CU/OM-H\SE :I* R5D]S NATIONS JEAL\S (1 & HO/ILE TO1 EA* O!R2 F\R-FIF?S ( ! W>S ( ALL AGES W]E CAUS$ ORIG9ALLY BY ! CU/OM-H\SE4 ,& !N1 AT ! HI<E/ PIT* ( Y\R 5?USIASM1 Y\ %\T$3 0,YES1 IF TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS HATEFUL SY/EM1 IT %\LD BECOME NECESS>Y = ME TO %$ ! LA/ DROP ( MY BLOOD1 ,I W\LD JOYFULLY SPR+ 9TO ! GAP1 ASK+ ONLY TIME 5\< TO GIVE ?ANKS TO ,GOD = HAV+ JUDG$ ME WOR?Y ( M>TYRDOM60 

,&1 AT ?AT SOLEMN MOM5T1 ,I SAID TO MYSELF3 0,PLACE 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( ,FRANCE SU* A PR(ESSOR AS ?AT1 & ! REVOLUTION IS AVOID$40 

,BUT1 SIR1 BY ?IS MAGNIFIC5T !ORY ( LIB]TY ( COMM]CE Y\ R5D] MILIT>Y GLORY IMPOSSIBLE1 -- Y\ LEAVE NO?+ = DIPLOMACY TO DO2 Y\ EV5 TAKE AWAY ! DESIRE = CONQUE/1 :ILE ABOLI%+ PR(IT ALTOGE!R4 ,:AT MATT]S IT1 9DE$1 :O RE/ORES ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 ,ALEX&RIA1 & ,SA9T ,JEAN D',AC]1 IF ! ,SYRIANS1 ,EGYPTIANS1 & ,TURKS >E FREE TO *OOSE !IR MA/]S2 FREE TO EX*ANGE !IR PRODUCTS ) :OM !Y PLEASE8 ,:Y %\LD ,EUROPE GET 9TO SU* A TURMOIL OV] ?IS PETTY ,SULTAN & HIS OLD ,PA%A1 IF IT IS ONLY A QUE/ION :E!R WE OR ! ,5GLI% %ALL CIVILIZE ! ,ORI5T1 -- %ALL 9/RUCT ,EGYPT & ,SYRIA 9 ! ,EUROPEAN >TS1 & %ALL TEA* !M TO CON/RUCT MA*9ES1 DIG CANALS1 & BUILD RAILROADS8 ,=1 IF TO NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE FREE TRADE IS ADD$1 ! =EIGN 9FLU5CE ( !SE TWO C\NTRIES IS !REAFT] EX]T$ ONLY ?R\< A VOLUNT>Y RELATION%IP ( PRODUC] TO PRODUC]1 OR APPR5TICE TO J\RNEYMAN4 

,ALONE AMONG ,EUROPEAN P[]S1 ,FRANCE *E]FULLY ACCEPT$ ! TASK ( CIVILIZ+ ! ,ORI5T1 & BEGAN AN 9VASION :I* WAS QUITE APO/OLIC 9 ITS *>ACT]1 -- SO JOYFUL & HI<-M9D$ DO NOBLE ?\<TS R5D] \R NATION6 ,BUT DIPLOMATIC RIVALRY1 NATIONAL SELFI%NESS1 ,5GLI% AV>ICE1 & ,RUSSIAN AMBITION /OOD 9 H] WAY4 ,TO CONSUMMATE A LONG-M$ITAT$ USURPATION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CRU% A TOO G5]\S ALLY3 ! ROBB]S ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE =M$ A LEAGUE AGA9/ DAUNTLESS & BLAMELESS ,FRANCE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AT ! NEWS ( ?IS FAM\S TREATY1 !RE >OSE AMONG US A *ORUS ( CURSES UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY1 :I* AT ?AT TIME WAS ACT+ UND] ! HYPOCRITICAL =MULAS ( ! OLD POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,! LA/ H\R ( PROP]TY SEEM$ TO HAVE /RUCK BY ! SIDE ( ,SYRIA2 FROM ! ,ALPS TO ! OCEAN1 FROM ! ,RH9E TO ! ,PYR5EES1 ! POPUL> CONSCI5CE WAS >\S$4 ,ALL ,FRANCE SANG SONGS ( W>1 & ! COALITION TURN$ PALE AT ! S\ND ( !SE %UDD]+ CRIES3 0,W> UPON ! AUTOCRAT1 :O WI%ES TO BE PROPRIETOR ( ! OLD WORLD6 ,W> UPON ! ,5GLI% P]JUR]1 ! DEV\R] ( ,9DIA1 ! POISON] ( ,*9A1 ! TYRANT ( ,IREL&1 & ! ET]NAL 5EMY ( ,FRANCE6 ,W> UPON ! ALLIES :O HAVE CONSPIR$ AGA9/ LIB]TY & EQUALITY6 ,W>6 W>6 W> UPON PROP]TY60 

,BY ! C\NSEL ( ,PROVID5CE ! EMANCIPATION ( ! NATIONS IS PO/PON$4 ,FRANCE IS TO CONQU]1 NOT BY >MS1 BUT BY EXAMPLE4 ,UNIV]SAL REASON DOES NOT YET UND]/& ?IS GR& EQUATION1 :I*1 COMM5C+ ) ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 & ADVANC+ OV] ! RU9S ( >I/OCRACIES & ?RONES1 MU/ 5D 9 EQUALITY ( RI<TS & =TUNES2 BUT ! DAY IS NOT F> (F :5 ! KN[L$GE ( ?IS TRU? WILL BE AS COMMON AS ?AT ( EQUALITY ( ORIG94 ,ALREADY IT SEEMS TO BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,ORI5TAL QUE/ION IS ONLY A QUE/ION ( CU/OM-H\SES4 ,IS IT1 !N1 SO DIFFICULT = PUBLIC OP9ION TO G5]ALIZE ?IS IDEA1 & TO COMPREH5D1 F9ALLY1 ?AT IF ! SUPPRESSION ( CU/OM-H\SES 9VOLVES ! ABOLITION ( NATIONAL PROP]TY1 IT 9VOLVES ALSO1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ABOLITION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY8 

,9 FACT1 IF WE SUPPRESS ! CU/OM-H\SES1 ! ALLIANCE ( ! NATIONS IS DECL>$ BY ?AT V]Y ACT2 !IR SOLID>ITY IS RECOGNIZ$1 & !IR EQUALITY PROCLAIM$4 ,IF WE SUPPRESS ! CU/OM-H\SES1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION WILL NOT BE SL[ 9 REA*+ FROM ! ,/ATE TO ! PROV9CE1 FROM ! PROV9CE TO ! CITY1 & FROM ! CITY TO ! WORK%OP4 ,BUT1 !N1 :AT BECOMES ( ! PRIVILEGES ( AU?ORS & >TI/S8 ,( :AT USE >E ! PAT5TS = 9V5TION1 IMAG9ATION1 AMELIORATION1 & IMPROVEM5T8 ,:5 \R DEPUTIES WRITE A LAW ( LIT]>Y PROP]TY BY ! SIDE ( A LAW :I* OP5S A L>GE BREA* 9 ! CU/OM-H\SE !Y CONTRADICT !MSELVES1 9DE$1 & PULL D[N ) ONE H& :AT !Y BUILD UP ) ! O!R4 ,)\T ! CU/OM-H\SE4 LIT]>Y PROP]TY DOES NOT EXI/1 & ! HOPES ( \R />V+ AU?ORS >E FRU/RAT$4 ,=1 C]TA9LY Y\ DO NOT EXPECT1 ) ! GOOD MAN ,F\RI]1 ?AT LIT]>Y PROP]TY WILL EX]CISE ITSELF 9 ,*9A TO ! PR(IT ( A ,FR5* WRIT]2 & ?AT AN ODE ( ,LAM>T9E1 SOLD BY PRIVILEGE ALL OV] ! WORLD1 WILL BR+ 9 MILLIONS TO ITS AU?OR6 ,! POET'S WORK IS PECULI> TO ! CLIMATE 9 :I* HE LIVES2 EV]Y :]E ELSE ! REPRODUCTION ( HIS WORKS1 HAV+ NO M>KET VALUE1 %\LD BE FRANK & FREE4 ,BUT :AT6 WILL IT BE NECESS>Y = NATIONS TO PUT !MSELVES UND] MUTUAL SURVEILLANCE = ! SAKE ( V]SES1 /ATUES1 & ELIXIRS8 ,WE %ALL ALWAYS HAVE1 !N1 AN EXCISE1 A CITY-TOLL1 RI<TS ( 5TRANCE & TRANSIT1 CU/OM-H\SES F9ALLY2 & !N1 AS A REACTION AGA9/ PRIVILEGE1 SMUGGL+4 

,SMUGGL+6 ,?AT WORD REM9DS ME ( ONE ( ! MO/ HORRIBLE =MS ( PROP]TY4 0,SMUGGL+10 Y\ HAVE SAID1 SIR1.<#e.> 0IS AN (F5SE ( POLITICAL CREATION2 IT IS ! EX]CISE ( NATURAL LIB]TY1 DEF9$ AS A CRIME 9 C]TA9 CASES BY ! WILL ( ! SOV]EIGN4 ,! SMUGGL] IS A GALLANT MAN1 -- A MAN ( SPIRIT1 :O GAILY BUSIES HIMSELF 9 PROCUR+ = HIS NEI<BOR1 AT A V]Y L[ PRICE1 A JEWEL1 A %AWL1 OR ANY O!R OBJECT ( NECESSITY OR LUXURY1 :I* DOME/IC MONOPOLY R5D]S EXCESSIVELY DE>40 ,!N1 TO A V]Y POETICAL MONOGRAPH ( ! SMUGGL]1 Y\ ADD ?IS DISMAL CONCLUSION1 -- ?AT ! SMUGGL] BELONGS TO ! FAMILY ( ,M&R91 & ?AT ! GALLEYS %\LD BE HIS HOME6 

,BUT1 SIR1 Y\ HAVE NOT CALL$ ATT5TION TO ! HORRIBLE EXPLOITATION :I* IS C>RI$ ON 9 ?IS WAY 9 ! NAME ( PROP]TY4 

,IT IS SAID1 -- & ,I GIVE ?IS REPORT ONLY AS AN HYPO!SIS & AN ILLU/RATION1 = ,I DO NOT BELIEVE IT1 -- IT IS SAID ?AT ! PRES5T M9I/] ( F9ANCES [ES HIS =TUNE TO SMUGGL+4 ,M4 ,HUMANN1 ( ,/RASB\RG1 S5T \T ( ,FRANCE1 IT IS SAID1 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( SUG>1 = :I* HE RECEIV$ ! B\NTY ON EXPORTATION PROMIS$ BY ! ,/ATE2 !N1 SMUGGL+ ?IS SUG> BACK AGA91 HE EXPORT$ IT ANEW1 RECEIV+ ! B\NTY ON EXPORTATION A SECOND TIME1 & SO ON4 ,NOTICE1 SIR1 ?AT ,I DO NOT /ATE ?IS AS A FACT2 ,I GIVE IT ONLY AS IT IS TOLD1 NOT 5DORS+ OR EV5 BELIEV+ IT4 ,MY SOLE DESIGN IS TO FIX ! IDEA 9 ! M9D BY AN EXAMPLE4 ,IF ,I BELIEV$ ?AT A M9I/] HAD COMMITT$ SU* A CRIME1 ?AT IS1 IF ,I HAD P]SONAL & AU!NTIC KN[L$GE ?AT HE HAD1 ,I W\LD D5\NCE ,M4 ,HUMANN1 ! M9I/] ( F9ANCES1 TO ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 & W\LD L\DLY DEM& HIS EXPULSION FROM ! M9I/RY4 

,BUT ?AT :I* IS UND\BT$LY FALSE ( ,M4 ,HUMANN IS TRUE ( MANY O!RS1 AS RI* & NO LESS HONORABLE ?AN HE4 ,SMUGGL+1 ORGANIZ$ ON A L>GE SCALE BY ! EAT]S ( HUMAN FLE%1 IS C>RI$ ON TO ! PR(IT ( A FEW PA%AS AT ! RISK & P]IL ( !IR IMPRUD5T VICTIMS4 ,! 9ACTIVE PROPRIETOR (F]S HIS M]*&ISE = SALE2 ! ACTUAL SMUGGL] RISKS HIS LIB]TY1 HIS HONOR1 & HIS LIFE4 ,IF SUCCESS CR[NS ! 5T]PRISE1 ! C\RAGE\S S]VANT GETS PAID = HIS J\RNEY2 ! PR(IT GOES TO ! C[>D4 ,IF =TUNE OR TREA*]Y DELIV]S ! 9/RUM5T ( ?IS EXECRABLE TRAFFIC 9TO ! H&S ( ! CU/OM-H\SE (FIC]1 ! MA/]-SMUGGL] SUFF]S A LOSS :I* A MORE =TUNATE VOYAGE WILL SOON REPAIR4 ,! AG5T1 PRON\NC$ A SC\NDREL1 IS ?R[N 9TO PRISON 9 COMPANY ) ROBB]S2 :ILE HIS GLORI\S PATRON1 A JUROR1 ELECTOR1 DEPUTY1 OR M9I/]1 MAKES LAWS CONC]N+ EXPROPRIATION1 MONOPOLY1 & CU/OM-H\SES6 

,I PROMIS$1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS LETT]1 ?AT NO ATTACK ON PROP]TY %\LD ESCAPE MY P51 MY ONLY OBJECT BE+ TO JU/IFY MYSELF BE=E ! PUBLIC BY A G5]AL RECRIM9ATION4 ,BUT ,I C\LD NOT REFRA9 FROM BR&+ SO ODI\S A MODE ( EXPLOITATION1 & ,I TRU/ ?AT ?IS %ORT DIGRESSION WILL BE P>DON$4 

,PROP]TY DOES NOT AV5GE1 ,I HOPE1 ! 9JURIES :I* SMUGGL+ SUFF]S4 

,! CONSPIRACY AGA9/ PROP]TY IS G5]AL2 IT IS FLAGRANT2 IT TAKES POSSESSION ( ALL M9DS1 & 9SPIRES ALL \R LAWS2 IT LIES AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL !ORIES4 ,H]E ! PROLETAIRE PURSUES PROP]TY 9 ! /REET1 !RE ! LEGISLATOR LAYS AN 9T]DICT UPON IT2 N[1 A PR(ESSOR ( POLITICAL ECONOMY OR ( 9DU/RIAL LEGISLATION1.<#e#a.> PAID TO DEF5D IT1 UND]M9ES IT ) R$\BL$ BL[S2 AT ANO!R -- TIME1 AN ACADEMY CALLS IT 9 QUE/ION1.<#e#b.> OR 9QUIRES AS TO ! PROGRESS ( ITS DEMOLITION4.<#e#c.> ,TO-DAY !RE IS NOT AN IDEA1 NOT AN OP9ION1 NOT A SECT1 :I* DOES NOT DREAM ( MUZZL+ PROP]TY4 ,NONE CONFESS IT1 BECAUSE NONE >E YET CONSCI\S ( IT2 !RE >E TOO FEW M9DS CAPABLE ( GRASP+ SPONTANE\SLY ?IS 5SEMBLE ( CAUSES & EFFECTS1 ( PR9CIPLES & CONSEQU5CES1 BY :I* ,I TRY TO DEMON/RATE ! APPROA*+ DISAPPE>ANCE ( PROP]TY2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! IDEAS ?AT >E G5]ALLY =M$ ( ?IS RI<T >E TOO DIV]G5T & TOO LOOSELY DET]M9$ TO ALL[ AN ADMISSION1 SO SOON1 ( ! CONTR>Y !ORY4 ,?US1 9 ! MIDDLE & L[] RANKS ( LIT]ATURE & PHILOSOPHY1 NO LESS ?AN AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE1 IT IS ?\<T ?AT1 :5 PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$1 NO ONE WILL BE ABLE TO 5JOY ! FRUIT ( HIS LABOR2 ?AT NO ONE WILL HAVE ANY ?+ PECULI> TO HIMSELF1 & ?AT TYRANNICAL COMMUNISM WILL BE E/ABLI%$ ON ! RU9S ( FAMILY & LIB]TY6 -- *IM]AS1 :I* >E TO SUPPORT = A LITTLE :ILE LONG] ! CAUSE ( PRIVILEGE4 

,BUT1 BE=E DET]M9+ PRECISELY ! IDEA ( PROP]TY1 BE=E SEEK+ AMID ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SY/EMS = ! COMMON ELEM5T :I* MU/ =M ! BASIS ( ! NEW RI<T1 LET US CA/ A RAPID GLANCE AT ! *ANGES :I*1 AT ! V>I\S P]IODS ( HI/ORY1 PROP]TY HAS UND]GONE4 ,! POLITICAL =MS ( NATIONS >E ! EXPRESSION ( !IR BELIEFS4 ,! MOBILITY ( !SE =MS1 !IR MODIFICATION & !IR DE/RUCTION1 >E SOLEMN EXP]I5CES :I* %[ US ! VALUE ( IDEAS1 & GRADUALLY ELIM9ATE FROM ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( CU/OMS ! ABSOLUTE1 ET]NAL1 & IMMUTABLE TRU?4 ,N[1 WE %ALL SEE ?AT EV]Y POLITICAL 9/ITUTION T5DS1 NECESS>ILY1 & ON PA9 ( DEA?1 TO EQUALIZE CONDITIONS2 ?AT EV]Y :]E & ALWAYS EQUALITY ( =TUNES 7LIKE EQUALITY ( RI<TS7 HAS BE5 ! SOCIAL AIM1 :E!R ! PLEBEIAN CLASSES HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO RISE TO POLITICAL P[] BY MEANS ( PROP]TY1 OR :E!R -- RUL]S ALREADY -- !Y HAVE US$ POLITICAL P[] TO OV]?R[ PROP]TY4 ,WE %ALL SEE1 9 %ORT1 BY ! PROGRESS ( SOCIETY1 ?AT ! CONSUMMATION ( JU/ICE LIES 9 ! EXT9CTION ( 9DIVIDUAL DOMA94 

,= ! SAKE ( BREVITY1 ,I WILL DISREG>D ! TE/IMONY ( ECCLESIA/ICAL HI/ORY & ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY3 ?IS SUBJECT DES]VES A SEP>ATE TREATISE1 & ,I PROPOSE H]EAFT] TO RETURN TO IT4 ,MOSES & ,JESUS ,*RI/ PROSCRIB$1 UND] ! NAMES ( USURY & 9EQUALITY1.<#e#d.> ALL SORTS ( PR(IT & 9CREASE4 ,! *UR* ITSELF1 9 ITS PURE/ TEA*+S1 HAS ALWAYS CONDEMN$ PROP]TY2 & :5 ,I ATTACK$1 NOT ONLY ! AU?ORITY ( ! *UR*1 BUT ALSO ITS 9FIDELITY TO JU/ICE1 ,I DID IT TO ! GLORY ( RELIGION4 ,I WANT$ TO PROVOKE A P]EMPTORY REPLY1 & TO PAVE ! WAY = ,*RI/IANITY'S TRIUMPH1 9 SPITE ( ! 9NUM]ABLE ATTACKS ( :I* IT IS AT PRES5T ! OBJECT4 ,I HOP$ ?AT AN APOLOGI/ W\LD >ISE =?)1 &1 TAK+ HIS /& UPON ! ,SCRIPTURES1 ! ,FA!RS1 ! CANONS1 & ! C\NCILS & CON/ITUTIONS ( ! ,POPES1 W\LD DEMON/RATE ?AT ! *UR* ALWAYS HAS MA9TA9$ ! DOCTR9E ( EQUALITY1 & W\LD ATTRIBUTE TO TEMPOR>Y NECESSITY ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ITS DISCIPL9E4 ,SU* A LABOR W\LD S]VE ! CAUSE ( RELIGION AS WELL AS ?AT ( EQUALITY4 ,WE MU/ KN[1 SOON] OR LAT]1 :E!R ,*RI/IANITY IS TO BE REG5]AT$ 9 ! *UR* OR \T ( IT1 & :E!R ?IS *UR* ACCEPTS ! REPROA*ES CA/ UPON IT ( HATR$ TO LIB]TY & ANTIPA?Y TO PROGRESS4 ,UNTIL !N WE WILL SUSP5D JUDGM5T1 & CONT5T \RSELVES ) PLAC+ BE=E ! CL]GY ! TEA*+S ( HI/ORY4 

,:5 ,LYCURGUS UND]TOOK TO MAKE LAWS = ,SP>TA1 9 :AT CONDITION DID HE F9D ?IS REPUBLIC8 ,ON ?IS PO9T ALL HI/ORIANS AGREE4 ,! PEOPLE & ! NOBLES W]E AT W>4 ,! CITY WAS 9 A CONFUS$ /ATE1 & DIVID$ BY TWO P>TIES1 -- ! P>TY ( ! POOR1 & ! P>TY ( ! RI*4 ,H>DLY ESCAP$ FROM ! B>B>ISM ( ! H]OIC AGES1 SOCIETY WAS RAPIDLY DECL9+4 ,! PROLET>IAT MADE W> UPON PROP]TY1 :I*1 9 ITS TURN1 OPPRESS$ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:AT DID ,LYCURGUS DO8 ,HIS FIR/ MEASURE WAS ONE ( G5]AL SECURITY1 AT ! V]Y IDEA ( :I* \R LEGISLATORS W\LD TREMBLE4 ,HE ABOLI%$ ALL DEBTS2 !N1 EMPLOY+ BY TURNS P]SUASION & =CE1 HE 9DUC$ ! NOBLES TO R5\NCE !IR PRIVILEGES1 & REE/ABLI%$ EQUALITY4 ,LYCURGUS1 9 A WORD1 HUNT$ PROP]TY \T ( ,LAC$AEMON1 SEE+ NO O!R WAY TO H>MONIZE LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & LAW4 ,I C]TA9LY %\LD NOT WI% ,FRANCE TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ,SP>TA2 BUT IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT ! MO/ ANCI5T ( ,GREEK LEGISLATORS1 ?OR\<LY ACQUA9T$ ) ! NATURE & NE$S ( ! PEOPLE1 MORE CAPABLE ?AN ANY ONE ELSE ( APPRECIAT+ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! OBLIGATIONS :I* HE1 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY1 CANCEL$2 :O HAD COMP>$ ! LEGISLATIVE SY/EMS ( HIS TIME1 & :OSE WISDOM AN ORACLE HAD PROCLAIM$1 -- IT IS REM>KABLE1 ,I SAY1 ?AT ,LYCURGUS %\LD HAVE JUDG$ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9COMPATIBLE ) FREE 9/ITUTIONS1 & %\LD HAVE ?\<T IT HIS DUTY TO PREFACE HIS LEGISLATION BY A C\P D'ETAT :I* DE/ROY$ ALL DI/9CTIONS ( =TUNE4 

,LYCURGUS UND]/OOD P]FECTLY ?AT ! LUXURY1 ! LOVE ( 5JOYM5TS1 & ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 :I* PROP]TY 5G5D]S1 >E ! BANE ( SOCIETY2 UN=TUNATELY ! MEANS :I* HE EMPLOY$ TO PRES]VE HIS REPUBLIC W]E SUGGE/$ TO HIM BY FALSE NOTIONS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & BY A SUP]FICIAL KN[L$GE ( ! HUMAN HE>T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 PROP]TY1 :I* ?IS LEGISLATOR WRONGLY CONF\ND$ ) WEAL?1 RE5T]$ ! CITY TOGE!R ) ! SW>M ( EVILS :I* HE WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO BANI%2 & ?IS TIME ,SP>TA WAS HOPELESSLY CORRUPT$4 

0,! 9TRODUCTION ( WEAL?10 SAYS ,M4 ,PA/ORET1 0WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( ! MIS=TUNES :I* !Y EXP]I5C$4 ,AGA9/ !SE1 H[EV]1 ! LAWS HAD TAK5 EXTRAORD9>Y PRECAUTIONS1 ! BE/ AMONG :I* WAS ! 9CULCATION ( MORALS :I* T5D$ TO SUPPRESS DESIRE40 

,! BE/ ( ALL PRECAUTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ANTICIPATION ( DESIRE BY SATISFACTION4 ,POSSESSION IS ! SOV]EIGN REM$Y = CUPIDITY1 A REM$Y :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! LESS P]IL\S TO ,SP>TA BECAUSE =TUNES !RE W]E ALMO/ EQUAL1 & CONDITIONS W]E NE>LY ALIKE4 ,AS A G5]AL ?+1 FA/+ & AB/95CE >E BAD TEA*]S ( MOD]ATION4 

0,!RE WAS A LAW10 SAYS ,M4 ,PA/ORET AGA91 0TO PROHIBIT ! RI* FROM WE>+ BETT] CLO?+ ?AN ! POOR1 FROM EAT+ MORE DELICATE FOOD1 & FROM [N+ ELEGANT FURNITURE1 VASES1 C>PETS1 F9E H\SES10 @&C4 ,LYCURGUS HOP$1 !N1 TO MA9TA9 EQUALITY BY R5D]+ WEAL? USELESS4 ,H[ MU* WIS] HE W\LD HAVE BE5 IF1 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 HE HAD ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RY & TAU<T ! PEOPLE TO PROCURE BY !IR [N LABOR ! ?+S :I* HE TRI$ 9 VA9 TO DEPRIVE !M (4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 5JOY+ HAPPY ?\<TS & PLEASANT FEEL+S1 ! CITIZ5 W\LD HAVE KN[N NO O!R DESIRE ?AN ?AT ) :I* ! LEGISLATOR 5DEAVOR$ TO 9SPIRE HIM1 -- LOVE ( HONOR & GLORY1 ! TRIUMPHS ( TAL5T & VIRTUE4 

0,GOLD & ALL K9DS ( ORNAM5TS W]E =BIDD5 ! WOM540 ,ABSURD4 ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,LYCURGUS1 HIS 9/ITUTIONS BECAME CORRUPT$2 & F\R C5TURIES BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A NOT A VE/IGE REMA9$ ( ! =M] SIMPLICITY4 ,LUXURY & ! ?IR/ = GOLD W]E E>LY DEVELOP$ AMONG ! ,SP>TANS 9 A DEGREE AS 9T5SE AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ FROM !IR 5=C$ POV]TY & !IR 9EXP]I5CE 9 ! >TS4 ,HI/ORIANS HAVE ACCUS$ ,PAUSANIAS1 ,LYS&]1 ,AGESILAUS1 & O!RS ( HAV+ CORRUPT$ ! MORALS ( !IR C\NTRY BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( WEAL? OBTA9$ 9 W>4 ,IT IS A SL&]4 ,! MORALS ( ! ,SP>TANS NECESS>ILY GREW CORRUPT AS SOON AS ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN POV]TY CAME 9 CONTACT ) ,P]SIAN LUXURY & ,A!NIAN ELEGANCE4 ,LYCURGUS1 !N1 MADE A FATAL MI/AKE 9 ATTEMPT+ TO 9SPIRE G5]OSITY & MODE/Y BY 5=C+ VA9 & PR\D SIMPLICITY4 

0,LYCURGUS WAS NOT FRI<T5$ AT IDL5ESS6 ,A ,LAC$AEMONIAN1 HAPP5+ TO BE 9 ,A!NS 7:]E IDL5ESS WAS =BIDD57 DUR+ ! PUNI%M5T ( A CITIZ5 :O HAD BE5 F\ND GUILTY1 ASK$ TO SEE ! ,A!NIAN ?US CONDEMN$ = HAV+ EX]CIS$ ! RI<TS ( A FREE MAN444 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ,LYCURGUSS1 ACT$ UPON = SEV]AL C5TURIES1 ?AT FREE M5 %\LD NOT FOLL[ LUCRATIVE PR(ESSIONS444 ,! WOM5 DISDA9$ DOME/IC LABOR2 !Y DID NOT SP9 !IR WOOL !MSELVES1 AS DID ! O!R ,GREEKS .<!Y DID NOT1 !N1 READ ,HOM]6.>2 !Y LEFT !IR SLAVES TO MAKE !IR CLO?+ = !M40 -- ,PA/ORET3 ,HI/ORY ( ,LEGISLATION4 

,C\LD ANY ?+ BE MORE CONTRADICTORY8 ,LYCURGUS PROSCRIB$ PROP]TY AMONG ! CITIZ5S1 & F\ND$ ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ON ! WOR/ =M ( PROP]TY1 -- ON PROP]TY OBTA9$ BY =CE4 ,:AT WOND]1 AFT] ?AT1 ?AT A LAZY CITY1 :]E NO 9DU/RY WAS C>RI$ ON1 BECAME A D5 ( AV>ICE8 ,! ,SP>TANS SUCCUMB$ ! MORE EASILY TO ! ALLUREM5TS ( LUXURY & ,ASIATIC VOLUPTU\SNESS1 BE+ PLAC$ 5TIRELY AT !IR M]CY BY !IR [N CO>S5ESS4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ TO ! ,ROMANS1 :5 MILIT>Y SUCCESS TOOK !M \T ( ,ITALY1 -- A ?+ :I* ! AU?OR ( ! PROSOPOPOEIA ( ,FABRICIUS C\LD NOT EXPLA94 ,IT IS NOT ! CULTIVATION ( ! >TS :I* CORRUPTS MORALS1 BUT !IR DEGRADATION1 9DUC$ BY 9ACTIVE & LUXURI\S OPUL5CE4 ,! 9/9CT ( PROP]TY IS TO MAKE ! 9DU/RY ( ,DA$ALUS1 AS WELL AS ! TAL5T ( ,PHIDIAS1 SUBS]VI5T TO ITS [N FANTA/IC :IMS & DISGRACEFUL PLEASURES4 ,PROP]TY1 NOT WEAL?1 RU9$ ! ,SP>TANS4 

,:5 ,SOLON APPE>$1 ! AN>*Y CAUS$ BY PROP]TY WAS AT ITS HEI<T 9 ! ,A!NIAN REPUBLIC4 0,! 9HABITANTS ( ,ATTICA W]E DIVID$ AMONG !MSELVES AS TO ! =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,?OSE :O LIV$ ON ! M\NTA9S 7! POOR7 PREF]R$ ! POPUL> =M2 ?OSE ( ! PLA9 7! MIDDLE CLASS71 ! OLIG>*S2 ?OSE BY ! SEA COA/1 A MIXTURE ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY4 ,O!R DISS5SIONS W]E >IS+ FROM ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES4 ,! MUTUAL ANTAGONISM ( ! RI* & POOR HAD BECOME SO VIOL5T1 ?AT ! ONE-MAN P[] SEEM$ ! ONLY SAFE-GU>D AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION ) :I* ! REPUBLIC WAS ?REAT5$40 7,PA/ORET3 ,HI/ORY ( ,LEGISLATION47 

,QU>RELS BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR1 :I* SELDOM OCCUR 9 MON>*IES1 BECAUSE A WELL E/ABLI%$ P[] SUPPRESSES DISS5SIONS1 SEEM TO BE ! LIFE ( POPUL> GOV]NM5TS4 ,>I/OTLE HAD NOTIC$ ?IS4 ,! OPPRESSION ( WEAL? SUBMITT$ TO AGR>IAN LAWS1 OR TO EXCESSIVE TAXATION2 ! HATR$ ( ! L[] CLASSES = ! UPP] CLASS1 :I* IS EXPOS$ ALWAYS TO LIBEL\S *>GES MADE 9 HOPES ( CONFISCATION1 -- !SE W]E ! FEATURES ( ! ,A!NIAN GOV]NM5T :I* W]E ESPECIALLY REVOLT+ TO ,>I/OTLE1 & :I* CAUS$ HIM TO FAVOR A LIMIT$ MON>*Y4 ,>I/OTLE1 IF HE HAD LIV$ 9 \R DAY1 W\LD HAVE SUPPORT$ ! CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT1 ) ALL DEF]5CE TO ! ,/AGIRITE1 A GOV]NM5T :I* SACRIFICES ! LIFE ( ! PROLETAIRE TO ?AT ( ! PROPRIETOR IS QUITE AS IRRATIONAL AS ONE :I* SUPPORTS ! =M] BY ROBB+ ! LATT]2 NEI!R ( !M DES]VE ! SUPPORT ( A FREE MAN1 MU* LESS ( A PHILOSOPH]4 

,SOLON FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ,LYCURGUS4 ,HE CELEBRAT$ HIS LEGISLATIVE 9AUGURATION BY ! ABOLITION ( DEBTS1 -- ?AT IS1 BY BANKRUPTCY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,SOLON W\ND UP ! GOV]NM5TAL MA*9E = A LONG] OR %ORT] TIME DEP5D+ UPON ! RATE ( 9T]E/4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 ! SPR+ RELAX$ & ! *A9 BECAME UNW\ND1 ! REPUBLIC HAD EI!R TO P]I%1 OR TO RECOV] ITSELF BY A SECOND BANKRUPTCY4 ,?IS S+UL> POLICY WAS PURSU$ BY ALL ! ANCI5TS4 ,AFT] ! CAPTIVITY ( ,BABYLON1 ,NEHEMIAH1 ! *IEF ( ! ,JEWI% NATION1 ABOLI%$ DEBTS2 ,LYCURGUS ABOLI%$ DEBTS2 ,SOLON ABOLI%$ DEBTS2 ! ,ROMAN PEOPLE1 AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ! K+S UNTIL ! ACCESSION ( ! ,CAES>S1 /RUGGL$ ) ! ,S5ATE = ! ABOLITION ( DEBTS4 ,AFT]W>DS1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! REPUBLIC1 & LONG AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! EMPIRE1 AGRICULTURE BE+ AB&ON$1 & ! PROV9CES BECOM+ DEPOPULAT$ 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! EXCESSIVE RATES ( 9T]E/1 ! EMP]ORS FREELY GRANT$ ! L&S TO :OEV] W\LD CULTIVATE !M1 -- ?AT IS1 !Y ABOLI%$ DEBTS4 ,NO ONE1 EXCEPT ,LYCURGUS1 :O W5T TO ! O!R EXTREME1 EV] P]CEIV$ ?AT ! GREAT PO9T WAS1 NOT TO RELEASE DEBTORS BY A C\P D'ETAT1 BUT TO PREV5T ! CONTRACTION ( DEBTS 9 FUTURE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS W]E ALWAYS EXCLUSIVELY BAS$ UPON 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY2 SO ?AT ! SOCIAL ELEM5T ( ALL !SE REPUBLICS WAS W> BETWE5 ! CITIZ5S4 

,SOLON DECRE$ ?AT A C5SUS %\LD BE TAK5 ( ALL =TUNES1 REGULAT$ POLITICAL RI<TS BY ! RESULT1 GRANT$ TO ! L>G] PROPRIETORS MORE 9FLU5CE1 E/ABLI%$ ! BALANCE ( P[]S1 -- 9 A WORD1 9S]T$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION ! MO/ ACTIVE LEAV5 ( DISCORD2 AS IF1 9/EAD ( A LEGISLATOR *OS5 BY ! PEOPLE1 HE HAD BE5 !IR GREATE/ 5EMY4 ,IS IT NOT1 9DE$1 ! HEI<T ( IMPRUD5CE TO GRANT EQUALITY ( POLITICAL RI<TS TO M5 ( UNEQUAL CONDITIONS8 ,IF A MANUFACTUR]1 UNIT+ ALL HIS WORKM5 9 A JO9T-/OCK COMPANY1 %\LD GIVE TO EA* ( !M A CONSULTATIVE & DELIB]ATIVE VOICE1 -- ?AT IS1 %\LD MAKE ALL ( !M MA/]S1 -- W\LD ?IS EQUALITY ( MA/]%IP SECURE CONT9U$ 9EQUALITY ( WAGES8 ,?AT IS ! :OLE POLITICAL SY/EM ( ,SOLON1 R$UC$ TO ITS SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION4 

0,9 GIV+ PROP]TY A JU/ PREPOND]ANCE10 SAYS ,M4 ,PA/ORET1 0,SOLON REPAIR$1 AS F> AS HE WAS ABLE1 HIS FIR/ (FICIAL ACT1 -- ! ABOLITION ( DEBTS444 ,HE ?\<T HE [$ IT TO PUBLIC PEACE TO MAKE ?IS GREAT SACRIFICE ( ACQUIR$ RI<TS & NATURAL EQUITY4 ,BUT ! VIOLATION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & WRITT5 CONTRACTS IS A BAD PREFACE TO A PUBLIC CODE40 

,9 FACT1 SU* VIOLATIONS >E ALWAYS CRUELLY PUNI%$4 ,9 '#h#i & '#i#c1 ! POSSESSIONS ( ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY W]E CONFISCAT$1 ! CLEV] PROLETAIRES W]E 5RI*$2 & TO-DAY ! LATT]1 HAV+ BECOME >I/OCRATS1 >E MAK+ US PAY DE>LY = \R FA!RS' ROBB]Y4 ,:AT1 !RE=E1 IS TO BE DONE N[8 ,IT IS NOT = US TO VIOLATE RI<T1 BUT TO RE/ORE IT4 ,N[1 IT W\LD BE A VIOLATION ( JU/ICE TO DISPOSSESS SOME & 5D[ O!RS1 & !N /OP !RE4 ,WE MU/ GRADUALLY L[] ! RATE ( 9T]E/1 ORGANIZE 9DU/RY1 ASSOCIATE LABOR]S & !IR FUNCTIONS1 & TAKE A C5SUS ( ! L>GE =TUNES1 NOT = ! PURPOSE ( GRANT+ PRIVILEGES1 BUT ?AT WE MAY EFFECT !IR R$EMPTION BY SETTL+ A LIFE-ANNUITY UPON !IR PROPRIETORS4 ,WE MU/ APPLY ON A L>GE SCALE ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION1 GIVE ! ,/ATE EM95T DOMA9 OV] ALL CAPITAL6 MAKE EA* PRODUC] RESPONSIBLE1 ABOLI% ! CU/OM-H\SE1 & TRANS=M EV]Y PR(ESSION & TRADE 9TO A PUBLIC FUNCTION4 ,!REBY L>GE =TUNES WILL VANI% )\T CONFISCATION OR VIOL5CE2 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION WILL E/ABLI% ITSELF1 )\T COMMUNISM1 UND] ! 9SPECTION ( ! REPUBLIC2 & EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS WILL NO LONG] DEP5D SIMPLY ON ! WILL ( CITIZ5S4 

,( ! AU?ORS :O HAVE WRITT5 UPON ! ,ROMANS1 ,BOSSUET & ,MONTESQUIEU OCCUPY PROM95T POSITIONS 9 ! FIR/ RANK2 ! FIR/ BE+ G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS ! FA!R ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 & ! SECOND AS ! MO/ PR(\ND WRIT] UPON LAW & POLITICS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT C\LD BE %[N ?AT !SE TWO GREAT WRIT]S1 EA* ( !M IMBU$ ) ! PREJUDICES ( !IR C5TURY & !IR CLO?1 HAVE LEFT ! QUE/ION ( ! CAUSES ( ! RISE & FALL ( ! ,ROMANS PRECISELY :]E !Y F\ND IT4 

,BOSSUET IS ADMIRABLE AS LONG AS HE CONF9ES HIMSELF TO DESCRIPTION3 WITNESS1 AMONG O!R PASSAGES1 ! PICTURE :I* HE HAS GIV5 US ( ,GREECE BE=E ! ,P]SIAN ,W>1 & :I* SEEMS TO HAVE 9SPIR$ 0,TELEMA*US20 ! P>ALLEL BETWE5 ,A!NS & ,SP>TA1 DRAWN TW5TY TIMES S9CE ,BOSSUET2 ! DESCRIPTION ( ! *>ACT] & MORALS ( ! ANCI5T ,ROMANS2 &1 F9ALLY1 ! SUBLIME P]ORATION :I* 5DS ! 0,DISC\RSE ON ,UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY40 ,BUT :5 ! FAM\S HI/ORIAN DEALS ) CAUSES1 HIS PHILOSOPHY IS AT FAULT4 

0,! TRIBUNES ALWAYS FAVOR$ ! DIVISION ( CAPTUR$ L&S1 OR ! PROCE$S ( !IR SALE1 AMONG ! CITIZ5S4 ,! ,S5ATE /EADFA/LY OPPOS$ ?OSE LAWS :I* W]E DAMAG+ TO ! ,/ATE1 & WANT$ ! PRICE ( L&S TO BE AW>D$ TO ! PUBLIC TREASURY40 

,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ,BOSSUET1 ! FIR/ & GREATE/ WRONG ( CIVIL W>S WAS 9FLICT$ UPON ! PEOPLE1 :O1 DY+ ( HUNG]1 DEM&$ ?AT ! L&S1 :I* !Y HAD %$ !IR BLOOD TO CONQU]1 %\LD BE GIV5 TO !M = CULTIVATION4 ,! PATRICIANS1 :O B\<T !M TO DELIV] TO !IR SLAVES1 HAD MORE REG>D = JU/ICE & ! PUBLIC 9T]E/S4 ,H[ LITTLE AFFECTS ! OP9IONS ( M56 ,IF ! ROLES ( ,CIC]O & ! ,GRAC*I HAD BE5 9V]T$1 ,BOSSUET1 :OSE SYMPA?IES W]E >\S$ BY ! ELOQU5CE ( ! GREAT ORATOR MORE ?AN BY ! CLAMORS ( ! TRIBUNES1 W\LD HAVE VIEW$ ! AGR>IAN LAWS 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T LI<T4 ,HE !N W\LD HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ! 9T]E/ ( ! TREASURY WAS ONLY A PRETEXT2 ?AT1 :5 ! CAPTUR$ L&S W]E PUT UP AT AUCTION1 ! PATRICIANS HA/5$ TO BUY !M1 9 ORD] TO PR(IT BY ! REV5UES FROM !M1 -- C]TA91 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! PRICE PAID W\LD COME BACK TO !M SOON] OR LAT]1 9 EX*ANGE EI!R = SUPPLIES FURNI%$ BY !M TO ! REPUBLIC1 OR = ! SUBSI/5CE ( ! MULTITUDE1 :O C\LD BUY ONLY ( !M1 & :OSE S]VICES AT ONE TIME1 & POV]TY AT ANO!R1 W]E REW>D$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,= A ,/ATE DOES NOT HO>D2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PUBLIC FUNDS ALWAYS RETURN TO ! PEOPLE4 ,IF1 !N1 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( M5 >E ! SOLE DEAL]S 9 >TICLES ( PRIM>Y NECESSITY1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! PUBLIC TREASURY1 9 PASS+ & REPASS+ ?R\< !IR H&S1 DEPOSITS & ACCUMULATES REAL PROP]TY !RE4 

,:5 ,M55IUS RELAT$ TO ! PEOPLE HIS FABLE ( ! LIMBS & ! /OMA*1 IF ANY ONE HAD REM>K$ TO ?IS /ORY-TELL] ?AT ! /OMA* FREELY GIVES TO ! LIMBS ! N\RI%M5T :I* IT FREELY RECEIVES1 BUT ?AT ! PATRICIANS GAVE TO ! PLEBEIANS ONLY = CA%1 & L5T TO !M ONLY AT USURY1 HE UND\BT$LY W\LD HAVE SIL5C$ ! WILY S5ATOR1 & SAV$ ! PEOPLE FROM A GREAT IMPOSITION4 ,! ,CONSCRIPT ,FA!RS W]E FA!RS ONLY ( !IR [N L9E4 ,AS = ! COMMON PEOPLE1 !Y W]E REG>D$ AS AN IMPURE RACE1 EXPLOITABLE1 TAXABLE1 & WORKABLE AT ! DISCRETION & M]CY ( !IR MA/]S4 

,AS A G5]AL ?+1 ,BOSSUET %[S LITTLE REG>D = ! PEOPLE4 ,HIS MON>*ICAL & !OLOGICAL 9/9CTS KN[ NO?+ BUT AU?ORITY1 OB$I5CE1 & ALMS-GIV+1 UND] ! NAME ( *>ITY4 ,?IS UN=TUNATE DISPOSITION CON/ANTLY LEADS HIM TO MI/AKE SYMPTOMS = CAUSES2 & HIS DEP?1 :I* IS SO MU* ADMIR$1 IS BORR[$ FROM HIS AU?ORS1 & AM\NTS TO V]Y LITTLE1 AFT] ALL4 ,:5 HE SAYS1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT 0! DISS5SIONS 9 ! REPUBLIC1 & F9ALLY ITS FALL1 W]E CAUS$ BY ! JEAL\SIES ( ITS CITIZ5S1 & !IR LOVE ( LIB]TY C>RI$ TO AN EXTREME & 9TOL]ABLE EXT5T10 >E WE NOT TEMPT$ TO ASK HIM :AT CAUS$ ?OSE JEAL\SIES8 -- :AT 9SPIR$ ! PEOPLE ) ?AT LOVE ( LIB]TY1 EXTREME & 9TOL]ABLE8 ,IT W\LD BE USELESS TO REPLY1 ,! CORRUPTION ( MORALS2 ! DISREG>D = ! ANCI5T POV]TY2 ! DEBAU*]IES1 LUXURY1 & CLASS JEAL\SIES2 ! S$ITI\S *>ACT] ( ! ,GRAC*I1 @&C4 ,:Y DID ! MORALS BECOME CORRUPT1 & :5CE >OSE ?OSE ET]NAL DISS5SIONS BETWE5 ! PATRICIANS & ! PLEBEIANS8 

,9 ,ROME1 AS 9 ALL O!R PLACES1 ! DISS5SION BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR WAS NOT CAUS$ DIRECTLY BY ! DESIRE = WEAL? 7PEOPLE1 AS A G5]AL ?+1 DO NOT COVET ?AT :I* !Y DEEM IT ILLEGITIMATE TO ACQUIRE71 BUT BY A NATURAL 9/9CT ( ! PLEBEIANS1 :I* L$ !M TO SEEK ! CAUSE ( !IR ADV]SITY 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,SO WE >E DO+ TO-DAY2 9/EAD ( ALT]+ \R PUBLIC ECONOMY1 WE DEM& AN ELECTORAL RE=M4 ,! ,ROMAN PEOPLE WI%$ TO RETURN TO ! SOCIAL COMPACT2 !Y ASK$ = RE=MS1 & DEM&$ A REVISION ( ! LAWS1 & A CREATION ( NEW MAGI/RACIES4 ,! PATRICIANS1 :O HAD NO?+ TO COMPLA9 (1 OPPOS$ EV]Y 9NOVATION4 ,WEAL? ALWAYS HAS BE5 CONS]VATIVE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! PEOPLE OV]CAME ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,S5ATE2 ! ELECTORAL RI<T WAS GREATLY EXT5D$2 ! PRIVILEGES ( ! PLEBEIANS W]E 9CREAS$1 -- !Y HAD !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 !IR TRIBUNES1 & !IR CONSULS2 BUT1 NOT)/&+ !SE RE=MS1 ! REPUBLIC C\LD NOT BE SAV$4 ,:5 ALL POLITICAL EXP$I5TS HAD BE5 EXHAU/$1 :5 CIVIL W> HAD DEPLET$ ! POPULATION1 :5 ! ,CAES>S HAD ?R[N !IR BLOODY MANTLE OV] ! CANC] :I* WAS CONSUM+ ! EMPIRE1 -- 9ASMU* AS ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY ALWAYS WAS RESPECT$1 & S9CE ! FIRE NEV] /OPP$1 ! NATION HAD TO P]I% 9 ! FLAMES4 ,! IMP]IAL P[] WAS A COMPROMISE :I* PROTECT$ ! PROP]TY ( ! RI*1 & N\RI%$ ! PROLETAIRES ) :EAT FROM ,AFRICA & ,SICILY3 A D\BLE ]ROR1 :I* DE/ROY$ ! >I/OCRATS BY PLE?ORA & ! COMMON]S BY FAM9E4 ,AT LA/ !RE WAS BUT ONE REAL PROPRIETOR LEFT1 -- ! EMP]OR1 -- :OSE DEP5D5T1 FLATT]]1 P>ASITE1 OR SLAVE1 EA* CITIZ5 BECAME2 & :5 ?IS PROPRIETOR WAS RU9$1 ?OSE :O GA!R$ ! CRUMBS FROM UND] HIS TABLE1 & LAU<$ :5 HE CRACK$ HIS JOKES1 P]I%$ ALSO4 

,MONTESQUIEU SUCCE$$ NO BETT] ?AN ,BOSSUET 9 FA?OM+ ! CAUSES ( ! ,ROMAN DECL9E2 9DE$1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! PRESID5T HAS ONLY DEVELOP$ ! IDEAS ( ! BI%OP4 ,IF ! ,ROMANS HAD BE5 MORE MOD]ATE 9 !IR CONQUE/S1 MORE JU/ TO !IR ALLIES1 MORE HUMANE TO ! VANQUI%$2 IF ! NOBLES HAD BE5 LESS COVET\S1 ! EMP]ORS LESS LAWLESS1 ! PEOPLE LESS VIOL5T1 & ALL CLASSES LESS CORRUPT2 IF 444 @&C41 -- P]HAPS ! DIGNITY ( ! EMPIRE MI<T HAVE BE5 PRES]V$1 & ,ROME MI<T HAVE RETA9$ ! SCEPT] ( ! WORLD6 ,?AT IS ALL ?AT CAN BE GA!R$ FROM ! TEA*+S ( ,MONTESQUIEU4 ,BUT ! TRU? ( HI/ORY DOES NOT LIE !RE2 ! DE/9IES ( ! WORLD >E NOT DEP5D5T UPON SU* TRIVIAL CAUSES4 ,! PASSIONS ( M51 LIKE ! CONT+5CIES ( TIME & ! V>IETIES ( CLIMATE1 S]VE TO MA9TA9 ! =CES :I* MOVE HUMANITY & PRODUCE ALL HI/ORICAL *ANGES2 BUT !Y DO NOT EXPLA9 !M4 ,! GRA9 ( S& ( :I* ,PASCAL SPEAKS W\LD HAVE CAUS$ ! DEA? ( ONE MAN ONLY1 HAD NOT PRIOR ACTION ORD]$ ! EV5TS ( :I* ?IS DEA? WAS ! PRECURSOR4 

,MONTESQUIEU HAS READ EXT5SIVELY2 HE KN[S ,ROMAN HI/ORY ?OR\<LY1 IS P]FECTLY WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! PEOPLE ( :OM HE SPEAKS1 & SEES V]Y CLE>LY :Y !Y W]E ABLE TO CONQU] !IR RIVALS & GOV]N ! WORLD4 ,:ILE READ+ HIM WE ADMIRE ! ,ROMANS1 BUT WE DO NOT LIKE !M2 WE WITNESS !IR TRIUMPHS )\T PLEASURE1 & WE WAT* !IR FALL )\T SORR[4 ,MONTESQUIEU'S WORK1 LIKE ! WORKS ( ALL ,FR5* WRIT]S1 IS SKILLFULLY COMPOS$1 -- SPIRIT$1 WITTY1 & FILL$ ) WISE OBS]VATIONS4 ,HE PLEASES1 9T]E/S1 9/RUCTS1 BUT LEADS TO LITTLE REFLECTION2 HE DOES NOT CONQU] BY DEP? ( ?\<T2 HE DOES NOT EXALT ! M9D BY ELEVAT$ REASON OR E>NE/ FEEL+4 ,9 VA9 %\LD WE SE>* HIS WRIT+S = KN[L$GE ( ANTIQUITY1 ! *>ACT] ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 OR A DESCRIPTION ( ! H]OIC AGES1 :OSE MORALS & PREJUDICES LIV$ UNTIL ! LA/ DAYS ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,VICO1 PA9T+ ! ,ROMANS ) !IR HORRIBLE TRAITS1 REPRES5TS !M AS EXCUSABLE1 BECAUSE HE %[S ?AT ALL !IR CONDUCT WAS GOV]N$ BY PREEXI/+ IDEAS & CU/OMS1 & ?AT !Y W]E 9=M$1 SO TO SPEAK1 BY A SUP]IOR G5IUS ( :I* !Y W]E UNCONSCI\S2 9 ,MONTESQUIEU1 ! ,ROMAN ATROCITY REVOLTS1 BUT IS NOT EXPLA9$4 ,!RE=E1 AS A WRIT]1 ,MONTESQUIEU BR+S GREAT] CR$IT UPON ,FR5* LIT]ATURE2 AS A PHILOSOPH]1 ,VICO BE>S AWAY ! PALM4 

,ORIG9ALLY1 PROP]TY 9 ,ROME WAS NATIONAL1 NOT PRIVATE4 ,NUMA WAS ! FIR/ TO E/ABLI% 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY BY DI/RIBUT+ ! L&S CAPTUR$ BY ,ROMULUS4 ,:AT WAS ! DIVID5D ( ?IS DI/RIBUTION EFFECT$ BY ,NUMA8 ,:AT CONDITIONS W]E IMPOS$ UPON 9DIVIDUALS1 :AT P[]S RES]V$ TO ! ,/ATE8 ,NONE :ATEV]4 ,9EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 ABSOLUTE ABDICATION BY ! REPUBLIC ( ITS RI<T ( EM95T DOMA9 OV] ! PROP]TY ( CITIZ5S1 -- SU* W]E ! FIR/ RESULTS ( ! DIVISION ( ,NUMA1 :O JU/LY MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! ORIG9ATOR ( ,ROMAN REVOLUTIONS4 ,HE IT WAS :O 9/ITUT$ ! WOR%IP ( ! GOD ,T]M9US1 -- ! GU>DIAN ( PRIVATE POSSESSION1 & ONE ( ! MO/ ANCI5T GODS ( ,ITALY4 ,IT WAS ,NUMA :O PLAC$ PROP]TY UND] ! PROTECTION ( ,JUPIT]2 :O1 9 IMITATION ( ! ,ETRURIANS1 WI%$ TO MAKE PRIE/S ( ! L&-SURVEYORS2 :O 9V5T$ A LITURGY = CADA/RAL OP]ATIONS1 & C]EMONIES ( CONSECRATION = ! M>K+ ( B\ND>IES1 -- :O1 9 %ORT1 MADE A RELIGION ( PROP]TY4.<#e#e.> ,ALL !SE FANCIES W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE B5EFICIAL ?AN DANG]\S1 IF ! HOLY K+ HAD NOT =GOTT5 ONE ESS5TIAL ?+2 NAMELY1 TO FIX ! AM\NT ?AT EA* CITIZ5 C\LD POSSESS1 & ON :AT CONDITIONS HE C\LD POSSESS IT4 ,=1 S9CE IT IS ! ESS5CE ( PROP]TY TO CONT9UALLY 9CREASE BY ACCESSION & PR(IT1 & S9CE ! L5D] WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO APPLY ?IS PR9CIPLE 9H]5T 9 PROP]TY1 IT FOLL[S ?AT PROP]TIES T5D1 BY MEANS ( !IR NATURAL 5]GY & ! RELIGI\S RESPECT :I* PROTECTS !M1 TO ABSORB EA* O!R1 & =TUNES TO 9CREASE OR DIM9I% TO AN 9DEF9ITE EXT5T1 -- A PROCESS :I* NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 ! RU9 ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! FALL ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,ROMAN HI/ORY IS BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS LAW4 

,SC>CELY HAD ! ,T>QU9S BE5 BANI%$ FROM ,ROME & ! MON>*Y ABOLI%$1 :5 QU>RELS COMM5C$ BETWE5 ! ORD]S4 ,9 ! YE> #did ,B4,C41 ! SECESSION ( ! COMMONALTY TO ! ,MONS ,SAC] L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! TRIBUNATE4 ,( :AT DID ! PLEBEIANS COMPLA98 ,?AT !Y W]E POOR1 EXHAU/$ BY ! 9T]E/ :I* !Y PAID TO ! PROPRIETORS1 -- FO5]ATORIBUS2 ?AT ! REPUBLIC1 ADM9I/]$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! NOBLES1 DID NO?+ = ! PEOPLE2 ?AT1 DELIV]$ OV] TO ! M]CY ( !IR CR$ITORS1 :O C\LD SELL !M & !IR *ILDR51 & HAV+ NEI!R HE>? NOR HOME1 !Y W]E REFUS$ ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 :ILE ! RATE ( 9T]E/ WAS KEPT AT ITS HI<E/ PO9T1 @&C4 ,= FIVE C5TURIES1 ! SOLE POLICY ( ! ,S5ATE WAS TO EVADE !SE JU/ COMPLA9TS2 &1 NOT)/&+ ! 5]GY ( ! TRIBUNES1 NOT)/&+ ! ELOQU5CE ( ! ,GRAC*I1 ! VIOL5CE ( ,M>IUS1 & ! TRIUMPH ( ,CAES>1 ?IS EXECRABLE POLICY SUCCE$$ ONLY TOO WELL4 ,! ,S5ATE ALWAYS TEMPORIZ$2 ! MEASURES PROPOS$ BY ! TRIBUNES MI<T BE GOOD1 BUT !Y W]E 9OPPORTUNE4 ,IT ADMITT$ ?AT SOME?+ %\LD BE DONE2 BUT FIR/ IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD RESUME ! P]=MANCE ( !IR DUTIES1 BECAUSE ! ,S5ATE C\LD NOT YIELD TO VIOL5CE1 & =CE MU/ BE EMPLOY$ ONLY BY ! LAW4 ,IF ! PEOPLE -- \T ( RESPECT = LEGALITY -- TOOK ?IS BEAUTIFUL ADVICE1 ! ,S5ATE CONJUR$ UP A DIFFICULTY2 ! RE=M WAS PO/PON$1 & ?AT WAS ! 5D ( IT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF ! DEM&S ( ! PROLETAIRES BECAME TOO PRESS+1 IT DECL>$ A =EIGN W>1 & NEI<BOR+ NATIONS W]E DEPRIV$ ( !IR LIB]TY1 TO MA9TA9 ! ,ROMAN >I/OCRACY4 

,BUT ! TOILS ( W> W]E ONLY A HALT = ! PLEBEIANS 9 !IR ONW>D M>* T[>DS PAUP]ISM4 ,! L&S CONFISCAT$ FROM ! CONQU]$ NATIONS W]E IMM$IATELY ADD$ TO ! DOMA9 ( ! ,/ATE1 TO ! AG] PUBLICUS2 &1 AS SU*1 CULTIVAT$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! TREASURY2 OR1 AS WAS MORE (T5 ! CASE1 !Y W]E SOLD AT AUCTION4 ,NONE ( !M W]E GRANT$ TO ! PROLETAIRES1 :O1 UNLIKE ! PATRICIANS & KNI<TS1 W]E NOT SUPPLI$ BY ! VICTORY ) ! MEANS ( BUY+ !M4 ,W> NEV] 5RI*$ ! SOLDI]2 ! EXT5SIVE PLUND]+ HAS BE5 DONE ALWAYS BY ! G5]ALS4 ,! VANS ( ,AUG]EAU1 & ( TW5TY O!RS1 >E FAM\S 9 \R >MIES2 BUT NO ONE EV] HE>D ( A PRIVATE GETT+ RI*4 ,NO?+ WAS MORE COMMON 9 ,ROME ?AN *>GES ( PECULATION1 EXTORTION1 EMBEZZLEM5T1 & BRIG&AGE1 C>RI$ ON 9 ! PROV9CES AT ! HEAD ( >MIES1 & 9 O!R PUBLIC CAPACITIES4 ,ALL !SE *>GES W]E QUIET$ BY 9TRIGUE1 BRIB]Y ( ! JUDGES1 OR DESI/ANCE ( ! ACCUS]4 ,! CULPRIT WAS ALL[$ ALWAYS 9 ! 5D TO 5JOY HIS SPOILS 9 PEACE2 HIS SON WAS ONLY ! MORE RESPECT$ ON ACC\NT ( HIS FA!R'S CRIMES4 ,&1 9 FACT1 IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE4 ,:AT W\LD BECOME ( US1 IF EV]Y DEPUTY1 PE]1 OR PUBLIC FUNCTION>Y %\LD BE CALL$ UPON TO %[ HIS TITLE TO HIS =TUNE6 

0,! PATRICIANS >ROGAT$ ! EXCLUSIVE 5JOYM5T ( ! AG] PUBLICUS2 &1 LIKE ! FEUDAL SEIGNIORS1 GRANT$ SOME PORTIONS ( !IR L&S TO !IR DEP5D5TS1 -- A :OLLY PREC>I\S CONCESSION1 REVOCABLE AT ! WILL ( ! GRANTOR4 ,! PLEBEIANS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 W]E 5TITL$ TO ! 5JOYM5T ( ONLY A LITTLE PA/URE-L& LEFT TO !M 9 COMMON3 AN UTT]LY UNJU/ /ATE ( ?+S1 S9CE1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( IT1 TAXATION -- C5SUS -- WEI<$ MORE HEAVILY UPON ! POOR ?AN UPON ! RI*4 ,! PATRICIAN1 9 FACT1 ALWAYS EXEMPT$ HIMSELF FROM ! TI! :I* HE [$ AS ! PRICE & AS ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! CONCESSION ( DOMA92 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 PAID NO TAXES ON HIS POSSESSIONS1 IF1 AS !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE1 ONLY CITIZ5S' PROP]TY WAS TAX$40 -- ,LAB\LAYE3 ,HI/ORY ( ,PROP]TY4 

,9 ORD] ?OR\<LY TO UND]/& ! PREC$+ QUOTATION1 WE MU/ KN[ ?AT ! E/ATES ( CITIZ5S -- ?AT IS1 E/ATES 9DEP5D5T ( ! PUBLIC DOMA91 :E!R !Y W]E OBTA9$ 9 ! DIVISION ( ,NUMA1 OR HAD S9CE BE5 SOLD BY ! QUE/]S -- W]E ALONE REG>D$ AS PROP]TY2 UPON !SE A TAX1 OR C5SE1 WAS IMPOS$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! E/ATES OBTA9$ BY CONCESSIONS ( ! PUBLIC DOMA91 ( ! AG] PUBLICUS 7= :I* A LI<T R5T WAS PAID71 W]E CALL$ POSSESSIONS4 ,?US1 AMONG ! ,ROMANS1 !RE WAS A RI<T ( PROP]TY & A RI<T ( POSSESSION REGULAT+ ! ADM9I/RATION ( ALL E/ATES4 ,N[1 :AT DID ! PROLETAIRES WI%8 ,?AT ! JUS POSSESSIONIS -- ! SIMPLE RI<T ( POSSESSION -- %\LD BE EXT5D$ TO !M AT ! EXP5SE1 AS IS EVID5T1 NOT ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BUT ( ! PUBLIC DOMA91 -- AGRI PUBLICI4 ,! PROLETAIRES1 9 %ORT1 DEM&$ ?AT !Y %\LD BE T5ANTS ( ! L& :I* !Y HAD CONQU]$4 ,?IS DEM&1 ! PATRICIANS 9 !IR AV>ICE NEV] W\LD ACC$E TO4 ,BUY+ AS MU* ( ?IS L& AS !Y C\LD1 !Y AFT]W>DS F\ND MEANS ( OBTA9+ ! RE/ AS POSSESSIONS4 ,UPON ?IS L& !Y EMPLOY$ !IR SLAVES4 ,! PEOPLE1 :O C\LD NOT BUY1 ON ACC\NT ( ! COMPETITION ( ! RI*1 NOR HIRE1 BECAUSE -- CULTIVAT+ ) !IR [N H&S -- !Y C\LD NOT PROMISE A R5T EQUAL TO ! REV5UE :I* ! L& W\LD YIELD :5 CULTIVAT$ BY SLAVES1 W]E ALWAYS DEPRIV$ ( POSSESSION & PROP]TY4 

,CIVIL W>S RELIEV$1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! SUFF]+S ( ! MULTITUDE4 0,! PEOPLE 5ROLL$ !MSELVES UND] ! BANN]S ( ! AMBITI\S1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 BY =CE ?AT :I* ! LAW REFUS$ !M1 -- PROP]TY4 ,A COLONY WAS ! REW>D ( A VICTORI\S LEGION4 ,BUT IT WAS NO LONG] ! AG] PUBLICUS ONLY2 IT WAS ALL ,ITALY ?AT LAY AT ! M]CY ( ! LEGIONS4 ,! AG] PUBLICUS DISAPPE>$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 444 BUT ! CAUSE ( ! EVIL -- ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY -- BECAME MORE POT5T ?AN EV]40 7,LAB\LAYE3 ,HI/ORY ( ,PROP]TY47 

,! AU?OR :OM ,I QUOTE DOES NOT TELL US :Y ?IS DIVISION ( T]RITORY :I* FOLL[$ CIVIL W>S DID NOT >RE/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY2 ! OMISSION IS EASILY SUPPLI$4 ,L& IS NOT ! ONLY REQUISITE = CULTIVATION2 A WORK+-/OCK IS ALSO NECESS>Y1 -- ANIMALS1 TOOLS1 H>NESSES1 A H\SE1 AN ADVANCE1 @&C4 ,:]E DID ! COLONI/S1 DIS*>G$ BY ! DICTATOR :O REW>D$ !M1 OBTA9 !SE ?+S8 ,FROM ! PURSE ( ! USUR]S2 ?AT IS1 ( ! PATRICIANS1 TO :OM ALL !SE L&S F9ALLY RETURN$1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! RAPID 9CREASE ( USURY1 & ! SEIZURE ( E/ATES4 ,SALLU/1 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! CONSPIRACY ( ,CATIL9E1 TELLS US ( ?IS FACT4 ,! CONSPIRATORS W]E OLD SOLDI]S ( ,SYLLA1 :O1 AS A REW>D = !IR S]VICES1 HAD RECEIV$ FROM HIM L&S 9 ,CISALP9E ,GAUL1 ,TUSCANY1 & O!R P>TS ( ! P59SULA ,LESS ?AN TW5TY YE>S HAD ELAPS$ S9CE !SE COLONI/S1 FREE ( DEBT1 HAD LEFT ! S]VICE & COMM5C$ F>M+2 & ALREADY !Y W]E CRIPPL$ BY USURY1 & ALMO/ RU9$4 ,! POV]TY CAUS$ BY ! EXACTIONS ( CR$ITORS WAS ! LIFE ( ?IS CONSPIRACY :I* WELL-NI< 9FLAM$ ALL ,ITALY1 & :I*1 ) A WOR?I] *IEF & FAIR] MEANS1 POSSIBLY W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$4 ,9 ,ROME1 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE W]E FAVORABLE TO ! CONSPIRATORS -- CUNCTA PLEBES ,CATIL9AE 9CEPTA PROBABAT2 ! ALLIES W]E WE>Y ( ! PATRICIANS' ROBB]IES2 DEPUTIES FROM ! ,ALLOBROGES 7! ,SAVOY>DS7 HAD COME TO ,ROME TO APPEAL TO ! ,S5ATE 9 BEHALF ( !IR FELL[-CITIZ5S 9VOLV$ 9 DEBT2 9 %ORT1 ! COMPLA9T AGA9/ ! L>GE PROPRIETORS WAS UNIV]SAL4 0,WE CALL M5 & GODS TO WITNESS10 SAID ! SOLDI]S ( ,CATIL9E1 :O W]E ,ROMAN CITIZ5S ) NOT A SLAVE AMONG !M1 0?AT WE HAVE TAK5 >MS NEI!R AGA9/ ! C\NTRY1 NOR TO ATTACK ANY ONE1 BUT 9 DEF5SE ( \R LIVES & LIB]TIES4 ,WRET*$1 POOR1 MO/ ( US DEPRIV$ ( C\NTRY1 ALL ( US ( FAME & =TUNE1 BY ! VIOL5CE & CRUELTY ( USUR]S1 WE HAVE NO RI<TS1 NO PROP]TY1 NO LIB]TY40.<#e#f.> 

,! BAD REPUTATION ( ,CATIL9E1 & HIS ATROCI\S DESIGNS1 ! IMPRUD5CE ( HIS ACCOMPLICES1 ! TREASON ( SEV]AL1 ! /RATEGY ( ,CIC]O1 ! ANGRY \TBUR/S ( ,CATO1 & ! T]ROR ( ! ,S5ATE1 BAFFL$ ?IS 5T]PRISE1 :I*1 9 FURNI%+ A PREC$5T = EXP$ITIONS AGA9/ ! RI*1 W\LD P]HAPS HAVE SAV$ ! REPUBLIC1 & GIV5 PEACE TO ! WORLD4 ,BUT ,ROME C\LD NOT EVADE H] DE/9Y2 ! 5D ( H] EXPIATIONS HAD NOT COME4 ,A NATION NEV] WAS KN[N TO ANTICIPATE ITS PUNI%M5T BY A SUDD5 & UNEXPECT$ CONV]SION4 ,N[1 ! LONG-CONT9U$ CRIMES ( ! ,ET]NAL ,CITY C\LD NOT BE ATON$ = BY ! MASSACRE ( A FEW HUNDR$ PATRICIANS4 ,CATIL9E CAME TO /AY DIV9E V5GEANCE2 !RE=E HIS CONSPIRACY FAIL$4 

,! 5CROA*M5T ( L>GE PROPRIETORS UPON SMALL PROPRIETORS1 BY ! AID ( USURY1 F>M-R5T1 & PR(ITS ( ALL SORTS1 WAS COMMON ?R\<\T ! EMPIRE4 ,! MO/ HONE/ CITIZ5S 9VE/$ !IR MONEY AT HI< RATES ( 9T]E/4.<#e#g.> ,CATO1 ,CIC]O1 ,BRUTUS1 ALL ! /OICS SO NOT$ = !IR FRUGALITY1 VIRI FRUGI1 -- ,S5ECA1 ! TEA*] ( VIRTUE1 -- LEVI$ 5ORM\S TAXES 9 ! PROV9CES1 UND] ! NAME ( USURY2 & IT IS SOME?+ REM>KABLE1 ?AT ! LA/ DEF5D]S ( ! REPUBLIC1 ! PR\D ,POMPEYS1 W]E ALL USURI\S >I/OCRATS1 & OPPRESSORS ( ! POOR4 ,BUT ! BATTLE ( ,PH>SALUS1 HAV+ KILL$ M5 ONLY1 )\T T\*+ 9/ITUTIONS1 ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ! L>GE DOMA9S BECAME EV]Y DAY MORE ACTIVE4 ,EV] S9CE ! BIR? ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ! ,FA!RS HAVE OPPOS$ ?IS 9VASION ) ALL !IR MI<T4 ,!IR WRIT+S >E FILL$ ) BURN+ CURSES UPON ?IS CRIME ( USURY1 ( :I* ,*RI/IANS >E NOT ALWAYS 9NOC5T4 ,/4 ,CYPRIAN COMPLA9S ( C]TA9 BI%OPS ( HIS TIME1 :O1 ABSORB$ 9 DISGRACEFUL /OCK-JOBB+ OP]ATIONS1 AB&ON$ !IR *UR*ES1 & W5T AB\T ! PROV9CES APPROPRIAT+ L&S BY >TIFICE & FRAUD1 :ILE L5D+ MONEY & PIL+ UP 9T]E/S UPON 9T]E/S4.<#e#h.> ,:Y1 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS PASSION = ACCUMULATION1 DID NOT ! POSSESSION ( ! PUBLIC L&1 LIKE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BECOME CONC5TRAT$ 9 A FEW H&S8 

,BY LAW1 ! DOMA9 ( ! ,/ATE WAS 9ALI5ABLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY POSSESSION WAS ALWAYS REVOCABLE2 BUT ! $ICT ( ! PRETOR CONT9U$ IT 9DEF9ITELY1 SO ?AT F9ALLY ! POSSESSIONS ( ! PATRICIANS W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO ABSOLUTE PROP]TY1 ?\< ! NAME1 POSSESSIONS1 WAS /ILL APPLI$ TO !M4 ,?IS CONV]SION1 9/IGAT$ BY S5ATORIAL AV>ICE2 [$ ITS ACCOMPLI%M5T TO ! MO/ DEPLORABLE & 9DISCREET POLICY4 ,IF1 9 ! TIME ( ,TIB]IUS ,GRAC*US1 :O WI%$ TO LIMIT EA* CITIZ5'S POSSESSION ( ! AG] PUBLICUS TO FIVE HUNDR$ ACRES1 ! AM\NT ( ?IS POSSESSION HAD BE5 FIX$ AT AS MU* AS ONE FAMILY C\LD CULTIVATE1 & GRANT$ ON ! EXPRESS CONDITION ?AT ! POSSESSOR %\LD CULTIVATE IT HIMSELF1 & %\LD LEASE IT TO NO ONE1 ! EMPIRE NEV] W\LD HAVE BE5 DESOLAT$ BY L>GE E/ATES2 & POSSESSION1 9/EAD ( 9CREAS+ PROP]TY1 W\LD HAVE ABSORB$ IT4 ,ON :AT1 !N1 DEP5D$ ! E/ABLI%M5T & MA9T5ANCE ( EQUALITY 9 CONDITIONS & =TUNES8 ,ON A MORE EQUITABLE DIVISION ( ! AG] PUBLICUS1 A WIS] DI/RIBUTION ( ! RI<T ( POSSESSION4 

,I 9SI/ UPON ?IS PO9T1 :I* IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE1 BECAUSE IT GIVES US AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXAM9E ! HI/ORY ( ?IS 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION1 ( :I* ,I SAID SO MU* 9 MY FIR/ MEMOIR1 & :I* SO FEW ( MY READ]S SEEM TO HAVE UND]/OOD4 ,! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC -- HAV+1 AS IT DID1 ! P[] TO DISPOSE ABSOLUTELY ( ITS T]RITORY1 & TO IMPOSE CONDITIONS UPON POSSESSORS -- WAS NE>] TO LIB]TY & EQUALITY ?AN ANY NATION HAS BE5 S9CE4 ,IF ! ,S5ATE HAD BE5 9TELLIG5T & JU/1 -- IF1 AT ! TIME ( ! RETREAT TO ! ,MONS ,SAC]1 9/EAD ( ! RIDICUL\S F>CE 5ACT$ BY ,M55IUS ,AGRIPPA1 A SOLEMN R5UNCIATION ( ! RI<T TO ACQUIRE HAD BE5 MADE BY EA* CITIZ5 ON ATTA9+ HIS %>E ( POSSESSIONS1 -- ! REPUBLIC1 BAS$ UPON EQUALITY ( POSSESSIONS & ! DUTY ( LABOR1 W\LD NOT1 9 ATTA9+ ITS WEAL?1 HAVE DEG5]AT$ 9 MORALS2 ,FABRICIUS W\LD HAVE 5JOY$ ! >TS )\T CONTROLL+ >TI/S2 & ! CONQUE/S ( ! ANCI5T ,ROMANS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! MEANS ( SPREAD+ CIVILIZATION1 9/EAD ( ! S]IES ( MURD]S & ROBB]IES ?AT !Y W]E4 

,BUT PROP]TY1 HAV+ UNLIMIT$ P[] TO AMASS & TO LEASE1 WAS DAILY 9CREAS$ BY ! ADDITION ( NEW POSSESSIONS4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ,N]O1 SIX 9DIVIDUALS W]E ! SOLE PROPRIETORS ( ONE-HALF ( ,ROMAN ,AFRICA4 ,9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 ! WEAL?Y FAMILIES HAD 9COMES ( NO LESS ?AN TWO MILLIONS3 SOME POSSESS$ AS MANY AS TW5TY ?\S& SLAVES4 ,ALL ! AU?ORS :O HAVE WRITT5 UPON ! CAUSES ( ! FALL ( ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC CONCUR4 ,M4 ,GIRAUD ( ,AIX.<#e#i.> QUOTES ! TE/IMONY ( ,CIC]O1 ,S5ECA1 ,PLUT>*1 ,OLYMPIODORUS1 & ,PHOTIUS4 ,UND] ,VESPASIAN & ,TITUS1 ,PL9Y1 ! NATURALI/1 EXCLAIM$3 0,L>GE E/ATES HAVE RU9$ ,ITALY1 & >E RU9+ ! PROV9CES40 

,BUT IT NEV] HAS BE5 UND]/OOD ?AT ! EXT5SION ( PROP]TY WAS EFFECT$ !N1 AS IT IS TO-DAY1 UND] ! EGIS ( ! LAW1 & BY VIRTUE ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,:5 ! ,S5ATE SOLD CAPTUR$ L&S AT AUCTION1 IT WAS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! TREASURY & ( PUBLIC WELF>E4 ,:5 ! PATRICIANS B\<T UP POSSESSIONS & PROP]TY1 !Y REALIZ$ ! PURPOSE ( ! ,S5ATE'S DECREES2 :5 !Y L5T AT HI< RATES ( 9T]E/1 !Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( A LEGAL PRIVILEGE4 0,PROP]TY10 SAID ! L5D]1 0IS ! RI<T TO 5JOY EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( ABUSE1 JUS UT5DI ET ABUT5DI2 ?AT IS1 ! RI<T TO L5D AT 9T]E/1 -- TO LEASE1 TO ACQUIRE1 & !N TO LEASE & L5D AGA940 ,BUT PROP]TY IS ALSO ! RI<T TO EX*ANGE1 TO TRANSF]1 & TO SELL4 ,IF1 !N1 ! SOCIAL CONDITION IS SU* ?AT ! PROPRIETOR1 RU9$ BY USURY1 MAY BE COMPELL$ TO SELL HIS POSSESSION1 ! MEANS ( HIS SUBSI/5CE1 HE WILL SELL IT2 &1 ?ANKS TO ! LAW1 ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY -- DEV\R+ & AN?ROPOPHAG\S PROP]TY -- WILL BE E/ABLI%$4.<#f.> 

,! IMM$IATE & SECOND>Y CAUSE ( ! DECL9E ( ! ,ROMANS WAS1 !N1 ! 9T]NAL DISS5SIONS BETWE5 ! TWO ORD]S ( ! REPUBLIC1 -- ! PATRICIANS & ! PLEBEIANS1 -- DISS5SIONS :I* GAVE RISE TO CIVIL W>S1 PROSCRIPTIONS1 & LOSS ( LIB]TY1 & F9ALLY L$ TO ! EMPIRE2 BUT ! PRIM>Y & M$IATE CAUSE ( !IR DECL9E WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T BY ,NUMA ( ! 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY4 

,I 5D ) AN EXTRACT FROM A WORK :I* ,I HAVE QUOT$ SEV]AL TIMES ALREADY1 & :I* HAS REC5TLY RECEIV$ A PRIZE FROM ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CES3 -- 

0,! CONC5TRATION ( PROP]TY10 SAYS ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE1 0:ILE CAUS+ EXTREME POV]TY1 =C$ ! EMP]ORS TO FE$ & AMUSE ! PEOPLE1 ?AT !Y MI<T =GET !IR MIS]Y4 ,PANEM ET CIRC5SES3 ?AT WAS ! ,ROMAN LAW 9 REG>D TO ! POOR2 A DIRE & P]HAPS A NECESS>Y EVIL :]EV] A L&$ >I/OCRACY EXI/S4 

0,TO FE$ !SE HUNGRY M\?S1 GRA9 WAS BR\<T FROM ,AFRICA & ! PROV9CES1 & DI/RIBUT$ GRATUIT\SLY AMONG ! NE$Y4 ,9 ! TIME ( ,CAES>1 ?REE HUNDR$ & TW5TY ?\S& PEOPLE W]E ?US F$4 ,AUGU/US SAW ?AT SU* A MEASURE L$ DIRECTLY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( HUSB&RY2 BUT TO ABOLI% !SE DI/RIBUTIONS WAS TO PUT A WEAPON )9 ! REA* ( ! FIR/ ASPIRANT = P[]4 ,! EMP]OR %RANK AT ! ?\<T4 

0,:ILE GRA9 WAS GRATUIT\S1 AGRICULTURE WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,TILLAGE GAVE WAY TO PA/URAGE1 ANO!R CAUSE ( DEPOPULATION1 EV5 AMONG SLAVES4 

0,F9ALLY1 LUXURY1 C>RI$ FUR!R & FUR!R EV]Y DAY1 COV]$ ! SOIL ( ,ITALY ) ELEGANT VILLAS1 :I* OCCUPI$ :OLE CANTONS4 ,G>D5S & GROVES REPLAC$ ! FIELDS1 & ! FREE POPULATION FL$ TO ! T[NS4 ,HUSB&RY DISAPPE>$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 & ) HUSB&RY ! HUSB&MAN4 ,AFRICA FURNI%$ ! :EAT1 & ,GREECE ! W9E4 ,TIB]IUS COMPLA9$ BITT]LY ( ?IS EVIL1 :I* PLAC$ ! LIVES ( ! ,ROMAN PEOPLE AT ! M]CY ( ! W9DS & WAVES3 ?AT WAS HIS ANXIETY4 ,ONE DAY LAT]1 & ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& />V+ M5 WALK$ ! /REETS ( ,ROME3 ?AT WAS A REVOLUTION4 

0,?IS DECL9E ( ,ITALY & ! PROV9CES DID NOT /OP4 ,AFT] ! REIGN ( ,N]O1 DEPOPULATION COMM5C$ 9 T[NS AS NOT$ AS ,ANTIUM & ,T>5TUM4 ,UND] ! REIGN ( ,P]T9AX1 !RE WAS SO MU* DES]T L& ?AT ! EMP]OR AB&ON$ IT1 EV5 ?AT :I* BELONG$ TO ! TREASURY1 TO :OEV] W\LD CULTIVATE IT1 BESIDES EXEMPT+ ! F>M]S FROM TAXATION = A P]IOD ( T5 YE>S4 ,S5ATORS W]E COMPELL$ TO 9VE/ ONE-?IRD ( !IR =TUNES 9 REAL E/ATE 9 ,ITALY2 BUT ?IS MEASURE S]V$ ONLY TO 9CREASE ! EVIL :I* !Y WI%$ TO CURE4 ,TO =CE ! RI* TO POSSESS 9 ,ITALY WAS TO 9CREASE ! L>GE E/ATES :I* HAD RU9$ ! C\NTRY4 ,& MU/ ,I SAY1 F9ALLY1 ?AT ,AURELIAN WI%$ TO S5D ! CAPTIVES 9TO ! DES]T L&S ( ,ETRURIA1 & ?AT ,VAL5T9IAN WAS =C$ TO SETTLE ! ,ALAMANNI ON ! F]TILE BANKS ( ! ,PO80 

,IF ! READ]1 9 RUNN+ ?R\< ?IS BOOK1 %\LD COMPLA9 ( MEET+ ) NO?+ BUT QUOTATIONS FROM O!R WORKS1 EXTRACTS FROM J\RNALS & PUBLIC LECTURES1 COMM5TS UPON LAWS1 & 9T]PRETATIONS ( !M1 ,I W\LD REM9D HIM ?AT ! V]Y OBJECT ( ?IS MEMOIR IS TO E/ABLI% ! CON=MITY ( MY OP9ION CONC]N+ PROP]TY ) ?AT UNIV]SALLY HELD2 ?AT1 F> FROM AIM+ AT A P>ADOX1 IT HAS BE5 MY MA9 /UDY TO FOLL[ ! ADVICE ( ! WORLD2 &1 F9ALLY1 ?AT MY SOLE PRET5SION IS TO CLE>LY =MULATE ! G5]AL BELIEF4 ,I CANNOT REPEAT IT TOO (T51 -- & ,I CONFESS IT ) PRIDE1 -- ,I TEA* ABSOLUTELY NO?+ ?AT IS NEW2 & ,I %\LD REG>D ! DOCTR9E :I* ,I ADVOCATE AS RADICALLY ]RONE\S1 IF A S+LE WITNESS %\LD TE/IFY AGA9/ IT4 

,LET US N[ TRACE ! REVOLUTIONS 9 PROP]TY AMONG ! ,B>B>IANS4 

,AS LONG AS ! ,G]MAN TRIBES DWELT 9 !IR =E/S1 IT DID NOT OCCUR TO !M TO DIVIDE & APPROPRIATE ! SOIL4 ,! L& WAS HELD 9 COMMON3 EA* 9DIVIDUAL C\LD PL[1 S[1 & REAP4 ,BUT1 :5 ! EMPIRE WAS ONCE 9VAD$1 !Y BE?\<T !MSELVES ( %>+ ! L&1 JU/ AS !Y %>$ SPOILS AFT] A VICTORY4 0,H5CE10 SAYS ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE1 0! EXPRESSIONS SORTES ,BURGUNDIORUM ,GO?ORUM & KLHROI ,\&IGWN2 H5CE ! ,G]MAN WORDS ALLOD1 ALLODIUM1 & LOOS1 LOT1 :I* >E US$ 9 ALL MOD]N LANGUAGES TO DESIGNATE ! GIFTS ( *ANCE40 

,ALLODIAL PROP]TY1 AT LEA/ ) ! MASS ( COP>C5]S1 WAS ORIG9ALLY HELD1 !N1 9 EQUAL %>ES2 = ALL ( ! PRIZES W]E EQUAL1 OR1 AT LEA/1 EQUIVAL5T4 ,?IS PROP]TY1 LIKE ?AT ( ! ,ROMANS1 WAS :OLLY 9DIVIDUAL1 9DEP5D5T1 EXCLUSIVE1 TRANSF]ABLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY SUSCEPTIBLE ( ACCUMULATION & 9VASION4 ,BUT1 9/EAD ( ITS BE+1 AS WAS ! CASE AMONG ! ,ROMANS1 ! L>GE E/ATE :I*1 ?R\< 9CREASE & USURY1 SUBORD9AT$ & ABSORB$ ! SMALL ONE1 AMONG ! ,B>B>IANS -- FOND] ( W> ?AN ( WEAL?1 MORE EAG] TO DISPOSE ( P]SONS ?AN TO APPROPRIATE ?+S -- IT WAS ! W>RIOR :O1 ?R\< SUP]IORITY ( >MS1 5SLAV$ HIS ADV]S>Y4 ,! ,ROMAN WANT$ MATT]2 ! ,B>B>IAN WANT$ MAN4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! FEUDAL AGES1 R5TS W]E ALMO/ NO?+1 -- SIMPLY A H>E1 A P>TRIDGE1 A PIE1 A FEW P9TS ( W9E BR\<T BY A LITTLE GIRL1 OR A ,MAYPOLE SET UP )9 ! SUZ]A9'S REA*4 ,9 RETURN1 ! VASSAL OR 9CUMB5T HAD TO FOLL[ ! SEIGNIOR TO BATTLE 7A ?+ :I* HAPP5$ ALMO/ EV]Y DAY71 & EQUIP & FE$ HIMSELF AT HIS [N EXP5SE4 0,?IS SPIRIT ( ! ,G]MAN TRIBES -- ?IS SPIRIT ( COMPANION%IP & ASSOCIATION -- GOV]N$ ! T]RITORY AS IT GOV]N$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! L&S1 LIKE ! M51 W]E SECUR$ TO A *IEF OR SEIGNIOR BY A BOND ( MUTUAL PROTECTION & FIDELITY4 ,?IS SUBJECTION WAS ! LABOR ( ! ,G]MAN EPO* :I* GAVE BIR? TO FEUDALISM4 ,BY FAIR MEANS OR F\L1 EV]Y PROPRIETOR :O C\LD NOT BE A *IEF WAS =C$ TO BE A VASSAL40 7,LAB\LAYE3 ,HI/ORY ( ,PROP]TY47 

,BY FAIR MEANS OR F\L1 EV]Y ME*ANIC :O CANNOT BE A MA/] HAS TO BE A J\RNEYMAN2 EV]Y PROPRIETOR :O IS NOT AN 9VAD] WILL BE 9VAD$2 EV]Y PRODUC] :O CANNOT1 BY ! EXPLOITATION ( O!R M51 FURNI% PRODUCTS AT LESS ?AN !IR PROP] VALUE1 WILL LOSE HIS LABOR4 ,CORPORATIONS & MA/]%IPS1 :I* >E HAT$ SO BITT]LY1 BUT :I* WILL REAPPE> IF WE >E NOT C>EFUL1 >E ! NECESS>Y RESULTS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPETITION :I* IS 9H]5T 9 PROP]TY2 !IR ORGANIZATION WAS PATT]N$ =M]LY AFT] ?AT ( ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 :I* WAS ! RESULT ( ! SUBORD9ATION ( M5 & POSSESSIONS4 

,! TIMES :I* PAV$ ! WAY = ! ADV5T ( FEUDALISM & ! REAPPE>ANCE ( L>GE PROPRIETORS W]E TIMES ( C>NAGE & ! MO/ FRI<TFUL AN>*Y4 ,NEV] BE=E HAD MURD] & VIOL5CE MADE SU* HAVOC ) ! HUMAN RACE4 ,! T5? C5TURY1 AMONG O!RS1 IF MY MEMORY S]VES ME RI<TLY1 WAS CALL$ ! C5TURY ( IRON4 ,HIS PROP]TY1 HIS LIFE1 & ! HONOR ( HIS WIFE & *ILDR5 ALWAYS 9 DANG] ! SMALL PROPRIETOR MADE HA/E TO DO HOMAGE TO HIS SEIGNIOR1 & TO BE/[ SOME?+ ON ! *UR* ( HIS FREEHOLD1 ?AT HE MI<T RECEIVE PROTECTION & SECURITY4 

0,BO? FACTS & LAWS BE> WITNESS ?AT FROM ! SIX? TO ! T5? C5TURY ! PROPRIETORS ( SMALL FREEHOLDS W]E GRADUALLY PLUND]$1 OR R$UC$ BY ! 5CROA*M5TS ( L>GE PROPRIETORS & C\NTS TO ! CONDITION ( EI!R VASSALS OR TRIBUT>IES4 ,! ,CAPITUL>IES >E FULL ( REPRESSIVE PROVISIONS2 BUT ! 9CESSANT REIT]ATION ( !SE ?REATS ONLY %[S ! P]SEV]ANCE ( ! EVIL & ! IMPOT5CY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,OPPRESSION1 MOREOV]1 V>IES BUT LITTLE 9 ITS ME?ODS4 ,! COMPLA9TS ( ! FREE PROPRIETORS1 & ! GROANS ( ! PLEBEIANS AT ! TIME ( ! ,GRAC*I1 W]E ONE & ! SAME4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT1 :5EV] A POOR MAN REFUS$ TO GIVE HIS E/ATE TO ! BI%OP1 ! CURATE1 ! C\NT1 ! JUDGE1 OR ! C5TURION1 !SE IMM$IATELY S\<T AN OPPORTUNITY TO RU9 HIM4 ,!Y MADE HIM S]VE 9 ! >MY UNTIL1 COMPLETELY RU9$1 HE WAS 9DUC$1 BY FAIR MEANS OR F\L1 TO GIVE UP HIS FREEHOLD40 -- ,LAB\LAYE3 ,HI/ORY ( ,PROP]TY4 

,H[ MANY SMALL PROPRIETORS & MANUFACTUR]S HAVE NOT BE5 RU9$ BY L>GE ONES ?R\< *ICAN]Y1 LAW-SUITS1 & COMPETITION8 ,/RATEGY1 VIOL5CE1 & USURY1 -- SU* >E ! PROPRIETOR'S ME?ODS ( PLUND]+ ! LABOR]4 

,?US WE SEE PROP]TY1 AT ALL AGES & 9 ALL ITS =MS1 OSCILLAT+ BY VIRTUE ( ITS PR9CIPLE BETWE5 TWO OPPOSITE T]MS1 -- EXTREME DIVISION & EXTREME ACCUMULATION4 

,PROP]TY1 AT ITS FIR/ T]M1 IS ALMO/ NULL4 ,R$UC$ TO P]SONAL EXPLOITATION1 IT IS PROP]TY ONLY POT5TIALLY4 ,AT ITS SECOND T]M1 IT EXI/S 9 ITS P]FECTION2 !N IT IS TRULY PROP]TY4 

,:5 PROP]TY IS WIDELY DI/RIBUT$1 SOCIETY ?RIVES1 PROGRESSES1 GR[S1 & RISES QUICKLY TO ! Z5I? ( ITS P[]4 ,?US1 ! ,JEWS1 AFT] LEAV+ ,BABYLON ) ,ESDRAS & ,NEHEMIAH1 SOON BECAME RI*] & MORE P[]FUL ?AN !Y HAD BE5 UND] !IR K+S4 ,SP>TA WAS 9 A /RONG & PROSP]\S CONDITION DUR+ ! TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES :I* FOLL[$ ! DEA? ( ,LYCURGUS4 ,! BE/ DAYS ( ,A!NS W]E ?OSE ( ! ,P]SIAN W>2 ,ROME1 :OSE 9HABITANTS W]E DIVID$ FROM ! BEG9N+ 9TO TWO CLASSES1 -- ! EXPLOIT]S & ! EXPLOIT$1 -- KNEW NO SU* ?+ AS PEACE4 

,:5 PROP]TY IS CONC5TRAT$1 SOCIETY1 ABUS+ ITSELF1 POLLUT$1 SO TO SPEAK1 GR[S CORRUPT1 WE>S ITSELF \T -- H[ %ALL ,I EXPRESS ?IS HORRIBLE IDEA8 -- PLUNGES 9TO LONG-CONT9U$ & FATAL LUXURY4 

,:5 FEUDALISM WAS E/ABLI%$1 SOCIETY HAD TO DIE ( ! SAME DISEASE :I* KILL$ IT UND] ! ,CAES>S1 -- ,I MEAN ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY4 ,BUT HUMANITY1 CREAT$ = AN IMMORTAL DE/9Y1 IS DEA?LESS2 ! REVOLUTIONS :I* DI/URB IT >E PURIFY+ CRISES1 9V>IABLY FOLL[$ BY MORE VIGOR\S HEAL?4 ,9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 ! 9VASION ( ! ,B>B>IANS P>TIALLY RE/OR$ ! WORLD TO A /ATE ( NATURAL EQUALITY4 ,9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 A NEW SPIRIT P]VAD+ ALL SOCIETY GAVE ! SLAVE HIS RI<TS1 & ?R\< JU/ICE BREA!D NEW LIFE 9TO ! HE>T ( NATIONS4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID1 & (T5 REPEAT$1 ?AT ,*RI/IANITY REG5]AT$ ! WORLD4 ,?AT IS TRUE2 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !RE IS A MI/AKE 9 ! DATE4 ,*RI/IANITY HAD NO 9FLU5CE UPON ,ROMAN SOCIETY2 :5 ! ,B>B>IANS CAME1 ?AT SOCIETY HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,= SU* IS ,GOD'S CURSE UPON PROP]TY2 EV]Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ UPON ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN 4 %ALL P]I%3 SLAVE-LABOR IS DEA? TO ! RACE ( TYRANTS4 ,! PATRICIAN FAMILIES BECAME EXT9CT1 AS ! FEUDAL FAMILIES DID1 & AS ALL >I/OCRACIES MU/4 

,IT WAS 9 ! MIDDLE AGES1 :5 A REACTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS BEG9N+ TO SECRETLY UND]M9E ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY1 ?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY WAS FIR/ EX]CIS$ TO ITS FULL EXT5T4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( FEUDALISM1 ! CONV]SION ( ! S]F 9TO ! COMMON]1 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! COMMUNES1 & ! ADMISSION ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE TO POLITICAL P[]1 W]E DE$S ACCOMPLI%$ BY ,*RI/IANITY EXCLUSIVELY4 ,I SAY ,*RI/IANITY1 NOT ECCLESIA/ICISM2 = ! PRIE/S & BI%OPS W]E !MSELVES L>GE PROPRIETORS1 & AS SU* (T5 P]SECUT$ ! VILLE9S4 ,)\T ! ,*RI/IANITY ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 ! EXI/5CE ( MOD]N SOCIETY C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$1 & W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE4 ,! TRU? ( ?IS ASS]TION IS %[N BY ! V]Y FACTS :I* ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE QUOTES1 AL?\< ?IS AU?OR 9CL9ES TO ! OPPOSITE OP9ION4.<#f#a.> 

#a4 ,SLAV]Y AMONG ! ,ROMANS4 -- 0,! ,ROMAN SLAVE WAS1 9 ! EYES ( ! LAW1 ONLY A ?+1 -- NO MORE ?AN AN OX OR A HORSE4 ,HE HAD NEI!R PROP]TY1 FAMILY1 NOR P]SONALITY2 HE WAS DEF5SELESS AGA9/ HIS MA/]'S CRUELTY1 FOLLY1 OR CUPIDITY4 ',SELL Y\R OX5 ?AT >E PA/ USE1' SAID ,CATO1 'SELL Y\R CALVES1 Y\R LAMBS1 Y\R WOOL1 Y\R HIDES1 Y\R OLD PL[S1 Y\R OLD IRON1 Y\R OLD SLAVE1 & Y\R SICK SLAVE1 & ALL ?AT IS ( NO USE TO Y\4' ,:5 NO M>KET C\LD BE F\ND = ! SLAVES ?AT W]E WORN \T BY SICKNESS OR OLD AGE1 !Y W]E AB&ON$ TO />VATION4 ,CLAUDIUS WAS ! FIR/ DEF5D] ( ?IS %AMEFUL PRACTICE40 

0,DIS*>GE Y\R OLD WORKMAN10 SAYS ! ECONOMI/ ( ! PROPRIET>Y S*OOL2 0TURN (F ?AT SICK DOME/IC1 ?AT TOO?LESS & WORN-\T S]VANT4 ,PUT AWAY ! UNS]VICEABLE BEAUTY2 TO ! HOSPITAL ) ! USELESS M\?S60 

0,! CONDITION ( !SE WRET*$ BE+S IMPROV$ BUT LITTLE UND] ! EMP]ORS2 & ! BE/ ?AT CAN BE SAID ( ! GOODNESS ( ,ANTON9US IS ?AT HE PROHIBIT$ 9TOL]ABLE CRUELTY1 AS AN ABUSE ( PROP]TY4 ,EXP$IT 5IM REIPUBLICAE NE QUIS RE RE SUA MALE UTATUR1 SAYS ,GAIUS4 

0,AS SOON AS ! ,*UR* MET 9 C\NCIL1 IT LAUN*$ AN ANA!MA AGA9/ ! MA/]S :O HAD EX]CIS$ OV] !IR SLAVES ?IS T]RIBLE RI<T ( LIFE & DEA?4 ,W]E NOT ! SLAVES1 ?ANKS TO ! RI<T ( SANCTU>Y & TO !IR POV]TY1 ! DE>E/ PROTEGES ( RELIGION8 ,CON/ANT9E1 :O EMBODI$ 9 ! LAWS ! GR& IDEAS ( ,*RI/IANITY1 VALU$ ! LIFE ( A SLAVE AS HI<LY AS ?AT ( A FREEMAN1 & DECL>$ ! MA/]1 :O HAD 9T5TIONALLY BR\<T DEA? UPON HIS SLAVE1 GUILTY ( MURD]4 ,BETWE5 ?IS LAW & ?AT ( ,ANTON9US !RE IS A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 MORAL IDEAS3 ! SLAVE WAS A ?+2 RELIGION HAS MADE HIM A MAN40 

,NOTE ! LA/ WORDS3 0,BETWE5 ! LAW ( ! ,GOSPEL & ?AT ( ,ANTON9US !RE IS A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 MORAL IDEAS3 ! SLAVE WAS A ?+2 RELIGION HAS MADE HIM A MAN40 ,! MORAL REVOLUTION :I* TRANS=M$ ! SLAVE 9TO A FRUCTIFI$ !M4 ,MO/ ( ! EMANCIPATION *>T]S BEG9 ) !SE WORDS3 0,= ! LOVE ( ,GOD & ! SALVATION ( MY S\L40 ,N[1 WE DID NOT COMM5CE TO LOVE ,GOD & TO ?9K ( \R SALVATION UNTIL AFT] ! PROMULGATION ( ! ,GOSPEL4 

#b4 ,( ,S]VITUDE4 -- 0,I SEE1 9 ! LORD'S MANOR1 SLAVES *>G$ ) DOME/IC DUTIES4 ,SOME >E EMPLOY$ 9 ! P]SONAL S]VICE ( ! MA/]2 O!RS >E *>G$ ) H\SEHOLD C>ES4 ,! WOM5 SP9 ! WOOL2 ! M5 GR9D ! GRA91 MAKE ! BREAD1 OR PRACTICE1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! SEIGNIOR1 :AT LITTLE !Y KN[ ( ! 9DU/RIAL >TS4 ,! MA/] PUNI%ES !M :5 HE *OOSES1 KILLS !M ) IMPUNITY1 & SELLS !M & !IRS LIKE SO MANY CATTLE4 ,! SLAVE HAS NO P]SONALITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY NO WEHRGELD.<#f#b.> PECULI> TO HIMSELF3 HE IS A ?+4 ,! WEHRGELD BELONGS TO ! MA/] AS A COMP5SATION = ! LOSS ( HIS PROP]TY4 ,:E!R ! SLAVE IS KILL$ OR /OL51 ! 9DEMNITY DOES NOT *ANGE1 = ! 9JURY IS ! SAME2 BUT ! 9DEMNITY 9CREASES OR DIM9I%ES ACCORD+ TO ! VALUE ( ! S]F4 ,9 ALL !SE P>TICUL>S ,G]MANIC SLAV]Y & ,ROMAN S]VITUDE >E ALIKE40 

,?IS SIMIL>ITY IS WOR?Y ( NOTICE4 ,SLAV]Y IS ALWAYS ! SAME1 :E!R 9 A ,ROMAN VILLA OR ON A ,B>B>IAN F>M4 ,! MAN1 LIKE ! OX & ! ASS1 IS A P>T ( ! LIVE-/OCK2 A PRICE IS SET UPON HIS HEAD2 HE IS A TOOL )\T A CONSCI5CE1 A *ATTEL )\T P]SONALITY1 AN IMPECCABLE1 IRRESPONSIBLE BE+1 :O HAS NEI!R RI<TS NOR DUTIES4 

,:Y DID HIS CONDITION IMPROVE8 

0,9 GOOD SEASON 4440 .<:5 8.> 0! S]F BEGAN TO BE REG>D$ AS A MAN2 &1 AS SU*1 ! LAW ( ! ,VISIGO?S1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,*RI/IAN IDEAS1 PUNI%$ ) F9E OR BANI%M5T ANY ONE :O MAIM$ OR KILL$ HIM40 

,ALWAYS ,*RI/IANITY1 ALWAYS RELIGION1 ?\< WE %\LD LIKE TO SPEAK ( ! LAWS ONLY4 ,DID ! PHILAN?ROPY ( ! ,VISIGO?S MAKE ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE BE=E OR AFT] ! PREA*+ ( ! ,GOSPEL8 ,?IS PO9T MU/ BE CLE>$ UP4 

0,AFT] ! CONQUE/1 ! S]FS W]E SCATT]$ OV] ! L>GE E/ATES ( ! ,B>B>IANS1 EA* HAV+ HIS H\SE1 HIS LOT1 & HIS PECULIUM1 9 RETURN = :I* HE PAID R5T & P]=M$ S]VICE4 ,!Y W]E R>ELY SEP>AT$ FROM !IR HOMES :5 !IR L& WAS SOLD2 !Y & ALL ?AT !Y HAD BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ! PUR*AS]4 ,! LAW FAVOR$ ?IS REALIZATION ( ! S]F1 9 NOT ALL[+ HIM TO BE SOLD \T ( ! C\NTRY40 

,:AT 9SPIR$ ?IS LAW1 DE/RUCTIVE NOT ONLY ( SLAV]Y1 BUT ( PROP]TY ITSELF8 ,=1 IF ! MA/] CANNOT DRIVE FROM HIS DOMA9 ! SLAVE :OM HE HAS ONCE E/ABLI%$ !RE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SLAVE IS PROPRIETOR1 AS WELL AS ! MA/]4 

0,! ,B>B>IANS10 AGA9 SAYS ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE1 0W]E ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE ! SLAVE'S RI<TS ( FAMILY & PROP]TY1 -- TWO RI<TS :I* >E 9COMPATIBLE ) SLAV]Y40 

,BUT WAS ?IS RECOGNITION ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( ! MODE ( S]VITUDE 9 VOGUE AMONG ! ,G]MANIC NATIONS PREVI\S TO !IR CONV]SION TO ,*RI/IANITY1 OR WAS IT ! IMM$IATE EFFECT ( ?AT SPIRIT ( JU/ICE 9FUS$ ) RELIGION1 BY :I* ! SEIGNIOR WAS =C$ TO RESPECT 9 ! S]F A S\L EQUAL TO HIS [N1 A BRO!R 9 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 PURIFI$ BY ! SAME BAPTISM1 & R$EEM$ BY ! SAME SACRIFICE ( ! ,SON ( ,GOD 9 ! =M ( MAN8 ,= WE MU/ NOT CLOSE \R EYES TO ! FACT ?AT1 ?\< ! ,B>B>IAN MORALS & ! IGNORANCE & C>ELESSNESS ( ! SEIGNIORS1 :O BUSI$ !MSELVES MA9LY ) W>S & BATTLES1 PAY+ LITTLE OR NO ATT5TION TO AGRICULTURE1 MAY HAVE BE5 GREAT AIDS 9 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS1 /ILL ! VITAL PR9CIPLE ( ?IS EMANCIPATION WAS ESS5TIALLY ,*RI/IAN4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,B>B>IANS HAD REMA9$ ,PAGANS 9 ! MID/ ( A ,PAGAN WORLD4 ,AS !Y DID NOT *ANGE ! ,GOSPEL1 SO !Y W\LD NOT HAVE *ANG$ ! POLY!I/IC CU/OMS2 SLAV]Y W\LD HAVE REMA9$ :AT IT WAS2 !Y W\LD HAVE CONT9U$ TO KILL ! SLAVES :O W]E DESIR\S ( LIB]TY1 FAMILY1 & PROP]TY2 :OLE NATIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO ! CONDITION ( ,HELOTS2 NO?+ W\LD HAVE *ANG$ UPON ! T]RE/RIAL /AGE1 EXCEPT ! ACTORS4 ,! ,B>B>IANS W]E LESS SELFI%1 LESS IMP]I\S1 LESS DISSOLUTE1 & LESS CRUEL ?AN ! ,ROMANS4 ,SU* WAS ! NATURE UPON :I*1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! EMPIRE & ! R5OVATION ( SOCIETY1 ,*RI/IANITY WAS TO ACT4 ,BUT ?IS NATURE1 GR\ND$ AS 9 =M] TIMES UPON SLAV]Y & W>1 W\LD1 BY ITS [N 5]GY1 HAVE PRODUC$ NO?+ BUT W> & SLAV]Y4 

0,GRADUALLY ! S]FS OBTA9$ ! PRIVILEGE ( BE+ JUDG$ BY ! SAME /&>D AS !IR MA/]S4440 

,:51 H[1 & BY :AT TITLE DID !Y OBTA9 ?IS PRIVILEGE8 

,GRADUALLY !IR DUTIES W]E REGULAT$40 

,:5CE CAME ! REGULATIONS8 ,:O HAD ! AU?ORITY TO 9TRODUCE !M8 

0,! MA/] TOOK A P>T ( ! LABOR ( ! S]F1 -- ?REE DAYS1 = 9/ANCE1 -- & LEFT ! RE/ TO HIM4 ,AS = ,SUNDAY1 ?AT BELONG$ TO ,GOD40 

,& :AT E/ABLI%$ ,SUNDAY1 IF NOT RELIGION8 ,:5CE ,I 9F]1 ?AT ! SAME P[] :I* TOOK IT UPON ITSELF TO SUSP5D HO/ILITIES & TO LI<T5 ! DUTIES ( ! S]F WAS ALSO ?AT :I* REGULAT$ ! JUDICI>Y & CREAT$ A SORT ( LAW = ! SLAVE4 

,BUT ?IS LAW ITSELF1 ON :AT DID IT BE>8 -- :AT WAS ITS PR9CIPLE8 -- :AT WAS ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! C\NCILS & POPES ) REF]5CE TO ?IS MATT]8 ,! REPLY TO ALL !SE QUE/IONS1 COM+ FROM ME ALONE1 W\LD BE DI/RU/$4 ,! AU?ORITY ( ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE %ALL GIVE CR$5CE TO MY WORDS4 ,?IS HOLY PHILOSOPHY1 TO :I* ! SLAVES W]E 9DEBT$ = EV]Y ?+1 ?IS 9VOCATION ( ! ,GOSPEL1 WAS AN ANA!MA AGA9/ PROP]TY4 

,! PROPRIETORS ( SMALL FREEHOLDS1 ?AT IS1 ! FREEM5 ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 HAD FALL51 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! TYRANNY ( ! NOBLES1 9TO A WORSE CONDITION ?AN ?AT ( ! T5ANTS & S]FS4 0,! EXP5SES ( W> WEI<$ LESS HEAVILY UPON ! S]F ?AN UPON ! FREEMAN2 &1 AS = LEGAL PROTECTION1 ! SEIGNIORIAL C\RT1 :]E ! S]F WAS JUDG$ BY HIS PE]S1 WAS F> PREF]ABLE TO ! CANTONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,IT WAS BETT] TO HAVE A NOBLE = A SEIGNIOR ?AN = A JUDGE40 

,SO IT IS BETT] TO-DAY TO HAVE A MAN ( L>GE CAPITAL = AN ASSOCIATE ?AN = A RIVAL4 ,! HONE/ T5ANT -- ! LABOR] :O E>NS WEEKLY A MOD]ATE BUT CON/ANT SAL>Y -- IS MORE TO BE 5VI$ ?AN ! 9DEP5D5T BUT SMALL F>M]1 OR ! POOR LIC5S$ ME*ANIC4 

,AT ?AT TIME1 ALL W]E EI!R SEIGNIORS OR S]FS1 OPPRESSORS OR OPPRESS$4 0,!N1 UND] ! PROTECTION ( CONV5TS1 OR ( ! SEIGNIORIAL TURRET1 NEW SOCIETIES W]E =M$1 :I* SIL5TLY SPREAD OV] ! SOIL MADE F]TILE BY !IR H&S1 & :I* D]IV$ !IR P[] FROM ! ANNIHILATION ( ! FREE CLASSES :OM !Y 5LI/$ 9 !IR BEHALF4 ,AS T5ANTS1 !SE M5 ACQUIR$1 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 SACR$ RI<TS OV] ! SOIL :I* !Y CULTIVAT$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( LAZY & PILLAG+ MA/]S4 ,AS FA/ AS ! SOCIAL TEMPE/ ABAT$1 IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO RESPECT ! UNION & H]ITAGE ( !SE VILLE9S1 :O BY !IR LABOR HAD TRULY PRESCRIB$ ! SOIL = !IR [N PR(IT40 

,I ASK H[ PRESCRIPTION C\LD TAKE EFFECT :]E A CONTR>Y TITLE & POSSESSION ALREADY EXI/$8 ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE IS A LAWY]4 ,:]E1 !N1 DID HE EV] SEE ! LABOR ( ! SLAVE & ! CULTIVATION BY ! T5ANT PRESCRIBE ! SOIL = !IR [N PR(IT1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( A RECOGNIZ$ MA/] DAILY ACT+ AS A PROPRIETOR8 ,LET US NOT DISGUISE MATT]S4 ,AS FA/ AS ! T5ANTS & ! S]FS GREW RI*1 !Y WI%$ TO BE 9DEP5D5T & FREE2 !Y COMM5C$ TO ASSOCIATE1 UNFURL !IR MUNICIPAL BANN]S1 RAISE BELFRIES1 =TIFY !IR T[NS1 & REFUSE TO PAY !IR SEIGNIORIAL DUES4 ,9 DO+ !SE ?+S !Y W]E P]FECTLY RI<T2 =1 9 FACT1 !IR CONDITION WAS 9TOL]ABLE4 ,BUT 9 LAW -- ,I MEAN 9 ,ROMAN & ,NAPOLEONIC LAW -- !IR REFUSAL TO OBEY & PAY TRIBUTE TO !IR MA/]S WAS ILLEGITIMATE4 

,N[1 ?IS IMP]CEPTIBLE USURPATION ( PROP]TY BY ! COMMONALTY WAS 9SPIR$ BY RELIGION4 

,! SEIGNIOR HAD ATTA*$ ! S]F TO ! SOIL2 RELIGION GRANT$ ! S]F RI<TS OV] ! SOIL4 ,! SEIGNIOR IMPOS$ DUTIES UPON ! S]F2 RELIGION FIX$ !IR LIMITS4 ,! SEIGNIOR C\LD KILL ! S]F ) IMPUNITY1 C\LD DEPRIVE HIM ( HIS WIFE1 VIOLATE HIS DAU<T]1 PILLAGE HIS H\SE1 & ROB HIM ( HIS SAV+S2 RELIGION *ECK$ HIS 9VASIONS3 IT EXCOMMUNICAT$ ! SEIGNIOR4 ,RELIGION WAS ! REAL CAUSE ( ! RU9 ( FEUDAL PROP]TY4 ,:Y %\LD IT NOT BE BOLD 5\< TO-DAY TO RESOLUTELY CONDEMN CAPITALI/IC PROP]TY8 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE AGES1 !RE HAS BE5 NO *ANGE 9 SOCIAL ECONOMY EXCEPT 9 ITS =MS2 ITS RELATIONS REMA9 UNALT]$4 

,! ONLY RESULT ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS WAS ?AT PROP]TY *ANG$ H&S2 OR1 RA!R1 ?AT NEW PROPRIETORS W]E CREAT$4 ,SOON] OR LAT] ! EXT5SION ( PRIVILEGE1 F> FROM CUR+ ! EVIL1 WAS TO OP]ATE TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! PLEBEIANS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION DID NOT MEET ) ! SAME 5D 9 ALL PLACES4 ,9 ,LOMB>DY1 = EXAMPLE1 :]E ! PEOPLE RAPIDLY GR[+ RI* ?R\< COMM]CE & 9DU/RY SOON CONQU]$ ! AU?ORITIES1 EV5 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! NOBLES1 -- FIR/1 ! NOBILITY BECAME POOR & DEGRAD$1 & W]E =C$1 9 ORD] TO LIVE & MA9TA9 !IR CR$IT1 TO GA9 ADMISSION TO ! GUILDS2 !N1 ! ORD9>Y SUBALT]NIZATION ( PROP]TY LEAD+ TO 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 TO WEAL? & POV]TY1 TO JEAL\SIES & HATR$S1 ! CITIES PASS$ RAPIDLY FROM ! RANKE/ DEMOCRACY UND] ! YOKE ( A FEW AMBITI\S LEAD]S4 ,SU* WAS ! FATE ( MO/ ( ! ,LOMB>DIC CITIES1 -- ,G5OA1 ,FLOR5CE1 ,BOLOGNA1 ,MILAN1 ,PISA1 @&C14 -- :I* AFT]W>DS *ANG$ RUL]S FREQU5TLY1 BUT :I* HAVE NEV] S9CE RIS5 9 FAVOR ( LIB]TY4 ,! PEOPLE CAN EASILY ESCAPE FROM ! TYRANNY ( DESPOTS1 BUT !Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO ?R[ (F ! EFFECTS ( !IR [N DESPOTISM2 JU/ AS WE AVOID ! ASSASS9'S /EEL1 :ILE WE SUCCUMB TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MALADY4 ,AS SOON AS A NATION BECOMES PROPRIETOR1 EI!R IT MU/ P]I%1 OR A =EIGN 9VASION MU/ =CE IT AGA9 TO BEG9 ITS EVOLUTION>Y R\ND4.<#f#c.> 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS MU* MORE GRADUAL4 ,! COMMUNES1 9 TAK+ REFUGE UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! K+S1 HAD F\ND !M MA/]S RA!R ?AN PROTECTORS4 ,!IR LIB]TY HAD LONG S9CE BE5 LO/1 OR1 RA!R1 !IR EMANCIPATION HAD BE5 SUSP5D$1 :5 FEUDALISM RECEIV$ ITS DEA?-BL[ AT ! H& ( ,RI*ELIEU4 ,!N LIB]TY HALT$2 ! PR9CE ( ! FEUDATORIES HELD SOLE & UNDIVID$ SWAY4 ,! NOBLES1 ! CL]GY1 ! COMMON]S1 ! P>LIAM5TS1 EV]Y ?+ 9 %ORT EXCEPT A FEW SEEM+ PRIVILEGES1 W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! K+2 :O1 LIKE HIS E>LY PR$ECESSORS1 CONSUM$ REGUL>LY1 & NE>LY ALWAYS 9 ADVANCE1 ! REV5UES ( HIS DOMA91 -- & ?AT DOMA9 WAS ,FRANCE4 ,F9ALLY1 '#h#i >RIV$2 LIB]TY RESUM$ ITS M>*2 A C5TURY & A HALF HAD BE5 REQUIR$ TO WE> \T ! LA/ =M ( FEUDAL PROP]TY1 -- MON>*Y4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION MAY BE DEF9$ AS ! SUB/ITUTION ( REAL RI<T = P]SONAL RI<T2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 9 ! DAYS ( FEUDALISM1 ! VALUE ( PROP]TY DEP5D$ UPON ! /&+ ( ! PROPRIETOR1 :ILE1 AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! REG>D = ! MAN WAS PROPORTIONAL TO HIS PROP]TY4 ,N[1 WE HAVE SE5 FROM :AT HAS BE5 SAID 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES1 ?AT ?IS RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( LABOR]S HAD BE5 ! CON/ANT AIM ( ! S]FS & COMMUNES1 ! SECRET MOTIVE ( !IR EF=TS4 ,! MOVEM5T ( '#h#i WAS ONLY ! LA/ /AGE ( ?AT LONG 9SURRECTION4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT WE HAVE NOT PAID SUFFICI5T ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i1 9/IGAT$ BY ! SAME CAUSES1 ANIMAT$ BY ! SAME SPIRIT1 TRIUMPH+ BY ! SAME /RUGGLES1 WAS CONSUMMAT$ 9 ,ITALY F\R C5TURIES AGO4 ,ITALY WAS ! FIR/ TO S\ND ! SIGNAL ( W> AGA9/ FEUDALISM2 ,FRANCE HAS FOLL[$2 ,SPA9 & ,5GL& >E BEG9N+ TO MOVE2 ! RE/ /ILL SLEEP4 ,IF A GR& EXAMPLE %\LD BE GIV5 TO ! WORLD1 ! DAY ( TRIAL W\LD BE MU* ABRIDG$4 

,NOTE ! FOLL[+ SUMM>Y ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( PROP]TY1 FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE D[N TO ! PRES5T TIME3 -- #a4 ,FIF? ,C5TURY4 -- ,B>B>IAN 9VASIONS2 DIVISION ( ! L&S ( ! EMPIRE 9TO 9DEP5D5T PORTIONS OR FREEHOLDS4 #b4 ,FROM ! FIF? TO ! EI<? ,C5TURY4 -- ,GRADUAL CONC5TRATION ( FREEHOLDS1 OR TRANS=MATION ( ! SMALL FREEHOLDS 9TO FIEFS1 FEUDS1 T5URES1 @&C4 ,L>GE PROP]TIES1 SMALL POSSESSIONS4 ,*>LEMAGNE 7#g#g#a-#h#a#d7 DECREES ?AT ALL FREEHOLDS >E DEP5D5T UPON ! K+ ( ,FRANCE4 #c4 ,FROM ! EI<? TO ! T5? ,C5TURY4 -- ,! RELATION BETWE5 ! CR[N & ! SUP]IOR DEP5D5TS IS BROK52 ! LATT] BECOM+ FREEHOLD]S1 :ILE ! SMALL] DEP5D5TS CEASE TO RECOGNIZE ! K+1 & ADH]E TO ! NE>E/ SUZ]A94 ,FEUDAL SY/EM4 #d4 ,TWELF? ,C5TURY4 -- ,MOVEM5T ( ! S]FS T[>DS LIB]TY2 EMANCIPATION ( ! COMMUNES4 #e4 ,?IRTE5? ,C5TURY4 -- ,ABOLITION ( P]SONAL RI<T1 & ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9 ,ITALY4 ,ITALIAN ,REPUBLICS4 #f4 ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY4 -- ,ABOLITION ( FEUDALISM 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ,RI*ELIEU'S M9I/RY4 ,DESPOTISM4 

#g4 #a#g#h#i4 -- ,ABOLITION ( ALL PRIVILEGES ( BIR?1 CA/E1 PROV9CES1 & CORPORATIONS2 EQUALITY ( P]SONS & ( RI<TS4 ,FR5* DEMOCRACY4 #h4 #a#h#c4 -- ,! PR9CIPLE ( CONC5TRATION 9H]5T 9 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY IS REM>K$4 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEA ( ASSOCIATION4 

,! MORE WE REFLECT UPON ?IS S]IES ( TRANS=MATIONS & *ANGES1 ! MORE CLE>LY WE SEE ?AT !Y W]E NECESS>Y 9 !IR PR9CIPLE1 9 !IR MANIFE/ATIONS1 & 9 !IR RESULT4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT 9EXP]I5C$ CONQU]ORS1 EAG] = LIB]TY1 %\LD DIVIDE ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE 9TO A MULTITUDE ( E/ATES1 AS FREE & 9DEP5D5T AS !MSELVES4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT !SE M51 :O LIK$ W> EV5 BETT] ?AN LIB]TY1 %\LD SUBMIT TO !IR LEAD]S2 &1 AS ! FREEHOLD REPRES5T$ ! MAN1 ?AT PROP]TY %\LD VIOLATE PROP]TY4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT1 UND] ! RULE ( A NOBILITY ALWAYS IDLE :5 NOT FI<T+1 !RE %\LD GR[ UP A BODY ( LABOR]S1 :O1 BY ! P[] ( PRODUCTION1 & BY ! DIVISION & CIRCULATION ( WEAL?1 W\LD GRADUALLY GA9 CONTROL OV] COMM]CE1 9DU/RY1 & A PORTION ( ! L&1 & :O1 HAV+ BECOME RI*1 W\LD ASPIRE TO P[] & AU?ORITY ALSO4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y1 F9ALLY1 ?AT LIB]TY & EQUALITY ( RI<TS HAV+ BE5 A*IEV$1 & 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY /ILL EXI/+1 ATT5D$ BY ROBB]Y1 POV]TY1 SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 & OPPRESSION1 !RE %\LD BE AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! CAUSE ( ?IS EVIL1 & AN IDEA ( UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION =M$1 :]EBY1 ON CONDITION ( LABOR1 ALL 9T]E/S %\LD BE PROTECT$ & CONSOLIDAT$4 

0,EVIL1 :5 C>RI$ TOO F>10 SAYS A LE>N$ JURI/1 0CURES ITSELF2 & ! POLITICAL 9NOVATION :I* AIMS TO 9CREASE ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 F9ALLY SUCCUMBS TO ! EFFECTS ( ITS [N WORK4 ,! ,G]MANS1 TO SECURE !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 *OSE *IEFS2 & SOON !Y W]E OPPRESS$ BY !IR K+S & NOBLEM54 ,! MON>*S SURR\ND$ !MSELVES ) VOLUNTE]S1 9 ORD] TO CONTROL ! FREEM52 & !Y F\ND !MSELVES DEP5D5T UPON !IR PR\D VASSALS4 ,! MISSI DOM9ICI W]E S5T 9TO ! PROV9CES TO MA9TA9 ! P[] ( ! EMP]ORS1 & TO PROTECT ! PEOPLE FROM ! OPPRESSIONS ( ! NOBLEM52 & NOT ONLY DID !Y USURP ! IMP]IAL P[] TO A GREAT EXT5T1 BUT !Y DEALT MORE SEV]ELY ) ! 9HABITANTS4 ,! FREEM5 BECAME VASSALS1 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( MILIT>Y S]VICE & C\RT DUTY2 & !Y W]E IMM$IATELY 9VOLV$ 9 ALL ! P]SONAL QU>RELS ( !IR SEIGNIORS1 & COMPELL$ TO DO JURY DUTY 9 !IR C\RTS444 ,! K+S PROTECT$ ! CITIES & ! COMMUNES1 9 ! HOPE ( FREE+ !M FROM ! YOKE ( ! GR& VASSALS1 & ( R5D]+ !IR [N P[] MORE ABSOLUTE2 & ?OSE SAME COMMUNES HAVE1 9 SEV]AL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 PROCUR$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A CON/ITUTIONAL P[]1 >E N[ HOLD+ ROYALTY 9 *ECK1 & >E GIV+ RISE TO A UNIV]SAL DESIRE = POLITICAL RE=M40 -- ,MEY]3 ,JUDICIAL ,9/ITUTIONS ( ,EUROPE4 

,9 RECAPITULATION4 

,:AT WAS FEUDALISM8 ,A CONF$]ATION ( ! GR& SEIGN IORS AGA9/ ! VILLE9S1 & AGA9/ ! K+4.<#f#d.> ,:AT IS CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T8 ,A CONF$]ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! LABOR]S1 & AGA9/ ! K+4.<#f#e.> 

,H[ DID FEUDALISM 5D8 ,9 ! UNION ( ! COMMUNES & ! ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,H[ WILL ! B\RGEOISIE >I/OCRACY 5D8 ,9 ! UNION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! SOV]EIGN P[]4 

,:AT WAS ! IMM$IATE RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! COMMUNES & ! K+ AGA9/ ! SEIGNIORS8 ,! MON>*ICAL UNITY ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V4 ,:AT WILL BE ! RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! SOV]EIGN P[] COMB9$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,! ABSOLUTE UNITY ( ! NATION & ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R ! NATION1 ONE & SUPREME1 WILL BE REPRES5T$ 9 ITS EXECUTIVE & C5TRAL P[] BY ONE1 BY FIVE1 BY ONE HUNDR$1 OR ONE ?\S&2 ?AT IS1 IT REMA9S TO BE SE51 :E!R ! ROYALTY ( ! B>RICADES 9T5DS TO MA9TA9 ITSELF BY ! PEOPLE1 OR )\T ! PEOPLE1 & :E!R ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE WI%ES HIS REIGN TO BE ! MO/ FAM\S 9 ALL HI/ORY4 

,I HAVE MADE ?IS /ATEM5T AS BRIEF1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME AS ACCURATE AS ,I C\LD1 NEGLECT+ FACTS & DETAILS1 ?AT ,I MI<T GIVE ! MORE ATT5TION TO ! ECONOMICAL RELATIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,= ! /UDY ( HI/ORY IS LIKE ! /UDY ( ! HUMAN ORGANISM2 JU/ AS ! LATT] HAS ITS SY/EM1 ITS ORGANS1 & ITS FUNCTIONS1 :I* CAN BE TREAT$ SEP>ATELY1 SO ! =M] HAS ITS 5SEMBLE1 ITS 9/RUM5TS1 & ITS CAUSES4 ,( C\RSE ,I DO NOT PRET5D ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY IS A COMPLETE RESUME ( ALL ! SOCIAL =CES2 BUT1 AS 9 ?AT WOND]FUL MA*9E :I* WE CALL \R BODY1 ! H>MONY ( ! :OLE ALL[S US TO DRAW A G5]AL CONCLUSION FROM ! CONSID]ATION ( A S+LE FUNCTION OR ORGAN1 SO1 9 DISCUSS+ HI/ORICAL CAUSES1 ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO REASON ) ABSOLUTE ACCURACY FROM A S+LE ORD] ( FACTS1 C]TA9 AS ,I WAS ( ! P]FECT CORRELATION :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ?IS SPECIAL ORD] & UNIV]SAL HI/ORY4 ,AS IS ! PROP]TY ( A NATION1 SO IS ITS FAMILY1 ITS M>RIAGE1 ITS RELIGION1 ITS CIVIL & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 & ITS LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,HI/ORY1 VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 IS A GR& & SUBLIME PSY*OLOGICAL /UDY4 

,WELL1 SIR1 9 WRIT+ AGA9/ PROP]TY1 HAVE ,I DONE MORE ?AN QUOTE ! LANGUAGE ( HI/ORY8 ,I HAVE SAID TO MOD]N SOCIETY1 -- ! DAU<T] & HEIRESS ( ALL PREC$+ SOCIETIES1 -- ,AGE GUOD AGIS3 COMPLETE ! TASK :I* = SIX ?\S& YE>S Y\ HAVE BE5 EXECUT+ UND] ! 9SPIRATION & BY ! COMM& ( ,GOD2 HA/5 TO F9I% Y\R J\RNEY2 TURN NEI!R TO ! RI<T NOR ! LEFT1 BUT FOLL[ ! ROAD :I* LIES BE=E Y\4 ,Y\ SEEK REASON1 LAW1 UNITY1 & DISCIPL9E2 BUT H]EAFT] Y\ CAN F9D !M ONLY BY /RIPP+ (F ! VEILS ( Y\R 9FANCY1 & CEAS+ TO FOLL[ 9/9CT AS A GUIDE4 ,AWAK5 Y\R SLEEP+ CONSCI5CE2 OP5 Y\R EYES TO ! PURE LI<T ( REFLECTION & SCI5CE2 BEHOLD ! PHANTOM :I* TR\BL$ Y\R DREAMS1 & SO LONG KEPT Y\ 9 A /ATE ( UNUTT]ABLE ANGUI%4 ,KN[ ?YSELF1 ,O LONG-DELUD$ SOCIETY.<#f#f.> KN[ ?Y 5EMY6 444 ,& ,I HAVE D5\NC$ PROP]TY4 

,WE (T5 HE> ! DEF5D]S ( ! RI<T ( DOMA9 QUOTE 9 DEF5SE ( !IR VIEWS ! TE/IMONY ( NATIONS & AGES4 ,WE CAN JUDGE1 FROM :AT HAS JU/ BE5 SAID1 H[ F> ?IS HI/ORICAL >GUM5T CON=MS TO ! REAL FACTS & ! CONCLUSIONS ( SCI5CE4 

,TO COMPLETE ?IS APOLOGY1 ,I MU/ EXAM9E ! V>I\S !ORIES4 

,NEI!R POLITICS1 NOR LEGISLATION1 NOR HI/ORY1 CAN BE EXPLA9$ & UND]/OOD1 )\T A POSITIVE !ORY :I* DEF9ES !IR ELEM5TS1 & DISCOV]S !IR LAWS2 9 %ORT1 )\T A PHILOSOPHY4 ,N[1 ! TWO PR9CIPAL S*OOLS1 :I* TO ?IS DAY DIVIDE ! ATT5TION ( ! WORLD1 DO NOT SATISFY ?IS CONDITION4 

,! FIR/1 ESS5TIALLY PRACTICAL 9 ITS *>ACT]1 CONF9$ TO A /ATEM5T ( FACTS1 & BURI$ 9 LE>N+1 C>ES V]Y LITTLE BY :AT LAWS HUMANITY DEVELOPS ITSELF4 ,TO IT !SE LAWS >E ! SECRET ( ! ,ALMI<TY1 :I* NO ONE CAN FA?OM )\T A COMMISSION FROM ON HI<4 ,9 APPLY+ ! FACTS ( HI/ORY TO GOV]NM5T1 ?IS S*OOL DOES NOT REASON2 IT DOES NOT ANTICIPATE2 IT MAKES NO COMP>ISON ( ! PA/ ) ! PRES5T1 9 ORD] TO PR$ICT ! FUTURE4 ,9 ITS OP9ION1 ! LESSONS ( EXP]I5CE TEA* US ONLY TO REPEAT OLD ]RORS1 & ITS :OLE PHILOSOPHY CONSI/S 9 P]PETUALLY RETRAC+ ! TRACKS ( ANTIQUITY1 9/EAD ( GO+ /RAI<T AHEAD =EV] 9 ! DIRECTION 9 :I* !Y PO9T4 

,! SECOND S*OOL MAY BE CALL$ EI!R FATALI/IC OR PAN!I/IC4 ,TO IT ! MOVEM5TS ( EMPIRES & ! REVOLUTIONS ( HUMANITY >E ! MANIFE/ATIONS1 ! 9C>NATIONS1 ( ! ,ALMI<TY4 ,! HUMAN RACE1 ID5TIFI$ ) ! DIV9E ESS5CE1 :EELS 9 A CIRCLE ( APPE>ANCES1 9=MATIONS1 & DE/RUCTIONS1 :I* NECESS>ILY EXCLUDES ! IDEA ( ABSOLUTE TRU?1 & DE/ROYS PROVID5CE & LIB]TY4 

,CORRESPOND+ TO !SE TWO S*OOLS ( HI/ORY1 !RE >E TWO S*OOLS ( JURISPRUD5CE1 SIMIL>LY OPPOS$1 & POSSESS$ ( ! SAME PECULI>ITIES4 

#a4 ,! PRACTICAL & CONV5TIONAL S*OOL1 TO :I* ! LAW IS ALWAYS A CREATION ( ! LEGISLATOR1 AN EXPRESSION ( HIS WILL1 A PRIVILEGE :I* HE CONDESC5DS TO GRANT1 -- 9 %ORT1 A GRATUIT\S AFFIRMATION TO BE REG>D$ AS JUDICI\S & LEGITIMATE1 NO MATT] :AT IT DECL>ES4 

#b4 ,! FATALI/IC & PAN!I/IC S*OOL1 SOMETIMES CALL$ ! HI/ORICAL S*OOL1 :I* OPPOSES ! DESPOTISM ( ! FIR/1 & MA9TA9S ?AT LAW1 LIKE LIT]ATURE & RELIGION1 IS ALWAYS ! EXPRESSION ( SOCIETY1 -- ITS MANIFE/ATION1 ITS =M1 ! EXT]NAL REALIZATION ( ITS MOBILE SPIRIT & ITS EV]-*ANG+ 9SPIRATIONS4 

,EA* ( !SE S*OOLS1 D5Y+ ! ABSOLUTE1 REJECTS !REBY ALL POSITIVE & A PRIORI PHILOSOPHY4 

,N[1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! !ORIES ( !SE TWO S*OOLS1 :ATEV] VIEW WE TAKE ( !M1 >E UTT]LY UNSATISFACTORY3 =1 OPPOS$1 !Y =M NO DILEMMA1 -- ?AT IS1 IF ONE IS FALSE1 IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT ! O!R IS TRUE2 &1 UNIT$1 !Y DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! TRU?1 S9CE !Y DISREG>D ! ABSOLUTE1 )\T :I* !RE IS NO TRU?4 ,!Y >E RESPECTIVELY A !SIS & AN ANTI!SIS4 ,!RE REMA9S TO BE F\ND1 !N1 A SYN!SIS1 :I*1 PR$ICAT+ ! ABSOLUTE1 JU/IFIES ! WILL ( ! LEGISLATOR1 EXPLA9S ! V>IATIONS ( ! LAW1 ANNIHILATES ! !ORY ( ! CIRCUL> MOVEM5T ( HUMANITY1 & DEMON/RATES ITS PROGRESS4 

,! LEGI/S1 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( !IR /UDIES & 9 SPITE ( !IR OB/9ATE PREJUDICES1 HAVE BE5 L$ IRRESI/IBLY TO SUSPECT ?AT ! ABSOLUTE 9 ! SCI5CE ( LAW IS NOT AS *IM]ICAL AS IS COMMONLY SUPPOS$2 & ?IS SUSPICION >OSE FROM !IR COMP>ISON ( ! V>I\S RELATIONS :I* LEGISLATORS HAVE BE5 CALL$ UPON TO REGULATE4 

,M4 ,LAB\LAYE1 ! LAUREATE ( ! ,9/ITUTE1 BEG9S HIS 0,HI/ORY ( ,PROP]TY0 ) !SE WORDS3 -- 

0,:ILE ! LAW ( CONTRACT1 :I* REGULATES ONLY ! MUTUAL 9T]E/S ( M51 HAS NOT V>I$ = C5TURIES 7EXCEPT 9 C]TA9 =MS :I* RELATE MORE TO ! PRO( ?AN TO ! *>ACT] ( ! OBLIGATION71 ! CIVIL LAW ( PROP]TY1 :I* REGULATES ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( CITIZ5S1 HAS UND]GONE SEV]AL RADICAL *ANGES1 & HAS KEPT PACE 9 ITS V>IATIONS ) ALL ! VICISSITUDES ( SOCIETY4 ,! LAW ( CONTRACT1 :I* HOLDS ESS5TIALLY TO ?OSE PR9CIPLES ( ET]NAL JU/ICE :I* >E 5GRAV5 UPON ! DEP?S ( ! HUMAN HE>T1 IS ! IMMUTABLE ELEM5T ( JURISPRUD5CE1 &1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 ITS PHILOSOPHY4 ,PROP]TY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ! V>IABLE ELEM5T ( JURISPRUD5CE1 ITS HI/ORY1 ITS POLICY40 

,M>VEL\S6 ,!RE IS 9 LAW1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9 POLITICS1 SOME?+ V>IABLE & SOME?+ 9V>IABLE4 ,! 9V>IABLE ELEM5T IS OBLIGATION1 ! BOND ( JU/ICE1 DUTY2 ! V>IABLE ELEM5T IS PROP]TY1 -- ?AT IS1 ! EXT]NAL =M ( LAW1 ! SUBJECT-MATT] ( ! CONTRACT4 ,:5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT ! LAW CAN MODIFY1 *ANGE1 RE=M1 & JUDGE PROP]TY4 ,RECONCILE ?AT1 IF Y\ CAN1 ) ! IDEA ( AN ET]NAL1 ABSOLUTE1 P]MAN5T1 & 9DEFECTIBLE RI<T4 

,H[EV]1 ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE IS 9 P]FECT ACCORD ) HIMSELF :5 HE ADDS1 0,POSSESSION ( ! SOIL RE/S SOLELY UPON =CE UNTIL SOCIETY TAKES IT 9 H&1 & ESP\SES ! CAUSE ( ! POSSESSOR20.<#f#g.> &1 A LITTLE F>!R1 0,! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS NOT NATURAL1 BUT SOCIAL4 ,! LAWS NOT ONLY PROTECT PROP]TY3 !Y GIVE IT BIR?10 @&C4 ,N[1 ?AT :I* ! LAW HAS MADE ! LAW CAN UNMAKE2 ESPECIALLY S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE1 -- AN AV[$ P>TISAN ( ! HI/ORICAL OR PAN!I/IC S*OOL1 -- ! LAW IS NOT ABSOLUTE1 IS NOT AN IDEA1 BUT A =M4 

,BUT :Y IS IT ?AT PROP]TY IS V>IABLE1 &1 UNLIKE OBLIGATION1 9CAPABLE ( DEF9ITION & SETTLEM5T8 ,BE=E AFFIRM+1 SOME:AT BOLDLY )\T D\BT1 ?AT 9 RI<T !RE >E NO ABSOLUTE PR9CIPLES 7! MO/ DANG]\S1 MO/ IMMORAL1 MO/ TYRANNICAL -- 9 A WORD1 MO/ ANTI-SOCIAL -- ASS]TION IMAG9ABLE71 IT WAS PROP] ?AT ! RI<T ( PROP]TY %\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO A ?OR\< EXAM9ATION1 9 ORD] TO PUT 9 EVID5CE ITS V>IABLE1 >BITR>Y1 & CONT+5T ELEM5TS1 & ?OSE :I* >E ET]NAL1 LEGITIMATE1 & ABSOLUTE2 !N1 ?IS OP]ATION P]=M$1 IT BECAME EASY TO ACC\NT = ! LAWS1 & TO CORRECT ALL ! CODES4 

,N[1 ?IS EXAM9ATION ( PROP]TY ,I CLAIM TO HAVE MADE1 & 9 ! FULLE/ DETAIL2 BUT1 EI!R FROM ! PUBLIC'S LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 AN UNRECOMM5D$ & UNATTRACTIVE PAMPHLET1 OR -- :I* IS MORE PROBABLE -- FROM ! WEAKNESS ( EXPOSITION & WANT ( G5IUS :I* *>ACT]IZE ! WORK1 ! ,FIR/ ,MEMOIR ON ,PROP]TY PASS$ UNNOTIC$2 SC>CELY W\LD A FEW COMMUNI/S1 HAV+ TURN$ ITS LEAVES1 DEIGN TO BR& IT ) !IR DISAPPROBATION4 ,Y\ ALONE1 SIR1 9 SPITE ( ! DISFAVOR :I* ,I %[$ = Y\R ECONOMICAL PR$ECESSORS 9 TOO SEV]E A CRITICISM ( !M1 -- Y\ ALONE HAVE JUDG$ ME JU/LY2 & AL?\< ,I CANNOT ACCEPT1 AT LEA/ LIT]ALLY1 Y\R FIR/ JUDGM5T1 YET IT IS TO Y\ ALONE ?AT ,I APPEAL FROM A DECISION TOO EQUIVOCAL TO BE REG>D$ AS F9AL4 

,IT NOT BE+ MY 9T5TION TO 5T] AT PRES5T 9TO A DISCUSSION ( PR9CIPLES1 ,I %ALL CONT5T MYSELF ) E/IMAT+1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ?IS SIMPLE & 9TELLIGIBLE ABSOLUTE1 ! !ORIES ( PROP]TY :I* \R G5]ATION HAS PRODUC$4 

,! MO/ EXACT IDEA ( PROP]TY IS GIV5 US BY ! ,ROMAN LAW1 FAI?FULLY FOLL[$ 9 ?IS P>TICUL> BY ! ANCI5T LEGI/S4 ,IT IS ! ABSOLUTE1 EXCLUSIVE1 AUTOCRATIC DOMA9 ( A MAN OV] A ?+1 -- A DOMA9 :I* BEG9S BY USUCAPTION1 IS MA9TA9$ BY POSSESSION1 & F9ALLY1 BY ! AID ( PRESCRIPTION1 F9DS ITS SANCTION 9 ! CIVIL LAW2 A DOMA9 :I* SO ID5TIFIES ! MAN ) ! ?+1 ?AT ! PROPRIETOR CAN SAY1 0,HE :O USES MY FIELD1 VIRTUALLY COMPELS ME TO LABOR = HIM2 !RE=E HE [ES ME COMP5SATION40 

,I PASS 9 SIL5CE ! SECOND>Y MODES BY :I* PROP]TY CAN BE ACQUIR$1 -- TRADITION1 SALE1 EX*ANGE1 9H]ITANCE1 @&C41 -- :I* HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! ORIG9 ( PROP]TY4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ,PO?I] SAID ! DOMA9 ( PROP]TY1 & NOT SIMPLY PROP]TY4 ,& ! MO/ LE>N$ WRIT]S ON JURISPRUD5CE -- 9 IMITATION ( ! ,ROMAN PRETOR :O RECOGNIZ$ A RI<T ( PROP]TY & A RI<T ( POSSESSION -- HAVE C>EFULLY DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! DOMA9 & ! RI<T ( USUFRUCT1 USE1 & HABITATION1 :I*1 R$UC$ TO ITS NATURAL LIMITS1 IS ! V]Y EXPRESSION ( JU/ICE2 & :I* IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 TO SUPPLANT DOMANIAL PROP]TY1 & F9ALLY =M ! BASIS ( ALL JURISPRUD5CE4 

,BUT1 SIR1 ADMIRE ! CLUMS9ESS ( SY/EMS1 OR RA!R ! FATALITY ( LOGIC6 ,:ILE ! ,ROMAN LAW & ALL ! SAVANTS 9SPIR$ BY IT TEA* ?AT PROP]TY 9 ITS ORIG9 IS ! RI<T ( FIR/ OCCUPANCY SANCTION$ BY LAW1 ! MOD]N LEGI/S1 DISSATISFI$ ) ?IS BRUTAL DEF9ITION1 CLAIM ?AT PROP]TY IS BAS$ UPON LABOR4 ,IMM$IATELY !Y 9F] ?AT HE :O NO LONG] LABORS1 BUT MAKES ANO!R LABOR 9 HIS /EAD1 LOSES HIS RI<T TO ! E>N+S ( ! LATT]4 ,IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT ! S]FS ( ! MIDDLE AGES CLAIM$ A LEGAL RI<T TO PROP]TY1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO ! 5JOYM5T ( POLITICAL RI<TS2 ?AT ! CL]GY W]E DESPOIL$ 9 '#h#i ( !IR IMM5SE E/ATES1 & W]E GRANT$ A P5SION 9 EX*ANGE2 ?AT AT ! RE/ORATION ! LIB]AL DEPUTIES OPPOS$ ! 9DEMNITY ( ONE BILLION FRANCS4 0,! NATION10 SAID !Y1 0HAS ACQUIR$ BY TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( LABOR & POSSESSION ! PROP]TY :I* ! EMIGRANTS =FEIT$ BY AB&ONM5T & LONG IDL5ESS3 :Y %\LD ! NOBLES BE TREAT$ ) MORE FAVOR ?AN ! PRIE/S80.<#f#h.> 

,ALL USURPATIONS1 NOT BORN ( W>1 HAVE BE5 CAUS$ & SUPPORT$ BY LABOR4 ,ALL MOD]N HI/ORY PROVES ?IS1 FROM ! 5D ( ! ,ROMAN EMPIRE D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,& AS IF TO GIVE A SORT ( LEGAL SANCTION TO !SE USURPATIONS1 ! DOCTR9E ( LABOR1 SUBV]SIVE ( PROP]TY1 IS PR(ESS$ AT GREAT L5G? 9 ! ,ROMAN LAW UND] ! NAME ( PRESCRIPTION4 

,! MAN :O CULTIVATES1 IT HAS BE5 SAID1 MAKES ! L& HIS [N2 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO MORE PROP]TY4 ,?IS WAS CLE>LY SE5 BY ! OLD JURI/S1 :O HAVE NOT FAIL$ TO D5\NCE ?IS NOVELTY2 :ILE ON ! O!R H& ! Y\NG S*OOL HOOTS AT ! ABSURDITY ( ! FIR/-OCCUPANT !ORY4 ,O!RS HAVE PRES5T$ !MSELVES1 PRET5D+ TO RECONCILE ! TWO OP9IONS BY UNIT+ !M4 ,!Y HAVE FAIL$1 LIKE ALL ! JU/E-MILIEUX ( ! WORLD1 & >E LAU<$ AT = !IR ECLECTICISM4 ,AT PRES5T1 ! AL>M IS 9 ! CAMP ( ! OLD DOCTR9E2 FROM ALL SIDES P\R 9 DEF5SES ( PROP]TY1 /UDIES REG>D+ PROP]TY1 !ORIES ( PROP]TY1 EA* ONE ( :I*1 GIV+ ! LIE TO ! RE/1 9FLICTS A FRE% W\ND UPON PROP]TY4 

,CONSID]1 9DE$1 ! 9EXTRICABLE EMB>RASSM5TS1 ! CONTRADICTIONS1 ! ABSURDITIES1 ! 9CR$IBLE NONS5SE1 9 :I* ! BOLD DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY SO LI<TLY 9VOLVE !MSELVES4 ,I *OOSE ! ECLECTICS1 BECAUSE1 ?OSE KILL$1 ! O!RS CANNOT SURVIVE4 

,M4 ,TROPLONG1 JURI/1 PASSES = A PHILOSOPH] 9 ! EYES ( ! $ITORS ( 0,LE ,DROIT40 ,I TELL ! G5TLEM5 ( 0,LE ,DROIT0 ?AT1 9 ! JUDGM5T ( PHILOSOPH]S1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG IS ONLY AN ADVOCATE2 & ,I PROVE MY ASS]TION4 

,M4 ,TROPLONG IS A DEF5D] ( PROGRESS4 0,! WORDS ( ! CODE10 SAYS HE1 0>E FRUITFUL SAP ) :I* ! CLASSIC WORKS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY OV]FL[4 ,TO WI% TO SUPPRESS !M 444 IS TO VIOLATE ! LAW ( PROGRESS1 & TO =GET ?AT A SCI5CE :I* MOVES IS A SCI5CE :I* GR[S40.<#f#i.> 

,N[1 ! ONLY MUTABLE & PROGRESSIVE PORTION ( LAW1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 IS ?AT :I* CONC]NS PROP]TY4 ,IF1 !N1 Y\ ASK :AT RE=MS >E TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! RI<T ( PROP]TY8 ,M4 ,TROPLONG MAKES NO REPLY2 :AT PROGRESS IS TO BE HOP$ =8 NO REPLY2 :AT IS TO BE ! DE/9Y ( PROP]TY 9 CASE ( UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION8 NO REPLY2 :AT IS ! ABSOLUTE & :AT ! CONT+5T1 :AT ! TRUE & :AT ! FALSE1 9 PROP]TY8 NO REPLY4 ,M4 ,TROPLONG FAVORS QUIESC5CE & 9 /ATUS QUO 9 REG>D TO PROP]TY4 ,:AT C\LD BE MORE UNPHILOSOPHICAL 9 A PROGRESSIVE PHILOSOPH]8 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG HAS ?\<T AB\T !SE ?+S4 0,!RE >E10 HE SAYS1 0MANY WEAK PO9TS & ANTIQUAT$ IDEAS 9 ! DOCTR9ES ( MOD]N AU?ORS CONC]N+ PROP]TY3 WITNESS ! WORKS ( ,M,M4 ,T\LLI] & ,DURANTON40 ,! DOCTR9E ( ,M4 ,TROPLONG PROMISES1 !N1 /RONG PO9TS1 ADVANC$ & PROGRESSIVE IDEAS4 ,LET US SEE2 LET US EXAM9E3 -- 

0,MAN1 PLAC$ 9 ! PRES5CE ( MATT]1 IS CONSCI\S ( A P[] OV] IT1 :I* HAS BE5 GIV5 TO HIM TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( HIS BE+4 ,K+ ( 9ANIMATE OR UN9TELLIG5T NATURE1 HE FEELS ?AT HE HAS A RI<T TO MODIFY IT1 GOV]N IT1 & FIT IT = HIS USE4 ,!RE IT IS1 ! SUBJECT ( PROP]TY1 :I* IS LEGITIMATE ONLY :5 EX]CIS$ OV] ?+S1 NEV] :5 OV] P]SONS40 

,M4 ,TROPLONG IS SO LITTLE ( A PHILOSOPH]1 ?AT HE DOES NOT EV5 KN[ ! IMPORT ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS :I* HE MAKES A %[ ( US+4 ,HE SAYS ( MATT] ?AT IT IS ! SUBJECT ( PROP]TY2 HE %\LD HAVE SAID ! OBJECT4 ,M4 ,TROPLONG USES ! LANGUAGE ( ! ANATOMI/S1 :O APPLY ! T]M SUBJECT TO ! HUMAN MATT] US$ 9 !IR EXP]IM5TS4 

,?IS ]ROR ( \R AU?OR IS REPEAT$ F>!R ON3 0,LIB]TY1 :I* OV]COMES MATT]1 ! SUBJECT ( PROP]TY1 @&C40 ,! SUBJECT ( PROP]TY IS MAN2 ITS OBJECT IS MATT]4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS IS BUT A SLI<T MORTIFICATION2 DIRECTLY WE %ALL HAVE SOME CRUCIFIXIONS4 

,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ! PASSAGE JU/ QUOT$1 IT IS 9 ! CONSCI5CE & P]SONALITY ( MAN ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY MU/ BE S\<T4 ,IS !RE ANY ?+ NEW 9 ?IS DOCTR9E8 ,APP>5TLY IT NEV] HAS OCCURR$ TO ?OSE :O1 S9CE ! DAYS ( ,CIC]O & ,>I/OTLE1 & E>LI]1 HAVE MA9TA9$ ?AT ?+S BELONG TO ! FIR/ OCCUPANT1 ?AT OCCUPATION MAY BE EX]CIS$ BY BE+S DEVOID ( CONSCI5CE & P]SONALITY4 ,! HUMAN P]SONALITY1 ?\< IT MAY BE ! PR9CIPLE OR ! SUBJECT ( PROP]TY1 AS MATT] IS ! OBJECT1 IS NOT ! CONDITION4 ,N[1 IT IS ?IS CONDITION :I* WE MO/ NE$ TO KN[4 ,SO F>1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG TELLS US NO MORE ?AN HIS MA/]S1 & ! FIGURES ) :I* HE ADORNS HIS /YLE ADD NO?+ TO ! OLD IDEA4 

,PROP]TY1 !N1 IMPLIES ?REE T]MS3 ,! SUBJECT1 ! OBJECT1 & ! CONDITION4 ,!RE IS NO DIFFICULTY 9 REG>D TO ! FIR/ TWO T]MS4 ,AS TO ! ?IRD1 ! CONDITION ( PROP]TY D[N TO ?IS DAY1 = ! ,GREEK AS = ! ,B>B>IAN1 HAS BE5 ?AT ( FIR/ OCCUPANCY4 ,:AT N[ W\LD Y\ HAVE IT1 PROGRESSIVE DOCTOR8 

0,:5 MAN LAYS H&S = ! FIR/ TIME UPON AN OBJECT )\T A MA/]1 HE P]=MS AN ACT :I*1 AMONG 9DIVIDUALS1 IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,! ?+ ?US SEIZ$ & OCCUPI$ P>TICIPATES1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 ! P]SONALITY ( HIM :O HOLDS IT4 ,IT BECOMES SACR$1 LIKE HIMSELF4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE IT )\T DO+ VIOL5CE TO HIS LIB]TY1 OR TO REMOVE IT )\T RA%LY 9VAD+ HIS P]SON4 ,DIOG5ES DID BUT EXPRESS ?IS TRU? ( 9TUITION1 :5 HE SAID3 ',/& \T ( MY LI<T6' 0 

,V]Y GOOD6 BUT W\LD ! PR9CE ( CYNICS1 ! V]Y P]SONAL & V]Y HAU<TY ,DIOG5ES1 HAVE HAD ! RI<T TO *>GE ANO!R CYNIC1 AS R5T = ?IS SAME PLACE 9 ! SUN%9E1 A BONE = TW5TY-F\R H\RS ( POSSESSION8 ,IT IS ?AT :I* CON/ITUTES ! PROPRIETOR2 IT IS ?AT :I* Y\ FAIL TO JU/IFY4 ,9 REASON+ FROM ! HUMAN P]SONALITY & 9DIVIDUALITY TO ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 Y\ UNCONSCI\SLY CON/RUCT A SYLLOGISM 9 :I* ! CONCLUSION 9CLUDES MORE ?AN ! PREMISES1 CONTR>Y TO ! RULES LAID D[N BY ,>I/OTLE4 ,! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! HUMAN P]SON PROVES 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION1 ORIG9ALLY CALL$ PROPRIETAS1 9 OPPOSITION TO COLLECTIVE POSSESSION1 COMMUNIO4 ,IT GIVES BIR? TO ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?9E & M9E1 TRUE SIGNS ( EQUALITY1 NOT1 BY ANY MEANS1 ( SUBORD9ATION4 0,FROM EQUIVOCATION TO EQUIVOCATION10 SAYS ,M4 ,MI*ELET1.<#g.> 0PROP]TY W\LD CRAWL TO ! 5D ( ! WORLD2 MAN C\LD NOT LIMIT IT1 W]E NOT HE HIMSELF ITS LIMIT4 ,:]E !Y CLA%1 !RE WILL BE ITS FRONTI]40 ,9 %ORT1 9DIVIDUALITY ( BE+ DE/ROYS ! HYPO!SIS ( COMMUNISM1 BUT IT DOES NOT = ?AT REASON GIVE BIR? TO DOMA91 -- ?AT DOMA9 BY VIRTUE ( :I* ! HOLD] ( A ?+ EX]CISES OV] ! P]SON :O TAKES HIS PLACE A RI<T ( PRE/ATION & SUZ]A9TY1 ?AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) PROP]TY ITSELF4 

,FUR!R1 ?AT HE :OSE LEGITIMATELY ACQUIR$ POSSESSION 9JURES NOBODY CANNOT BE NONSUIT$ )\T FLAGRANT 9JU/ICE1 IS A TRU?1 NOT ( 9TUITION1 AS ,M4 ,TROPLONG SAYS1 BUT ( 9W>D S5SATION1.<#g#a.> :I* HAS NO?+ TO DO ) PROP]TY4 

,M4 ,TROPLONG ADMITS1 !N1 OCCUPANCY AS A CONDITION ( PROP]TY4 ,9 ?AT1 HE IS 9 ACCORD ) ! ,ROMAN LAW1 9 ACCORD ) ,M,M4 ,T\LLI] & ,DURANTON2 BUT 9 HIS OP9ION ?IS CONDITION IS NOT ! ONLY ONE1 & IT IS 9 ?IS P>TICUL> ?AT HIS DOCTR9E GOES BEYOND !IRS4 

0,BUT1 H[EV] EXCLUSIVE ! RI<T >IS+ FROM SOLE OCCUPANCY1 DOES IT NOT BECOME /ILL MORE SO1 :5 MAN HAS MOLD$ MATT] BY HIS LABOR2 :5 HE HAS DEPOSIT$ 9 IT A PORTION ( HIMSELF1 RE-CREAT+ IT BY HIS 9DU/RY1 & SETT+ UPON IT ! SEAL ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE & ACTIVITY8 ,( ALL CONQUE/S1 ?AT IS ! MO/ LEGITIMATE1 = IT IS ! PRICE ( LABOR4 

,HE :O %\LD DEPRIVE A MAN ( ! ?+ ?US REMODEL$1 ?US HUMANIZ$1 W\LD 9VADE ! MAN HIMSELF1 & W\LD 9FLICT ! DEEPE/ W\NDS UPON HIS LIB]TY40 

,I PASS OV] ! V]Y BEAUTIFUL EXPLANATIONS 9 :I* ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 DISCUSS+ LABOR & 9DU/RY1 DISPLAYS ! :OLE WEAL? ( HIS ELOQU5CE4 ,M4 ,TROPLONG IS NOT ONLY A PHILOSOPH]1 HE IS AN ORATOR1 AN >TI/4 ,HE AB\NDS ) APPEALS TO ! CONSCI5CE & ! PASSIONS4 ,I MI<T MAKE SAD WORK ( HIS RHETORIC1 %\LD ,I UND]TAKE TO DISSECT IT2 BUT ,I CONF9E MYSELF = ! PRES5T TO HIS PHILOSOPHY4 

,IF ,M4 ,TROPLONG HAD ONLY KN[N H[ TO ?9K & REFLECT1 BE=E AB&ON+ ! ORIG9AL FACT ( OCCUPANCY & PLUNG+ 9TO ! !ORY ( LABOR1 HE W\LD HAVE ASK$ HIMSELF3 0,:AT IS IT TO OCCUPY80 ,& HE W\LD HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT OCCUPANCY IS ONLY A G5]IC T]M BY :I* ALL MODES ( POSSESSION >E EXPRESS$1 -- SEIZURE1 /ATION1 IMMAN5CE1 HABITATION1 CULTIVATION1 USE1 CONSUMPTION1 @&C42 ?AT LABOR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS BUT ONE ( A ?\S& =MS ( OCCUPANCY4 ,HE W\LD HAVE UND]/OOD1 F9ALLY1 ?AT ! RI<T ( POSSESSION :I* IS BORN ( LABOR IS GOV]N$ BY ! SAME G5]AL LAWS AS ?AT :I* RESULTS FROM ! SIMPLE SEIZURE ( ?+S4 ,:AT K9D ( A LEGI/ IS HE :O DECLAIMS :5 HE \<T TO REASON1 :O CONT9UALLY MI/AKES HIS METAPHORS = LEGAL AXIOMS1 & :O DOES NOT SO MU* AS KN[ H[ TO OBTA9 A UNIV]SAL BY 9DUCTION1 & =M A CATEGORY8 

,IF LABOR IS ID5TICAL ) OCCUPANCY1 ! ONLY B5EFIT :I* IT SECURES TO ! LABOR] IS ! RI<T ( 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION ( ! OBJECT ( HIS LABOR2 IF IT DIFF]S FROM OCCUPANCY1 IT GIVES BIR? TO A RI<T EQUAL ONLY TO ITSELF1 -- ?AT IS1 A RI<T :I* BEG9S1 CONT9UES1 & 5DS1 ) ! LABOR ( ! OCCUPANT4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON1 9 ! WORDS ( ! LAW1 ?AT ONE CANNOT ACQUIRE A JU/ TITLE TO A ?+ BY LABOR ALONE4 ,HE MU/ ALSO HOLD IT = A YE> & A DAY1 9 ORD] TO BE REG>D$ AS ITS POSSESSOR2 & POSSESS IT TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S1 9 ORD] TO BECOME ITS PROPRIETOR4 

,!SE PRELIM9>IES E/ABLI%$1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG'S :OLE /RUCTURE FALLS ( ITS [N WEI<T1 & ! 9F]5CES1 :I* HE ATTEMPTS TO DRAW1 VANI%4 

0,PROP]TY ONCE ACQUIR$ BY OCCUPATION & LABOR1 IT NATURALLY PRES]VES ITSELF1 NOT ONLY BY ! SAME MEANS1 BUT ALSO BY ! REFUSAL ( ! HOLD] TO ABDICATE2 = FROM ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT HAS RIS5 TO ! HEI<T ( A RI<T1 IT IS ITS NATURE TO P]PETUATE ITSELF & TO LA/ = AN 9DEF9ITE P]IOD444 ,RI<TS1 CONSID]$ FROM AN IDEAL PO9T ( VIEW1 >E IMP]I%ABLE & ET]NAL2 & TIME1 :I* AFFECTS ONLY ! CONT+5T1 CAN NO MORE DI/URB !M ?AN IT CAN 9JURE ,GOD HIMSELF40 ,IT IS A/ONI%+ ?AT \R AU?OR1 9 SPEAK+ ( ! IDEAL1 TIME1 & ET]NITY1 DID NOT WORK 9TO HIS S5T5CE ! DIV9E W+S ( ,PLATO1 -- SO FA%IONABLE TO-DAY 9 PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS4 

,) ! EXCEPTION ( FALSEHOOD1 ,I HATE NONS5SE MORE ?AN ANY ?+ ELSE 9 ! WORLD4 ,PROP]TY ONCE ACQUIR$6 ,GOOD1 IF IT IS ACQUIR$2 BUT1 AS IT IS NOT ACQUIR$1 IT CANNOT BE PRES]V$4 ,RI<TS >E ET]NAL6 ,YES1 9 ! SI<T ( ,GOD1 LIKE ! >*ETYPAL IDEAS ( ! ,PLATONI/S4 ,BUT1 ON ! E>?1 RI<TS EXI/ ONLY 9 ! PRES5CE ( A SUBJECT1 AN OBJECT1 & A CONDITION4 ,TAKE AWAY ONE ( !SE ?REE ?+S1 & RI<TS NO LONG] EXI/4 ,?US1 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION CEASES AT ! DEA? ( ! SUBJECT1 UPON ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OBJECT1 OR 9 CASE ( EX*ANGE OR AB&ONM5T4 

,LET US ADMIT1 H[EV]1 ) ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 ?AT PROP]TY IS AN ABSOLUTE & ET]NAL RI<T1 :I* CANNOT BE DE/ROY$ SAVE BY ! DE$ & AT ! WILL ( ! PROPRIETOR4 ,:AT >E ! CONSEQU5CES :I* IMM$IATELY FOLL[ FROM ?IS POSITION8 

,TO %[ ! JU/ICE & UTILITY ( PRESCRIPTION1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG SUPPOSES ! CASE ( A BONA FIDE POSSESSOR :OM A PROPRIETOR1 LONG S9CE =GOTT5 OR EV5 UNKN[N1 IS ATTEMPT+ TO EJECT FROM HIS POSSESSION4 0,AT ! />T1 ! ]ROR ( ! POSSESSOR WAS EXCUSABLE BUT NOT IRREP>ABLE4 ,PURSU+ ITS C\RSE & GR[+ OLD BY DEGREES1 IT HAS SO COMPLETELY CLO!D ITSELF 9 ! COLORS ( TRU?1 IT HAS SPOK5 SO L\DLY ! LANGUAGE ( RI<T1 IT HAS 9VOLV$ SO MANY CONFID+ 9T]E/S1 ?AT IT FAIRLY MAY BE ASK$ :E!R IT W\LD NOT CAUSE GREAT] CONFUSION TO GO BACK TO ! REALITY ?AN TO SANCTION ! FICTIONS :I* IT 7AN ]ROR1 )\T D\BT7 HAS S[N ON ITS WAY8 ,WELL1 YES2 IT MU/ BE CONFESS$1 )\T HESITATION1 ?AT ! REM$Y W\LD PROVE WORSE ?AN ! DISEASE1 & ?AT ITS APPLICATION W\LD LEAD TO ! MO/ \TRAGE\S 9JU/ICE40 

,H[ LONG S9CE UTILITY BECAME A PR9CIPLE ( LAW8 ,:5 ! ,A!NIANS1 BY ! ADVICE ( ,>I/IDES1 REJECT$ A PROPOSITION EM95TLY ADVANTAGE\S TO !IR REPUBLIC1 BUT ALSO UTT]LY UNJU/1 !Y %[$ F9] MORAL P]CEPTION & GREAT] CLE>NESS ( 9TELLECT ?AN ,M4 ,TROPLONG4 ,PROP]TY IS AN ET]NAL RI<T1 9DEP5D5T ( TIME1 9DE/RUCTIBLE EXCEPT BY ! ACT & AT ! WILL ( ! PROPRIETOR2 & H]E ?IS RI<T IS TAK5 FROM ! PROPRIETOR1 & ON :AT GR\ND8 ,GOOD ,GOD6 ON ! GR\ND ( ABS5CE6 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT LEGI/S >E GOV]N$ BY CAPRICE 9 GIV+ & TAK+ AWAY RI<TS8 ,:5 IT PLEASES !SE G5TLEM51 IDL5ESS1 UNWOR?9ESS1 OR ABS5CE CAN 9VALIDATE A RI<T :I*1 UND] QUITE SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES1 LABOR1 RESID5CE1 & VIRTUE >E 9ADEQUATE TO OBTA94 ,DO NOT BE A/ONI%$ ?AT LEGI/S REJECT ! ABSOLUTE4 ,!IR GOOD PLEASURE IS LAW1 & !IR DISORD]$ IMAG9ATIONS >E ! REAL CAUSE ( ! EVOLUTIONS 9 JURISPRUD5CE4 

0,IF ! NOM9AL PROPRIETOR %\LD PLEAD IGNORANCE1 HIS CLAIM W\LD BE NONE ! MORE VALID4 ,9DE$1 HIS IGNORANCE MI<T >ISE FROM 9EXCUSABLE C>ELESSNESS1 ETC40 

,:AT6 9 ORD] TO LEGITIMATE DISPOSSESSION ?R\< PRESCRIPTION1 Y\ SUPPOSE FAULTS 9 ! PROPRIETOR6 ,Y\ BLAME HIS ABS5CE1 -- :I* MAY HAVE BE5 9VOLUNT>Y2 HIS NEGLECT1 -- NOT KN[+ :AT CAUS$ IT2 HIS C>ELESSNESS1 -- A GRATUIT\S SUPPOSITION ( Y\R [N6 ,IT IS ABSURD4 ,ONE V]Y SIMPLE OBS]VATION SUFFICES TO ANNIHILATE ?IS !ORY4 ,SOCIETY1 :I*1 !Y TELL US1 MAKES AN EXCEPTION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ORD] 9 FAVOR ( ! POSSESSOR AS AGA9/ ! OLD PROPRIETOR1 [ES ! LATT] AN 9DEMNITY2 S9CE ! PRIVILEGE ( PRESCRIPTION IS NO?+ BUT EXPROPRIATION = ! SAKE ( PUBLIC UTILITY4 

,BUT H]E IS SOME?+ /RONG]3 -- 

0,9 SOCIETY A PLACE CANNOT REMA9 VACANT ) IMPUNITY4 ,A NEW MAN >ISES 9 PLACE ( ! OLD ONE :O DISAPPE>S OR GOES AWAY2 HE BR+S H]E HIS EXI/5CE1 BECOMES 5TIRELY ABSORB$1 & DEVOTES HIMSELF TO ?IS PO/ :I* HE F9DS AB&ON$4 ,%ALL ! DES]T]1 !N1 DISPUTE ! HONOR ( ! VICTORY ) ! SOLDI] :O FI<TS ) ! SWEAT /&+ ON HIS BR[1 & BE>S ! BURD5 ( ! DAY1 9 BEHALF ( A CAUSE :I* HE DEEMS JU/80 

,:5 ! TONGUE ( AN ADVOCATE ONCE GETS 9 MOTION1 :O CAN TELL :]E IT WILL /OP8 ,M4 ,TROPLONG ADMITS & JU/IFIES USURPATION 9 CASE ( ! ABS5CE ( ! PROPRIETOR1 & ON A M]E PRESUMPTION ( HIS C>ELESSNESS4 ,BUT :5 ! NEGLECT IS AU!NTICAT$2 :5 ! AB&ONM5T IS SOLEMNLY & VOLUNT>ILY SET =? 9 A CONTRACT 9 ! PRES5CE ( A MAGI/RATE2 :5 ! PROPRIETOR D>ES TO SAY1 0,I CEASE TO LABOR1 BUT ,I /ILL CLAIM A %>E ( ! PRODUCT10 -- !N ! ABS5TEE'S RI<T ( PROP]TY IS PROTECT$2 ! USURPATION ( ! POSSESSOR W\LD BE CRIM9AL2 F>M-R5T IS ! REW>D ( IDL5ESS4 

,:]E IS1 ,I DO NOT SAY ! CONSI/5CY1 BUT1 ! HONE/Y ( ?IS LAW8 

,PRESCRIPTION IS A RESULT ( ! CIVIL LAW1 A CREATION ( ! LEGISLATOR4 ,:Y HAS NOT ! LEGISLATOR FIX$ ! CONDITIONS DIFF]5TLY8 -- :Y1 9/EAD ( TW5TY & ?IRTY YE>S1 IS NOT A S+LE YE> SUFFICI5T TO PRESCRIBE8 -- :Y >E NOT VOLUNT>Y ABS5CE & CONFESS$ IDL5ESS AS GOOD GR\NDS = DISPOSSESSION AS 9VOLUNT>Y ABS5CE1 IGNORANCE1 OR APA?Y8 

,BUT 9 VA9 %\LD WE ASK ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 ! PHILOSOPH]1 TO TELL US ! GR\ND ( PRESCRIPTION4 ,CONC]N+ ! CODE1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG DOES NOT REASON4 0,! 9T]PRET]10 HE SAYS1 0MU/ TAKE ?+S AS !Y >E1 SOCIETY AS IT EXI/S1 LAWS AS !Y >E MADE3 ?AT IS ! ONLY S5SIBLE />T+-PO9T40 ,WELL1 !N1 WRITE NO MORE BOOKS2 CEASE TO REPROA* Y\R PR$ECESSORS -- :O1 LIKE Y\1 HAVE AIM$ ONLY AT 9T]PRETATION ( ! LAW -- = HAV+ REMA9$ 9 ! RE>2 TALK NO MORE ( PHILOSOPHY & PROGRESS1 = ! LIE /ICKS 9 Y\R ?ROAT4 

,M4 ,TROPLONG D5IES ! REALITY ( ! RI<T ( POSSESSION2 HE D5IES ?AT POSSESSION HAS EV] EXI/$ AS A PR9CIPLE ( SOCIETY2 & HE QUOTES ,M4 DE ,SAVIGNY1 :O HOLDS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE POSITION1 & :OM HE IS CONT5T TO LEAVE UNANSW]$4 ,AT ONE TIME1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG ASS]TS ?AT POSSESSION & PROP]TY >E CONTEMPORANE\S1 & ?AT !Y EXI/ AT ! SAME TIME1 :I* IMPLIES ?AT ! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ( POSSESSION1 -- A CONCLUSION :I* IS EVID5TLY ABSURD2 AT ANO!R1 HE D5IES ?AT POSSESSION HAD ANY HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE PRIOR TO PROP]TY1 -- AN ASS]TION :I* IS CONTRADICT$ BY ! CU/OMS ( MANY NATIONS :I* CULTIVATE ! L& )\T APPROPRIAT+ IT2 BY ! ,ROMAN LAW1 :I* DI/+UI%$ SO CLE>LY BETWE5 POSSESSION & PROP]TY2 & BY \R CODE ITSELF1 :I* MAKES POSSESSION = TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S ! CONDITION ( PROP]TY4 ,F9ALLY1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG GOES SO F> AS TO MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,ROMAN MAXIM1 ,NIHIL COMUNE HABET PROPRIETAS CUM POSSESSIONE -- :I* CONTA9S SO /RIK+ AN ALLUSION TO ! POSSESSION ( ! AG] PUBLICUS1 & :I*1 SOON] OR LAT]1 WILL BE AGA9 ACCEPT$ )\T QUALIFICATION -- EXPRESSES 9 ,FR5* LAW ONLY A JUDICIAL AXIOM1 A SIMPLE RULE =BIDD+ ! UNION ( AN ACTION POSSESSOIRE ) AN ACTION PETITOIRE1 -- AN OP9ION AS RETROGRESSIVE AS IT IS UNPHILOSOPHICAL4 

,9 TREAT+ ( ACTIONS POSSESSOIRES1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG IS SO UN=TUNATE OR AWKW>D ?AT HE MUTILATES ECONOMY ?R\< FAILURE TO GRASP ITS MEAN+ 0,JU/ AS PROP]TY10 HE WRITES1 0GAVE RISE TO ! ACTION = REV5DICATION1 SO POSSESSION -- ! JUS POSSESSIONIS -- WAS ! CAUSE ( POSSESSORY 9T]DICTS444 ,!RE W]E TWO K9DS ( 9T]DICTS1 -- ! 9T]DICT RECUP]&AE POSSESSIONIS1 & ! 9T]DICT RET95DAE POSSESSIONIS1 -- :I* CORRESPOND TO \R COMPLA9TE 5 CAS DE SAIS9E ET N\VELETE4 ,!RE IS ALSO A ?IRD1 -- ADIPISC5DAE POSSESSIONIS1 -- ( :I* ! ,ROMAN LAW-BOOKS SPEAK 9 CONNECTION ) ! TWO O!RS4 ,BUT1 9 REALITY1 ?IS 9T]DICT IS NOT POSSESSORY3 = HE :O WI%ES TO ACQUIRE POSSESSION BY ?IS MEANS DOES NOT POSSESS1 & HAS NOT POSSESS$2 & YET ACQUIR$ POSSESSION IS ! CONDITION ( POSSESSORY 9T]DICTS40 ,:Y IS NOT AN ACTION TO ACQUIRE POSSESSION EQUALLY CONCEIVABLE ) AN ACTION TO BE RE9/AT$ 9 POSSESSION8 ,:5 ! ,ROMAN PLEBEIANS DEM&$ A DIVISION ( ! CONQU]$ T]RITORY2 :5 ! PROLETAIRES ( ,LYONS TOOK = !IR MOTTO1 ,VIV] 5 TRAVAILLANT1 \ M\RIR 5 COMBATTANT 7TO LIVE WORK+1 OR DIE FI<T+72 :5 ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ ( ! MOD]N ECONOMI/S CLAIM = EV]Y MAN ! RI<T TO LABOR & TO LIVE1 -- !Y ONLY PROPOSE ?IS 9T]DICT1 ADIPISC5DAE POSSESSIONIS1 :I* EMB>RASSES ,M4 ,TROPLONG SO S]I\SLY4 ,& :AT IS MY OBJECT 9 PLEAD+ AGA9/ PROP]TY1 IF NOT TO OBTA9 POSSESSION8 

,H[ IS IT ?AT ,M4 ,TROPLONG -- ! LEGI/1 ! ORATOR1 ! PHILOSOPH] -- DOES NOT SEE ?AT LOGICALLY ?IS 9T]DICT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 S9CE IT IS ! NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T ( ! TWO O!RS1 & ! ?REE UNIT$ =M AN 9DIVISIBLE TR9ITY1 -- TO RECOV]1 TO MA9TA91 TO ACQUIRE8 ,TO BREAK ?IS S]IES IS TO CREATE A BLANK1 DE/ROY ! NATURAL SYN!SIS ( ?+S1 & FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ! GEOMETRICIAN :O TRI$ TO CONCEIVE ( A SOLID ) ONLY TWO DIM5SIONS4 ,BUT IT IS NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT ,M4 ,TROPLONG REJECTS ! ?IRD CLASS ( ACTIONS POSSESSOIRES1 :5 WE CONSID] ?AT HE REJECTS POSSESSION ITSELF4 ,HE IS SO COMPLETELY CONTROLL$ BY HIS PREJUDICES 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ?AT HE IS UNCONSCI\SLY L$1 NOT TO UNITE 7?AT W\LD BE HORRIBLE 9 HIS EYES71 BUT TO ID5TIFY ! ACTION POSSESSOIRE ) ! ACTION PETITOIRE4 ,?IS C\LD BE EASILY PROV$1 W]E IT NOT TOO T$I\S TO PLUNGE 9TO !SE METAPHYSICAL OBSCURITIES4 

,AS AN 9T]PRET] ( ! LAW1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG IS NO MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN AS A PHILOSOPH]4 ,ONE SPECIM5 ( HIS SKILL 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 & ,I AM DONE ) HIM3 -- 

,CODE ( ,CIVIL ,PROC$URE1 ,>T4 #b#c3 0,ACTIONS POSSESSOIRES >E ONLY :5 COMM5C$ )9 ! YE> ( TR\BLE BY ?OSE :O HAVE HELD POSSESSION = AT LEA/ A YE> BY AN IRREVOCABLE TITLE40 

,M4 ,TROPLONG'S COMM5TS3 -- 

0,\<T WE TO MA9TA9 -- AS ,DUP>C1 ,P\LLA91 & ,LANJU9AIS W\LD HAVE US -- ! RULE SPOLIATUS ANTE OMNIA RE/ITU5DUS1 :5 AN 9DIVIDUAL1 :O IS NEI!R PROPRIETOR NOR ANNUAL POSSESSOR1 IS EXPELL$ BY A ?IRD P>TY1 :O HAS NO RI<T TO ! E/ATE8 ,I ?9K NOT4 ,>T4 #bc ( ! ,CODE IS G5]AL3 IT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRES ?AT ! PLA9TIFF 9 ACTIONS POSSESSOIRES %ALL HAVE BE5 9 PEACEABLE POSSESSION = A YE> AT LEA/4 ,?AT IS ! 9V>IABLE PR9CIPLE3 IT CAN 9 NO CASE BE MODIFI$4 ,& :Y %\LD IT BE SET ASIDE8 ,! PLA9TIFF HAD NO SEIZ92 HE HAD NO PRIVILEG$ POSSESSION2 HE HAD ONLY A TEMPOR>Y OCCUPANCY1 9SUFFICI5T TO W>RANT 9 HIS FAVOR ! PRESUMPTION ( PROP]TY1 :I* R5D]S ! ANNUAL POSSESSION SO VALUABLE4 ,WELL6 ?IS AE FACTO OCCUPANCY HE HAS LO/2 ANO!R IS 9VE/$ ) IT3 POSSESSION IS 9 ! H&S ( ?IS NEW-COM]4 ,N[1 IS NOT ?IS A CASE = ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE1 ,9 P>I CAUSA POSSESS] POTIOR HABETUR8 ,%\LD NOT ! ACTUAL POSSESSOR BE PREF]R$ TO ! EVICT$ POSSESSOR8 ,CAN HE NOT MEET ! COMPLA9T ( HIS ADV]S>Y BY SAY+ TO HIM3 ',PROVE ?AT Y\ W]E AN ANNUAL POSSESSOR BE=E ME1 = Y\ >E ! PLA9TIFF4 ,AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 IT IS NOT = ME TO TELL Y\ H[ ,I POSSESS1 NOR H[ LONG ,I HAVE POSSESS$4 ,POSSIDEO QUIA POSSIDEO4 ,I HAVE NO O!R REPLY1 NO O!R DEF5SE4 ,:5 Y\ HAVE %[N ?AT Y\R ACTION IS ADMISSIBLE1 !N WE WILL SEE :E!R Y\ >E 5TITL$ TO LIFT ! VEIL :I* HIDES ! ORIG9 ( MY POSSESSION4' 0 

,& ?IS IS :AT IS HONOR$ ) ! NAME ( JURISPRUD5CE & PHILOSOPHY1 -- ! RE/ORATION ( =CE4 ,:AT6 :5 ,I HAVE 0MOLD$ MATT] BY MY LABOR0 .<,I QUOTE ,M4 ,TROPLONG.>2 :5 ,I HAVE 0DEPOSIT$ 9 IT A PORTION ( MYSELF0 .<,M4 ,TROPLONG.>2 :5 ,I HAVE 0RE-CREAT$ IT BY MY 9DU/RY1 & SET UPON IT ! SEAL ( MY 9TELLIG5CE0 .<,M4 ,TROPLONG.>1 -- ON ! GR\ND ?AT ,I HAVE NOT POSSESS$ IT = A YE>1 A /RANG] MAY DISPOSSESS ME1 & ! LAW (F]S ME NO PROTECTION6 ,& IF ,M4 ,TROPLONG IS MY JUDGE1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG WILL CONDEMN ME6 ,& IF ,I RESI/ MY ADV]S>Y1 -- IF1 = ?IS BIT ( MUD :I* ,I MAY CALL MY FIELD1 & ( :I* !Y WI% TO ROB ME1 A W> BREAKS \T BETWE5 ! TWO COMPETITORS1 -- ! LEGISLATOR WILL GRAVELY WAIT UNTIL ! /RONG]1 HAV+ KILL$ ! O!R1 HAS HAD POSSESSION = A YE>6 ,NO1 NO1 ,MONSIEUR ,TROPLONG6 Y\ DO NOT UND]/& ! WORDS ( ! LAW2 = ,I PREF] TO CALL 9 QUE/ION Y\R 9TELLIG5CE RA!R ?AN ! JU/ICE ( ! LEGISLATOR4 ,Y\ >E MI/AK5 9 Y\R APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE1 ,9 P>I CAUSA POSSESSOR POTIOR HABETUR3 ! ACTUALITY ( POSSESSION H]E REF]S TO HIM :O POSSESS$ AT ! TIME :5 ! DIFFICULTY >OSE1 NOT TO HIM :O POSSESSES AT ! TIME ( ! COMPLA9T4 ,& :5 ! CODE PROHIBITS ! RECEPTION ( ACTIONS POSSESSOIRES1 9 CASES :]E ! POSSESSION IS NOT ( A YE>'S DURATION1 IT SIMPLY MEANS ?AT IF1 BE=E A YE> HAS ELAPS$1 ! HOLD] REL9QUI%ES POSSESSION1 & CEASES ACTUALLY TO OCCUPY 9 PROPRIA P]SONA1 HE CANNOT AVAIL HIMSELF ( AN ACTION POSSESSOIRE AGA9/ HIS SUCCESSOR4 ,9 A WORD1 ! CODE TREATS POSSESSION ( LESS ?AN A YE> AS IT \<T TO TREAT ALL POSSESSION1 H[EV] LONG IT HAS EXI/$1 -- ?AT IS1 ! CONDITION ( PROP]TY \<T TO BE1 NOT M]ELY SEIZ9 = A YE>1 BUT P]PETUAL SEIZ94 

,I WILL NOT PURSUE ?IS ANALYSIS F>!R4 ,:5 AN AU?OR BASES TWO VOLUMES ( QUIBBLES ON F\NDATIONS SO UNC]TA91 IT MAY BE BOLDLY DECL>$ ?AT HIS WORK1 :ATEV] ! AM\NT ( LE>N+ DISPLAY$ 9 IT1 IS A MESS ( NONS5SE UNWOR?Y A CRITIC'S ATT5TION4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 SIR1 ,I SEEM TO HE> Y\ REPROA*+ ME = ?IS CONCEIT$ DOGMATISM1 ?IS LAWLESS >ROGANCE1 :I* RESPECTS NO?+1 CLAIMS A MONOPOLY ( JU/ICE & GOOD S5SE1 & ASSUMES TO PUT 9 ! PILLORY ANY ONE :O D>ES TO MA9TA9 AN OP9ION CONTR>Y TO ITS [N4 ,?IS FAULT1 !Y TELL ME1 MORE ODI\S ?AN ANY O!R 9 AN AU?OR1 WAS TOO PROM95T A *>ACT]I/IC ( MY ,FIR/ ,MEMOIR1 & ,I %\LD DO WELL TO CORRECT IT4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO ! SUCCESS ( MY DEF5SE1 ?AT ,I %\LD V9DICATE MYSELF FROM ?IS REPROA*2 & S9CE1 :ILE P]CEIV+ 9 MYSELF O!R FAULTS ( A DIFF]5T *>ACT]1 ,I /ILL ADH]E 9 ?IS P>TICUL> TO MY DISPUTATI\S /YLE1 IT IS RI<T ?AT ,I %\LD GIVE MY REASONS = MY CONDUCT4 ,I ACT1 NOT FROM 9CL9ATION1 BUT FROM NECESSITY4 

,I SAY1 !N1 ?AT ,I TREAT MY AU?ORS AS ,I DO = TWO REASONS3 A REASON ( RI<T1 & A REASON ( 9T5TION2 BO? P]EMPTORY4 

#a4 ,REASON ( RI<T4 ,:5 ,I PREA* EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 ,I DO NOT ADVANCE AN OP9ION MORE OR LESS PROBABLE1 A UTOPIA MORE OR LESS +5I\S1 AN IDEA CONCEIV$ )9 MY BRA9 BY MEANS ( IMAG9ATION ONLY4 ,I LAY D[N AN ABSOLUTE TRU?1 CONC]N+ :I* HESITATION IS IMPOSSIBLE1 MODE/Y SUP]FLU\S1 & D\BT RIDICUL\S4 

,BUT1 DO Y\ ASK1 :AT ASSURES ME ?AT ?AT :I* ,I UTT] IS TRUE8 ,:AT ASSURES ME1 SIR8 ,! LOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL PROCESSES :I* ,I USE1 ! CORRECTNESS ( :I* ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ BY A PRIORI REASON+2 ! FACT ?AT ,I POSSESS AN 9FALLIBLE ME?OD ( 9VE/IGATION & V]IFICATION ) :I* MY AU?ORS >E UNACQUA9T$2 & F9ALLY1 ! FACT ?AT = ALL MATT]S RELAT+ TO PROP]TY & JU/ICE ,I HAVE F\ND A =MULA :I* EXPLA9S ALL LEGISLATIVE V>IATIONS1 & FURNI%ES A KEY = ALL PROBLEMS4 ,N[1 IS !RE SO MU* AS A %AD[ ( ME?OD 9 ,M4 ,T\LLI]1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 & ?IS SW>M ( 9SIPID COMM5TATORS1 ALMO/ AS DEVOID ( REASON & MORAL S5SE AS ! CODE ITSELF8 ,DO Y\ GIVE ! NAME ( ME?OD TO AN ALPHABETICAL1 *RONOLOGICAL1 ANALOGICAL1 OR M]ELY NOM9AL CLASSIFICATION ( SUBJECTS8 ,DO Y\ GIVE ! NAME ( ME?OD TO !SE LI/S ( P>AGRAPHS GA!R$ UND] AN >BITR>Y HEAD1 !SE SOPHI/ICAL VAG>IES1 ?IS MASS ( CONTRADICTORY QUOTATIONS & OP9IONS1 ?IS NAUSE\S /YLE1 ?IS SPASMODIC RHETORIC1 MODELS ( :I* >E SO COMMON AT ! B>1 ?\< SELDOM F\ND ELSE:]E8 ,DO Y\ TAKE = PHILOSOPHY ?IS TWADDLE1 ?IS 9TOL]ABLE PETTIFOGG]Y ADORN$ ) A FEW S*OLA/IC TRIMM+S8 ,NO1 NO6 A WRIT] :O RESPECTS HIMSELF1 NEV] WILL CONS5T TO 5T] ! BALANCE ) !SE MANIPULATORS ( LAW1 MISNAM$ JURI/S2 & = MY P>T ,I OBJECT TO A COMP>ISON4 

#b4 ,REASON ( 9T5TION4 ,AS F> AS ,I AM P]MITT$ TO DIVULGE ?IS SECRET1 ,I AM A CONSPIRATOR 9 AN IMM5SE REVOLUTION1 T]RIBLE TO *>LATANS & DESPOTS1 TO ALL EXPLOIT]S ( ! POOR & CR$UL\S1 TO ALL SAL>I$ IDL]S1 DEAL]S 9 POLITICAL PANACEAS & P>ABLES1 TYRANTS 9 A WORD ( ?\<T & ( OP9ION4 ,I LABOR TO /IR UP ! REASON ( 9DIVIDUALS TO 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! REASON ( AU?ORITIES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( ! SOCIETY ( :I* ,I AM A MEMB]1 ALL ! EVILS :I* AFFLICT HUMANITY >ISE FROM FAI? 9 EXT]NAL TEA*+S & SUBMISSION TO AU?ORITY4 ,& NOT TO GO \TSIDE ( \R [N C5TURY1 IS IT NOT TRUE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,FRANCE IS PLUND]$1 SC(F$ AT1 & TYRANNIZ$ OV]1 BECAUSE %E SPEAKS 9 MASSES1 & NOT BY HEADS8 ,! ,FR5* PEOPLE >E P5N$ UP 9 ?REE OR F\R FLOCKS1 RECEIV+ !IR SIGNAL FROM A *IEF1 RESPOND+ TO ! VOICE ( A LEAD]1 & ?9K+ JU/ AS HE SAYS4 ,A C]TA9 J\RNAL1 IT IS SAID1 HAS FIFTY ?\S& SUBSCRIB]S2 ASSUM+ SIX READ]S TO EV]Y SUBSCRIB]1 WE HAVE ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& %EEP BR[S+ & BLEAT+ AT ! SAME CRAT*4 ,APPLY ?IS CALCULATION TO ! :OLE P]IODICAL PRESS1 & Y\ F9D ?AT1 9 \R FREE & 9TELLIG5T ,FRANCE1 !RE >E TWO MILLIONS ( CREATURES RECEIV+ EV]Y MORN+ FROM ! J\RNALS SPIRITUAL PA/URAGE4 ,TWO MILLIONS6 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 5TIRE NATION ALL[S A SCORE ( LITTLE FELL[S TO LEAD IT BY ! NOSE4 

,BY NO MEANS1 SIR1 DO ,I D5Y TO J\RNALI/S TAL5T1 SCI5CE1 LOVE ( TRU?1 PATRIOTISM1 & :AT Y\ PLEASE4 ,!Y >E V]Y WOR?Y & 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE1 :OM ,I UND\BT$LY %\LD WI% TO RESEMBLE1 HAD ,I ! HONOR TO KN[ !M4 ,?AT ( :I* ,I COMPLA91 & ?AT :I* HAS MADE ME A CONSPIRATOR1 IS ?AT1 9/EAD ( 5LI<T5+ US1 !SE G5TLEM5 COMM& US1 IMPOSE UPON US >TICLES ( FAI?1 & ?AT )\T DEMON/RATION OR V]IFICATION4 ,:51 = EXAMPLE1 ,I ASK :Y !SE =TIFICATIONS ( ,P>IS1 :I*1 9 =M] TIMES1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( C]TA9 PREJUDICES1 & BY MEANS ( A CONCURR5CE ( EXTRAORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES SUPPOS$ = ! SAKE ( ! >GUM5T TO HAVE EXI/$1 MAY P]HAPS HAVE S]V$ TO PROTECT US1 BUT :I* IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R \R DESC5DANTS WILL EV] USE1 -- :5 ,I ASK1 ,I SAY1 ON :AT GR\NDS !Y ASSIMILATE ! FUTURE TO A HYPO!TICAL PA/1 !Y REPLY ?AT ,M4 ,?I]S1 :O HAS A GREAT M9D1 HAS WRITT5 UPON ?IS SUBJECT A REPORT ( ADMIRABLE ELEGANCE & M>VEL\S CLE>NESS4 ,AT ?IS ,I BECOME ANGRY1 & REPLY ?AT ,M4 ,?I]S DOES NOT KN[ :AT HE IS TALK+ AB\T4 ,:Y1 HAV+ WANT$ NO DETA*$ =TS SEV5 YE>S AGO1 DO WE WANT !M TO-DAY8 

0,OH6 DAMN IT10 !Y SAY1 0! DIFF]5CE IS GREAT2 ! FIR/ =TS W]E TOO NE> TO US2 ) !SE WE CANNOT BE BOM-B>D$40 ,Y\ CANNOT BE BOMB>D$2 BUT Y\ CAN BE BLOCKAD$1 & WILL BE1 IF Y\ /IR4 ,:AT6 TO OBTA9 BLOCKADE =TS FROM ! ,P>ISIANS1 IT HAS SUFFIC$ TO PREJUDICE !M AGA9/ BOMB>DM5T =TS6 ,& !Y ?\<T TO \TWIT ! GOV]NM5T6 ,OH1 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE6 444 

0,DAMN IT6 ,M4 ,?I]S1 :O IS WIS] ?AN Y\1 SAYS ?AT IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO SUPPOSE A GOV]NM5T MAK+ W> UPON CITIZ5S1 & MA9TA9+ ITSELF BY =CE & 9 SPITE ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?AT W\LD BE ABSURD60 ,P]HAPS SO3 SU* A ?+ HAS HAPP5$ MORE ?AN ONCE1 & MAY HAPP5 AGA94 ,BESIDES1 :5 DESPOTISM IS /RONG1 IT APPE>S ALMO/ LEGITIMATE4 ,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 !Y LI$ 9 #a#h#c#c1 & !Y LIE AGA9 9 #a#h#d#a1 -- ?OSE :O ?REAT5 US ) ! BOMB-%ELL4 ,& !N1 IF ,M4 ,?I]S IS SO WELL ASSUR$ ( ! 9T5TIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :Y DOES HE NOT WI% ! =TS TO BE BUILT BE=E ! CIRCUIT IS EXT5D$8 ,:Y ?IS AIR ( SUSPICION ( ! GOV]NM5T1 UNLESS AN 9TRIGUE HAS BE5 PLANN$ BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ,M4 ,?I]S8 

0,DAMN IT6 WE DO NOT WI% TO BE AGA9 9VAD$4 ,IF ,P>IS HAD BE5 =TIFI$ 9 #a#h#a#e1 ,NAPOLEON W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CONQU]$60 ,BUT ,I TELL Y\ ?AT ,NAPOLEON WAS NOT CONQU]$1 BUT SOLD2 & ?AT IF1 9 #a#h#a#e1 ,P>IS HAD HAD =TIFICATIONS1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ) !M AS ) ! ?IRTY ?\S& M5 ( ,GR\*Y1 :O W]E MISL$ DUR+ ! BATTLE4 ,IT IS /ILL EASI] TO SURR5D] =TS ?AN TO LEAD SOLDI]S4 

,W\LD ! SELFI% & ! C[>DLY EV] LACK REASONS = YIELD+ TO ! 5EMY8 

0,BUT DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT ! ABSOLUTI/ C\RTS >E PROVOK$ AT \R =TIFICATIONS8 -- A PRO( ?AT !Y DO NOT ?9K AS Y\ DO40 ,Y\ BELIEVE ?AT2 &1 = MY P>T1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT 9 REALITY !Y >E QUITE AT EASE AB\T ! MATT]2 &1 IF !Y APPE> TO TEASE \R M9I/]S1 !Y DO SO ONLY TO GIVE ! LATT] AN OPPORTUNITY TO DECL9E4 ,! ABSOLUTI/ C\RTS >E ALWAYS ON BETT] T]MS ) \R CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 ?AN \R MON>*Y ) US4 ,DOES NOT ,M4 ,GUIZOT SAY ?AT ,FRANCE NE$S TO BE DEF5D$ )9 AS WELL AS )\T8 ,)96 AGA9/ :OM8 ,AGA9/ ,FRANCE4 ,O ,P>ISIANS6 IT IS BUT SIX MON?S S9CE Y\ DEM&$ W>1 & N[ Y\ WANT ONLY B>RICADES4 ,:Y %\LD ! ALLIES FE> Y\R DOCTR9ES1 :5 Y\ CANNOT EV5 CONTROL Y\RSELVES8 444 ,H[ C\LD Y\ SU/A9 A SIEGE1 :5 Y\ WEEP OV] ! ABS5CE ( AN ACTRESS8 

0,BUT1 F9ALLY1 DO Y\ NOT UND]/& ?AT1 BY ! RULES ( MOD]N W>F>E1 ! CAPITAL ( A C\NTRY IS ALWAYS ! OBJECTIVE PO9T ( ITS ASSAILANTS8 ,SUPPOSE \R >MY DEFEAT$ ON ! ,RH9E1 ,FRANCE 9VAD$1 & DEF5SELESS ,P>IS FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! 5EMY4 ,IT W\LD BE ! DEA? ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE P[]2 )\T A HEAD IT C\LD NOT LIVE4 ,! CAPITAL TAK51 ! NATION MU/ SUBMIT4 ,:AT DO Y\ SAY TO ?AT80 

,! REPLY IS V]Y SIMPLE4 ,:Y IS SOCIETY CON/ITUT$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! DE/9Y ( ! C\NTRY DEP5DS UPON ! SAFETY ( ! CAPITAL8 ,:Y1 9 CASE \R T]RITORY BE 9VAD$ & ,P>IS BESIEG$1 CANNOT ! LEGISLATIVE1 EXECUTIVE1 & MILIT>Y P[]S ACT \TSIDE ( ,P>IS8 ,:Y ?IS LOCALIZATION ( ALL ! VITAL =CES ( ,FRANCE8 444 ,DO NOT CRY \T UPON DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,?IS HACKNEY$ REPROA* W\LD DISCR$IT ONLY Y\R [N 9TELLIG5CE & S9C]ITY4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( DEC5TRALIZATION2 IT IS Y\R POLITICAL FETI*ISM :I* ,I ATTACK4 ,:Y %\LD ! NATIONAL UNITY BE ATTA*$ TO A C]TA9 PLACE1 TO C]TA9 FUNCTION>IES1 TO C]TA9 BAYONETS8 ,:Y %\LD ! ,PLACE ,MAUB]T & ! ,PALACE ( ! ,TUIL]IES BE ! PALLADIUM ( ,FRANCE8 

,N[ LET ME MAKE AN HYPO!SIS4 

,SUPPOSE IT W]E WRITT5 9 ! *>T]1 0,9 CASE ! C\NTRY BE AGA9 9VAD$1 & ,P>IS =C$ TO SURR5D]1 ! GOV]NM5T BE+ ANNIHILAT$ & ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DISSOLV$1 ! ELECTORAL COLLEGES %ALL REASSEMBLE SPONTANE\SLY & )\T O!R (FICIAL NOTICE1 = ! PURPOSE ( APPO9T+ NEW DEPUTIES1 :O %ALL ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T AT ,ORLEANS4 ,IF ,ORLEANS SUCCUMBS1 ! GOV]NM5T %ALL RECON/RUCT ITSELF 9 ! SAME WAY AT ,LYONS2 !N AT ,BORDEAUX1 !N AT ,BAYONNE1 UNTIL ALL ,FRANCE BE CAPTUR$ OR ! 5EMY DRIV5 FROM ! L&4 ,= ! GOV]NM5T MAY P]I%1 BUT ! NATION NEV] DIES4 ,! K+1 ! PE]S1 & ! DEPUTIES MASSACR$1 ,VIVE LA ,FRANCE60 

,DO Y\ NOT ?9K ?AT SU* AN ADDITION TO ! *>T] W\LD BE A BETT] SAFEGU>D = ! LIB]TY & 9TEGRITY ( ! C\NTRY ?AN WALLS & BA/IONS >\ND ,P>IS8 ,WELL1 !N6 DO H5CE=? = ADM9I/RATION1 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE1 LIT]ATURE1 & >T ?AT :I* ! *>T] \<T TO PRESCRIBE = ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & COMMON DEF5SE4 ,9/EAD ( 5DEAVOR+ TO R5D] ,P>IS IMPREGNABLE1 TRY RA!R TO R5D] ! LOSS ( ,P>IS AN 9SIGNIFICANT MATT]4 ,9/EAD ( ACCUMULAT+ AB\T ONE PO9T ACADEMIES1 FACULTIES1 S*OOLS1 & POLITICAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & JUDICIAL C5T]S2 9/EAD ( >RE/+ 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T & WEAK5+ PUBLIC SPIRIT 9 ! PROV9CES BY ?IS FATAL AGGLOM]ATION1 -- CAN Y\ NOT1 )\T DE/ROY+ UNITY1 DI/RIBUTE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AMONG PLACES AS WELL AS AMONG P]SONS8 ,SU* A SY/EM -- 9 ALL[+ EA* PROV9CE TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICAL P[] & ACTION1 & 9 BALANC+ 9DU/RY1 9TELLIG5CE1 & /R5G? 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY -- W\LD EQUALLY SECURE1 AGA9/ 5EMIES AT HOME & 5EMIES ABROAD1 ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE & ! /ABILITY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,DISCRIM9ATE1 !N1 BETWE5 ! C5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS & ! CONC5TRATION ( ORGANS2 BETWE5 POLITICAL UNITY & ITS MAT]IAL SYMBOL4 

0,OH6 ?AT IS PLAUSIBLE2 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE60 -- :I* MEANS ?AT ! CITY ( ,P>IS DOES NOT 9T5D TO SURR5D] ITS PRIVILEGES1 & ?AT !RE IT IS /ILL A QUE/ION ( PROP]TY4 

,IDLE TALK6 ,! C\NTRY1 9 A /ATE ( PANIC :I* HAS BE5 CLEV]LY WORK$ UPON1 HAS ASK$ = =TIFICATIONS4 ,I D>E TO AFFIRM ?AT IT HAS ABDICAT$ ITS SOV]EIGNTY4 ,ALL P>TIES >E TO BLAME = ?IS SUICIDE1 -- ! CONS]VATIVES1 BY !IR ACQUIESC5CE 9 ! PLANS ( ! GOV]NM5T2 ! FRI5DS ( ! DYNA/Y1 BECAUSE !Y WI% NO OPPOSITION TO ?AT :I* PLEASES !M1 & BECAUSE A POPUL> REVOLUTION W\LD ANNIHILATE !M2 ! DEMOCRATS1 BECAUSE !Y HOPE TO RULE 9 !IR TURN4.<#g#b.> ,?AT :I* ALL REJOICE AT HAV+ OBTA9$ IS A MEANS ( FUTURE REPRESSION4 ,AS = ! DEF5SE ( ! C\NTRY1 !Y >E NOT TR\BL$ AB\T ?AT4 ,! IDEA ( TYRANNY DWELLS 9 ! M9DS ( ALL1 & BR+S TOGE!R 9TO ONE CONSPIRACY ALL =MS ( SELFI%NESS4 ,WE WI% ! REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY1 BUT WE SUBORD9ATE ?IS DESIRE TO \R IDEAS & CONV5I5CE4 ,?AT \R APPROA*+ M>RIAGE MAY TAKE PLACE1 ?AT \R BUS9ESS MAY SUCCE$1 ?AT \R OP9IONS MAY TRIUMPH1 WE PO/PONE RE=M4 ,9TOL]ANCE & SELFI%NESS LEAD US TO PUT FETT]S UPON LIB]TY2 &1 BECAUSE WE CANNOT WI% ALL ?AT ,GOD WI%ES1 WE W\LD1 IF IT RE/$ ) US1 /AY ! C\RSE ( DE/9Y RA!R ?AN SACRIFICE \R [N 9T]E/S & SELF-LOVE4 ,IS NOT ?IS AN 9/ANCE :]E ! WORDS ( ,SOLOMON APPLY1 -- 0,L'9IQUITE A M5TI A ELLE-MEME08 

,= ?IS REASON1 SIR1 ,I HAVE 5LI/$ 9 A DESP]ATE W> AGA9/ EV]Y =M ( AU?ORITY OV] ! MULTITUDE4 ,ADVANCE S5T9EL ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,I CROSS BAYONETS ) ! CELEBRITIES ( ! DAY1 AS WELL AS ) SPIES & *>LATANS4 ,WELL1 :5 ,I AM FI<T+ ) AN ILLU/RI\S ADV]S>Y1 MU/ ,I /OP AT ! 5D ( EV]Y PHRASE1 LIKE AN ORATOR 9 ! TRIBUNE1 TO SAY 0! LE>N$ AU?OR10 0! ELOQU5T WRIT]10 0! PR(\ND PUBLICI/10 & A HUNDR$ O!R PLATITUDES ) :I* IT IS FA%IONABLE TO MOCK PEOPLE8 ,!SE CIVILITIES SEEM TO ME NO LESS 9SULT+ TO ! MAN ATTACK$ ?AN DI%ONORABLE TO ! AGGRESSOR4 ,BUT :51 REBUK+ AN AU?OR1 ,I SAY TO HIM1 0,CITIZ51 Y\R DOCTR9E IS ABSURD1 &1 IF TO PROVE MY ASS]TION IS AN (F5SE AGA9/ Y\1 ,I AM GUILTY ( IT10 IMM$IATELY ! LI/5] OP5S HIS E>S2 HE IS ALL ATT5TION2 &1 IF ,I DO NOT SUCCE$ 9 CONV9C+ HIM1 AT LEA/ ,I GIVE HIS ?\<T AN IMPULSE1 & SET HIM ! :OLESOME EXAMPLE ( D\BT & FREE EXAM9ATION4 

,!N DO NOT ?9K1 SIR1 ?AT1 9 TRIPP+ UP ! PHILOSOPHY ( Y\R V]Y LE>N$ & V]Y E/IMABLE CONFR]E1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 ,I FAIL TO APPRECIATE HIS TAL5T AS A WRIT] 79 MY OP9ION1 HE HAS TOO MU* = A JURI/72 NOR HIS KN[L$GE1 ?\< IT IS TOO CLOSELY CONF9$ TO ! LETT] ( ! LAW1 & ! READ+ ( OLD BOOKS4 ,9 !SE P>TICUL>S1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG (F5DS ON ! SIDE ( EXCESS RA!R ?AN DEFICI5CY4 ,FUR!R1 DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,I AM ACTUAT$ BY ANY P]SONAL ANIMOSITY T[>DS HIM1 OR ?AT ,I HAVE ! SLI<TE/ DESIRE TO W\ND HIS SELF-LOVE4 ,I KN[ ,M4 ,TROPLONG ONLY BY HIS 0,TREATISE ON ,PRESCRIPTION10 :I* ,I WI% HE HAD NOT WRITT52 & AS = MY CRITICS1 NEI!R ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 NOR ANY ( ?OSE :OSE OP9ION ,I VALUE1 WILL EV] READ ME4 ,ONCE MORE1 MY ONLY OBJECT IS TO PROVE1 AS F> AS ,I AM ABLE1 TO ?IS UNHAPPY ,FR5* NATION1 ?AT ?OSE :O MAKE ! LAWS1 AS WELL AS ?OSE :O 9T]PRET !M1 >E NOT 9FALLIBLE ORGANS ( G5]AL1 IMP]SONAL1 & ABSOLUTE REASON4 

,I HAD RESOLV$ TO SUBMIT TO A SY/EMATIC CRITICISM ! SEMI(FICIAL DEF5SE ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY REC5TLY PUT =? BY ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 Y\R COLLEAGUE AT ! ,CONS]VATORY4 ,) ?IS VIEW1 ,I HAD COMM5C$ TO COLLECT ! DOCUM5TS NECESS>Y = EA* ( HIS LECTURES1 BUT1 SOON P]CEIV+ ?AT ! IDEAS ( ! PR(ESSOR W]E 9COH]5T1 ?AT HIS >GUM5TS CONTRADICT$ EA* O!R1 ?AT ONE AFFIRMATION WAS SURE TO BE OV]?R[N BY ANO!R1 & ?AT 9 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI'S LUCUBRATIONS ! GOOD WAS ALWAYS M+L$ ) ! BAD1 & BE+ BY NATURE A LITTLE SUSPICI\S1 IT SUDD5LY OCCURR$ TO ME ?AT ,M4 ,WOL[SKI WAS AN ADVOCATE ( EQUALITY 9 DISGUISE1 ?R[N 9 SPITE ( HIMSELF 9TO ! POSITION 9 :I* ! PATRI>* ,JACOB PICTURES ONE ( HIS SONS1 -- 9T] DUAS CLITELLAS1 BETWE5 TWO /OOLS1 AS ! PROV]B SAYS4 ,9 MORE P>LIAM5T>Y LANGUAGE1 ,I SAW CLE>LY ?AT ,M4 ,WOL[SKI WAS PLAC$ BETWE5 HIS PR(\ND CONVICTIONS ON ! ONE H& & HIS (FICIAL DUTIES ON ! O!R1 & ?AT1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 HIS POSITION1 HE HAD TO ASSUME A C]TA9 SLANT4 ,!N ,I EXP]I5C$ GREAT PA9 AT SEE+ ! RES]VE1 ! CIRCUMLOCUTION1 ! FIGURES1 & ! IRONY TO :I* A PR(ESSOR ( LEGISLATION1 :OSE DUTY IT IS TO TEA* DOGMAS ) CLE>NESS & PRECISION1 WAS =C$ TO RESORT2 & ,I FELL TO CURS+ ! SOCIETY 9 :I* AN HONE/ MAN IS NOT ALL[$ TO SAY FRANKLY :AT HE ?9KS4 ,NEV]1 SIR1 HAVE Y\ CONCEIV$ ( SU* TORTURE3 ,I SEEM$ TO BE WITNESS+ ! M>TYRDOM ( A M9D4 ,I AM GO+ TO GIVE Y\ AN IDEA ( !SE A/ONI%+ MEET+S1 OR RA!R ( !SE SC5ES ( SORR[4 

,MONDAY1 ,NOV4 #b1 #a#h#d4 -- ,! PR(ESSOR DECL>ES1 9 BRIEF1 -- #a4 ,?AT ! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS NOT F\ND$ UPON OCCUPATION1 BUT UPON ! IMPRESS ( MAN2 #b4 ,?AT EV]Y MAN HAS A NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T TO ! USE ( MATT]4 

,N[1 IF MATT] CAN BE APPROPRIAT$1 & IF1 NOT)/&+1 ALL M5 RETA9 AN 9ALI5ABLE RI<T TO ! USE ( ?IS MATT]1 :AT IS PROP]TY8 -- & IF MATT] CAN BE APPROPRIAT$ ONLY BY LABOR1 H[ LONG IS ?IS APPROPRIATION TO CONT9UE8 -- QUE/IONS ?AT WILL CONFUSE & CONF\ND ALL JURI/S :ATSOEV]4 

,!N ,M4 ,WOL[SKI CITES HIS AU?ORITIES4 ,GREAT ,GOD6 :AT WITNESSES HE BR+S =W>D6 ,FIR/1 ,M4 ,TROPLONG1 ! GREAT METAPHYSICIAN1 :OM WE HAVE DISCUSS$2 !N1 ,M4 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 $ITOR ( ! 0,REVUE DU ,PROGRES10 :O CAME NE> BE+ TRI$ BY JURY = PUBLI%+ HIS 0,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR10 & :O ESCAP$ FROM ! CLUT*ES ( ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ONLY BY A JUGGL]'S TRICK2.<#g#c.> ,COR9NE1 -- ,I MEAN ,MADAME DE ,/AEL1 -- :O1 9 AN ODE1 MAK+ A POETICAL COMP>ISON ( ! L& ) ! WAVES1 ( ! FURR[ ( A PL[ ) ! WAKE ( A VESSEL1 SAYS 0?AT PROP]TY EXI/S ONLY :]E MAN HAS LEFT HIS TRACE10 :I* MAKES PROP]TY DEP5D5T UPON ! SOLIDITY ( ! ELEM5TS2 ,R\SSEAU1 ! APO/LE ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 BUT :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 ATTACK$ PROP]TY ONLY AS A JOKE1 & 9 ORD] TO PO9T A P>ADOX2 ,ROBESPI]RE1 :O PROHIBIT$ A DIVISION ( ! L&1 BECAUSE HE REG>D$ SU* A MEASURE AS A REJUV5ESC5CE ( PROP]TY1 & :O1 :ILE AWAIT+ ! DEF9ITIVE ORGANIZATION ( ! REPUBLIC1 PLAC$ ALL PROP]TY 9 ! C>E ( ! PEOPLE1 -- ?AT IS1 TRANSF]R$ ! RI<T ( EM95T DOMA9 FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SOCIETY2 ,BABEUF1 :O WANT$ PROP]TY = ! NATION1 & COMMUNISM = ! CITIZ5S2 ,M4 ,CON-SID]ANT1 :O FAVORS A DIVISION ( L&$ PROP]TY 9TO %>ES1 -- ?AT IS1 :O WI%ES TO R5D] PROP]TY NOM9AL & FICTITI\S3 ! :OLE BE+ 9T]M+L$ ) JOKES & WITTICISMS 79T5D$ UND\BT$LY TO LEAD PEOPLE AWAY FROM ! HORNETS' NE/S7 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ADV]S>IES ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY6 

,NOVEMB] #b#f4 -- ,M4 ,WOL[SKI SUPPOSES ?IS OBJECTION3 ,L&1 LIKE WAT]1 AIR1 & LI<T1 IS NECESS>Y TO LIFE1 !RE=E IT CANNOT BE APPROPRIAT$2 & HE REPLIES3 ,! IMPORTANCE ( L&$ PROP]TY DIM9I%ES AS ! P[] ( 9DU/RY 9CREASES4 

,GOOD6 ?IS IMPORTANCE DIM9I%ES1 BUT IT DOES NOT DISAPPE>2 & ?IS1 ( ITSELF1 %[S L&$ PROP]TY TO BE ILLEGITIMATE4 ,H]E ,M4 ,WOL[SKI PRET5DS TO ?9K ?AT ! OPPON5TS ( PROP]TY REF] ONLY TO PROP]TY 9 L&1 :ILE !Y M]ELY TAKE IT AS A T]M ( COMP>ISON2 &1 9 %[+ ) WOND]FUL CLE>NESS ! ABSURDITY ( ! POSITION 9 :I* HE PLACES !M1 HE F9DS A WAY ( DRAW+ ! ATT5TION ( HIS HE>]S TO ANO!R SUBJECT )\T BE+ FALSE TO ! TRU? :I* IT IS HIS (FICE TO CONTRADICT4 

0,PROP]TY10 SAYS ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 0IS ?AT :I* DI/+UI%ES MAN FROM ! ANIMALS40 ,?AT MAY BE2 BUT >E WE TO REG>D ?IS AS A COMPLIM5T OR A SATIRE8 

0,MAHOMET10 SAYS ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 0DECRE$ PROP]TY40 ,& SO DID ,G5<IS ,KHAN1 & ,TAM]LANE1 & ALL ! RAVAG]S ( NATIONS4 ,:AT SORT ( LEGISLATORS W]E !Y8 

0,PROP]TY HAS BE5 9 EXI/5CE EV] S9CE ! ORIG9 ( ! HUMAN RACE40 ,YES1 & SO HAS SLAV]Y1 & DESPOTISM ALSO2 & LIKEWISE POLYGAMY & IDOLATRY4 ,BUT :AT DOES ?IS ANTIQUITY %[8 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,/ATE -- ,M4 ,PORTALIS AT !IR HEAD -- DID NOT RAISE1 9 !IR DISCUSSION ( ! ,CODE1 ! QUE/ION ( ! LEGITIMACY ( PROP]TY4 0,!IR SIL5CE10 SAYS ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 0IS A PREC$5T 9 FAVOR ( ?IS RI<T40 ,I MAY REG>D ?IS REPLY AS P]SONALLY ADDRESS$ TO ME1 S9CE ! OBS]VATION BELONGS TO ME4 ,I REPLY1 0,AS LONG AS AN OP9ION IS UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$1 ! UNIV]SALITY ( BELIEF S]VES ( ITSELF AS >GUM5T & PRO(4 ,:5 ?IS SAME OP9ION IS ATTACK$1 ! =M] FAI? PROVES NO?+2 WE MU/ RESORT TO REASON4 ,IGNORANCE1 H[EV] OLD & P>DONABLE IT MAY BE1 NEV] \TWEI<S REASON40 

,PROP]TY HAS ITS ABUSES1 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI CONFESSES4 0,BUT10 HE SAYS1 0!SE ABUSES GRADUALLY DISAPPE>4 ,TO-DAY !IR CAUSE IS KN[N4 ,!Y ALL >ISE FROM A FALSE !ORY ( PROP-]TY4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 PROP]TY IS 9VIOLABLE1 BUT IT CAN & MU/ BE *ECK$ & DISCIPL9$40 ,SU* >E ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! PR(ESSOR4 

,:5 ONE ?US REMA9S 9 ! CL\DS1 HE NE$ NOT FE> TO EQUIVOCATE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I W\LD LIKE HIM TO DEF9E !SE ABUSES ( PROP]TY1 TO %[ !IR CAUSE1 TO EXPLA9 ?IS TRUE !ORY FROM :I* NO ABUSE IS TO SPR+2 9 %ORT1 TO TELL ME H[1 )\T DE/ROY+ PROP]TY1 IT CAN BE GOV]N$ = ! GREATE/ GOOD ( ALL4 0,\R CIVIL CODE10 SAYS ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 9 SPEAK+ ( ?IS SUBJECT1 0LEAVES MU* TO BE DESIR$40 ,I ?9K IT LEAVES EV]Y ?+ UNDONE4 

,F9ALLY1 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI OPPOSES1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL1 & ! ABSORPTION :I* RESULTS !REFROM2 &1 ON ! O!R1 HE OBJECTS TO ! EXTREME DIVISION ( ! L&4 ,N[ ,I ?9K ?AT ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ 9 MY ,FIR/ ,MEMOIR1 ?AT L>GE ACCUMULATION & M9UTE DIVISION >E ! FIR/ TWO T]MS ( AN ECONOMICAL TR9ITY1 -- A !SIS & AN ANTI!SIS4 ,BUT1 :ILE ,M4 ,WOL[SKI SAYS NO?+ ( ! ?IRD T]M1 ! SYN!SIS1 & ?US LEAVES ! 9F]5CE 9 SUSP5SE1 ,I HAVE %[N ?AT ?IS ?IRD T]M IS ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N1 :I* IS ! ANNIHILATION ( PROP]TY4 

,NOVEMB] #c4 -- ,L,I,T,],>,Y ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y4 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI GRANTS ?AT IT IS JU/ TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<TS ( TAL5T 7:I* IS NOT 9 ! LEA/ HO/ILE TO EQUALITY72 BUT HE S]I\SLY OBJECTS TO P]PETUAL & ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 9 ! WORKS ( G5IUS1 TO ! PR(IT ( ! AU?ORS' HEIRS4 ,HIS MA9 >GUM5T IS1 ?AT SOCIETY HAS A RI<T ( COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION OV] EV]Y CREATION ( ! M9D4 ,N[1 IT IS PRECISELY ?IS PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE P[] ?AT ,I DEVELOP$ 9 MY 0,9QUIRIES 9TO ,PROP]TY & ,GOV]NM5T10 & ON :I* ,I HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! COMPLETE $IFICE ( A NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI IS1 AS F> AS ,I KN[1 ! FIR/ JURI/ :O HAS MADE A LEGISLATIVE APPLICATION ( ?IS ECONOMICAL LAW4 ,ONLY1 :ILE ,I HAVE EXT5D$ ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE P[] TO EV]Y SORT ( PRODUCT1 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 MORE PRUD5T ?AN IT IS MY NATURE TO BE1 CONF9ES IT TO NEUTRAL GR\ND4 ,SO1 ?AT ?AT :I* ,I AM BOLD 5\< TO SAY ( ! :OLE1 HE IS CONT5T$ TO AFFIRM ( A P>T1 LEAV+ ! 9TELLIG5T HE>] TO FILL UP ! VOID = HIMSELF4 ,H[EV]1 HIS >GUM5TS >E KE5 & CLOSE4 ,ONE FEELS ?AT ! PR(ESSOR1 F9D+ HIMSELF MORE AT EASE ) ONE ASPECT ( PROP]TY1 HAS GIV5 ! RE9 TO HIS 9TELLECT1 & IS RU%+ ON T[>DS LIB]TY4 

#a4 ,ABSOLUTE LIT]>Y PROP]TY W\LD H9D] ! ACTIVITY ( O!R M51 & OB/RUCT ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,IT W\LD BE ! DEA? ( PROGRESS2 IT W\LD BE SUICIDE4 ,:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ IF ! FIR/ 9V5TIONS1 -- ! PL[1 ! LEVEL1 ! SAW1 @&C41 -- HAD BE5 APPROPRIAT$8 

,SU* IS ! FIR/ PROPOSITION ( ,M4 ,WOL[SKI4 

,I REPLY3 ,ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 9 L& & TOOLS H9D]S HUMAN ACTIVITY1 & OB/RUCTS PROGRESS & ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( MAN4 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ,ROME1 & 9 ALL ! ANCI5T NATIONS8 ,:AT OCCURR$ 9 ! MIDDLE AGES8 ,:AT DO WE SEE TO-DAY 9 ,5GL&1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 9 ! S\RCES ( PRODUCTION8 ,! SUICIDE ( HUMANITY4 

#b4 ,REAL & P]SONAL PROP]TY IS 9 H>MONY ) ! SOCIAL 9T]E/4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( LIT]>Y PROP]TY1 SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S >E P]PETUALLY 9 CONFLICT4 

,! /ATEM5T ( ?IS PROPOSITION CONTA9S A RHETORICAL FIGURE1 COMMON ) ?OSE :O DO NOT 5JOY FULL & COMPLETE LIB]TY ( SPEE*4 ,?IS FIGURE IS ! ANTI-PHRASIS OR CONTRE-V]ITE4 ,IT CONSI/S1 ACCORD+ TO ,DUM>SAIS & ! BE/ HUMANI/S1 9 SAY+ ONE ?+ :ILE MEAN+ ANO!R4 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI'S PROPOSITION1 NATURALLY EXPRESS$1 W\LD READ AS FOLL[S3 0,JU/ AS REAL & P]SONAL PROP]TY IS ESS5TIALLY HO/ILE TO SOCIETY1 SO1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( LIT]>Y PROP]TY1 SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S >E P]PETUALLY 9 CONFLICT40 

#c4 ,M4 DE ,MONTALEMB]T1 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S1 VEHEM5TLY PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! ASSIMILATION ( AU?ORS TO 9V5TORS ( MA*9]Y2 AN ASSIMILATION :I* HE CLAIM$ TO BE 9JURI\S TO ! =M]4 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI REPLIES1 ?AT ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS1 )\T MA*9]Y1 W\LD BE NIL2 ?AT1 )\T PAP]-MILLS1 TYPE F\NDRIES1 & PR9T+-(FICES1 !RE C\LD BE NO SALE ( V]SE & PROSE2 ?AT MANY A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION1 -- ! COMPASS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! TELESCOPE1 OR ! /EAM-5G9E1 -- IS QUITE AS VALUABLE AS A BOOK4 

,PRIOR TO ,M4 ,MONTALEMB]T1 ,M4 ,*>LES ,COMTE HAD LAU<$ AT ! 9F]5CE 9 FAVOR ( ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS1 :I* LOGICAL M9DS NEV] FAIL TO DRAW FROM ! PRIVILEGES GRANT$ TO AU?ORS4 0,HE10 SAYS ,M4 ,COMTE1 0:O FIR/ CONCEIV$ & EXECUT$ ! IDEA ( TRANS=M+ A PIECE ( WOOD 9TO A PAIR ( SABOTS1 OR AN ANIMAL'S HIDE 9TO A PAIR ( S&ALS1 W\LD !REBY HAVE ACQUIR$ AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO MAKE %OES = ! HUMAN RACE60 ,UND\BT$LY1 UND] ! SY/EM ( PROP]TY4 ,=1 9 FACT1 ?IS PAIR ( SABOTS1 OV] :I* Y\ MAKE SO M]RY1 IS ! CREATION ( ! %OEMAK]1 ! WORK ( HIS G5IUS1 ! EXPRESSION ( HIS ?\<T2 TO HIM IT IS HIS POEM1 QUITE AS MU* AS 0,LE ,ROI S'AMUSE10 IS ,M4 ,VICTOR ,HUGO'S DRAMA4 ,JU/ICE = ALL ALIKE4 ,IF Y\ REFUSE A PAT5T TO A P]FECT] ( BOOTS1 REFUSE ALSO A PRIVILEGE TO A MAK] ( RHYMES4 

#d4 ,?AT :I* GIVES IMPORTANCE TO A BOOK IS A FACT EXT]NAL TO ! AU?OR & HIS WORK4 ,)\T ! 9TELLIG5CE ( SOCIETY1 )\T ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & A C]TA9 COMMUNITY ( IDEAS1 PASSIONS1 & 9T]E/S BETWE5 IT & ! AU?ORS1 ! WORKS ( ! LATT] W\LD BE WOR? NO?+4 ,! EX*ANGEABLE VALUE ( A BOOK IS DUE EV5 MORE TO ! SOCIAL CONDITION ?AN TO ! TAL5T DISPLAY$ 9 IT4 

,9DE$1 IT SEEMS AS IF ,I W]E COPY+ MY [N WORDS4 ,?IS PROPOSITION ( ,M4 ,WOL[SKI CONTA9S A SPECIAL EXPRESSION ( A G5]AL & ABSOLUTE IDEA1 ONE ( ! /RONGE/ & MO/ CONCLUSIVE AGA9/ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,:Y DO >TI/S1 LIKE ME*ANICS1 F9D ! MEANS TO LIVE8 ,BECAUSE SOCIETY HAS MADE ! F9E >TS1 LIKE ! RUDE/ 9DU/RIES1 OBJECTS ( CONSUMPTION & EX*ANGE1 GOV]N$ CONSEQU5TLY BY ALL ! LAWS ( COMM]CE & POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,N[1 ! FIR/ ( !SE LAWS IS ! EQUIPOISE ( FUNCTIONS2 ?AT IS1 ! EQUALITY ( ASSOCIATES4 

#e4 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI 9DULGES 9 S>CASM AGA9/ ! PETITION]S = LIT]>Y PROP]TY4 0,!RE >E AU?ORS10 HE SAYS1 0:O CRAVE ! PRIVILEGES ( AU?ORS1 & :O = ?AT PURPOSE PO9T \T ! P[] ( ! MELODRAMA4 ,!Y SPEAK ( ! NIECE ( ,CORNEILLE1 BEGG+ AT ! DOOR ( A !AT] :I* ! WORKS ( H] UNCLE HAD 5RI*$444 ,TO SATISFY ! AV>ICE ( LIT]>Y PEOPLE1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO CREATE LIT]>Y MAJORATS1 & MAKE A :OLE CODE ( EXCEPTIONS40 

,I LIKE ?IS VIRTU\S IRONY4 ,BUT ,M4 ,WOL[SKI HAS BY NO MEANS EXHAU/$ ! DIFFICULTIES :I* ! QUE/ION 9VOLVES4 ,& FIR/1 IS IT JU/ ?AT ,M,M4 ,C\S91 ,GUIZOT1 ,VILLEMA91 ,DAMIRON1 & COMPANY1 PAID BY ! ,/ATE = DELIV]+ LECTURES1 %\LD BE PAID A SECOND TIME ?R\< ! BOOKSELL]S8 -- ?AT ,I1 :O HAVE ! RI<T TO REPORT !IR LECTURES1 %\LD NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO PR9T !M8 ,IS IT JU/ ?AT ,M,M4 ,NOEL & ,*APSAL1 OV]SE]S ( ! ,UNIV]SITY1 %\LD USE !IR 9FLU5CE 9 SELL+ !IR SELECTIONS FROM LIT]ATURE TO ! Y\? :OSE /UDIES !Y >E 9/RUCT$ TO SUP]9T5D 9 CONSID]ATION ( A SAL>Y8 ,&1 IF ?AT IS NOT JU/1 IS IT NOT PROP] TO REFUSE LIT]>Y PROP]TY TO EV]Y AU?OR HOLD+ PUBLIC (FICES1 & RECEIV+ P5SIONS OR S9ECURES8 

,AGA91 %ALL ! PRIVILEGE ( ! AU?OR EXT5D TO IRRELIGI\S & IMMORAL WORKS1 CALCULAT$ ONLY TO CORRUPT ! HE>T1 & OBSCURE ! UND]/&+8 ,TO GRANT ?IS PRIVILEGE IS TO SANCTION IMMORALITY BY LAW2 TO REFUSE IT IS TO C5SURE ! AU?OR4 ,& S9CE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 9 ! PRES5T IMP]FECT /ATE ( SOCIETY1 TO PREV5T ALL VIOLATIONS ( ! MORAL LAW1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO OP5 A LIC5SE-(FICE = BOOKS AS WELL AS MORALS4 ,BUT1 !N1 ?REE-F\R?S ( \R LIT]>Y PEOPLE WILL BE OBLIG$ TO REGI/]2 &1 RECOGNIZ$ !NCE=? ON !IR [N DECL>ATION AS PRO/ITUTES1 !Y WILL NECESS>ILY BELONG TO ! PUBLIC4 ,WE PAY TOLL TO ! PRO/ITUTE2 WE DO NOT 5D[ H]4 

,F9ALLY1 %ALL PLAGI>ISM BE CLASS$ ) =G]Y8 ,IF Y\ REPLY 0,YES10 Y\ APPROPRIATE 9 ADVANCE ALL ! SUBJECTS ( :I* BOOKS TREAT2 IF Y\ SAY 0,NO10 Y\ LEAVE ! :OLE MATT] TO ! DECISION ( ! JUDGE4 ,EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( A CL&E/9E REPR9T1 H[ WILL HE DI/+UI% =G]Y FROM QUOTATION1 IMITATION1 PLAGI>ISM1 OR EV5 CO9CID5CE8 ,A SAVANT SP5DS TWO YE>S 9 CALCULAT+ A TABLE ( LOG>I?MS TO N9E OR T5 DECIMALS4 ,HE PR9TS IT4 ,A =TNI<T AFT] HIS BOOK IS SELL+ AT HALF-PRICE2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL :E!R ?IS RESULT IS DUE TO =G]Y OR COMPETITION4 ,:AT %ALL ! C\RT DO8 ,9 CASE ( D\BT1 %ALL IT AW>D ! PROP]TY TO ! FIR/ OCCUPANT8 ,AS WELL DECIDE ! QUE/ION BY LOT4 

,!SE1 H[EV]1 >E TRIFL+ CONSID]ATIONS2 BUT DO WE SEE ?AT1 9 GRANT+ A P]PETUAL PRIVILEGE TO AU?ORS & !IR HEIRS1 WE REALLY /RIKE A FATAL BL[ AT !IR 9T]E/S8 ,WE ?9K TO MAKE BOOKSELL]S DEP5D5T UPON AU?ORS1 -- A DELUSION4 ,! BOOKSELL]S WILL UNITE AGA9/ WORKS1 & !IR PROPRIETORS4 ,AGA9/ WORKS1 BY REFUS+ TO PU% !IR SALE1 BY REPLAC+ !M ) POOR IMITATIONS1 BY REPRODUC+ !M 9 A HUNDR$ 9DIRECT WAYS2 & NO ONE KN[S H[ F> ! SCI5CE ( PLAGI>ISM1 & SKILLFUL IMITATION MAY BE C>RI$4 ,AGA9/ PROPRIETORS4 ,>E WE IGNORANT ( ! FACT1 ?AT A DEM& = A DOZ5 COPIES 5ABLES A BOOKSELL] TO SELL A ?\S&2 ?AT ) AN $ITION ( FIVE HUNDR$ HE CAN SUPPLY A K+DOM = ?IRTY YE>S8 ,:AT WILL ! POOR AU?ORS DO 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS OMNIPOT5T UNION ( BOOKSELL]S8 ,I WILL TELL !M :AT !Y WILL DO4 ,!Y WILL 5T] ! EMPLOY ( ?OSE :OM !Y N[ TREAT AS PIRATES2 &1 TO SECURE AN ADVANTAGE1 !Y WILL BECOME WAGE LABOR]S4 ,A FIT REW>D = IGNOBLE AV>ICE1 & 9SATIABLE PRIDE4.<#g#d.> 

#f4 ,OBJECTION4 -- ,PROP]TY 9 OCCUPI$ L& PASSES TO ! HEIRS ( ! OCCUPANT4 0,:Y10 SAY ! AU?ORS1 0%\LD NOT ! WORK ( G5IUS PASS 9 LIKE MANN] TO ! HEIRS ( ! MAN ( G5IUS80 ,M4 ,WOL[SKI'S REPLY3 0,BECAUSE ! LABOR ( ! FIR/ OCCUPANT IS CONT9U$ BY HIS HEIRS1 :ILE ! HEIRS ( AN AU?OR NEI!R *ANGE NOR ADD TO HIS WORKS4 ,9 L&$ PROP]TY1 ! CONT9UANCE ( LABOR EXPLA9S ! CONT9UANCE ( ! RI<T40 

,YES1 :5 ! LABOR IS CONT9U$2 BUT IF ! LABOR IS NOT CONT9U$1 ! RI<T CEASES4 ,?US IS ! RI<T ( POSSESSION1 F\ND$ ON P]SONAL LABOR1 RECOGNIZ$ BY ,M4 ,WOL[SKI4 

,M4 ,WOL[SKI DECIDES 9 FAVOR ( GRANT+ TO AU?ORS PROP]TY 9 !IR WORKS = A C]TA9 NUMB] ( YE>S1 DAT+ FROM ! DAY ( !IR FIR/ PUBLICATION4 

,! SUCCE$+ LECTURES ON PAT5TS ON 9V5TIONS W]E NO LESS 9/RUCTIVE1 AL?\< 9T]M+L$ ) %OCK+ CONTRADICTIONS 9S]T$ ) A VIEW TO MAKE ! USEFUL TRU?S MORE PALATABLE4 ,! NECESSITY = BREVITY COMPELS ME TO T]M9ATE ?IS EXAM9ATION H]E1 NOT )\T REGRET4 

,?US1 ( TWO ECLECTIC JURI/S1 :O ATTEMPT A DEF5SE ( PROP]TY1 ONE IS 5TANGL$ 9 A SET ( DOGMAS )\T PR9CIPLE OR ME?OD1 & IS CON/ANTLY TALK+ NONS5SE2 & ! O!R DESIGN$LY AB&ONS ! CAUSE ( PROP]TY1 9 ORD] TO PRES5T UND] ! SAME NAME ! !ORY ( 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION4 ,WAS ,I WRONG 9 CLAIM+ ?AT CONFUSION REIGN$ AMONG LEGI/S1 & \<T ,I TO BE LEGALLY PROSECUT$ = HAV+ SAID ?AT !IR SCI5CE H5CE=? /OOD CONVICT$ ( FALSEHOOD1 ITS GLORY ECLIPS$8 

,! ORD9>Y RES\RCES ( ! LAW NO LONG] SUFFIC+1 PHILOSOPHY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ! FRAM]S ( SY/EMS HAVE BE5 CONSULT$4 ,ALL ! ORACLES APPEAL$ TO HAVE BE5 DISC\RAG+4 

,! PHILOSOPH]S >E NO CLE>] TO-DAY ?AN AT ! TIME ( ! ECLECTIC EFFLORESC5CE2 NEV]!LESS1 ?R\< !IR MY/ICAL APO!GMS1 WE CAN DI/+UI% ! WORDS PROGRESS1 UNITY1 ASSOCIATION1 SOLID>ITY1 FRAT]NITY1 :I* >E C]TA9LY NOT REASSUR+ TO PROPRIETORS4 ,ONE ( !SE PHILOSOPH]S1 ,M4 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 HAS WRITT5 TWO L>GE BOOKS1 9 :I* HE CLAIMS TO %[ BY ALL RELIGI\S1 LEGISLATIVE1 & PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS ?AT1 S9CE M5 >E RESPONSIBLE TO EA* O!R1 EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS ! F9AL LAW ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS PHILOSOPH] ADMITS A K9D ( PROP]TY2 BUT AS HE LEAVES US TO IMAG9E :AT PROP]TY W\LD BECOME 9 PRES5CE ( EQUALITY1 WE MAY BOLDLY CLASS HIM ) ! OPPON5TS ( ! RI<T ( 9CREASE4 

,I MU/ H]E DECL>E FREELY -- 9 ORD] ?AT ,I MAY NOT BE SUSPECT$ ( SECRET CONNIVANCE1 :I* IS =EIGN TO MY NATURE -- ?AT ,M4 ,L]\X HAS MY FULL SYMPA?Y4 ,NOT ?AT ,I AM A BELIEV] 9 HIS QUASI-,PY?AGOREAN PHILOSOPHY 7UPON ?IS SUBJECT ,I %\LD HAVE MORE ?AN ONE OBS]VATION TO SUBMIT TO HIM1 PROVID$ A VET]AN COV]$ ) /RIPES W\LD NOT DESPISE ! REM>KS ( A CONSCRIPT72 NOT ?AT ,I FEEL B\ND TO ?IS AU?OR BY ANY SPECIAL CONSID]ATION = HIS OPPOSITION TO PROP]TY4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 ,M4 ,L]\X C\LD1 & EV5 \<T TO1 /ATE HIS POSITION MORE EXPLICITLY & LOGICALLY4 ,BUT ,I LIKE1 ,I ADMIRE1 9 ,M4 ,L]\X1 ! ANTAGONI/ ( \R PHILOSOPHICAL DEMIGODS1 ! DEMOLI%] ( USURP$ REPUTATIONS1 ! PITILESS CRITIC ( EV]Y ?+ ?AT IS RESPECT$ BECAUSE ( ITS ANTIQUITY4 ,SU* IS ! REASON = MY HI< E/EEM ( ,M4 ,L]\X2 SU* W\LD BE ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ONLY LIT]>Y ASSOCIATION :I*1 9 ?IS C5TURY ( COT]IES1 ,I %\LD C>E TO =M4 ,WE NE$ M5 :O1 LIKE ,M4 ,L]\X1 CALL 9 QUE/ION SOCIAL PR9CIPLES1 -- NOT TO DIFFUSE D\BT CONC]N+ !M1 BUT TO MAKE !M D\BLY SURE2 M5 :O EXCITE ! M9D BY BOLD NEGATIONS1 & MAKE ! CONSCI5CE TREMBLE BY DOCTR9ES ( ANNIHILATION4 ,:]E IS ! MAN :O DOES NOT %UDD] ON HE>+ ,M4 ,L]\X EXCLAIM1 0,!RE IS NEI!R A P>ADISE NOR A HELL2 ! WICK$ WILL NOT BE PUNI%$1 NOR ! GOOD REW>D$4 ,MORTALS6 CEASE TO HOPE & FE>2 Y\ REVOLVE 9 A CIRCLE ( APPE>ANCES2 HUMANITY IS AN IMMORTAL TREE1 :OSE BRAN*ES1 WI!R+ ONE AFT] ANO!R1 FE$ ) !IR DEBRIS ! ROOT :I* IS ALWAYS Y\NG60 ,:]E IS ! MAN :O1 ON HE>+ ?IS DESOLATE CONFESSION ( FAI?1 DOES NOT DEM& ) T]ROR1 0,IS IT !N TRUE ?AT ,I AM ONLY AN AGGREGATE ( ELEM5TS ORGANIZ$ BY AN UNKN[N =CE1 AN IDEA REALIZ$ = A FEW MOM5TS1 A =M :I* PASSES & DISAPPE>S8 ,IS IT TRUE ?AT MY M9D IS ONLY A H>MONY1 & MY S\L A VORTEX8 ,:AT IS ! EGO8 :AT IS ,GOD8 :AT IS ! SANCTION ( SOCIETY80 

,9 =M] TIMES1 ,M4 ,L]\X W\LD HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS A GREAT CULPRIT1 WOR?Y ONLY 7LIKE ,VAN9I7 ( DEA? & UNIV]SAL EXECRATION4 ,TO-DAY1 ,M4 ,L]\X IS FULFILL+ A MISSION ( SALVATION1 = :I*1 :ATEV] HE MAY SAY1 HE WILL BE REW>D$4 ,LIKE ?OSE GLOOMY 9VALIDS :O >E ALWAYS TALK+ ( !IR APPROA*+ DEA?1 & :O FA9T :5 ! DOCTOR'S OP9ION CONFIRMS !IR PRET5SE1 \R MAT]IALI/IC SOCIETY IS AGITAT$ & LOSES C\NT5ANCE :ILE LI/5+ TO ?IS />TL+ DECREE ( ! PHILOSOPH]1 0,?\ %ALT DIE60 ,HONOR !N TO ,M4 ,L]\X1 :O HAS REVEAL$ TO US ! C[>DICE ( ! ,EPICUREANS2 TO ,M4 ,L]\X1 :O R5D]S NEW PHILOSOPHICAL SOLUTIONS NECESS>Y6 ,HONOR TO ! ANTI-ECLECTIC1 TO ! APO/LE ( EQUALITY6 

,9 HIS WORK ON 0,HUMANITY10 ,M4 ,L]\X COMM5CES BY POSIT+ ! NECESSITY ( PROP]TY3 0,Y\ WI% TO ABOLI% PROP]TY2 BUT DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT !REBY Y\ W\LD ANNIHILATE MAN & EV5 ! NAME ( MAN8 444 ,Y\ WI% TO ABOLI% PROP]TY2 BUT C\LD Y\ LIVE )\T A BODY8 ,I WILL NOT TELL Y\ ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT ?IS BODY2 444 ,I WILL TELL Y\ ?AT ?IS BODY IS ITSELF A SPECIES ( PROP]TY40 

,9 ORD] CLE>LY TO UND]/& ! DOCTR9E ( ,M4 ,L]\X1 IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT !RE >E ?REE NECESS>Y & PRIMITIVE =MS ( SOCIETY1 -- COMMUNISM1 PROP]TY1 & ?AT :I* TO-DAY WE PROP]LY CALL ASSOCIATION4 ,M4 ,L]\X REJECTS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE COMMUNISM1 & COMBATS IT ) ALL HIS MI<T4 ,MAN IS A P]SONAL & FREE BE+1 & !RE=E NE$S A SPH]E ( 9DEP5D5CE & 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITY4 ,M4 ,L]\X EMPHASIZES ?IS 9 ADD+3 0,Y\ WI% NEI!R FAMILY1 NOR C\NTRY1 NOR PROP]TY2 !RE=E NO MORE FA!RS1 NO MORE SONS1 NO MORE BRO!RS4 ,H]E Y\ >E1 RELAT$ TO NO BE+ 9 TIME1 & !RE=E )\T A NAME2 H]E Y\ >E1 ALONE 9 ! MID/ ( A BILLION ( M5 :O TO-DAY 9HABIT ! E>?4 ,H[ DO Y\ EXPECT ME TO DI/+UI% Y\ 9 SPACE 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS MULTITUDE80 

,IF MAN IS 9DI/+UI%ABLE1 HE IS NO?+4 ,N[1 HE CAN BE DI/+UI%$1 9DIVIDUALIZ$1 ONLY ?R\< A DEVOTION ( C]TA9 ?+S TO HIS USE1 -- SU* AS HIS BODY1 HIS FACULTIES1 & ! TOOLS :I* HE USES4 0,H5CE10 SAYS ,M4 ,L]\X1 0! NECESSITY ( APPROPRIATION20 9 %ORT1 PROP]TY4 

,BUT PROP]TY ON :AT CONDITION8 ,H]E ,M4 ,L]\X1 AFT] HAV+ CONDEMN$ COMMUNISM1 D5\NCES 9 ITS TURN ! RI<T ( DOMA94 ,HIS :OLE DOCTR9E CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 ?IS S+LE PROPOSITION1 -- ,MAN MAY BE MADE BY PROP]TY A SLAVE OR A DESPOT BY TURNS4 

,?AT POSIT$1 IF WE ASK ,M4 ,L]\X TO TELL US UND] :AT SY/EM ( PROP]TY MAN WILL BE NEI!R A SLAVE NOR A DESPOT1 BUT FREE1 JU/1 & A CITIZ51 ,M4 ,L]\X REPLIES 9 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( HIS WORK ON 0,HUMANITY30 -- 

0,!RE >E ?REE WAYS ( DE/ROY+ MAN'S COMMUNION ) HIS FELL[S & ) ! UNIV]SE3 444 #a4 ,BY SEP>AT+ MAN 9 TIME2 #b4 BY SEP>AT+ HIM 9 SPACE2 #c4 BY DIVID+ ! L&1 OR1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION2 BY ATTA*+ M5 TO ?+S1 BY SUBORD9AT+ MAN TO PROP]TY1 BY MAK+ MAN A PROPRIETOR40 

,?IS LANGUAGE1 IT MU/ BE CONFESS$1 SAVORS A LITTLE TOO /RONGLY ( ! METAPHYSICAL HEI<TS :I* ! AU?OR FREQU5TS1 & ( ! S*OOL ( ,M4 ,C\S94 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT CAN BE SE51 CLE>LY 5\< IT SEEMS TO ME1 ?AT ,M4 ,L]\X OPPOSES ! EXCLUSIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION2 ONLY HE CALLS ?IS NON-APPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION A NEW ME?OD ( E/ABLI%+ PROP]TY1 :ILE ,I1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ALL PREC$5T1 CALL IT A DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY4 ,9 FACT1 )\T ! APPROPRIATION ( 9/RUM5TS1 PROP]TY IS NO?+4 

0,HI!RTO4 WE HAVE CONF9$ \RSELVES TO PO9T+ \T & COMBAT+ ! DESPOTIC FEATURES ( PROP]TY1 BY CONSID]+ PROP]TY ALONE4 ,WE HAVE FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT ! DESPOTISM ( PROP]TY IS A CORRELATIVE ( ! DIVISION ( ! HUMAN RACE2 444 ?AT PROP]TY1 9/EAD ( BE+ ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO FACILITATE ! UNLIMIT$ COMMUNION ( MAN ) HIS FELL[S & ) ! UNIV]SE1 HAS BE51 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TURN$ AGA9/ ?IS COMMUNION40 

,LET US TRANSLATE ?IS 9TO COMM]CIAL PHRASEOLOGY4 ,9 ORD] TO DE/ROY DESPOTISM & ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 M5 MU/ CEASE FROM COMPETITION & MU/ ASSOCIATE !IR 9T]E/S4 ,LET EMPLOY] & EMPLOY$ 7N[ 5EMIES & RIVALS7 BECOME ASSOCIATES4 

,N[1 ASK ANY MANUFACTUR]1 M]*ANT1 OR CAPITALI/1 :E!R HE W\LD CONSID] HIMSELF A PROPRIETOR IF HE W]E TO %>E HIS REV5UE & PR(ITS ) ?IS MASS ( WAGE-LABOR]S :OM IT IS PROPOS$ TO MAKE HIS ASSOCIATES4 

0,FAMILY1 PROP]TY1 & C\NTRY >E F9ITE ?+S1 :I* \<T TO BE ORGANIZ$ ) A VIEW TO ! 9F9ITE4 ,= MAN IS A F9ITE BE+1 :O ASPIRES TO ! 9F9ITE4 ,TO HIM1 ABSOLUTE F9IT5ESS IS EVIL4 ,! 9F9ITE IS HIS AIM1 ! 9DEF9ITE HIS RI<T40 

,FEW ( MY READ]S W\LD UND]/& !SE HI]OPHANTIC WORDS1 W]E ,I TO LEAVE !M UNEXPLA9$4 ,M4 ,L]\X MEANS1 BY ?IS MAGNIFIC5T =MULA1 ?AT HUMANITY IS A S+LE IMM5SE SOCIETY1 :I*1 9 ITS COLLECTIVE UNITY1 REPRES5TS ! 9F9ITE2 ?AT EV]Y NATION1 EV]Y TRIBE1 EV]Y COMMUNE1 & EV]Y CITIZ5 >E1 9 DIFF]5T DEGREES1 FRAGM5TS OR F9ITE MEMB]S ( ! 9F9ITE SOCIETY1 ! EVIL 9 :I* RESULTS SOLELY FROM 9DIVIDUALISM & PRIVILEGE1 -- 9 O!R WORDS1 FROM ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! 9F9ITE TO ! F9ITE2 F9ALLY1 ?AT1 TO ATTA9 HUMANITY'S 5D & AIM1 EA* P>T HAS A RI<T TO AN 9DEF9ITELY PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T4 

0,ALL ! EVILS :I* AFFLICT ! HUMAN RACE >ISE FROM CA/E4 ,! FAMILY IS A BLESS+2 ! FAMILY CA/E 7! NOBILITY7 IS AN EVIL4 ,C\NTRY IS A BLESS+2 ! C\NTRY CA/E 7SUPREME1 DOM9E]+1 CONQU]+7 IS AN EVIL2 PROP]TY 79DIVIDUAL POSSESSION7 IS A BLESS+2 ! PROP]TY CA/E 7! DOMA9 ( PROP]TY ( ,PO?I]1 ,T\LLI]1 ,TROPLONG1 @&C47 IS AN EVIL40 

,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,L]\X1 !RE IS PROP]TY & PROP]TY1 -- ! ONE GOOD1 ! O!R BAD4 ,N[1 AS IT IS PROP] TO CALL DIFF]5T ?+S BY DIFF]5T NAMES1 IF WE KEEP ! NAME 0PROP]TY0 = ! =M]1 WE MU/ CALL ! LATT] ROBB]Y1 RAP9E1 BRIG&AGE4 ,IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE RES]VE ! NAME 0PROP]TY0 = ! LATT]1 WE MU/ DESIGNATE ! =M] BY ! T]M POSSESSION1 OR SOME O!R EQUIVAL5T2 O!RWISE WE %\LD BE TR\BL$ ) AN UNPLEASANT SYNONYMY4 

,:AT A BLESS+ IT W\LD BE IF PHILOSOPH]S1 D>+ = ONCE TO SAY ALL ?AT !Y ?9K1 W\LD SPEAK ! LANGUAGE ( ORD9>Y MORTALS6 ,NATIONS & RUL]S W\LD D]IVE MU* GREAT] PR(IT FROM !IR LECTURES1 &1 APPLY+ ! SAME NAMES TO ! SAME IDEAS1 W\LD COME1 P]HAPS1 TO UND]/& EA* O!R4 ,I BOLDLY DECL>E ?AT1 9 REG>D TO PROP]TY1 ,I HOLD NO O!R OP9ION ?AN ?AT ( ,M4 ,L]\X2 BUT1 IF ,I %\LD ADOPT ! /YLE ( ! PHILOSOPH]1 & REPEAT AFT] HIM1 0,PROP]TY IS A BLESS+1 BUT ! PROP]TY CA/E -- ! /ATUS QUO ( PROP]TY -- IS AN EVIL10 ,I %\LD BE EXTOLL$ AS A G5IUS BY ALL ! BA*ELORS :O WRITE = ! REVIEWS4.<#g#e.> ,IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I PREF] ! CLASSIC LANGUAGE ( ,ROME & ! CIVIL CODE1 & SAY ACCORD+LY1 0,POSSESSION IS A BLESS+1 BUT PROP]TY IS ROBB]Y10 IMM$IATELY ! A=ESAID BA*ELORS RAISE A HUE & CRY AGA9/ ! MON/]1 & ! JUDGE ?REAT5S ME4 ,OH1 ! P[] ( LANGUAGE6 

,! ECONOMI/S1 QUE/ION$ 9 !IR TURN1 PROPOSE TO ASSOCIATE CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,Y\ KN[1 SIR1 :AT ?AT MEANS4 ,IF WE FOLL[ \T ! DOCTR9E1 WE SOON F9D ?AT IT 5DS 9 AN ABSORPTION ( PROP]TY1 NOT BY ! COMMUNITY1 BUT BY A G5]AL & 9DISSOLUBLE COMM&ITE .<SIC.> 1 SO ?AT ! CONDITION ( ! PROPRIETOR W\LD DIFF] FROM ?AT ( ! WORK+MAN ONLY 9 RECEIV+ L>G] WAGES4 ,?IS SY/EM1 ) SOME PECULI> ADDITIONS & EMBELLI%M5TS1 IS ! IDEA ( ! PHALAN/]Y4 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT1 IF 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS ONE ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( PROP]TY1 IT IS NOT ! :OLE ( PROP]TY4 ,?AT :I* MAKES PROP]TY A DELI<TFUL ?+1 AS SOME PHILOSOPH] 7,I KN[ NOT :O7 HAS SAID1 IS ! P[] TO DISPOSE AT WILL1 NOT ONLY ( ONE'S [N GOODS1 BUT ( !IR SPECIFIC NATURE2 TO USE !M AT PLEASURE2 TO CONF9E & 5CLOSE !M2 TO EXCOMMUNICATE MANK9D1 AS ,M4 ,PI]RE ,L]\X SAYS2 9 %ORT1 TO MAKE SU* USE ( !M AS PASSION1 9T]E/1 OR EV5 CAPRICE1 MAY SUGGE/4 ,:AT IS ! POSSESSION ( MONEY1 A %>E 9 AN AGRICULTURAL OR 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE1 OR A GOV]NM5T-BOND C\PON1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! 9F9ITE *>M ( BE+ MA/] ( ONE'S H\SE & GR\NDS1 UND] ONE'S V9E & FIG-TREE8 0,BEATI POSSID5TES60 SAYS AN AU?OR QUOT$ BY ,M4 ,TROPLONG4 ,S]I\SLY1 CAN ?AT BE APPLI$ TO A MAN ( 9COME1 :O HAS NO O!R POSSESSION UND] ! SUN ?AN ! M>KET1 & 9 HIS POCKET HIS MONEY8 ,AS WELL MA9TA9 ?AT A TR\< IS A C[>D4 ,A NICE ME?OD ( RE=M6 ,!Y NEV] CEASE TO CONDEMN ! ?IR/ = GOLD1 & ! GR[+ 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! C5TURY2 & YET1 MO/ 9CONCEIVABLE ( CONTRADICTIONS1 !Y PREP>E TO TURN ALL K9DS ( PROP]TY 9TO ONE1 -- PROP]TY 9 CO94 

,I MU/ SAY SOME?+ FUR!R ( A !ORY ( PROP]TY LATELY PUT =? ) SOME ADO3 ,I MEAN ! !ORY ( ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT4 

,! ,F\RI]I/S >E NOT M5 :O EXAM9E A DOCTR9E 9 ORD] TO ASC]TA9 :E!R IT CONFLICTS ) !IR SY/EM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS !IR CU/OM TO EXULT & S+ SONGS ( TRIUMPH :5EV] AN ADV]S>Y PASSES )\T P]CEIV+ OR NOTIC+ !M4 ,!SE G5TLEM5 WANT DIRECT REFUTATIONS1 9 ORD] ?AT1 IF !Y >E BEAT51 !Y MAY HAVE1 AT LEA/1 ! SELFI% CONSOLATION ( HAV+ BE5 SPOK5 (4 ,WELL1 LET !IR WI% BE GRATIFI$4 

,M4 ,CONSID]ANT MAKES ! MO/ L(TY PRET5SIONS TO LOGIC4 ,HIS ME?OD ( PROC$URE IS ALWAYS ?AT ( MAJOR1 M9OR1 & CONCLUSION4 ,HE W\LD WILL+LY WRITE UPON HIS HAT1 0,>GUM5TATOR 9 B>B>A40 ,BUT ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT IS TOO 9TELLIG5T & QUICK-WITT$ TO BE A GOOD LOGICIAN1 AS IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT HE APPE>S TO HAVE TAK5 ! SYLLOGISM = LOGIC4 

,! SYLLOGISM1 AS EV]YBODY KN[S :O IS 9T]E/$ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL CURIOSITIES1 IS ! FIR/ & P]PETUAL SOPHISM ( ! HUMAN M9D1 -- ! FAVORITE TOOL ( FALSEHOOD1 ! /UMBL+-BLOCK ( SCI5CE1 ! ADVOCATE ( CRIME4 ,! SYLLOGISM HAS PRODUC$ ALL ! EVILS :I* ! FABULI/ SO ELOQU5TLY CONDEMN$1 & HAS DONE NO?+ GOOD OR USEFUL3 IT IS AS DEVOID ( TRU? AS ( JU/ICE4 ,WE MI<T APPLY TO IT !SE WORDS ( ,SCRIPTURE3 0,CELUI QUI MET 5 LUI SA CONFIANCE1 P]IRA40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! BE/ PHILOSOPH]S LONG S9CE CONDEMN$ IT2 SO ?AT N[ NONE BUT ! 5EMIES ( REASON WI% TO MAKE ! SYLLOGISM ITS WEAPON4 

,M4 ,CONSID]ANT1 !N1 HAS BUILT HIS !ORY ( PROP]TY UPON A SYLLOGISM4 ,W\LD HE BE DISPOS$ TO /AKE ! SY/EM ( ,F\RI] UPON HIS >GUM5TS1 AS ,I AM READY TO RISK ! :OLE DOCTR9E ( EQUALITY UPON MY REFUTATION ( ?AT SY/EM8 

,SU* A DUEL W\LD BE QUITE 9 KEEP+ ) ! W>LIKE & *IVALRIC TA/ES ( ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT1 & ! PUBLIC W\LD PR(IT BY IT2 =1 ONE ( ! TWO ADV]S>IES FALL+1 NO MORE W\LD BE SAID AB\T HIM1 & !RE W\LD BE ONE GRUMBL] LESS 9 ! WORLD4 

,! !ORY ( ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT HAS ?IS REM>KABLE FEATURE1 ?AT1 9 ATTEMPT+ TO SATISFY AT ! SAME TIME ! CLAIMS ( BO? LABOR]S & PROPRIETORS1 IT 9FR+ES ALIKE UPON ! RI<TS ( ! =M] & ! PRIVILEGES ( ! LATT]4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! AU?OR LAYS IT D[N AS A PR9CIPLE3 0#a4 ,?AT ! USE ( ! L& BELONGS TO EA* MEMB] ( ! RACE2 ?AT IT IS A NATURAL & IMP]SCRIPTIBLE RI<T1 SIMIL> 9 ALL RESPECTS TO ! RI<T TO ! AIR & ! SUN%9E4 #b4 ,?AT ! RI<T TO LABOR IS EQUALLY FUNDAM5TAL1 NATURAL1 & IMP]SCRIPTIBLE40 ,I HAVE %[N ?AT ! RECOGNITION ( ?IS D\BLE RI<T W\LD BE ! DEA? ( PROP]TY4 ,I D5\NCE ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT TO ! PROPRIETORS6 

,BUT ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT MA9TA9S ?AT ! RI<T TO LABOR CREATES ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 & ?IS IS ! WAY HE REASONS3 -- 

,MAJOR ,PREMISE4 -- 0,EV]Y MAN LEGITIMATELY POSSESSES ! ?+ :I* HIS LABOR1 HIS SKILL1 -- OR1 9 MORE G5]AL T]MS1 HIS ACTION1 -- HAS CREAT$40 

,TO :I* ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT ADDS1 BY WAY ( COMM5T3 0,9DE$1 ! L& NOT HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ BY MAN1 IT FOLL[S FROM ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY1 ?AT ! L&1 BE+ GIV5 TO ! RACE 9 COMMON1 CAN 9 NO WISE BE ! EXCLUSIVE & LEGITIMATE PROP]TY ( SU* & SU* 9DIVIDUALS1 :O W]E NOT ! CREATORS ( ?IS VALUE40 

,IF ,I AM NOT MI/AK51 !RE IS NO ONE TO :OM ?IS PROPOSITION1 AT FIR/ SI<T & 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 DOES NOT SEEM UTT]LY IRREFUTABLE4 ,READ]1 DI/RU/ ! SYLLOGISM4 

,FIR/1 ,I OBS]VE ?AT ! WORDS LEGITIMATELY POSSESSES SIGNIFY TO ! AU?OR'S M9D IS LEGITIMATE PROPRIETOR2 O!RWISE ! >GUM5T1 BE+ 9T5D$ TO PROVE ! LEGITIMACY ( PROP]TY1 W\LD HAVE NO MEAN+4 ,I MI<T H]E RAISE ! QUE/ION ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROP]TY & POSSESSION1 & CALL UPON ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT1 BE=E GO+ FUR!R1 TO DEF9E ! ONE & ! O!R2 BUT ,I PASS ON4 

,?IS FIR/ PROPOSITION IS D\BLY FALSE4 #a4 ,9 ?AT IT ASS]TS ! ACT ( CREATION TO BE ! ONLY BASIS ( PROP]TY4 #b4 ,9 ?AT IT REG>DS ?IS ACT AS SUFFICI5T 9 ALL CASES TO AU?ORIZE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 

,&1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IF MAN MAY BE PROPRIETOR ( ! GAME :I* HE DOES NOT CREATE1 BUT :I* HE KILLS2 ( ! FRUITS :I* HE DOES NOT CREATE1 BUT :I* HE GA!RS2 ( ! VEGETABLES :I* HE DOES NOT CREATE1 BUT :I* HE PLANTS2 ( ! ANIMALS :I* HE DOES NOT CREATE1 BUT :I* HE RE>S1 -- IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT M5 MAY 9 LIKE MANN] BECOME PROPRIETORS ( ! L& :I* !Y DO NOT CREATE1 BUT :I* !Y CLE> & F]TILIZE4 ,! ACT ( CREATION1 !N1 IS NOT NECESS>Y TO ! ACQUISITION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,I SAY FUR!R1 ?AT ?IS ACT ALONE IS NOT ALWAYS SUFFICI5T1 & ,I PROVE IT BY ! SECOND PREMISE ( ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT3 -- 

,M9OR ,PREMISE4 -- 0,SUPPOSE ?AT ON AN ISOLAT$ ISL&1 ON ! SOIL ( A NATION1 OR OV] ! :OLE FACE ( ! E>? 7! EXT5T ( ! SC5E ( ACTION DOES NOT AFFECT \R JUDGM5T ( ! FACTS71 A G5]ATION ( HUMAN BE+S DEVOTES ITSELF = ! FIR/ TIME TO 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 MANUFACTURES1 @&C4 ,?IS G5]ATION1 BY ITS LABOR1 9TELLIG5CE1 & ACTIVITY1 CREATES PRODUCTS1 DEVELOPS VALUES :I* DID NOT EXI/ ON ! UNCULTIVAT$ L&4 ,IS IT NOT P]FECTLY CLE> ?AT ! PROP]TY ( ?IS 9DU/RI\S G5]ATION WILL /& ON A BASIS ( RI<T1 IF ! VALUE OR WEAL? PRODUC$ BY ! ACTIVITY ( ALL BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PRODUC]S1 ACCORD+ TO EA* ONE'S ASSI/ANCE 9 ! CREATION ( ! G5]AL WEAL?8 ,?AT IS UNQUE/IONABLE40 

,?AT IS QUITE QUE/IONABLE4 ,= ?IS VALUE OR WEAL?1 PRODUC$ BY ! ACTIVITY ( ALL1 IS BY ! V]Y FACT ( ITS CREATION COLLECTIVE WEAL?1 ! USE ( :I*1 LIKE ?AT ( ! L&1 MAY BE DIVID$1 BUT :I* AS PROP]TY REMA9S UNDIVID$4 ,& :Y ?IS UNDIVID$ [N]%IP8 ,BECAUSE ! SOCIETY :I* CREATES IS ITSELF 9DIVISIBLE1 -- A P]MAN5T UNIT1 9CAPABLE ( R$UCTION TO FRACTIONS4 ,& IT IS ?IS UNITY ( SOCIETY :I* MAKES ! L& COMMON PROP]TY1 & :I*1 AS ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT SAYS1 R5D]S ITS USE IMP]SCRIPTIBLE 9 ! CASE ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 ,SUPPOSE1 9DE$1 ?AT AT A GIV5 TIME ! SOIL %\LD BE EQUALLY DIVID$2 ! V]Y NEXT MOM5T ?IS DIVISION1 IF IT ALL[$ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 W\LD BECOME ILLEGITIMATE4 ,%\LD !RE BE ! SLI<TE/ IRREGUL>ITY 9 ! ME?OD ( TRANSF]1 M51 MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 IMP]SCRIPTIBLE POSSESSORS ( ! L&1 MI<T BE DEPRIV$ AT ONE BL[ ( PROP]TY1 POSSESSION1 & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 %ORT1 PROP]TY 9 CAPITAL IS 9DIVISIBLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9ALI5ABLE1 NOT NECESS>ILY :5 ! CAPITAL IS UNCREAT$1 BUT :5 IT IS COMMON OR COLLECTIVE4 

,I CONFIRM ?IS !ORY AGA9/ ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT1 BY ! ?IRD T]M ( HIS SYLLOGISM3 -- 

,CONCLUSION4 -- 0,! RESULTS ( ! LABOR P]=M$ BY ?IS G5]ATION >E DIVISIBLE 9TO TWO CLASSES1 BETWE5 :I* IT IS IMPORTANT CLE>LY TO DI/+UI%4 ,! FIR/ CLASS 9CLUDES ! PRODUCTS ( ! SOIL :I* BELONG TO ?IS FIR/ G5]ATION 9 ITS USUFRUCTU>Y CAPACITY1 AUGM5T$1 IMPROV$ & REF9$ BY ITS LABOR & 9DU/RY4 ,!SE PRODUCTS CONSI/ EI!R ( OBJECTS ( CONSUMPTION OR 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !SE PRODUCTS >E ! LEGITIMATE PROP]TY ( ?OSE :O HAVE CREAT$ !M BY !IR ACTIVITY444 ,SECOND CLASS4 -- ,NOT ONLY HAS ?IS G5]ATION CREAT$ ! PRODUCTS JU/ M5TION$ 7OBJECTS ( CONSUMPTION & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR71 BUT IT HAS ALSO ADD$ TO ! ORIG9AL VALUE ( ! SOIL BY CULTIVATION1 BY ! ]ECTION ( BUILD+S1 BY ALL ! LABOR PRODUC+ P]MAN5T RESULTS1 :I* IT HAS P]=M$4 ,?IS ADDITIONAL VALUE EVID5TLY CON/ITUTES A PRODUCT -- A VALUE CREAT$ BY ! ACTIVITY ( ! FIR/ G5]ATION2 & IF1 BY ANY MEANS :ATEV]1 ! [N]%IP ( ?IS VALUE BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY EQUITABLY1 -- ?AT IS1 9 PRO-PORTION TO ! LABOR :I* EA* HAS P]=M$1 -- EA* WILL LEGITIMATELY POSSESS ! PORTION :I* HE RECEIVES4 ,HE MAY !N DISPOSE ( ?IS LEGITIMATE & PRIVATE PROP]TY AS HE SEES FIT1 -- EX*ANGE IT1 GIVE IT AWAY1 OR TRANSF] IT2 & NO O!R 9DIVIDUAL1 OR COLLECTION ( O!R 9DIVIDUALS1 -- ?AT IS1 SOCIETY1 -- CAN LAY ANY CLAIM TO !SE VALUES40 

,?US1 BY ! DI/RIBUTION ( COLLECTIVE CAPITAL1 TO ! USE ( :I* EA* ASSOCIATE1 EI!R 9 HIS [N RI<T OR 9 RI<T ( HIS AU?ORS1 HAS AN IMP]SCRIPTIBLE & UNDIVID$ TITLE1 !RE WILL BE 9 ! PHALAN/]Y1 AS 9 ! ,FRANCE ( #a#h#d#a1 ! POOR & ! RI*2 SOME M5 :O1 TO LIVE 9 LUXURY1 HAVE ONLY1 AS ,FIG>O SAYS1 TO TAKE ! TR\BLE TO BE BORN1 & O!RS = :OM ! =TUNE ( LIFE IS BUT AN OPPORTUNITY = LONG-CON-T9U$ POV]TY2 IDL]S ) L>GE 9COMES1 & WORK]S :OSE =TUNE IS ALWAYS 9 ! FUTURE2 SOME PRIVILEG$ BY BIR? & CA/E1 & O!RS P>IAHS :OSE SOLE CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS >E ! RI<T TO LABOR1 & ! RI<T TO L&4 ,= WE MU/ NOT BE DECEIV$2 9 ! PHALAN/]Y EV]Y ?+ WILL BE AS IT IS TO-DAY1 AN OBJECT ( PROP]TY1 -- MA*9ES1 9V5TIONS1 ?\<T1 BOOKS1 ! PRODUCTS ( >T1 ( AGRICULTURE1 & ( 9DU/RY2 ANIMALS1 H\SES1 F5CES1 V9EY>DS1 PA/URES1 =E/S1 FIELDS1 -- EV]Y ?+1 9 %ORT1 EXCEPT ! UNCULTIVAT$ L&4 ,N[1 W\LD Y\ LIKE TO KN[ :AT UNCULTIVAT$ L& IS WOR?1 ACCORD+ TO ! ADVOCATES ( PROP]TY8 0,A SQU>E LEAGUE H>DLY SUFFICES = ! SUPPORT ( A SAVAGE10 SAYS ,M4 ,*>LES ,COMTE4 ,E/IMAT+ ! WRET*$ SUBSI/5CE ( ?IS SAVAGE AT ?REE HUNDR$ FRANCS P] YE>1 WE F9D ?AT ! SQU>E LEAGUE NECESS>Y TO HIS LIFE IS1 RELATIVELY TO HIM1 FAI?FULLY REPRES5T$ BY A R5T ( FIFTE5 FRANCS4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE >E TW5TY-EI<T ?\S& SQU>E LEAGUES1 ! TOTAL R5T ( :I*1 BY ?IS E/IMATE1 W\LD BE F\R HUNDR$ & TW5TY ?\S& FRANCS1 :I*1 :5 DIVID$ AMONG NE>LY ?IRTY-F\R MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 W\LD GIVE EA* AN 9COME ( A C5TIME & A QU>T]4 

,?AT IS ! NEW RI<T :I* ! GREAT G5IUS ( ,F\RI] HAS 9V5T$ 9 BEHALF ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 & ) :I* HIS FIR/ DISCIPLE HOPES TO RE=M ! WORLD4 ,I D5\NCE ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT TO ! PROLET>IAT6 

,IF ! !ORY ( ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT W\LD AT LEA/ REALLY GU>-ANTEE ?IS PROP]TY :I* HE *]I%ES SO JEAL\SLY1 ,I MI<T P>DON HIM ! FLAWS 9 HIS SYLLOGISM1 C]TA9LY ! BE/ ONE HE EV] MADE 9 HIS LIFE4 ,BUT1 NO3 ?AT :I* ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT TAKES = PROP]TY IS ONLY A PRIVILEGE ( EXTRA PAY4 ,9 ,F\RI]'S SY/EM1 NEI!R ! CREAT$ CAPITAL NOR ! 9CREAS$ VALUE ( ! SOIL >E DIVID$ & APPROPRIAT$ 9 ANY EFFECTIVE MANN]3 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 :E!R CREAT$ OR NOT1 REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! PHALANX2 ! PRET5D$ PROPRIETOR CAN T\* ONLY ! 9COME4 ,HE IS P]MITT$ NEI!R TO REALIZE HIS %>E ( ! /OCK1 NOR TO POSSESS IT EXCLUSIVELY1 NOR TO ADM9I/] IT1 :ATEV] IT BE4 ,! CA%I] ?R[S HIM HIS DIVID5D2 & !N1 PROPRIETOR1 EAT ! :OLE IF Y\ CAN6 

,! SY/EM ( ,F\RI] W\LD NOT SUIT ! PROPRIETORS1 S9CE IT TAKES AWAY ! MO/ DELI<TFUL FEATURE ( PROP]TY1 -- ! FREE DISPOSITION ( ONE'S GOODS4 ,IT W\LD PLEASE ! COMMUNI/S NO BETT]1 S9CE IT 9VOLVES UNEQUAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS REPUGNANT TO ! FRI5DS ( FREE ASSOCIATION & EQUALITY1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ITS T5D5CY TO WIPE \T HUMAN *>ACT] & 9DIVIDUALITY BY SUPPRESS+ POSSESSION1 FAMILY1 & C\NTRY1 -- ! ?REEFOLD EXPRESSION ( ! HUMAN P]SONALITY4 

,( ALL \R ACTIVE PUBLICI/S1 NONE SEEM TO ME MORE F]TILE 9 RES\RCES1 RI*] 9 IMAG9ATION1 MORE LUXURIANT & V>I$ 9 /YLE1 ?AN ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I D\BT IF HE WILL UND]TAKE TO REE/ABLI% HIS !ORY ( PROP]TY4 ,IF HE HAS ?IS C\RAGE1 ?IS IS :AT ,I W\LD SAY TO HIM3 0,BE=E WRIT+ Y\R REPLY1 CONSID] WELL Y\R PLAN ( ACTION2 DO NOT SC\R ! C\NTRY2 HAVE REC\RSE TO NONE ( Y\R ORD9>Y EXP$I5TS2 NO COMPLA9TS ( CIVILIZATION2 NO S>CASMS UPON EQUALITY2 NO GLORIFICATION ( ! PHALAN/]Y4 ,LEAVE ,F\RI] & ! DEP>T$ 9 PEACE1 & 5DEAVOR ONLY TO RE-ADJU/ ! PIECES ( Y\R SYLLOGISM4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 Y\ \<T1 FIR/1 TO ANALYZE CLOSELY EA* PROPOSITION ( Y\R ADV]S>Y2 SECOND1 TO %[ ! ]ROR1 EI!R BY A DIRECT REFUTATION1 OR BY PROV+ ! CONV]SE2 ?IRD1 TO OPPOSE >GUM5T TO >GUM5T1 SO ?AT1 OBJECTION & REPLY MEET+ FACE TO FACE1 ! /RONG] MAY BREAK D[N ! WEAK]1 & %IV] IT TO ATOMS4 ,BY ?AT ME?OD ONLY CAN Y\ BOA/ ( HAV+ CONQU]$1 & COMPEL ME TO REG>D Y\ AS AN HONE/ REASON]1 & A GOOD >TILL]Y-MAN40 

,I %\LD HAVE NO EXCUSE = T>RY+ LONG] ) !SE PHAL-AN/]IAN CROT*ETS1 IF ! OBLIGATION :I* ,I HAVE IMPOS$ UPON MYSELF ( MAK+ A CLEAN SWEEP1 & ! NECESSITY ( V9DICAT+ MY DIGNITY AS A WRIT]1 DID NOT PREV5T ME FROM PASS+ 9 SIL5CE ! REPROA* UTT]$ AGA9/ ME BY A CORRESPOND5T ( 0,LA ,PHALANGE40 0,WE HAVE SE5 BUT LATELY10 SAYS ?IS J\RNALI/1.<#g#f.> 0?AT ,M4 ,PR\DHON1 5?USIA/ AS HE HAS BE5 = ! SCI5CE CREAT$ BY ,F\RI]1 IS1 OR WILL BE1 AN 5?USIA/ = ANY ?+ ELSE :ATSOEV]40 

,IF EV] SECT>IANS HAD ! RI<T TO REPROA* ANO!R = *ANGES 9 HIS BELIEFS1 ?IS RI<T C]TA9LY DOES NOT BELONG TO ! DISCIPLES ( ,F\RI]1 :O >E ALWAYS SO EAG] TO ADM9I/] ! PHALAN/]IAN BAPTISM TO ! DES]T]S ( ALL P>TIES4 ,BUT :Y REG>D IT AS A CRIME1 IF !Y >E S9C]E8 ,( :AT CONSEQU5CE IS ! CON/ANCY OR 9CON/ANCY ( AN 9DIVIDUAL TO ! TRU? :I* IS ALWAYS ! SAME8 ,IT IS BETT] TO 5LI<T5 M5'S M9DS ?AN TO TEA* !M TO BE OB/9ATE 9 !IR PREJUDICES4 ,DO WE NOT KN[ ?AT MAN IS FRAIL & FICKLE1 ?AT HIS HE>T IS FULL ( DELUSIONS1 & ?AT HIS LIPS >E A DI/ILL]Y ( FALSEHOOD8 ,OMNIS HOMO MEUDAX4 ,:E!R WE WILL OR NO1 WE ALL S]VE = A TIME AS 9/RUM5TS ( ?IS TRU?1 :OSE K+DOM COMES EV]Y DAY4 ,GOD ALONE IS IMMUTABLE1 BECAUSE HE IS ET]NAL4 

,?AT IS ! REPLY :I*1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 AN HONE/ MAN IS 5TITL$ ALWAYS TO MAKE1 & :I* ,I \<T P]HAPS TO BE CONT5T TO (F] AS AN EXCUSE2 = ,I AM NO BETT] ?AN MY FA!RS4 ,BUT1 9 A C5TURY ( D\BT & APO/ASY LIKE \RS1 :5 IT IS ( IMPORTANCE TO SET ! SMALL & ! WEAK AN EXAMPLE ( /R5G? & HONE/Y ( UTT]ANCE1 ,I MU/ NOT SUFF] MY *>ACT] AS A PUBLIC ASSAILANT ( PROP]TY TO BE DI%ONOR$4 ,I MU/ R5D] AN ACC\NT ( MY OLD OP9IONS4 

,EXAM9+ MYSELF1 !RE=E1 UPON ?IS *>GE ( ,F\RI]ISM1 & 5DEAVOR+ TO REFRE% MY MEMORY1 ,I F9D ?AT1 HAV+ BE5 CONNECT$ ) ! ,F\RI]I/S 9 MY /UDIES & MY FRI5D%IPS1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT1 )\T KN[+ IT1 ,I HAVE BE5 ONE ( ,F\RI]'S P>TISANS4 ,J]OME ,LAL&E PLAC$ ,NAPOLEON & ,JESUS ,*RI/ 9 HIS CATALOG ( A!I/S4 ,! ,F\RI]I/S RESEMBLE ?IS A/RONOM]3 IF A MAN HAPP5S TO F9D FAULT ) ! EXI/+ CIVILIZATION1 & TO ADMIT ! TRU? ( A FEW ( !IR CRITICISMS1 !Y /RAI<TWAY 5LI/ HIM1 WILLY-NILLY1 9 !IR S*OOL4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I DO NOT D5Y ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 A ,F\RI]I/2 =1 S9CE !Y SAY IT1 ( C\RSE IT MAY BE SO4 ,BUT1 SIR1 ?AT ( :I* MY EX-ASSOCIATES >E IGNORANT1 & :I* D\BTLESS WILL A/ONI% Y\1 IS ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 MANY O!R ?+S1 -- 9 RELIGION1 BY TURNS A ,PROTE/ANT1 A ,PAPI/1 AN ,>IAN & ,SEMI-,>IAN1 A ,MANI*EAN1 A ,GNO/IC1 AN ,ADAMITE EV5 & A ,PRE-,ADAMITE1 A ,SKEPTIC1 A ,PELAGIAN1 A ,SOC9IAN1 AN ,ANTI-,TR9IT>IAN1 & A ,NEO-,*RI/IAN2.<#g#g.> 9 PHILOSOPHY & POLITICS1 AN ,IDEALI/1 A ,PAN!I/1 A ,PLATONI/1 A ,C>TESIAN1 AN ,ECLECTIC 7?AT IS1 A SORT ( JU/E-MILIEU71 A ,MON>*I/1 AN ,>I/OCRAT1 A ,CON/ITUTIONALI/1 A FOLL[] ( ,BABEUF1 & A ,COMMUNI/4 ,I HAVE W&]$ ?R\< A :OLE 5CYCLOP$IA ( SY/EMS4 ,DO Y\ ?9K IT SURPRIS+1 SIR1 ?AT1 AMONG !M ALL1 ,I WAS = A %ORT TIME A ,F\RI]I/8 

,= MY P>T1 ,I AM NOT AT ALL SURPRIS$1 AL?\< AT PRES5T ,I HAVE NO RECOLLECTION ( IT4 ,ONE ?+ IS SURE1 -- ?AT MY SUP]/ITION & CR$ULITY REA*$ !IR HEI<T AT ! V]Y P]IOD ( MY LIFE :I* MY CRITICS REPROA*FULLY ASSIGN AS ! DATE ( MY ,F\RI]I/IC BELIEFS4 ,N[ ,I HOLD QUITE O!R VIEWS4 ,MY M9D NO LONG] ADMITS ?AT :I* IS DEMON/RAT$ BY SYLLOGISMS1 ANALOGIES1 OR METAPHORS1 :I* >E ! ME?ODS ( ! PHALAN/]Y1 BUT DEM&S A PROCESS ( G5]ALIZATION & 9DUCTION :I* EXCLUDES ]ROR4 ,( MY PA/ OP9IONS1 ,I RETA9 ABSOLUTELY NONE4 ,I HAVE ACQUIR$ SOME KN[L$GE4 ,I NO LONG] BELIEVE4 ,I EI!R KN[1 OR AM IGNO-RANT4 ,9 A WORD1 9 SEEK+ = ! REASON ( ?+S1 ,I SAW ?AT ,I WAS A RATIONALI/4 

,UND\BT$LY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 SIMPL] TO BEG9 :]E ,I HAVE 5D$4 ,BUT !N1 IF SU* IS ! LAW ( ! HUMAN M9D2 IF ALL SOCIETY1 = SIX ?\S& YE>S1 HAS DONE NO?+ BUT FALL 9TO ]ROR2 IF ALL MANK9D >E /ILL BURI$ 9 ! D>KNESS ( FAI?1 DECEIV$ BY !IR PREJUDICES & PASSIONS1 GUID$ ONLY BY ! 9/9CT ( !IR LEAD]S2 IF MY ACCUS]S1 !MSELVES1 >E NOT FREE FROM SECT>IANISM 7= !Y CALL !MSELVES ,F\RI]I/S71 -- AM ,I ALONE 9EXCUSABLE = HAV+1 9 MY 9N] SELF1 AT ! SECRET TRIBUNAL ( MY CONSCI5CE1 BEGUN ANEW ! J\RNEY ( \R POOR HUMANITY8 

,I W\LD BY NO MEANS1 !N1 D5Y MY ]RORS2 BUT1 SIR1 ?AT :I* DI/+UI%ES ME FROM ?OSE :O RU% 9TO PR9T IS ! FACT ?AT1 ?\< MY ?\<TS HAVE V>I$ MU*1 MY WRIT+S DO NOT V>Y4 ,TO-DAY1 EV51 & ON A MULTITUDE ( QUE/IONS1 ,I AM BESET BY A ?\S& EXTRAVAGANT & CONTRADICTORY OP9IONS2 BUT MY OP9IONS ,I DO NOT PR9T1 = ! PUBLIC HAS NO?+ TO DO ) !M4 ,BE=E ADDRESS+ MY FELL[-M51 ,I WAIT UNTIL LI<T BREAKS 9 UPON ! *AOS ( MY IDEAS1 9 ORD] ?AT :AT ,I MAY SAY MAY BE1 NOT ! :OLE TRU? 7NO MAN CAN KN[ ?AT71 BUT NO?+ BUT ! TRU?4 

,?IS S+UL> DISPOSITION ( MY M9D TO FIR/ ID5TIFY ITSELF ) A SY/EM 9 ORD] TO BETT] UND]/& IT1 & !N TO REFLECT UPON IT 9 ORD] TO TE/ ITS LEGITIMACY1 IS ! V]Y ?+ :I* DISGU/$ ME ) ,F\RI]1 & RU9$ 9 MY E/EEM ! SOCIET>Y S*OOL4 ,TO BE A FAI?FUL ,F\RI]I/1 9 FACT1 ONE MU/ AB&ON HIS REASON & ACCEPT EV]Y ?+ FROM A MA/]1 -- DOCTR9E1 9T]PRETATION1 & APPLICATION4 ,M4 ,CONSID-]ANT1 :OSE EXCESSIVE 9TOL]ANCE ANA!MATIZES ALL :O DO NOT ABIDE BY HIS SOV]EIGN DECISIONS1 HAS NO O!R CONCEPTION ( ,F\RI]ISM4 ,HAS HE NOT BE5 APPO9T$ ,F\RI]'S VIC> ON E>? & POPE ( A ,*UR* :I*1 UN=TUNATELY = ITS APO/LES1 WILL NEV] BE ( ?IS WORLD8 ,PASSIVE BELIEF IS ! !OLOGICAL VIRTUE ( ALL SECT>IANS1 ESPECIALLY ( ! ,F\RI]I/S4 

,N[1 ?IS IS :AT HAPP5$ TO ME4 ,:ILE TRY+ TO DEMON/RATE BY >GUM5T ! RELIGION ( :I* ,I HAD BECOME A FOLL[] 9 /UDY+ ,F\RI]1 ,I SUDD5LY P]CEIV$ ?AT BY REASON+ ,I WAS BECOM+ 9CR$UL\S2 ?AT ON EA* >TICLE ( ! CRE$ MY REASON & MY FAI? W]E AT V>IANCE1 & ?AT MY SIX WEEKS' LABOR WAS :OLLY LO/4 ,I SAW ?AT ! ,F\RI]I/S -- 9 SPITE ( !IR 9EXHAU/IBLE GABBLE1 & !IR EXTRAVAGANT PRET5SION TO DECIDE 9 ALL ?+S -- W]E NEI!R SAVANTS1 NOR LOGICIANS1 NOR EV5 BELIEV]S2 ?AT !Y W]E SCI5TIFIC QUACKS1 :O W]E L$ MORE BY !IR SELF-LOVE ?AN !IR CONSCI5CE TO LABOR = ! TRIUMPH ( !IR SECT1 & TO :OM ALL MEANS W]E GOOD ?AT W\LD REA* ?AT 5D4 ,I !N UND]/OOD :Y TO ! ,EPICUREANS !Y PROMIS$ WOM51 W9E1 MUSIC1 & A SEA ( LUXURY2 TO ! RIGORI/S1 MA9T5ANCE ( M>RIAGE1 PURITY ( MORALS1 & TEMP]ANCE2 TO LABOR]S1 HI< WAGES2 TO PROPRIETORS1 L>GE 9COMES2 TO PHILOSOPH]S1 SOLUTIONS ! SECRET ( :I* ,F\RI] ALONE POSSESS$2 TO PRIE/S1 A CO/LY RELIGION & MAGNIFIC5T FE/IVALS2 TO SAVANTS1 KN[L$GE ( AN UNIMAG9ABLE NATURE2 TO EA*1 9DE$1 ?AT :I* HE MO/ DESIR$4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 ?IS SEEM$ TO ME DROLL2 9 ! 5D1 ,I REG>D$ IT AS ! HEI<T ( IMPUD5CE4 ,NO1 SIR2 NO ONE YET KN[S ( ! FOOLI%NESS & 9FAMY :I* ! PHALAN/]IAN SY/EM CONTA9S4 ,?AT IS A SUBJECT :I* ,I MEAN TO TREAT AS SOON AS ,I HAVE BALANC$ MY ACC\NTS ) PROP]TY4.<#g#h.> 

,IT IS RUMOR$ ?AT ! ,F\RI]I/S ?9K ( LEAV+ ,FRANCE & GO+ TO ! NEW WORLD TO F\ND A PHALAN/]Y4 ,:5 A H\SE ?REAT5S TO FALL1 ! RATS SCAMP] AWAY2 ?AT IS BECAUSE !Y >E RATS4 ,M5 DO BETT]2 !Y REBUILD IT4 ,NOT LONG S9CE1 ! ,/4 ,SIMONIANS1 DESPAIR+ ( !IR C\NTRY :I* PAID NO HE$ TO !M1 PR\DLY %OOK ! DU/ FROM !IR FEET1 & />T$ = ! ,ORI5T TO FI<T ! BATTLE ( FREE WOMAN4 ,PRIDE1 WILLFULNESS1 MAD SELFI%NESS6 ,TRUE *>ITY1 LIKE TRUE FAI?1 DOES NOT WORRY1 NEV] DESPAIRS2 IT SEEKS NEI!R ITS [N GLORY1 NOR ITS 9T]E/1 NOR EMPIRE2 IT DOES EV]Y ?+ = ALL1 SPEAKS ) 9DULG5CE TO ! REASON & ! WILL1 & DESIRES TO CONQU] ONLY BY P]SUASION & SACRIFICE4 ,REMA9 9 ,FRANCE1 ,F\RI]I/S1 IF ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY IS ! ONLY ?+ :I* Y\ HAVE AT HE>T6 ,!RE IS MORE TO DO H]E ?AN 9 ! NEW WORLD4 ,O!RWISE1 GO6 Y\ >E NO?+ BUT LI>S & HYPOCRITES6 

,! =EGO+ /ATEM5T BY NO MEANS EMBRACES ALL ! POLITICAL ELEM5TS1 ALL ! OP9IONS & T5D5CIES1 :I* ?REAT5 ! FUTURE ( PROP]TY2 BUT IT \<T TO SATISFY ANY ONE :O KN[S H[ TO CLASSIFY FACTS1 & TO D$UCE !IR LAW OR ! IDEA :I* GOV]NS !M4 ,EXI/+ SOCIETY SEEMS AB&ON$ TO ! DEMON ( FALSEHOOD & DISCORD2 & IT IS ?IS SAD SI<T :I* GRIEVES SO DEEPLY MANY DI/+UI%$ M9DS :O LIV$ TOO LONG 9 A =M] AGE TO BE ABLE TO UND]/& \RS4 ,N[1 :ILE ! %ORT-SI<T$ SPECTATOR BEG9S TO DESPAIR ( HUMANITY1 &1 DI/RACT$ & CURS+ ?AT ( :I* HE IS IGNORANT1 PLUNGES 9TO SKEPTICISM & FATALISM1 ! TRUE OBS]V]1 C]TA9 ( ! SPIRIT :I* GOV]NS ! WORLD1 SEEKS TO COMPREH5D & FA?OM ,PROVID5CE4 ,! MEMOIR ON 0,PROP]TY10 PUBLI%$ LA/ YE> BY ! P5SION] ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,BESANCON1 IS SIMPLY A /UDY ( ?IS NATURE4 

,! TIME HAS COME = ME TO RELATE ! HI/ORY ( ?IS UNLUCKY TREATISE1 :I* HAS ALREADY CAUS$ ME SO MU* *AGR91 & MADE ME SO UNPOPUL>2 BUT :I* WAS ON MY P>T SO 9VOLUNT>Y & UNPREM$ITAT$1 ?AT ,I W\LD D>E TO AFFIRM ?AT !RE IS NOT AN ECONOMI/1 NOT A PHILOSOPH]1 NOT A JURI/1 :O IS NOT A HUNDR$ TIMES GUILTI] ?AN ,I4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ SO S+UL> 9 ! WAY 9 :I* ,I WAS L$ TO ATTACK PROP]TY1 ?AT IF1 ON HE>+ MY SAD /ORY1 Y\ P]SI/1 SIR1 9 Y\R BLAME1 ,I HOPE AT LEA/ Y\ WILL BE =C$ TO PITY ME4 

,I NEV] HAVE PRET5D$ TO BE A GREAT POLITICIAN2 F> FROM ?AT1 ,I ALWAYS HAVE FELT = CONTROV]SIES ( A POLITICAL NATURE ! GREATE/ AV]SION2 & IF1 9 MY 0,ESSAY ON ,PROP]TY10 ,I HAVE SOMETIMES RIDICUL$ \R POLITICIANS1 BELIEVE1 SIR1 ?AT ,I WAS GOV]N$ MU* LESS BY MY PRIDE 9 ! LITTLE ?AT ,I KN[1 ?AN BY MY VIVID CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR IGNORANCE & EXCESSIVE VANITY4 ,RELY+ MORE ON ,PROVID5CE ?AN ON M52 NOT SUSPECT+ AT FIR/ ?AT POLITICS1 LIKE EV]Y O!R SCI5CE1 CONTA9$ AN ABSOLUTE TRU?2 AGREE+ EQUALLY WELL ) ,BOSSUET & ,JEAN ,JACQUES1 -- ,I ACCEPT$ ) RESIGNATION MY %>E ( HUMAN MIS]Y1 & CONT5T$ MYSELF ) PRAY+ TO ,GOD = GOOD DEPUTIES1 UPRI<T M9I/]S1 & AN HONE/ K+4 ,BY TA/E AS WELL AS BY DISCRETION & LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 MY P[]S1 ,I WAS SL[LY PURSU+ SOME COMMONPLACE /UDIES 9 PHILOLOGY1 M+L$ ) A LITTLE METAPHYSICS1 :5 ,I SUDD5LY FELL UPON ! GREATE/ PROBLEM ?AT EV] HAS OCCUPI$ PHILOSOPHICAL M9DS3 ,I MEAN ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY4 

,?OSE ( MY READ]S :O >E UNACQUA9T$ ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL T]M9OLOGY WILL BE GLAD TO BE TOLD 9 A FEW WORDS :AT ?IS CRIT]ION IS1 :I* PLAYS SO GREAT A P>T 9 MY WORK4 

,! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY1 ACCORD+ TO ! PHILOSOPH]S1 WILL BE1 :5 DISCOV]$1 AN 9FALLIBLE ME?OD ( E/ABLI%+ ! TRU? ( AN OP9ION1 A JUDGM5T1 A !ORY1 OR A SY/EM1 9 NE>LY ! SAME WAY AS GOLD IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! T\*/ONE1 AS IRON APPROA*ES ! MAGNET1 OR1 BETT] /ILL1 AS WE V]IFY A MA!MATICAL OP]ATION BY APPLY+ ! PRO(4 ,TIME HAS HI!RTO S]V$ AS A SORT ( CRIT]ION = SOCIETY4 ,?US1 ! PRIMITIVE M5 -- HAV+ OBS]V$ ?AT !Y W]E NOT ALL EQUAL 9 /R5G?1 BEAUTY1 & LABOR -- JUDG$1 & RI<TLY1 ?AT C]TA9 ONES AMONG !M W]E CALL$ BY NATURE TO ! P]=MANCE ( SIMPLE & COMMON FUNCTIONS2 BUT !Y CONCLUD$1 & ?IS IS :]E !IR ]ROR LAY1 ?AT !SE SAME 9DIVIDUALS ( DULL] 9TELLECT1 MORE RE/RICT$ G5IUS1 & WEAK] P]SONALITY1 W]E PR$E/9$ TO S]VE ! O!RS2 ?AT IS1 TO LABOR :ILE ! LATT] RE/$1 & TO HAVE NO O!R WILL ?AN !IRS3 & FROM ?IS IDEA ( A NATURAL SUBORD9ATION AMONG M5 SPRANG DOME/ICITY1 :I*1 VOLUNT>ILY ACCEPT$ AT FIR/1 WAS IMP]CEPTIBLY CONV]T$ 9TO HORRIBLE SLAV]Y4 ,TIME1 MAK+ ?IS ]ROR MORE PALPABLE1 HAS BR\<T AB\T JU/ICE4 ,NATIONS HAVE LE>N$ AT !IR [N CO/ ?AT ! SUBJECTION ( MAN TO MAN IS A FALSE IDEA1 AN ]RONE\S !ORY1 P]NICI\S ALIKE TO MA/] & TO SLAVE4 ,& YET SU* A SOCIAL SY/EM HAS /OOD SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S1 & HAS BE5 DEF5D$ BY CELEBRAT$ PHILOSOPH]S2 EV5 TO-DAY1 UND] SOME:AT MITIGAT$ =MS1 SOPHI/S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION UPHOLD & EXTOLL IT4 ,BUT EXP]I5CE IS BR++ IT TO AN 5D4 

,TIME1 !N1 IS ! CRIT]ION ( SOCIETIES2 ?US LOOK$ AT1 HI/ORY IS ! DEMON/RATION ( ! ]RORS ( HUMANITY BY ! >GUM5T R$UCTIO AD ABSURDUM4 

,N[1 ! CRIT]ION S\<T = BY METAPHYSICIANS W\LD HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( DISCRIM9AT+ AT ONCE BETWE5 ! TRUE & ! FALSE 9 EV]Y OP9ION2 SO ?AT 9 POLITICS1 RELIGION1 & MORALS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TRUE & ! USEFUL BE+ IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$1 WE %\LD NO LONG] NE$ TO AWAIT ! SORR[FUL EXP]I5CE ( TIME4 ,EVID5TLY SU* A SECRET W\LD BE DEA? TO ! SOPHI/S1 -- ?AT CURS$ BROOD1 :O1 UND] DIFF]5T NAMES1 EXCITE ! CURIOSITY ( NATIONS1 &1 [+ TO ! DIFFICULTY ( SEP>AT+ ! TRU? FROM ! ]ROR 9 !IR >TI/ICALLY WOV5 !ORIES1 LEAD !M 9TO FATAL V5TURES1 DI/URB !IR PEACE1 & FILL !M ) SU* EXTRAORD9>Y PREJUDICE4 

,UP TO ?IS DAY1 ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY REMA9S A MY/]Y2 ?IS IS [+ TO ! MULTITUDE ( CRIT]IA ?AT HAVE BE5 SUCCESSIVELY PROPOS$4 ,SOME HAVE TAK5 = AN ABSOLUTE & DEF9ITE CRIT]ION ! TE/IMONY ( ! S5SES2 O!RS 9TUI-TION2 !SE EVID5CE2 ?OSE >GUM5T4 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS AFFIRMS ?AT !RE IS NO O!R CRIT]ION ?AN UNIV]SAL REASON4 ,BE=E HIM1 ,M4 DE ,BONALD ?\<T HE HAD DISCOV]$ IT 9 LANGUAGE4 ,QUITE REC5TLY1 ,M4 ,BU*EZ HAS PROPOS$ MORALITY2 &1 TO H>MONIZE !M ALL1 ! ECLECTICS HAVE SAID ?AT IT WAS ABSURD TO SEEK = AN ABSOLUTE CRIT]ION1 S9CE !RE W]E AS MANY CRIT]IA AS SPECIAL ORD]S ( KN[L$GE4 

,( ALL !SE HYPO!SES IT MAY BE OBS]V$1 ,?AT ! TE/IMONY ( ! S5SES IS NOT A CRIT]ION1 BECAUSE ! S5SES1 RELAT+ US ONLY TO PH5OM5A1 FURNI% US ) NO IDEAS2 ?AT 9TUITION NE$S EXT]NAL CONFIRMATION OR OBJECTIVE C]TA9TY2 ?AT EVID5CE REQUIRES PRO(1 & >GUM5T V]IFICATION2 ?AT UNIV]SAL REASON HAS BE5 WRONG MANY A TIME2 ?AT LANGUAGE S]VES EQUALLY WELL TO EXPRESS ! TRUE OR ! FALSE2 ?AT MORALITY1 LIKE ALL ! RE/1 NE$S DEMON/RATION & RULE2 & F9ALLY1 ?AT ! ECLECTIC IDEA IS ! LEA/ REASONABLE ( ALL1 S9CE IT IS ( NO USE TO SAY ?AT !RE >E SEV]AL CRIT]IA IF WE CANNOT PO9T \T ONE4 ,I V]Y MU* FE> ?AT IT WILL BE ) ! CRI-T]ION AS ) ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE2 ?AT IT WILL F9ALLY BE AB&ON$1 NOT ONLY AS 9SOLVABLE1 BUT AS *IM]ICAL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I 5T]TA9 NO HOPES ( HAV+ F\ND IT2 NEV]!LESS1 ,I AM NOT SURE ?AT SOME ONE MORE SKILLFUL WILL NOT DISCOV] IT4 

,BE IT AS IT MAY ) REG>D TO A CRIT]ION OR CRIT]IA1 !RE >E ME?ODS ( DEMON/RATION :I*1 :5 APPLI$ TO C]TA9 SUBJECTS1 MAY LEAD TO ! DISCOV]Y ( UNKN[N TRU?S1 BR+ TO LI<T RELATIONS HI!RTO UNSUSPECT$1 & LIFT A P>ADOX TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( C]TA9TY4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 IT IS NOT BY ITS NOVELTY1 NOR EV5 BY ITS CONT5T1 ?AT A SY/EM %\LD BE JUDG$1 BUT BY ITS ME?OD4 ,! CRITIC1 !N1 %\LD FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 :I*1 9 ! CASES :I* COME BE=E IT1 NEV] EXAM9ES ! FACTS1 BUT ONLY ! =M ( PROC$URE4 ,N[1 :AT IS ! =M ( PROC$URE8 ,A ME?OD4 

,I !N LOOK$ TO SEE :AT PHILOSOPHY1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A CRIT]ION1 HAD ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! AID ( SPECIAL ME?ODS1 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I C\LD NOT DISCOV] -- 9 SPITE ( ! L\DLY-PROCLAIM$ PRET5SIONS ( SOME -- ?AT IT HAD PRODUC$ ANY ?+ ( REAL VALUE2 &1 AT LA/1 WE>I$ ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL TWADDLE1 ,I RESOLV$ TO MAKE A NEW SE>* = ! CRIT]ION4 ,I CONFESS IT1 TO MY %AME1 ?IS FOLLY LA/$ = TWO YE>S1 & ,I AM NOT YET 5TIRELY RID ( IT4 ,IT WAS LIKE SEEK+ A NE$LE 9 A HAY/ACK4 ,I MI<T HAVE LE>N$ ,*9ESE OR ,>ABIC 9 ! TIME ?AT ,I HAVE LO/ 9 CONSID]+ & RECONSID]+ SYLLOGISMS1 9 RIS+ TO ! SUMMIT ( AN 9DUCTION AS TO ! TOP ( A LADD]1 9 9S]T+ A PROPOSITION BETWE5 ! HORNS ( A DILEMMA1 9 DECOMPOS+1 DI/+UI%+1 SEP>AT+1 D5Y+1 AFFIRM+1 ADMITT+1 AS IF ,I C\LD PASS AB/RACTIONS ?R\< A SIEVE4 

,I SELECT$ JU/ICE AS ! SUBJECT-MATT] ( MY EXP]IM5TS4 ,F9ALLY1 AFT] A ?\S& DECOMPOSITIONS1 RECOMPOSITIONS1 & D\BLE COMPOSITIONS1 ,I F\ND AT ! BOTTOM ( MY ANALYTICAL CRUCIBLE1 NOT ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY1 BUT A METAPHYSICO-ECONOMICO-POLITICAL TREATISE1 :OSE CONCLUSIONS W]E SU* ?AT ,I DID NOT C>E TO PRES5T !M 9 A MORE >TI/IC OR1 IF Y\ WILL1 MORE 9TELLIGIBLE =M4 ,! EFFECT :I* ?IS WORK PRODUC$ UPON ALL CLASSES ( M9DS GAVE ME AN IDEA ( ! SPIRIT ( \R AGE1 & DID NOT CAUSE ME TO REGRET ! PRUD5T & SCI5TIFIC OBSCURITY ( MY /YLE4 ,H[ HAPP5S IT ?AT TO-DAY ,I AM OBLIG$ TO DEF5D MY 9T5TIONS1 :5 MY CONDUCT BE>S ! EVID5T IMPRESS ( SU* L(TY MORALITY8 

,Y\ HAVE READ MY WORK1 SIR1 & Y\ KN[ ! GI/ ( MY T$I\S & S*OLA/IC LUCUBRATIONS4 ,CONSID]+ ! REVOLUTIONS ( HUMANITY1 ! VICISSITUDES ( EMPIRES1 ! TRANS=MATIONS ( PROP]TY1 & ! 9NUM]ABLE =MS ( JU/ICE & ( RI<T1 ,I ASK$1 0,>E ! EVILS :I* AFFLICT US 9H]5T 9 \R CONDITION AS M51 OR DO !Y >ISE ONLY FROM AN ]ROR8 ,?IS 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES :I* ALL ADMIT TO BE ! CAUSE ( SOCIETY'S EMB>RASSM5TS1 IS IT1 AS SOME ASS]T1 ! EFFECT ( ,NATURE2 OR1 9 ! DIVISION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR & ! SOIL1 MAY !RE NOT HAVE BE5 SOME ]ROR 9 CALCULATION8 ,DOES EA* LABOR] RECEIVE ALL ?AT IS DUE HIM1 & ONLY ?AT :I* IS DUE HIM8 ,9 %ORT1 9 ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 WAGES1 & EX*ANGE1 IS NO ONE WRONG$8 -- >E ! ACC\NTS WELL KEPT8 -- IS ! SOCIAL BALANCE ACCURATE80 

,!N ,I COMM5C$ A MO/ LABORI\S 9VE/IGATION4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO >RANGE 9=MAL NOTES1 TO DISCUSS CONTRADICTORY TITLES1 TO REPLY TO CAPTI\S ALLEGATIONS1 TO REFUTE ABSURD PRET5SIONS1 & TO DESCRIBE FICTITI\S DEBTS1 DI%ONE/ TRANSACTIONS1 & FRAUDUL5T ACC\NTS4 ,9 ORD] TO TRIUMPH OV] QUIBBL]S1 ,I HAD TO D5Y ! AU?ORITY ( CU/OM1 TO EXAM9E ! >GUM5TS ( LEGISLATORS1 & TO OPPOSE SCI5CE ) SCI5CE ITSELF4 ,F9ALLY1 ALL !SE OP]ATIONS COMPLET$1 ,I HAD TO GIVE A JUDICIAL DECISION4 

,I !RE=E DECL>$1 MY H& UPON MY HE>T1 BE=E ,GOD & M51 ?AT ! CAUSES ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY >E ?REE 9 NUMB]3 #a4 ,GRATUIT\S APPROPRIATION ( COLLECTIVE WEAL?2 #b4 ,9EQUALITY 9 EX*ANGE2 #c4 ,! RI<T ( PR(IT OR 9CREASE4 

,& S9CE ?IS ?REEFOLD ME?OD ( EXTORTION IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! DOMA9 ( PROP]TY1 ,I D5I$ ! LEGITIMACY ( PROP]TY1 & PROCLAIM$ ITS ID5TITY ) ROBB]Y4 

,?AT IS MY ONLY (F5SE4 ,I HAVE REASON$ UPON PROP]TY2 ,I HAVE SE>*$ = ! CRIT]ION ( JU/ICE2 ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$1 NOT ! POSSIBILITY1 BUT ! NECESSITY1 ( EQUALITY ( =TUNES2 ,I HAVE ALL[$ MYSELF NO ATTACK UPON P]SONS1 NO ASSAULT UPON ! GOV]NM5T1 ( :I* ,I1 MORE ?AN ANY ONE ELSE1 AM A PROVISIONAL ADH]5T4 ,IF ,I HAVE SOMETIMES US$ ! WORD PROPRIETOR1 ,I HAVE US$ IT AS ! AB/RACT NAME ( A METAPHYSICAL BE+1 :OSE REALITY BREA!S 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 -- NOT ALONE 9 A PRIVILEG$ FEW4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,I ACKN[L$GE -- = ,I WI% MY CONFESSION TO BE S9C]E -- ?AT ! G5]AL TONE ( MY BOOK HAS BE5 BITT]LY C5SUR$4 ,!Y COMPLA9 ( AN ATMOSPH]E ( PASSION & 9VECTIVE UNWOR?Y ( AN HONE/ MAN1 & QUITE \T ( PLACE 9 ! TREATM5T ( SO GRAVE A SUBJECT4 

,IF ?IS REPROA* IS WELL F\ND$ 7:I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME EI!R TO D5Y OR ADMIT1 BECAUSE 9 MY [N CAUSE ,I CANNOT BE JUDGE71 -- IF1 ,I SAY1 ,I DES]VE ?IS *>GE1 ,I CAN ONLY HUMBLE MYSELF & ACKN[L$GE MYSELF GUILTY ( AN 9VOLUNT>Y WRONG2 ! ONLY EXCUSE ?AT ,I C\LD (F] BE+ ( SU* A NATURE ?AT IT \<T NOT TO BE COMMUNICAT$ TO ! PUBLIC4 ,ALL ?AT ,I CAN SAY IS1 ?AT ,I UND]/& BETT] ?AN ANY ONE H[ ! ANG] :I* 9JU/ICE CAUSES MAY R5D] AN AU?OR H>% & VIOL5T 9 HIS CRITICISMS4 ,:51 AFT] TW5TY YE>S ( LABOR1 A MAN /ILL F9DS HIMSELF ON ! BR9K ( />VATION1 & !N SUDD5LY DISCOV]S 9 AN EQUIVOCATION1 AN ]ROR 9 CALCULATION1 ! CAUSE ( ! EVIL :I* TORM5TS HIM 9 COMMON ) SO MANY MILLIONS ( HIS FELL[S1 HE CAN SC>CELY RE/RA9 A CRY ( SORR[ & DISMAY4 

,BUT1 SIR1 ?\< PRIDE BE (F5D$ BY MY RUD5ESS1 IT IS NOT TO PRIDE ?AT ,I APOLOGIZE1 BUT TO ! PROLETAIRES1 TO ! SIMPLE-M9D$1 :OM ,I P]HAPS HAVE SC&ALIZ$4 ,MY ANGRY DIALECTICS MAY HAVE PRODUC$ A BAD EFFECT ON SOME PEACEABLE M9DS4 ,SOME POOR WORK+MAN -- MORE AFFECT$ BY MY S>CASM ?AN BY ! /R5G? ( MY >GUM5TS -- MAY1 P]HAPS1 HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT PROP]TY IS ! RESULT ( A P]PETUAL ,MA*IAVELIANISM ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NORS AGA9/ ! GOV]N$1 -- A DEPLORABLE ]ROR ( :I* MY BOOK ITSELF IS ! BE/ REFUTATION4 ,I DEVOT$ TWO *APT]S TO %[+ H[ PROP]TY SPR+S FROM HUMAN P]SONALITY & ! COMP>ISON ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!N ,I EXPLA9$ ITS P]PETUAL LIMITATION2 &1 FOLL[+ \T ! SAME IDEA1 ,I PR$ICT$ ITS APPROA*+ DISAPPE>ANCE4 ,H[1 !N1 C\LD ! $ITORS ( ! 0,REVUE ,DEMOCRATIQUE10 AFT] HAV+ BORR[$ FROM ME NE>LY ! :OLE SUB/ANCE ( !IR ECONOMICAL >TICLES1 D>E TO SAY3 0,! HOLD]S ( ! SOIL1 & O!R PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL1 >E MORE OR LESS WILLFUL ACCOMPLICES 9 A VA/ ROBB]Y1 !Y BE+ ! EXCLUSIVE RECEIV]S & %>]S ( ! /OL5 GOODS08 

,! PROPRIETORS WILLFULLY GUILTY ( ! CRIME ( ROBB]Y6 

,NEV] DID ?AT HOMICIDAL PHRASE ESCAPE MY P52 NEV] DID MY HE>T CONCEIVE ! FRI<TFUL ?\<T4 ,?ANK ,HEAV56 ,I KN[ NOT H[ TO CALUMNIATE MY K9D2 & ,I HAVE TOO /RONG A DESIRE TO SEEK = ! REASON ( ?+S TO BE WILL+ TO BELIEVE 9 CRIM9AL CONSPIRACIES4 ,! MILLIONAIRE IS NO MORE TA9T$ BY PROP]TY ?AN ! J\RNEYMAN :O WORKS = ?IRTY S\S P] DAY4 ,ON BO? SIDES ! ]ROR IS EQUAL1 AS WELL AS ! 9T5TION4 ,! EFFECT IS ALSO ! SAME1 ?\< POSITIVE 9 ! =M]1 & NEGATIVE 9 ! LATT]4 ,I ACCUS$ PROP]TY2 ,I DID NOT D5\NCE ! PROPRIETORS1 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ABSURD3 & ,I AM SORRY ?AT !RE >E AMONG US WILLS SO P]V]SE & M9DS SO %ATT]$ ?AT !Y C>E = ONLY SO MU* ( ! TRU? AS WILL AID !M 9 !IR EVIL DESIGNS4 ,SU* IS ! ONLY REGRET :I* ,I FEEL ON ACC\NT ( MY 9DIGNATION1 :I*1 ?\< EXPRESS$ P]HAPS TOO BITT]LY1 WAS AT LEA/ HONE/1 & LEGITIMATE 9 ITS S\RCE4 

,H[EV]1 :AT DID ,I DO 9 ?IS ESSAY :I* ,I VOLUNT>ILY SUBMITT$ TO ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL ,SCI5CES8 ,SEEK+ A FIX$ AXIOM AMID SOCIAL UNC]TA9TIES1 ,I TRAC$ BACK TO ONE FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ALL ! SECOND>Y QUE/IONS OV] :I*1 AT PRES5T1 SO KE5 & DIV]SIFI$ A CONFLICT IS RAG+ ,?IS QUE/ION WAS ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,!N1 COMP>+ ALL EXI/+ !ORIES ) EA* O!R1 & EXTRACT+ FROM !M ?AT :I* IS COMMON TO !M ALL1 ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO DISCOV] ?AT ELEM5T 9 ! IDEA ( PROP]TY :I* IS NECESS>Y1 IMMUTABLE1 & ABSOLUTE2 & ASS]T$1 AFT] AU!NTIC V]IFICATION1 ?AT ?IS IDEA IS R$UCIBLE TO ?AT ( 9DIVIDUAL & TRANSMISSIBLE POSSESSION2 SUSCEPTIBLE ( EX*ANGE1 BUT NOT ( ALI5ATION2 F\ND$ ON LABOR1 & NOT ON FICTITI\S OCCUPANCY1 OR IDLE CAPRICE4 ,I SAID1 FUR!R1 ?AT ?IS IDEA WAS ! RESULT ( \R REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 -- ! CULM9AT+ PO9T T[>DS :I* ALL OP9IONS1 GRADUALLY DIVE/+ !MSELVES ( !IR CONTRADICTORY ELEM5TS1 CONV]GE4 ,& ,I TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE ?IS BY ! SPIRIT ( ! LAWS1 BY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BY PSY*OLOGY & HI/ORY4 

,A ,FA!R ( ! ,*UR*1 F9I%+ A LE>N$ EXPOSITION ( ! ,CA?OLIC DOCTR9E1 CRI$1 9 ! 5?USIASM ( HIS FAI?1 0,DOM9E1 SI ]ROR E/1 A TE DECEPTI SUMUS 7IF MY RELIGION IS FALSE1 ,GOD IS TO BLAME740 ,I1 AS WELL AS ?IS !OLOGIAN1 CAN SAY1 0,IF EQUALITY IS A FABLE1 ,GOD1 ?R\< :OM WE ACT & ?9K & >E2 ,GOD1 :O GOV]NS SOCIETY BY ET]NAL LAWS1 :O REW>DS JU/ NATIONS1 & PUNI%ES PROPRIETORS1 -- ,GOD ALONE IS ! AU?OR ( EVIL2 ,GOD HAS LI$4 ,! FAULT LIES NOT ) ME40 

,BUT1 IF ,I AM MI/AK5 9 MY 9F]5CES1 ,I %\LD BE %[N MY ]ROR1 & L$ \T ( IT4 ,IT IS SURELY WOR? ! TR\BLE1 & ,I ?9K ,I DES]VE ?IS HONOR4 ,!RE IS NO GR\ND = PROSCRIPTION4 ,=1 9 ! WORDS ( ?AT MEMB] ( ! ,CONV5TION :O DID NOT LIKE ! GUILLOT9E1 TO KILL IS NOT TO REPLY4 ,UNTIL !N1 ,I P]SI/ 9 REG>D+ MY WORK AS USEFUL1 SOCIAL1 FULL ( 9/RUCTION = PUBLIC (FICIALS1 -- WOR?Y1 9 %ORT1 ( REW>D & 5C\RAGEM5T4 

,= !RE IS ONE TRU? ( :I* ,I AM PR(\NDLY CONV9C$1 -- NATIONS LIVE BY ABSOLUTE IDEAS1 NOT BY APPROXIMATE & P>TIAL CONCEPTIONS2 !RE=E1 M5 >E NE$$ :O DEF9E PR9CIPLES1 OR AT LEA/ TE/ !M 9 ! FIRE ( CONTROV]SY4 ,SU* IS ! LAW1 -- ! IDEA FIR/1 ! PURE IDEA1 ! UND]/&+ ( ! LAWS ( ,GOD1 ! !ORY3 PRACTICE FOLL[S ) SL[ /EPS1 CAUTI\S1 ATT5TIVE TO ! SUCCESSION ( EV5TS2 SURE TO SEIZE1 T[>DS ?IS ET]NAL M]IDIAN1 ! 9DICATIONS ( SUPREME REASON4 ,! COOP]ATION ( !ORY & PRACTICE PRODUCES 9 HUMANITY ! REALIZATION ( ORD]1 -- ! ABSOLUTE TRU?4.<#g#i.> 

,ALL ( US1 AS LONG AS WE LIVE1 >E CALL$1 EA* 9 PROPORTION TO HIS /R5G?1 TO ?IS SUBLIME WORK4 ,! ONLY DUTY :I* IT IMPOSES UPON US IS TO REFRA9 FROM APPROPRIAT+ ! TRU? TO \RSELVES1 EI!R BY CONCEAL+ IT1 OR BY ACCOMMODAT+ IT TO ! TEMP] ( ! C5TURY1 OR BY US+ IT = \R [N 9T]E/S4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE ( CONSCI5CE1 SO GR& & SO SIMPLE1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T 9 MY ?\<T4 

,CONSID]1 9 FACT1 SIR1 ?AT :I* ,I MI<T HAVE DONE1 BUT DID NOT WI% TO DO4 ,I REASON ON ! MO/ HONORABLE HYPO!SIS4 ,:AT H9D]$ ME FROM CONCEAL+1 = SOME YE>S TO COME1 ! AB/RACT !ORY ( ! EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 FROM CRITICIZ+ CON/ITUTIONS & CODES2 FROM %[+ ! ABSOLUTE & ! CONT+5T1 ! IMMUTABLE & ! EPHEM]AL1 ! ET]NAL & ! TRANSITORY1 9 LAWS PRES5T & PA/2 FROM CON/RUCT+ A NEW SY/EM ( LEGISLATION1 & E/ABLI%+ ON A SOLID F\NDATION ?IS SOCIAL $IFICE1 EV] DE/ROY$ & AS (T5 REBUILT8 ,MI<T ,I NOT1 TAK+ UP ! DEF9ITIONS ( CASUI/S1 HAVE CLE>LY %[N ! CAUSE ( !IR CONTRADICTIONS & UNC]TA9TIES1 & SUPPLI$1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! 9ADEQUACIES ( !IR CONCLUSIONS8 ,MI<T ,I NOT HAVE CONFIRM$ ?IS LABOR BY A VA/ HI/ORICAL EXPOSITION1 9 :I* ! PR9CIPLE ( EXCLUSION1 & ( ! ACCUMULATION ( PROP]TY1 ! APPROPRIATION ( COLLECTIVE WEAL?1 & ! RADICAL VISE 9 EX*ANGES1 W\LD HAVE FIGUR$ AS ! CON/ANT CAUSES ( TYRANNY1 W>1 & REVOLUTION8 

0,IT %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE10 Y\ SAY4 ,DO NOT D\BT1 SIR1 ?AT SU* A TASK W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ MORE PATI5CE ?AN G5IUS4 ,) ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ECONOMY :I* ,I HAVE ANALYZ$1 ,I W\LD HAVE HAD ONLY TO BREAK ! GR\ND1 & FOLL[ ! FURR[4 ,! CRITIC ( LAWS F9DS NO?+ MORE DIFFICULT ?AN TO DET]M9E JU/ICE3 ! LABOR ALONE W\LD HAVE BE5 LONG]4 ,OH1 IF ,I HAD PURSU$ ?IS GLITT]+ PROSPECT1 &1 LIKE ! MAN ( ! BURN+ BU%1 ) 9SPIR$ C\NTE-NANCE & DEEP & SOLEMN VOICE1 HAD PRES5T$ MYSELF SOME DAY ) NEW TABLES1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 F\ND FOOLS TO ADMIRE1 BOOBIES TO APPLAUD1 & C[>DS TO (F] ME ! DICTATOR%IP2 =1 9 ! WAY ( POPUL> 9FATUATIONS1 NO?+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,BUT1 SIR1 AFT] ?IS MONUM5T ( 9SOL5CE & PRIDE1 :AT %\LD ,I HAVE DES]V$ 9 Y\R OP9ION1 AT ! TRIBUNAL ( ,GOD1 & 9 ! JUDGM5T ( FREE M58 ,DEA?1 SIR1 & ET]NAL REPROBATION6 

,I !RE=E SPOKE ! TRU? AS SOON AS ,I SAW IT1 WAIT+ ONLY LONG 5\< TO GIVE IT PROP] EXPRESSION4 ,I PO9T$ \T ]ROR 9 ORD] ?AT EA* MI<T RE=M HIMSELF1 & R5D] HIS LABORS MORE USEFUL4 ,I ANN\NC$ ! EXI/5CE ( A NEW POLITICAL ELEM5T1 9 ORD] ?AT MY ASSOCIATES 9 RE=M1 DEVELOP+ IT 9 CONC]T1 MI<T >RIVE MORE PROMPTLY AT ?AT UNITY ( PR9CIPLES :I* ALONE CAN ASSURE TO SOCIETY A BETT] DAY4 ,I EXPECT$ TO RECEIVE1 IF NOT = MY BOOK1 AT LEA/ = MY COMM5DABLE CONDUCT1 A SMALL REPUBLICAN OVATION4 ,&1 BEHOLD6 J\RNALI/S D5\NCE ME1 ACADEMICIANS CURSE ME1 POLITICAL ADV5TUR]S 7GREAT ,GOD67 ?9K TO MAKE !MSELVES TOL]ABLE BY PROTE/+ ?AT !Y >E NOT LIKE ME6 ,I GIVE ! =MULA BY :I* ! :OLE SOCIAL $IFICE MAY BE SCI5TIFICALLY RECON/RUCT$1 & ! /RONGE/ M9DS REPROA* ME = BE+ ABLE ONLY TO DE/ROY4 ,! RE/ DESPISE ME1 BECAUSE ,I AM UNKN[N4 ,:5 ! 0,ESSAY ON ,PROP]TY0 FELL 9TO ! RE=MATORY CAMP1 SOME ASK$3 0,:O HAS SPOK58 ,IS IT ,>AGO8 ,IS IT ,LAM5NAIS8 ,MI*EL DE ,B\RGES OR ,G>NI]-,PAGES80 ,& :5 !Y HE>D ! NAME ( A NEW MAN3 0,WE DO NOT KN[ HIM10 !Y W\LD REPLY4 ,?US1 ! MONOPOLY ( ?\<T1 PROP]TY 9 REASON1 OPPRESSES ! PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! WOR%IP ( ! 9FAM\S PREVAILS EV5 ON ! /EPS ( ! TAB]NACLE4 

,BUT :AT AM ,I SAY+8 ,MAY EVIL BEFALL ME1 IF ,I BLAME ! POOR CREATURES6 ,OH6 LET US NOT DESPISE ?OSE G5]\S S\LS1 :O 9 ! EXCITEM5T ( !IR PATRIOTISM >E ALWAYS PROMPT TO ID5TIFY ! VOICE ( !IR *IEFS ) ! TRU?4 ,LET US 5C\RAGE RA!R !IR SIMPLE CR$ULITY1 5LI<T5 COMPLAC5TLY & T5D]LY !IR PRECI\S S9C]ITY1 & RES]VE \R %AFTS = ?OSE VA9-GLORI\S SPIRITS :O >E ALWAYS AD-MIR+ !IR G5IUS1 &1 9 DIFF]5T TONGUES1 C>ESS+ ! PEOPLE 9 ORD] TO GOV]N !M4 

,!SE CONSID]ATIONS ALONE OBLIGE ME TO REPLY TO ! /RANGE & SUP]FICIAL CONCLUSIONS ( ! 0,J\RNAL DU ,PEUPLE0 7ISSUE ( ,OCT4 #a#a1 #a#h#d71 ON ! QUE/ION ( PROP]TY4 ,I LEAVE1 !RE=E1 ! J\RNALI/ TO ADDRESS MYSELF ONLY TO HIS READ]S4 ,I HOPE ?AT ! SELF-LOVE ( ! WRIT] WILL NOT BE (F5D$1 IF1 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! MASSES1 ,I IGNORE AN 9DIVIDUAL4 

,Y\ SAY1 PROLETAIRES ( ! 0,PEUPLE10 0,= ! V]Y REASON ?AT M5 & ?+S EXI/1 !RE ALWAYS WILL BE M5 :O WILL POSSESS ?+S2 NO?+1 !RE=E1 CAN DE/ROY PROP]TY40 

,9 SPEAK+ ?US1 Y\ UNCONSCI\SLY >GUE EXACTLY AFT] ! MANN] ( ,M4 ,C\S91 :O ALWAYS REASONS FROM POSSESSION TO PROP]TY4 ,?IS CO9CID5CE1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT SURPRISE ME4 ,M4 ,C\S9 IS A PHILOSOPH] ( MU* M9D1 & Y\1 PROLETAIRES1 HAVE /ILL MORE4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS HONORABLE1 EV5 = A PHILOSOPH]1 TO BE Y\R COMPANION 9 ]ROR4 

,ORIG9ALLY1 ! WORD PROP]TY WAS SYNONYM\S ) PROP] OR 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION4 ,IT DESIGNAT$ EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S SPECIAL RI<T TO ! USE ( A ?+4 ,BUT :5 ?IS RI<T ( USE1 9]T 7IF ,I MAY SAY SO7 AS IT WAS ) REG>D TO ! O!R USUFRUCTU>IES1 BECAME ACTIVE & P>AM\NT1 -- ?AT IS1 :5 ! USUFRUCTU>Y CONV]T$ HIS RI<T TO P]SONALLY USE ! ?+ 9TO ! RI<T TO USE IT BY HIS NEI<BOR'S LABOR1 -- !N PROP]TY *ANG$ ITS NATURE1 & ITS IDEA BECAME COMPLEX4 ,! LEGI/S KNEW ?IS V]Y WELL1 BUT 9/EAD ( OPPOS+1 AS !Y \<T1 ?IS ACCUMULATION ( PR(ITS1 !Y ACCEPT$ & SANCTION$ ! :OLE4 ,& AS ! RI<T ( F>M-R5T NECESS>ILY IMPLIES ! RI<T ( USE1 -- 9 O!R WORDS1 AS ! RI<T TO CULTIVATE L& BY ! LABOR ( A SLAVE SUPPOSES ONE'S P[] TO CULTIVATE IT HIMSELF1 ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! GREAT] 9CLUDES ! LESS1 -- ! NAME PROP]TY WAS RES]V$ TO DESIGNATE ?IS D\BLE RI<T1 & ?AT ( POSSESSION WAS ADOPT$ TO DESIGNATE ! RI<T ( USE4 ,:5CE PROP]TY CAME TO BE CALL$ ! P]FECT RI<T1 ! RI<T ( DOMA91 ! EM95T RI<T1 ! H]OIC OR QUIRITAIRE RI<T1 -- 9 ,LAT91 JUS P]FECTUM1 JUS OPTIMUM1 JUS QUIRIT>IUM1 JUS DOM9II1 -- :ILE POSSESSION BECAME ASSIMILAT$ TO F>M-R5T4 

,N[1 ?AT 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION EXI/S ( RI<T1 OR1 BETT]1 FROM NATURAL NECESSITY1 ALL PHILOSOPH]S ADMIT1 & CAN EASILY E DEMON/RAT$2 BUT :51 9 IMITATION ( ,M4 ,C\S91 WE ASSUME IT TO BE ! BASIS ( ! DOMA9 ( PROP]TY1 WE FALL 9TO ! SOPHISM CALL$ SOPHISMA AMPHIBOLIAE VEL AMBIGUITATIS1 :I* CONSI/S 9 *ANG+ ! MEAN+ BY A V]BAL EQUIVOCATION4 

,PEOPLE (T5 ?9K !MSELVES V]Y PR(\ND1 BECAUSE1 BY ! AID ( EXPRESSIONS ( EXTREME G5]ALITY1 !Y APPE> TO RISE TO ! HEI<T ( ABSOLUTE IDEAS1 & ?US DECEIVE 9EXP]I5C$ M9DS2 &1 :AT IS WORSE1 ?IS IS COMMONLY CALL$ EXAM9+ AB/RACTIONS4 ,BUT ! AB/RACTION =M$ BY ! COMP>ISON ( ID5TICAL FACTS IS ONE ?+1 :ILE ?AT :I* IS D$UC$ FROM DIFF]5T ACCEPTATIONS ( ! SAME T]M IS QUITE ANO!R4 ,! FIR/ GIVES ! UNIV]SAL IDEA1 ! AXIOM1 ! LAW2 ! SECOND 9DICATES ! ORD] ( G5]ATION ( IDEAS4 ,ALL \R ]RORS >ISE FROM ! CON/ANT CONFUSION ( !SE TWO K9DS ( AB/RACTIONS4 ,9 ?IS P>TICUL>1 LANGUAGES & PHILOSOPHIES >E ALIKE DEFICI5T4 ,! LESS COMMON AN IDIOM IS1 & ! MORE OBSCURE ITS T]MS1 ! MORE PROLIFIC IS IT AS A S\RCE ( ]ROR3 A PHILOSOPH] IS SOPHI/ICAL 9 PROPORTION TO HIS IGNORANCE ( ANY ME?OD ( NEUTRALIZ+ ?IS IMP]FECTION 9 LANGUAGE4 ,IF ! >T ( CORRECT+ ! ]RORS ( SPEE* BY SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS IS EV] DISCOV]$1 !N PHILOSOPHY WILL HAVE F\ND ITS CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY4 

,N[1 !N1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROP]TY & POSSESSION BE+ WELL E/ABLI%$1 & IT BE+ SETTL$ ?AT ! =M]1 = ! REASONS :I* ,I HAVE JU/ GIV51 MU/ NECESS>ILY DISAPPE>1 IS IT BE/1 = ! SLI<T ADVANTAGE ( RE/OR+ AN ETYMOLOGY1 TO RETA9 ! WORD PROP]TY8 ,MY OP9ION IS ?AT IT W\LD BE V]Y UNWISE TO DO SO1 & ,I WILL TELL :Y4 ,I QUOTE FROM ! 0,J\RNAL DU ,PEUPLE30 -- 

0,TO ! LEGISLATIVE P[] BELONGS ! RI<T TO REGULATE PROP]TY1 TO PRESCRIBE ! CONDITIONS ( ACQUIR+1 POSSESS+1 & TRANSMITT+ IT444 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT 9H]ITANCE1 ASSESSM5T1 COMM]CE1 9DU/RY1 LABOR1 & WAGES REQUIRE ! MO/ IMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS40 

,Y\ WI%1 PROLETAIRES1 TO REGULATE PROP]TY2 ?AT IS1 Y\ WI% TO DE/ROY IT & R$UCE IT TO ! RI<T ( POSSESSION4 ,= TO REGULATE PROP]TY )\T ! CONS5T ( ! PROPRIETORS IS TO D5Y ! RI<T ( DOMA92 TO ASSOCIATE EMPLOYES ) PROPRIETORS IS TO DE/ROY ! EM95T RI<T2 TO SUPPRESS OR EV5 R$UCE F>M-R5T1 H\SE-R5T1 REV5UE1 & 9CREASE G5]ALLY1 IS TO ANNIHILATE P]FECT PROP]TY4 ,:Y1 !N1 :ILE LABOR+ ) SU* LAUDABLE 5?USIASM = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EQUALITY1 %\LD Y\ RETA9 AN EXPRESSION :OSE EQUIVOCAL MEAN+ WILL ALWAYS BE AN OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY ( Y\R SUCCESS8 

,!RE Y\ HAVE ! FIR/ REASON -- A :OLLY PHILOSOPHICAL ONE -- = REJECT+ NOT ONLY ! ?+1 BUT ! NAME1 PROP]TY4 ,H]E N[ IS ! POLITICAL1 ! HI<E/ REASON4 

,EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION -- ,M4 ,C\S9 WILL TELL Y\ -- IS EFFECT$ ONLY BY ! REALIZATION ( AN IDEA1 EI!R POLITICAL1 MORAL1 OR RELIGI\S4 ,:5 ,ALEX&] CONQU]$ ,ASIA1 HIS IDEA WAS TO AV5GE ,GREEK LIB]TY AGA9/ ! 9SULTS ( ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM2 :5 ,M>IUS & ,CAES> OV]?REW ! ,ROMAN PATRICIANS1 !IR IDEA WAS TO GIVE BREAD TO ! PEOPLE2 :5 ,*RI/IANITY REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! WORLD1 ITS IDEA WAS TO EMANCIPATE MANK9D1 & TO SUB/ITUTE ! WOR%IP ( ONE ,GOD = ! DEITIES ( ,EPICURUS & ,HOM]2 :5 ,FRANCE ROSE 9 '#h#i1 H] IDEA WAS LIB]TY & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO TRUE REVOLUTION1 SAYS ,M4 ,C\S91 ) \T ITS IDEA2 SO ?AT :]E AN IDEA DOES NOT EXI/1 OR EV5 FAILS ( A =MAL EXPRESSION1 REVOLUTION IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE >E MOBS1 CONSPIRATORS1 RIOT]S1 REGICIDES4 ,!RE >E NO REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,SOCIETY1 DEVOID ( IDEAS1 TWI/S & TOSSES AB\T1 & DIES 9 ! MID/ ( ITS FRUITLESS LABOR4 

,NEV]!LESS1 Y\ ALL FEEL ?AT A REVOLUTION IS TO COME1 & ?AT Y\ ALONE CAN ACCOMPLI% IT4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! IDEA :I* GOV]NS Y\1 PROLETAIRES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY8 -- = REALLY ,I CANNOT CALL Y\ REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,:AT DO Y\ ?9K8 -- :AT DO Y\ BELIEVE8 -- :AT DO Y\ WANT8 ,BE GU>D$ 9 Y\R REPLY4 ,I HAVE READ FAI?FULLY Y\R FAVORITE J\RNALS1 Y\R MO/ E/EEM$ AU?ORS4 ,I F9D EV]Y:]E ONLY VA9 & PU]ILE 5TITES2 NO:]E DO ,I DISCOV] AN IDEA4 

,I WILL EXPLA9 ! MEAN+ ( ?IS WORD 5TITE1 -- NEW1 )\T D\BT1 TO MO/ ( Y\4 

,BY 5TITE IS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD A SUB/ANCE :I* ! IMAG9ATION GRASPS1 BUT :I* IS 9COGNIZABLE BY ! S5SES & ! REASON4 ,?US ! SOPORIFIC P[] ( OPIUM1 ( :I* ,SGAN>ELLE SPEAKS1 & ! PECCANT HUMORS ( ANCI5T M$IC9E1 >E 5TITES4 ,! 5TITE IS ! SUPPORT ( ?OSE :O DO NOT WI% TO CONFESS !IR IGNORANCE4 ,IT IS 9COMPREH5SIBLE2 OR1 AS ,/4 ,PAUL SAYS1 ! >GUM5TUM NON APP>5TIUM4 ,9 PHILOSOPHY1 ! 5TITE IS (T5 ONLY A REPETITION ( WORDS :I* ADD NO?+ TO ! ?\<T4 

,= EXAMPLE1 :5 ,M4 ,PI]RE ,L]\X -- :O SAYS SO MANY EXCELL5T ?+S1 BUT :O IS TOO FOND1 9 MY OP9ION1 ( HIS ,PLATONIC =MULAS -- ASSURES US ?AT ! EVILS ( HUMANITY >E DUE TO \R IGNORANCE ( LIFE1 ,M4 ,PI]RE ,L]\X UTT]S AN 5TITE2 = IT IS EVID5T ?AT IF WE >E EVIL IT IS BECAUSE WE DO NOT KN[ H[ TO LIVE2 BUT ! KN[L$GE ( ?IS FACT IS ( NO VALUE TO US4 

,:5 ,M4 ,$G> ,QU9ET DECL>ES ?AT ,FRANCE SUFF]S & DECL9ES BECAUSE !RE IS AN ANTAGONISM ( M5 & ( 9T]E/S1 HE DECL>ES AN 5TITE2 = ! PROBLEM IS TO DISCOV] ! CAUSE ( ?IS ANTAGONISM4 

,:5 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 9 ?UND] TONES1 PREA*ES SELF-SACRIFICE & LOVE1 HE PROCLAIMS TWO 5TITES2 = WE NE$ TO KN[ ON :AT CONDITIONS SELF-SACRIFICE & LOVE CAN SPR+ UP & EXI/4 

,SO ALSO1 PROLETAIRES1 :5 Y\ TALK ( LIB]TY1 PROGRESS1 & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 Y\ MAKE ( !SE NATURALLY 9TELLIGIBLE ?+S SO MANY 5TITES 9 SPACE3 =1 ON ! ONE H&1 WE NE$ A NEW DEF9ITION ( LIB]TY1 S9CE ?AT ( '#h#i NO LONG] SUFFICES2 &1 ON ! O!R1 WE MU/ KN[ 9 :AT DIRECTION SOCIETY %\LD PROCE$ 9 ORD] TO BE 9 PROGRESS4 ,AS = ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT IS A GROSS] 5TITE ?AN ! SOV]EIGNTY ( REASON2 IT IS ! 5TITE ( 5TITES4 ,9 FACT1 S9CE SOV]EIGNTY CAN NO MORE BE CONCEIV$ ( \TSIDE ( ! PEOPLE ?AN \TSIDE ( REASON1 IT REMA9S TO BE ASC]TA9$ :O1 AMONG ! PEOPLE1 %ALL EX]CISE ! SOV]EIGNTY2 &1 AMONG SO MANY M9DS1 :I* %ALL BE ! SOV]EIGNS4 ,TO SAY ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD ELECT !IR REPRES5TATIVES IS TO SAY ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD RECOGNIZE !IR SOV]EIGNS1 :I* DOES NOT REMOVE ! DIFFICULTY AT ALL4 

,BUT SUPPOSE ?AT1 EQUAL BY BIR?1 EQUAL BE=E ! LAW1 EQUAL 9 P]SONALITY1 EQUAL 9 SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 Y\ WI% ALSO TO BE EQUAL 9 CONDITIONS4 

,SUPPOSE ?AT1 P]CEIV+ ALL ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( M51 :E!R !Y PRODUCE OR EX*ANGE OR CONSUME1 TO BE RELATIONS ( COMMUTATIVE JU/ICE1 -- 9 A WORD1 SOCIAL RELATIONS2 SUPPOSE1 ,I SAY1 ?AT1 P]CEIV+ ?IS1 Y\ WI% TO GIVE ?IS NATURAL SOCIETY A LEGAL EXI/5CE1 & TO E/ABLI% ! FACT BY LAW1 -- 

,I SAY ?AT !N Y\ NE$ A CLE>1 POSITIVE1 & EXACT EXPRESSION ( Y\R :OLE IDEA1 -- ?AT IS1 AN EXPRESSION :I* /ATES AT ONCE ! PR9CIPLE1 ! MEANS1 & ! 5D2 & ,I ADD ?AT ?AT EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATION4 

,& S9CE ! ASSOCIATION ( ! HUMAN RACE DATES1 AT LEA/ RI<TFULLY1 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD1 & HAS GRADUALLY E/ABLI%$ & P]FECT$ ITSELF BY SUCCESSIVELY DIVE/+ ITSELF ( ITS NEGATIVE ELEM5TS1 SLAV]Y1 NOBILITY1 DESPOTISM1 >I/OCRACY1 & FEUDALISM1 -- ,I SAY ?AT1 TO ELIM9ATE ! LA/ NEGATION ( SOCIETY1 TO =MULATE ! LA/ REVOLUTION>Y IDEA1 Y\ MU/ *ANGE Y\R OLD RALLY+-CRIES1 NO MORE ABSOLUTISM1 NO MORE NOBILITY1 NO MORE SLAVES6 9TO ?AT ( NO MORE PROP]TY6 444 

,BUT ,I KN[ :AT A/ONI%ES Y\1 POOR S\LS1 BLA/$ BY ! W9D ( POV]TY1 & CRU%$ BY Y\R PATRONS' PRIDE3 IT IS EQUALITY1 :OSE CONSEQU5CES FRI<T5 Y\4 ,H[1 Y\ HAVE SAID 9 Y\R J\RNAL1 -- H[ CAN WE 0DREAM ( A LEVEL :I*1 BE+ UNNATURAL1 IS !RE=E UNJU/8 ,H[ %ALL WE PAY ! DAY'S LABOR ( A ,CORM59 OR A ,LAM5NAIS80 

,PLEBEIANS1 LI/56 ,:51 AFT] ! BATTLE ( ,SALAMIS1 ! ,A!NIANS ASSEMBL$ TO AW>D ! PRIZES = C\RAGE1 AFT] ! BALLOTS HAD BE5 COLLECT$1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT EA* COMBATANT HAD ONE VOTE = ! FIR/ PRIZE1 & ,!MI/OCLES ALL ! VOTES = ! SECOND4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,M9]VA W]E CR[N$ BY !IR [N H&S4 ,TRULY H]OIC S\LS6 ALL W]E WOR?Y ( ! OLIVE-BRAN*1 S9CE ALL HAD V5TUR$ TO CLAIM IT = !MSELVES4 ,ANTIQUITY PRAIS$ ?IS SUBLIME SPIRIT4 ,LE>N1 PROLETAIRES1 TO E/EEM Y\RSELVES1 & TO RESPECT Y\R DIGNITY4 ,Y\ WI% TO BE FREE1 & Y\ KN[ NOT H[ TO BE CITIZ5S4 ,N[1 :OEV] SAYS 0CITIZ5S0 NECESS>ILY SAYS EQUALS4 

,IF ,I %\LD CALL MYSELF ,LAM5NAIS OR ,CORM591 & SOME J\RNAL1 SPEAK+ ( ME1 %\LD BUR/ =? ) !SE HYP]BOLES1 9COMP>ABLE G5IUS1 SUP]IOR M9D1 CONSUMMATE VIRTUE1 NOBLE *>ACT]1 ,I %\LD NOT LIKE IT1 & %\LD COMPLA91 -- FIR/1 BECAUSE SU* EULOGIES >E NEV] DES]V$2 &1 SECOND1 BECAUSE !Y FURNI% A BAD EXAMPLE4 ,BUT ,I WI%1 9 ORD] TO RECONCILE Y\ TO EQUALITY1 TO MEASURE = Y\ ! GREATE/ LIT]>Y P]SONAGE ( \R C5TURY4 ,DO NOT ACCUSE ME ( 5VY1 PROLETAIRES1 IF ,I1 A DEF5D] ( EQUALITY1 E/IMATE AT !IR PROP] VALUE TAL5TS :I* >E UNIV]SALLY ADMIR$1 & :I* ,I1 BETT] ?AN ANY ONE1 KN[ H[ TO RECOGNIZE4 ,A DW>F CAN ALWAYS MEASURE A GIANT3 ALL ?AT HE NE$S IS A Y>D/ICK4 

,Y\ HAVE SE5 ! PRET5TI\S ANN\NCEM5TS ( 0,L',ESQUISSE D'UNE ,PHILOSOPHIE10 & Y\ HAVE ADMIR$ ! WORK ON TRU/2 = EI!R Y\ HAVE NOT READ IT1 OR1 IF Y\ HAVE1 Y\ >E 9CAPABLE ( JUDG+ IT4 ,ACQUA9T Y\RSELVES1 !N1 ) ?IS SPECULATION MORE BRILLIANT ?AN S\ND2 &1 :ILE ADMIR+ ! 5?USIASM ( ! AU?OR1 CEASE TO PITY ?OSE USEFUL LABORS :I* ONLY HABIT & ! GREAT NUMB] ( ! P]SONS 5GAG$ 9 !M R5D] CONTEMPTIBLE4 ,I %ALL BE BRIEF2 =1 NOT)/&+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SUBJECT & ! G5IUS ( ! AU?OR1 :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY IS ( BUT LITTLE MOM5T4 

,M4 ,LAM5NAIS />TS ) ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD4 ,H[ DOES HE DEMON/RATE IT8 ,BY ,CIC]O'S >GUM5T1 -- ?AT IS1 BY ! CONS5T ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ NEW 9 ?AT4 ,WE HAVE /ILL TO F9D \T :E!R ! BELIEF ( ! HUMAN RACE IS LEGITIMATE2 OR1 AS ,KANT SAYS1 :E!R \R SUBJECTIVE C]TA9TY ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD CORRESPONDS ) ! OBJECTIVE TRU?4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT TR\BLE ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS4 ,HE SAYS ?AT1 IF ! HUMAN RACE BELIEVES1 IT IS BECAUSE IT HAS A REASON = BELIEV+4 ,!N1 HAV+ PRON\NC$ ! NAME ( ,GOD1 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS S+S A HYMN2 & ?AT IS HIS DEMON/RATION6 

,?IS FIR/ HYPO!SIS ADMITT$1 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS FOLL[S IT ) A SECOND2 NAMELY1 ?AT !RE >E ?REE P]SONS 9 ,GOD4 ,BUT1 :ILE ,*RI/IANITY TEA*ES ! DOGMA ( ! ,TR9ITY ONLY ON ! AU?ORITY ( REVELATION1 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS PRET5DS TO >RIVE AT IT BY ! SOLE =CE ( >GUM5T2 & HE DOES NOT P]CEIVE ?AT HIS PRET5D$ DEMON/RATION IS1 FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D1 AN?ROPOMORPHISM1 -- ?AT IS1 AN ASCRIPTION ( ! FACULTIES ( ! HUMAN M9D & ! P[]S ( NATURE TO ! ,DIV9E SUB/ANCE4 ,NEW SONGS1 NEW HYMNS6 

,GOD & ! ,TR9ITY ?US DEMON/RAT$1 ! PHILOSOPH] PASSES TO ! CREATION1 -- A ?IRD HYPO!SIS1 9 :I* ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 ALWAYS ELOQU5T1 V>I$1 & SUBLIME1 DEMON/RATES ?AT ,GOD MADE ! WORLD NEI!R ( NO?+1 NOR ( SOME?+1 NOR ( HIMSELF2 ?AT HE WAS FREE 9 CREAT+1 BUT ?AT NEV]!LESS HE C\LD NOT BUT CREATE2 ?AT !RE IS 9 MATT] A MATT] :I* IS NOT MATT]2 ?AT ! >*ETYPAL IDEAS ( ! WORLD >E SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R1 9 ! ,DIV9E M9D1 BY A DIVISION :I* IS OBSCURE & UN9TELLIGIBLE1 & YET SUB/ANTIAL & REAL1 :I* 9VOLVES 9TELLIGIBILITY1 @&C4 ,WE MEET ) LIKE CONTRADICTIONS CONC]N+ ! ORIG9 ( EVIL4 ,TO EXPLA9 ?IS PROBLEM1 -- ONE ( ! PR(\NDE/ 9 PHILOSOPHY1 -- ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS AT ONE TIME D5IES EVIL1 AT ANO!R MAKES ,GOD ! AU?OR ( EVIL1 & AT /ILL ANO!R SEEKS \TSIDE ( ,GOD A FIR/ CAUSE :I* IS NOT ,GOD1 -- AN AMALGAM ( 5TITES MORE OR LESS 9COH]5T1 BORR[$ FROM ,PLATO1 ,PROCLUS1 ,SP9OZA1 ,I MI<T SAY EV5 FROM ALL PHILOSOPH]S4 

,HAV+ ?US E/ABLI%$ HIS TR9ITY ( HYPO!SES1 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS D$UCES !REFROM1 BY A BADLY CONNECT$ *A9 ( ANALOGIES1 HIS :OLE PHILOSOPHY4 ,& IT IS H]E ESPECIALLY ?AT WE NOTICE ! SYNCRETISM :I* IS PECULI> TO HIM4 ,! !ORY ( ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS EMBRACES ALL SY/EMS1 & SUPPORTS ALL OP9IONS4 ,>E Y\ A MAT]IALI/8 ,SUPPRESS1 AS USELESS 5TITES1 ! ?REE P]SONS 9 ,GOD2 !N1 />T+ DIRECTLY FROM HEAT1 LI<T1 & ELECTRO-MAGNETISM1 -- :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 >E ! ?REE ORIG9AL FLUIDS1 ! ?REE PRIM>Y EXT]NAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( ,WILL1 ,9TELLIG5CE1 & ,LOVE1 -- Y\ HAVE A MAT]IALI/IC & A!I/IC COSMOGONY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E Y\ W$D$ TO SPIRITUALISM8 ,) ! !ORY ( ! IMMAT]IALITY ( ! BODY1 Y\ >E ABLE TO SEE EV]Y:]E NO?+ BUT SPIRITS4 ,F9ALLY1 IF Y\ 9CL9E TO PAN!ISM1 Y\ WILL BE SATISFI$ BY ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 :O =MALLY TEA*ES ?AT ! WORLD IS NOT AN EMANATION FROM ,DIV9ITY1 -- :I* IS PURE PAN!ISM1 -- BUT A FL[ ( ,DIV9ITY4 

,I DO NOT PRET5D1 H[EV]1 TO D5Y ?AT 0,L',ESQUISSE0 CONTA9S SOME EXCELL5T ?+S2 BUT1 BY ! AU?OR'S DECL>ATION1 !SE ?+S >E NOT ORIG9AL ) HIM2 IT IS ! SY/EM :I* IS HIS4 ,?AT IS UND\BT$LY ! REASON :Y ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS SPEAKS SO CONTEMPTU\SLY ( HIS PR$ECESSORS 9 PHILOSOPHY1 & DISDA9S TO QUOTE HIS ORIG9ALS4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT1 S9CE 0,L',ESQUISSE0 CONTA9S ALL TRUE PHILOSOPHY1 ! WORLD WILL LOSE NO?+ :5 ! NAMES & WORKS ( ! OLD PHILOSOPH]S P]I%4 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 :O R5D]S GLORY TO ,GOD 9 BEAUTIFUL SONGS1 DOES NOT KN[ H[ AS WELL TO R5D] JU/ICE TO HIS FELL[S4 ,HIS FATAL FAULT IS ?IS APPROPRIATION ( KN[L$GE1 :I* ! !OLOGIANS CALL ! PHILOSOPHICAL S91 OR ! S9 AGA9/ ! ,HOLY ,<O/ -- A S9 :I* WILL NOT DAMN Y\1 PROLETAIRES1 NOR ME EI!R4 

,9 %ORT1 0,L',ESQUISSE10 JUDG$ AS A SY/EM1 & DIVE/$ ( ALL :I* ITS AU?OR BORR[S FROM PREVI\S SY/EMS1 IS A COMMONPLACE WORK1 :OSE ME?OD CONSI/S 9 CON/ANTLY EXPLA9+ ! KN[N BY ! UNKN[N1 & 9 GIV+ 5TITES = AB/RACTIONS1 & TAUTOLOGIES = PRO(S4 ,ITS :OLE !ODICY IS A WORK NOT ( G5IUS BUT ( IMAG9ATION1 A PAT*+ UP ( NEO-,PLATONIC IDEAS4 ,! PSY*OLOGICAL PORTION AM\NTS TO NO?+1 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS OP5LY RIDICUL+ LABORS ( ?IS *>ACT]1 )\T :I*1 H[EV]1 METAPHYSICS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! BOOK1 :I* TREATS ( LOGIC & ITS ME?ODS1 IS WEAK1 VAGUE1 & %ALL[4 ,F9ALLY1 WE F9D 9 ! PHYSICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECULATIONS :I* ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS D$UCES FROM HIS TR9IT>IAN COSMOGONY GRAVE ]RORS1 ! PRECONCEIV$ DESIGN ( ACCOMMODAT+ FACTS TO !ORY1 & ! SUB/ITUTION 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE ( HYPO!SIS = REALITY4 ,! ?IRD VOLUME ON 9DU/RY & >T IS ! MO/ 9T]E/+ TO READ1 & ! BE/4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS CAN BOA/ ( NO?+ BUT HIS /YLE4 ,AS A PHILOSOPH]1 HE HAS ADD$ NOT A S+LE IDEA TO ?OSE :I* EXI/$ BE=E HIM4 

,:Y1 !N1 ?IS EXCESSIVE M$IOCRITY ( ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS CONSID]$ AS A ?9K]1 A M$IOCRITY :I* DISCLOS$ ITSELF AT ! TIME ( ! PUBLICATION ( ! 0,ESSAI SUR L',9DIFF]5CE08 ,IT IS BECAUSE 7REMEMB] ?IS WELL1 PROLETAIRES67 ,NATURE MAKES NO MAN TRULY COMPLETE1 & BECAUSE ! DEVELOPM5T ( C]TA9 FACULTIES ALMO/ ALWAYS EXCLUDES AN EQUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! OPPOSITE FACULTIES2 IT IS BECAUSE ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS IS PREEM95TLY A POET1 A MAN ( FEEL+ & S5TIM5T4 ,LOOK AT HIS /YLE1 -- EXUB]ANT1 SONOR\S1 PICTURESQUE1 VEHEM5T1 FULL ( EXAGG]ATION & 9VECTIVE1 -- & HOLD IT = C]TA9 ?AT NO MAN POS-SESS$ ( SU* A /YLE WAS EV] A TRUE METAPHYSICIAN4 ,?IS WEAL? ( EXPRESSION & ILLU/RATION1 :I* EV]YBODY ADMIRES1 BECOMES 9 ,M ,LAM5NAIS ! 9CURABLE CAUSE ( HIS PHILOSOPHICAL IMPOT5CE4 ,HIS FL[ ( LANGUAGE1 & HIS S5SITIVE NATURE MISLEAD+ HIS IMAG9ATION1 HE ?9KS ?AT HE IS REASON+ :5 HE IS ONLY REPEAT+ HIMSELF1 & READILY TAKES A DESCRIPTION = A LOGICAL D$UCTION4 ,H5CE HIS HORROR ( POSITIVE IDEAS1 HIS FEEBLE P[]S ( ANALYSIS1 HIS PRON\NC$ TA/E = 9DEF9ITE ANALOGIES1 V]BAL AB/RACTIONS1 HYPO!TICAL G5]ALITIES1 9 %ORT1 ALL SORTS ( 5TITES4 

,FUR!R1 ! 5TIRE LIFE ( ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS IS CONCLUSIVE PRO( ( HIS ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL G5IUS4 ,DEV\T EV5 TO MY/ICISM1 AN >D5T ULTRAMONTANE1 AN 9TOL]ANT !OCRAT1 HE AT FIR/ FEELS ! D\BLE 9FLU5CE ( ! RELIGI\S REACTION & ! LIT]>Y !ORIES :I* M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS C5TURY1 & FALLS BACK TO ! MIDDLE AGES & ,GREGORY ,V,I,I42 !N1 SUDD5LY BECOM+ A PROGRESSIVE ,*RI/IAN & A DEMOCRAT1 HE GRADUALLY LEANS T[>DS RATIONALISM1 & F9ALLY FALLS 9TO DEISM4 ,AT PRES5T1 EV]YBODY WAITS AT ! TRAP-DOOR4 ,AS = ME1 ?\< ,I W\LD NOT SWE> TO IT1 ,I AM 9CL9$ TO ?9K ?AT ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 ALREADY TAK5 ) SKEPTICISM1 WILL DIE 9 A /ATE ( 9DIFF]5CE4 ,HE [ES TO 9DIVIDUAL REASON & ME?ODICAL D\BT ?IS EXPIATION ( HIS E>LY ESSAYS4 

,IT HAS BE5 PRET5D$ ?AT ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 PREA*+ N[ A !OCRACY1 N[ UNIV]SAL DEMOCRACY1 HAS BE5 ALWAYS CONSI/5T2 ?AT1 UND] DIFF]5T NAMES1 HE HAS S\<T 9V>IABLY ONE & ! SAME ?+1 -- UNITY4 ,PITIFUL EXCUSE = AN AU?OR SURPRIS$ 9 ! V]Y ACT ( CONTRADICTION6 ,:AT W\LD BE ?\<T ( A MAN :O1 BY TURNS A S]VANT ( DESPOTISM UND] ,L\IS ,X,V,I41 A DEMAGOGUE ) ,ROBESPI]RE1 A C\RTI] ( ! ,EMP]OR1 A BIGOT DUR+ FIFTE5 YE>S ( ! ,RE/ORATION1 A CONS]VATIVE S9CE #a#h#c1 %\LD D>E TO SAY ?AT HE EV] HAD WI%$ = BUT ONE ?+1 -- PUBLIC ORD]8 ,W\LD HE BE REG>D$ AS ANY ! LESS A R5EGADE FROM ALL P>TIES8 ,PUBLIC ORD]1 UNITY1 ! WORLD'S WELF>E1 SOCIAL H>MONY1 ! UNION ( ! NATIONS1 -- CONC]N+ EA* ( !SE ?+S !RE IS NO POSSIBLE DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION4 ,EV]YBODY WI%ES !M2 ! *>ACT] ( ! PUBLICI/ DEP5DS ONLY UPON ! MEANS BY :I* HE PROPOSES TO >RIVE AT !M4 ,BUT :Y LOOK TO ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS = A /EADFA/NESS ( OP9ION1 :I* HE HIMSELF REPUDIATES8 ,HAS HE NOT SAID1 0,! M9D HAS NO LAW2 ?AT :I* ,I BELIEVE TO-DAY1 ,I DID NOT BELIEVE YE/]DAY2 ,I DO NOT KN[ ?AT ,I %ALL BELIEVE IT TO-MORR[08 

,NO2 !RE IS NO REAL SUP]IORITY AMONG M51 S9CE ALL TAL5TS & CAPACITIES >E COMB9$ NEV] 9 ONE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS MAN HAS ! P[] ( ?\<T1 ?AT ONE IMAG9ATION & /YLE1 /ILL ANO!R 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CAPACITY4 ,BY \R V]Y NATURE & $UCATION1 WE POSSESS ONLY SPECIAL APTITUDES :I* >E LIMIT$ & CONF9$1 & :I* BECOME CONSEQU5TLY MORE NECESS>Y AS !Y GA9 9 DEP? & /R5G?4 ,CAPACITIES >E TO EA* O!R AS FUNCTIONS & P]SONS2 :O W\LD D>E TO CLASSIFY !M 9 RANKS8 ,! F9E/ G5IUS IS1 BY ! LAWS ( HIS EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T1 ! MO/ DEP5D5T UPON ! SOCIETY :I* CREATES HIM4 ,:O W\LD D>E TO MAKE A GOD ( ! GLORI\S *ILD8 

0,IT IS NOT /R5G? :I* MAKES ! MAN10 SAID A ,H]CULES ( ! M>KET-PLACE TO ! ADMIR+ CR[D2 0IT IS *>ACT]40 ,?AT MAN1 :O HAD ONLY HIS MUSCLES1 HELD =CE 9 CONTEMPT4 ,! LESSON IS A GOOD ONE1 PROLETAIRES2 WE %\LD PR(IT BY IT4 ,IT IS NOT TAL5T 7:I* IS ALSO A =CE71 IT IS NOT KN[L$GE1 IT IS NOT BEAUTY :I* MAKES ! MAN4 ,IT IS HE>T1 C\RAGE1 WILL1 VIRTUE4 ,N[1 IF WE >E EQUAL 9 ?AT :I* MAKES US M51 H[ CAN ! ACCID5TAL DI/RIBUTION ( SECOND>Y FACULTIES DETRACT FROM \R MANHOOD8 

,REMEMB] ?AT PRIVILEGE IS NATURALLY & 9EVITABLY ! LOT ( ! WEAK2 & DO NOT BE MISL$ BY ! FAME :I* ACCOMPANIES C]TA9 TAL5TS :OSE GREATE/ M]IT CONSI/S 9 !IR R>ITY1 & A LONG & TOILSOME APPR5TICE%IP4 ,IT IS EASI] = ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS TO RECITE A PHILIPPIC1 OR S+ A HUMANIT>IAN ODE AFT] ! ,PLATONIC FA%ION1 ?AN TO DISCOV] A S+LE USEFUL TRU?2 IT IS EASI] = AN ECONOMI/ TO APPLY ! LAWS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ?AN TO WRITE T5 L9ES 9 ! /YLE ( ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS2 IT IS EASI] = BO? TO SPEAK ?AN TO ACT4 ,Y\1 !N1 :O PUT Y\R H&S TO ! WORK1 :O ALONE TRULY CREATE1 :Y DO Y\ WI% ME TO ADMIT Y\R 9F]IORITY8 ,BUT1 :AT AM ,I SAY+8 ,YES1 Y\ >E 9F]IOR1 = Y\ LACK VIRTUE & WILL6 ,READY = LABOR & = BATTLE1 Y\ HAVE1 :5 LIB]TY & EQUALITY >E 9 QUE/ION1 NEI!R C\RAGE NOR *>ACT]6 

,9 ! PREFACE TO HIS PAMPHLET ON 0,LE ,PAYS ET LE ,G\V]NE-M5T10 AS WELL AS 9 HIS DEF5SE BE=E ! JURY1 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS FRANKLY DECL>$ HIMSELF AN ADVOCATE ( PROP]TY4 ,\T ( REG>D = ! AU?OR & HIS MIS=TUNE1 ,I %ALL AB/A9 FROM *>ACT]IZ+ ?IS DECL>ATION1 & FROM EXAM9+ !SE TWO SORR[FUL P]=MANCES4 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS SEEMS TO BE ONLY ! TOOL ( A QUASI-RADICAL P>TY1 :I* FLATT]S HIM 9 ORD] TO USE HIM1 )\T RESPECT = A GLORI\S1 BUT H5CE =? P[]LESS1 OLD AGE4 ,:AT MEANS ?IS PR(ESSION ( FAI?8 ,FROM ! FIR/ NUMB] ( 0,L',AV5IR0 TO 0,L',ESQUISSE D'UNE ,PHILOSOPHIE10 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS ALWAYS FAVORS EQUALITY1 ASSOCIATION1 & EV5 A SORT ( VAGUE & 9DEF9ITE COMMUNISM4 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS1 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 GIVES ! LIE TO HIS PA/ C>E]1 & R5\NCES HIS MO/ G5]\S T5D5CIES4 ,CAN IT1 !N1 BE TRUE ?AT 9 ?IS MAN1 :O HAS BE5 TOO R\<LY TREAT$1 BUT :O IS ALSO TOO EASILY FLATT]$1 /R5G? ( TAL5T HAS ALREADY \TLIV$ /R5G? ( WILL8 

,IT IS SAID ?AT ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS HAS REJECT$ ! (F]S ( SEV]AL ( HIS FRI5DS TO TRY TO PROCURE = HIM A COMMUTATION ( HIS S5T5CE4 ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS PREF]S TO S]VE \T HIS TIME4 ,MAY NOT ?IS AFFECTATION ( A FALSE /OICISM COME FROM ! SAME S\RCE AS HIS RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY8 ,! ,HURON1 :5 TAK5 PRISON]1 HURLS 9SULTS & ?REATS AT HIS CONQU]OR1 -- ?AT IS ! H]OISM ( ! SAVAGE2 ! M>TYR PRAYS = HIS EXECUTION]S1 & IS WILL+ TO RECEIVE FROM !M HIS LIFE1 -- ?AT IS ! H]OISM ( ! ,*RI/IAN4 ,:Y HAS ! APO/LE ( LOVE BECOME AN APO/LE ( ANG] & REV5GE8 ,HAS1 !N1 ! TRANSLATOR ( 0,L',IMITATION0 =GOTT5 ?AT HE :O (F5DS *>ITY CANNOT HONOR VIRTUE8 ,GALILEO1 RETRACT+ ON HIS KNEES BE=E ! TRIBUNAL ( ! 9QUISITION HIS H]ESY 9 REG>D TO ! MOVEM5T ( ! E>?1 & RECOV]+ AT ?AT PRICE HIS LIB]TY1 SEEMS TO ME A HUNDR$ TIMES GR&] ?AN ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS4 ,:AT6 IF WE SUFF] = TRU? & JU/ICE1 MU/ WE1 9 RETALIATION1 ?RU/ \R P]SECUTORS \TSIDE ! PALE ( HUMAN SOCIETY2 &1 :5 S5T5C$ TO AN UNJU/ PUNI%M5T1 MU/ WE DECL9E EXEMPTION IF IT IS (F]$ TO US1 BECAUSE IT PLEASES A FEW BASE SATELLITES TO CALL IT A P>DON8 ,SU* IS NOT ! WISDOM ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,BUT ,I =GOT ?AT 9 ! PRES5CE ( ,M4 ,LAM5NAIS ?IS NAME IS NO LONG] PRON\NC$4 ,MAY ! PROPHET ( 0,L',AV5IR0 BE SOON RE/OR$ TO LIB]TY & HIS FRI5DS2 BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 MAY HE H5CE=? D]IVE HIS 9SPIRATION ONLY FROM HIS G5IUS & HIS HE>T6 

,O PROLETAIRES1 PROLETAIRES6 H[ LONG >E Y\ TO BE VICTIMIZ$ BY ?IS SPIRIT ( REV5GE & IMPLACABLE HATR$ :I* Y\R FALSE FRI5DS K9DLE1 & :I*1 P]HAPS1 HAS DONE MORE H>M TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( RE=MATORY IDEAS ?AN ! CORRUPTION1 IGNORANCE1 & MALICE ( ! GOV]NM5T8 ,BELIEVE ME1 AT ! PRES5T TIME EV]YBODY IS TO BLAME4 ,9 FACT1 9 9T5TION1 OR 9 EXAMPLE1 ALL >E F\ND WANT+2 & Y\ HAVE NO RI<T TO ACCUSE ANY ONE4 ,! K+ HIMSELF 7,GOD =GIVE ME6 ,I DO NOT LIKE TO JU/IFY A K+71 -- ! K+ HIMSELF IS1 LIKE HIS PR$ECESSORS1 ONLY ! P]SONIFICATION ( AN IDEA1 & AN IDEA1 PROLETAIRES1 :I* POSSESSES Y\ YET4 ,HIS GREATE/ WRONG CONSI/S 9 WI%+ = ITS COMPLETE REALIZATION1 :ILE Y\ WI% IT REALIZ$ ONLY P>TIALLY1 -- CONSEQU5TLY1 9 BE+ LOGICAL 9 HIS GOV]NM5T2 :ILE Y\1 9 Y\R COMPLA9TS1 >E NOT AT ALL SO4 ,Y\ CLAMOR = A SECOND REGICIDE4 ,HE ?AT IS )\T S9 AMONG Y\1 -- LET HIM CA/ AT ! PR9CE ( PROP]TY ! FIR/ /ONE6 

,H[ SUCCESSFUL Y\ W\LD HAVE BE5 IF1 9 ORD] TO 9FLU5CE M51 Y\ HAD APPEAL$ TO ! SELF-LOVE ( M51 -- IF1 9 ORD] TO ALT] ! CON/ITUTION & ! LAW1 Y\ HAD PLAC$ Y\RSELVES )9 ! CON/ITUTION & ! LAW6 ,FIFTY ?\S& LAWS1 !Y SAY1 MAKE UP \R POLITICAL & CIVIL CODES4 ,( !SE FIFTY ?\S& LAWS1 TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& >E = Y\1 TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& AGA9/ Y\4 ,IS IT NOT CLE> ?AT Y\R DUTY IS TO OPPOSE ! =M] TO ! LATT]1 & ?US1 BY ! >GUM5T ( CONTRADICTION1 DRIVE PRIVILEGE 9TO ITS LA/ DIT*8 ,?IS ME?OD ( ACTION IS H5CE=? ! ONLY USEFUL ONE1 BE+ ! ONLY MORAL & RATIONAL ONE4 

,= MY P>T1 IF ,I HAD ! E> ( ?IS NATION1 TO :I* ,I AM ATTA*$ BY BIR? & PR$ILECTION1 ) NO 9T5TION ( PLAY+ ! LEAD+ P>T 9 ! FUTURE REPUBLIC1 ,I W\LD 9/RUCT ! LABOR+ MASSES TO CONQU] PROP]TY ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS & JUDICIAL PLEAD+S2 TO SEEK AUXILI>IES & ACCOMPLICES 9 ! HI<E/ RANKS ( SOCIETY1 & TO RU9 ALL PRIVILEG$ CLASSES BY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( !IR COMMON DESIRE = P[] & POPUL>ITY4 ,! PETITION = ! ELECTORAL RE=M HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& SIGNATURES1 & ! ILLU/RI\S ,>AGO ?REAT5S US ) A MILLION4 ,SURELY1 ?AT WILL BE WELL DONE2 BUT FROM ?IS MILLION ( CITIZ5S1 :O >E AS WILL+ TO VOTE = AN EMP]OR AS = EQUALITY1 C\LD WE NOT SELECT T5 ?\S& SIGNATURES -- ,I MEAN BONA FIDE SIGNATURES -- :OSE AU?ORS CAN READ1 WRITE1 CIPH]1 & EV5 ?9K A LITTLE1 & :OM WE C\LD 9VITE1 AFT] DUE P]USAL & V]BAL EXPLANATION1 TO SIGN SU* A PETITION AS ! FOLL[+3 -- 

0,TO HIS ,EXCELL5CY ! ,M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR3 -- 

0,M,O,N,S,I,E,U,R ,L,E ,M,9,I,/,R,E1 -- ,ON ! DAY :5 A ROYAL ORD9ANCE1 DECREE+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( MODEL NATIONAL WORK%OPS1 %ALL APPE> 9 ! ',MONITEUR1' ! UND]SIGN$1 TO ! NUMB] ( T5 ?\S&1 WILL REPAIR TO ! ,PALACE ( ! ,TUIL]IES1 & !RE1 ) ALL ! P[] ( !IR LUNGS1 WILL %\T1 ',LONG LIVE ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE6' 

0,ON ! DAY :5 ! ',MONITEUR' %ALL 9=M ! PUBLIC ?AT ?IS PETITION IS REFUS$1 ! UND]SIGN$1 TO ! NUMB] ( T5 ?\S&1 WILL SAY SECRETLY 9 !IR HE>TS1 ',D[N ) ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE6' 0 

,IF ,I AM NOT MI/AK51 SU* A PETITION W\LD HAVE SOME EFFECT4.<#h.> ,! PLEASURE ( A POPUL> OVATION W\LD BE WELL WOR? ! SACRIFICE ( A FEW MILLIONS4 ,!Y S[ SO MU* TO REAP UNPOPUL>ITY6 ,!N1 IF ! NATION1 ITS HOPES ( #ahc RE/OR$1 %\LD FEEL IT ITS DUTY TO KEEP ITS PROMISE1 -- & IT W\LD KEEP IT1 = ! WORD ( ! NATION IS1 LIKE ?AT ( ,GOD1 SACR$1 -- IF1 ,I SAY1 ! NATION1 RECONCIL$ BY ?IS ACT ) ! PUBLIC-SPIRIT$ MON>*Y1 %\LD BE> TO ! FOOT ( ! ?RONE ITS *E]S & ITS V[S1 & %\LD AT ?AT SOLEMN MOM5T *OOSE ME TO SPEAK 9 ITS NAME1 ! FOLL[+ W\LD BE ! SUB/ANCE ( MY SPEE*3 -- 

0,S,I,R,E1 -- ,?IS IS :AT ! NATION WI%ES TO SAY TO Y\R ,MAJE/Y3 -- 

0,O ,K+6 Y\ SEE :AT IT CO/S TO GA9 ! APPLAUSE ( ! CITIZ5S4 ,W\LD Y\ LIKE US H5CE=? TO TAKE = \R MOTTO3 ',LET US HELP ! ,K+1 ! ,K+ WILL HELP US'8 ,DO Y\ WI% ! PEOPLE TO CRY3 ',! ,K,+ ,& ,! ,F,R,5,* ,N,A,T,I,O,N'8 ,!N AB&ON !SE GRASP+ BANK]S1 !SE QU>RELSOME LAWY]S1 !SE MIS]ABLE B\RGEOIS1 !SE 9FAM\S WRIT]S1 !SE DI%ONOR$ M54 ,ALL !SE1 ,SIRE1 HATE Y\1 & CONT9UE TO SUPPORT Y\ ONLY BECAUSE !Y FE> US4 ,F9I% ! WORK ( \R K+S2 WIPE \T >I/OCRACY & PRIVILEGE2 CONSULT ) !SE FAI?FUL PROLETAIRES1 ) ! NATION1 :I* ALONE CAN HONOR A SOV]EIGN & S9C]ELY %\T1 ',LONG LIVE ! K+6' 0 

,! RE/ ( :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY1 SIR1 IS = Y\ ALONE2 O!RS W\LD NOT UND]/& ME4 ,Y\ >E1 ,I P]CEIVE1 A REPUBLICAN AS WELL AS AN ECONOMI/1 & Y\R PATRIOTISM REVOLTS AT ! V]Y IDEA ( ADDRESS+ TO ! AU?ORITIES A PETITION 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE %\LD BE TACITLY RECOGNIZ$4 0,NATIONAL WORK%OPS6 IT W]E WELL TO HAVE SU* 9/ITUTIONS E/ABLI%$10 Y\ ?9K2 0BUT PATRIOTIC HE>TS NEV] WILL ACCEPT !M FROM AN >I/OCRATIC M9I/RY1 NOR BY ! C\RTESY ( A K+40 ,ALREADY1 UND\BT$LY1 Y\R OLD PREJUDICES HAVE RETURN$1 & Y\ N[ REG>D ME ONLY AS A SOPHI/1 AS READY TO FLATT] ! P[]S ?AT BE AS TO DI%ONOR1 BY PU%+ !M TO AN EXTREME1 ! PR9CIPLES ( EQUALITY & UNIV]SAL FRAT]NITY4 

,:AT %ALL ,I SAY TO Y\8 444 ,?AT ,I %\LD SO LI<TLY COMPROMISE ! FUTURE ( MY !ORIES1 EI!R ?IS CLEV] SOPHI/RY :I* IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ME MU/ BE AT BOTTOM A V]Y TRIFL+ AFFAIR1 OR ELSE MY CONVICTIONS MU/ BE SO FIRM ?AT !Y DEPRIVE ME ( FREE-WILL4 

,BUT1 NOT TO 9SI/ FUR!R ON ! NECESSITY ( A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! EXECUTIVE P[] & ! PEOPLE1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 SIR1 ?AT1 9 D\BT+ MY PATRIOTISM1 Y\ REASON V]Y CAPRICI\SLY1 & ?AT Y\R JUDGM5TS >E EXCE$+LY RA%4 ,Y\1 SIR1 O/5SIBLY DEF5D+ GOV]NM5T & PROP]TY1 >E ALL[$ TO BE A REPUBLICAN1 RE=M]1 PHALAN/]IAN1 ANY ?+ Y\ WI%2 ,I1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEM&+ DI/9CTLY 5\< A SLI<T RE=M 9 PUBLIC ECONOMY1 AM =EORDA9$ A CONS]VATIVE1 & LIKEWISE A FRI5D ( ! DYNA/Y4 ,I CANNOT EXPLA9 MYSELF MORE CLE>LY4 ,SO FIRM A BELIEV] AM ,I 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS & ! /ATUS QUO ( GOV]NM5TAL =MS ?AT1 9/EAD ( DE/ROY+ ?AT :I* EXI/S & BEG9N+ OV] AGA9 ! PA/1 ,I PREF] TO R5D] EV]Y ?+ LEGITIMATE BY CORRECT+ IT4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! CORRECTIONS :I* ,I PROPOSE1 ?\< RESPECT+ ! =M1 T5D TO F9ALLY *ANGE ! NATURE ( ! ?+S CORRECT$4 ,:O D5IES IT8 ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY ?AT :I* CON/ITUTES MY SY/EM ( /ATUS QUO4 ,I MAKE NO W> UPON SYMBOLS1 FIGURES1 OR PHANTOMS4 ,I RESPECT SC>ECR[S1 & B[ BE=E BUGBE>S4 ,I ASK1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT PROP]TY BE LEFT AS IT IS1 BUT ?AT 9T]E/ ON ALL K9DS ( CAPITAL BE GRADUALLY L[]$ & F9ALLY ABOLI%$2 ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT ! *>T] BE MA9TA9$ 9 ITS PRES5T %APE1 BUT ?AT ME?OD BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ADM9I/RATION & POLITICS4 ,?AT IS ALL4 ,NEV]!LESS1 SUBMITT+ TO ALL ?AT IS1 ?\< NOT SATISFI$ ) IT1 ,I 5DEAVOR TO CON=M TO ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 & TO R5D] UNTO ,CAES> ! ?+S ?AT >E ,CAES>'S4 ,IS IT ?\<T1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,I LOVE PROP]TY8 444 ,V]Y WELL2 ,I AM MYSELF A PROPRIETOR & DO HOMAGE TO ! RI<T ( 9CREASE1 AS IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,I HAVE CR$ITORS TO :OM ,I FAI?FULLY PAY1 EV]Y YE>1 A L>GE AM\NT ( 9T]E/4 ,! SAME ) POLITICS4 ,S9CE WE >E A MON>*Y1 ,I W\LD CRY1 0,LONG LIVE ! K+10 RA!R ?AN SUFF] DEA?2 :I* DOES NOT PREV5T ME1 H[EV]1 FROM DEM&+ ?AT ! IRREMOVABLE1 9VIOLABLE1 & H]$IT>Y REPRES5TATIVE ( ! NATION %ALL ACT ) ! PROLETAIRES AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES2 9 A WORD1 ?AT ! K+ %ALL BECOME ! LEAD] ( ! RADICAL P>TY4 ,!REBY WE PROLETAIRES W\LD GA9 EV]Y ?+2 & ,I AM SURE ?AT1 AT ?IS PRICE1 ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE MI<T SECURE TO HIS FAMILY ! P]PETUAL PRESID5CY ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,& ?IS IS :Y ,I ?9K SO4 

,IF !RE EXI/$ 9 ,FRANCE BUT ONE GREAT FUNCTIONAL 9EQUALITY1 ! DUTY ( ! FUNCTION>Y BE+1 FROM ONE 5D ( ! YE> TO ! O!R1 TO HOLD FULL C\RT ( SAVANTS1 >TI/S1 SOLDI]S1 DEPUTIES1 9SPECTORS1 @&C41 IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! EXP5SES ( ! PRESID5CY !N W\LD BE ! NATIONAL EXP5SES2 & ?AT1 ?R\< ! REV]SION ( ! CIVIL LI/ TO ! MASS ( CONSUM]S1 ! GREAT 9EQUALITY ( :I* ,I SPEAK W\LD =M AN EXACT EQUATION ) ! :OLE NATION4 ,( ?IS NO ECONO-MI/ NE$S A DEMON/RATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE W\LD BE NO MORE FE> ( CLIQUES1 C\RTI]S1 & APPANAGES1 S9CE NO NEW 9EQUALITY C\LD BE E/ABLI%$4 ,! K+1 AS K+1 W\LD HAVE FRI5DS 7UNHE>D-( ?+71 BUT NO FAMILY4 ,HIS RELATIVES OR K9SM51 -- AGNATS ET COGNATS1 -- IF !Y W]E FOOLS1 W\LD BE NO?+ TO HIM2 & 9 NO CASE1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! HEIR APP>5T1 W\LD !Y HAVE1 EV5 9 C\RT1 MORE PRIVILEGES ?AN O!RS4 ,NO MORE NEPOTISM1 NO MORE FAVOR1 NO MORE BAS5ESS4 ,NO ONE W\LD GO TO C\RT SAVE :5 DUTY REQUIR$1 OR :5 CALL$ BY AN HONORABLE DI/9CTION2 & AS ALL CONDITIONS W\LD BE EQUAL & ALL FUNCTIONS EQUALLY HONOR$1 !RE W\LD BE NO O!R EMULATION ?AN ?AT ( M]IT & VIRTUE4 ,I WI% ! K+ ( ! ,FR5* C\LD SAY )\T %AME1 0,MY BRO!R ! G>D5]1 MY SI/]-9-LAW ! MILK-MAID1 MY SON ! PR9CE-ROYAL1 & MY SON ! BLACKSMI?40 ,HIS DAU<T] MI<T WELL BE AN >TI/4 ,?AT W\LD BE BEAUTIFUL1 SIR2 ?AT W\LD BE ROYAL2 NO ONE BUT A BUFFOON C\LD FAIL TO UND]/& IT4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ,I HAVE COME TO ?9K ?AT ! =MS ( ROYALTY MAY BE MADE TO H>MONIZE ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( EQUALITY1 & HAVE GIV5 A MON>*ICAL =M TO MY REPUBLICAN SPIRIT4 

,I HAVE SE5 ?AT ,FRANCE CONTA9S BY NO MEANS AS MANY DEMOCRATS AS IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$1 & ,I HAVE COMPROMIS$ ) ! MON>*Y4 ,I DO NOT SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 IF ,FRANCE WANT$ A REPUBLIC1 ,I C\LD NOT ACCOMMODATE MYSELF EQUALLY WELL1 & P]HAPS BETT]4 ,BY NATURE1 ,I HATE ALL SIGNS ( DI/9CTION1 CROSSES ( HONOR1 GOLD LACE1 LIV]IES1 CO/UMES1 HONOR>Y TITLES1 @&C41 &1 ABOVE ALL1 P>ADES4 ,IF ,I HAD MY WAY1 NO G5]AL %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM A SOLDI]1 NOR A PE] ( ,FRANCE FROM A PEASANT4 ,:Y HAVE ,I NEV] TAK5 P>T 9 A REVIEW8 = ,I AM HAPPY TO SAY1 SIR1 ?AT ,I AM A NATIONAL GU>D2 ,I HAVE NO?+ ELSE 9 ! WORLD BUT ?AT4 ,BECAUSE ! REVIEW IS ALWAYS HELD AT A PLACE :I* ,I DO NOT LIKE1 & BECAUSE !Y HAVE FOOLS = (FIC]S :OM ,I AM COMPELL$ TO OBEY4 ,Y\ SEE1 -- & ?IS IS NOT ! BE/ ( MY HI/ORY1 -- ?AT1 9 SPITE ( MY CONS]VATIVE OP9IONS1 MY LIFE IS A P]PETUAL SACRIFICE TO ! REPUBLIC4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,I D\BT IF SU* SIMPLICITY W\LD BE AGREEABLE TO ,FR5* VANITY1 TO ?AT 9ORD9ATE LOVE ( DI/9CTION & FLATT]Y :I* MAKES \R NATION ! MO/ FRIVOL\S 9 ! WORLD4 ,M4 ,LAM>T9E1 9 HIS GR& 0,M$ITATION ON ,BONAP>TE10 CALLS ! ,FR5* A NATION ( ,BRUTUSES4 ,WE >E M]ELY A NATION ( ,N>CISSUSES4 ,PREVI\S TO '#h#i1 WE HAD ! >I/OCRACY ( BLOOD2 !N EV]Y B\RGEOIS LOOK$ D[N UPON ! COMMONALTY1 & WI%$ TO BE A NOBLEMAN4 ,AFT]W>DS1 DI/9CTION WAS BAS$ ON WEAL?1 & ! B\RGEOISIE JEAL\S ( ! NOBILITY1 & PR\D ( !IR MONEY1 US$ #ahc TO PROMOTE1 NOT LIB]TY BY ANY MEANS1 BUT ! >I/OCRACY ( WEAL?4 ,:51 ?R\< ! =CE ( EV5TS1 & ! NATURAL LAWS ( SOCIETY1 = ! DEVELOPM5T ( :I* ,FRANCE (F]S SU* FREE PLAY1 EQUALITY %ALL BE E/ABLI%$ 9 FUNCTIONS & =TUNES1 !N ! BEAUX & ! BELLES1 ! SAVANTS & ! >TI/S1 WILL =M NEW CLASSES4 ,!RE IS A UNIV]SAL & 9NATE DESIRE 9 ?IS ,GALLIC C\NTRY = FAME & GLORY4 ,WE MU/ HAVE DI/9CTIONS1 BE !Y :AT !Y MAY1 -- NOBILITY1 WEAL?1 TAL5T1 BEAUTY1 OR DRESS4 ,I SUSPECT ,M,M4 ,>AGE & ,G>NI]-,PAGES ( HAV+ >I/OCRATIC MANN]S1 & ,I PICTURE TO MYSELF \R GREAT J\RNALI/S1 9 !IR COLUMNS SO FRI5DLY TO ! PEOPLE1 ADM9I/]+ R\< KICKS TO ! COMPOSITORS 9 !IR PR9T+ (FICES4 

0,?IS MAN10 ONCE SAID 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 9 SPEAK+ ( ,C>REL1 0:OM WE HAD PROCLAIM$ FIR/ CONSUL6 444 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT ! MON>*ICAL PR9CIPLE /ILL LIVES 9 ! HE>TS ( \R DEMOCRATS1 & ?AT !Y WANT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ORD] TO MAKE !MSELVES K+S8 ,S9CE 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 PRIDES ITSELF ON HOLD+ MORE FIX$ OP9IONS ?AN 0,LE ,J\RNAL DES ,DEBATS10 ,I PRESUME ?AT1 ,>M& ,C>REL BE+ DEAD1 ,M4 ,>M& ,M>RA/ IS N[ FIR/ CONSUL1 & ,M4 ,G>NI]-,PAGES SECOND CONSUL4 ,9 EV]Y ?+ ! DEPUTY MU/ GIVE WAY TO ! J\RNALI/4 ,I DO NOT SPEAK ( ,M4 ,>AGO1 :OM ,I BELIEVE TO BE1 9 SPITE ( CALUMNY1 TOO LE>N$ = ! CONSUL%IP4 ,BE IT SO4 ,?\< WE HAVE CONSULS1 \R POSITION IS NOT MU* ALT]$4 ,I AM READY TO YIELD MY %>E ( SOV]EIGNTY TO ,M,M4 ,>M& ,M>RA/ & ,G>NI]-,PAGES1 ! APPO9T$ CONSULS1 PROVID$ !Y WILL SWE> ON 5T]+ UPON ! DUTIES ( !IR (FICE1 TO ABOLI% PROP]TY & NOT BE HAU<TY4 

,=EV] PROMISES6 ,=EV] OA?S6 ,:Y %\LD ! PEOPLE TRU/ 9 TRIBUNES1 :5 K+S P]JURE !MSELVES8 ,ALAS6 TRU? & HONE/Y >E NO LONG]1 AS 9 ! DAYS ( ,K+ ,JOHN1 9 ! M\? ( PR9CES4 ,A :OLE S5ATE HAS BE5 CONVICT$ ( FELONY1 &1 ! 9T]E/ ( ! GOV]NORS ALWAYS BE+1 = SOME MY/]I\S REASON1 OPPOS$ TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! GOV]N$1 P>LIAM5TS FOLL[ EA* O!R :ILE ! NATION DIES ( HUNG]4 ,NO1 NO6 ,NO MORE PROTECTORS1 NO MORE EMP]ORS1 NO MORE CONSULS4 ,BETT] MANAGE \R AFFAIRS \RSELVES ?AN ?R\< AG5TS4 ,BETT] ASSOCIATE \R 9DU/RIES ?AN BEG FROM MONOPOLIES2 &1 S9CE ! REPUBLIC CANNOT DISP5SE ) VIRTUES1 WE %\LD LABOR = \R RE=M4 

,?IS1 !RE=E1 IS MY L9E ( CONDUCT4 ,I PREA* EMANCIPATION TO ! PROLETAIRES2 ASSOCIATION TO ! LABOR]S2 EQUALITY TO ! WEAL?Y4 ,I PU% =W>D ! REVOLUTION BY ALL MEANS 9 MY P[]1 -- ! TONGUE1 ! P51 ! PRESS1 BY ACTION1 & EXAMPLE4 ,MY LIFE IS A CONT9UAL APO/LE%IP4 

,YES1 ,I AM A RE=M]2 ,I SAY IT AS ,I ?9K IT1 9 GOOD FAI?1 & ?AT ,I MAY BE NO LONG] REPROA*$ = MY VANITY4 ,I WI% TO CONV]T ! WORLD4 ,V]Y LIKELY ?IS FANCY SPR+S FROM AN 5?USIA/IC PRIDE :I* MAY HAVE TURN$ TO DELIRIUM2 BUT IT WILL BE ADMITT$ AT LEA/ ?AT ,I HAVE PL5TY ( COMPANY1 & ?AT MY MADNESS IS NOT MONOMANIA4 ,AT ! PRES5T DAY1 EV]YBODY WI%ES TO BE RECKON$ AMONG ! LUNATICS ( ,B]ANG]4 ,TO SAY NO?+ ( ! ,BABEUFS1 ! ,M>ATS1 & ! ,ROBESPI]RES1 :O SW>M 9 \R /REETS & WORK%OPS1 ALL ! GREAT RE=M]S ( ANTIQUITY LIVE AGA9 9 ! MO/ ILLU/RI\S P]SONAGES ( \R TIME4 ,ONE IS ,JESUS ,*RI/1 ANO!R ,MOSES1 A ?IRD ,MAHOMET2 ?IS IS ,ORPHEUS1 ?AT ,PLATO1 OR ,PY?AGORAS4 ,GREGORY ,V,I,I41 HIMSELF1 HAS RIS5 FROM ! GRAVE TOGE!R ) ! EVANGELI/S & ! APO/LES2 & IT MAY TURN \T ?AT EV5 ,I AM ?AT SLAVE :O1 HAV+ ESCAP$ FROM HIS MA/]'S H\SE1 WAS =?) MADE A BI%OP & A RE=M] BY ,/4 ,PAUL4 ,AS = ! VIRG9S & HOLY WOM51 !Y >E EXPECT$ DAILY2 AT PRES5T1 WE HAVE ONLY ,ASPASIAS & C\RTESANS4 

,N[1 AS 9 ALL DISEASES1 ! DIAGNO/IC V>IES ACCORD+ TO ! TEMP]AM5T1 SO MY MADNESS HAS ITS PECULI> ASPECTS & DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/IC4 

,RE=M]S1 AS A G5]AL ?+1 >E JEAL\S ( !IR ROLE2 !Y SUFF] NO RIVALS1 !Y WANT NO P>TN]S2 !Y HAVE DISCIPLES1 BUT NO CO-LABOR]S4 ,IT IS MY DESIRE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO COMMUNICATE MY 5?USIASM1 & TO MAKE IT1 AS F> AS ,I CAN1 EPIDEMIC4 ,I WI% ?AT ALL W]E1 LIKE MYSELF1 RE=M]S1 9 ORD] ?AT !RE MI<T BE NO MORE SECTS2 & ?AT ,*RI/S1 ,ANTI-,*RI/S1 & FALSE ,*RI/S MI<T BE =C$ TO UND]/& & AGREE ) EA* O!R4 

,AGA91 EV]Y RE=M] IS A MAGICIAN1 OR AT LEA/ DESIRES TO BECOME ONE4 ,?US ,MOSES1 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 & ! APO/LES1 PROV$ !IR MISSION BY MIRACLES4 ,MAHOMET RIDICUL$ MIRACLES AFT] HAV+ 5DEAVOR$ TO P]=M !M4 ,F\RI]1 MORE CUNN+1 PROMISES US WOND]S :5 ! GLOBE %ALL BE COV]$ ) PHALAN/]IES4 ,= MYSELF1 ,I HAVE AS GREAT A HORROR ( MIRACLES AS ( AU?ORITIES1 & AIM ONLY AT LOGIC4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I CONT9UALLY SE>* AFT] ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY4 ,I WORK = ! RE=MATION ( IDEAS4 ,LITTLE MATT]S IT ?AT !Y F9D ME DRY & AU/]E4 ,I MEAN TO CONQU] BY A BOLD /RUGGLE1 OR DIE 9 ! ATTEMPT2 & :OEV] %ALL COME TO ! DEF5SE ( PROP]TY1 ,I SWE> ?AT ,I WILL =CE HIM TO >GUE LIKE ,M4 ,CONSID]ANT1 OR PHILOSOPHIZE LIKE ,M4 ,TROPLONG4 

,F9ALLY1 -- & IT IS H]E ?AT ,I DIFF] MO/ FROM MY COMPE]S1 -- ,I DO NOT BELIEVE IT NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO REA* EQUALITY1 TO TURN EV]Y ?+ TOPSY-TURVY4 ,TO MA9TA9 ?AT NO?+ BUT AN OV]TURN CAN LEAD TO RE=M IS1 9 MY JUDGM5T1 TO CON/RUCT A SYLLOGISM1 & TO LOOK = ! TRU? 9 ! REGIONS ( ! UNKN[N4 ,N[1 ,I AM = G5]ALIZATION1 9DUCTION1 & PROGRESS4 ,I REG>D G5]AL DISAPPROPRIATION AS IMPOSSIBLE3 ATTACK$ FROM ?AT PO9T1 ! PROBLEM ( UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION SEEMS TO ME 9SOLVABLE4 ,PROP]TY IS LIKE ! DRAGON :I* ,H]CULES KILL$3 TO DE/ROY IT1 IT MU/ BE TAK51 NOT BY ! HEAD1 BUT BY ! TAIL1 -- ?AT IS1 BY PR(IT & 9T]E/4 

,I /OP4 ,I HAVE SAID 5\< TO SATISFY ANY ONE :O CAN READ & UND]/&4 ,! SURE/ WAY BY :I* ! GOV]NM5T CAN BAFFLE 9TRIGUES & BREAK UP P>TIES IS TO TAKE POSSESSION ( SCI5CE1 & PO9T \T TO ! NATION1 AT AN ALREADY APPRECIABLE DI/ANCE1 ! RIS+ ORIFLAMME ( EQUALITY2 TO SAY TO ?OSE POLITICIANS ( ! TRIBUNE & ! PRESS1 = :OSE FRUITLESS QU>RELS WE PAY SO DE>LY1 0,Y\ >E RU%+ =W>D1 BL9D AS Y\ >E1 TO ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY2 BUT ! GOV]NM5T M>*ES ) ITS EYES OP54 ,Y\ HA/5 ! FUTURE BY UNPR9CIPL$ & 9S9C]E CONTROV]SY2 BUT ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* KN[S ?IS FUTURE1 LEADS Y\ ?I!R BY A HAPPY & PEACEFUL TRANSITION4 ,! PRES5T G5]ATION WILL NOT PASS AWAY BE=E ,FRANCE1 ! GUIDE & MODEL ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 HAS REGA9$ H] RANK & LEGITIMATE 9FLU5CE40 

,BUT1 ALAS6 ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 -- :O %ALL 5LI<T5 IT8 ,:O CAN 9DUCE IT TO ACCEPT ?IS DOCTR9E ( EQUALITY1 :OSE T]RIBLE BUT DECISIVE =MULA ! MO/ G5]\S M9DS H>DLY D>E TO ACKN[L$GE8 444 ,I FEEL MY :OLE BE+ TREMBLE :5 ,I ?9K ?AT ! TE/IMONY ( ?REE M5 -- YES1 ( ?REE M5 :O MAKE IT !IR BUS9ESS TO TEA* & DEF9E -- W\LD SUFFICE TO GIVE FULL PLAY TO PUBLIC OP9ION1 TO *ANGE BELIEFS1 & TO FIX DE/9IES4 ,WILL NOT ! ?REE M5 BE F\ND8 444 

,MAY WE HOPE1 OR NOT8 ,:AT MU/ WE ?9K ( ?OSE :O GOV]N US8 ,9 ! WORLD ( SORR[ 9 :I* ! PROLETAIRE MOVES1 & :]E NO?+ IS KN[N ( ! 9T5TIONS ( P[]1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT DESPAIR PREVAILS4 ,BUT Y\1 SIR1 -- Y\1 :O BY FUNCTION BELONG TO ! (FICIAL WORLD2 Y\1 9 :OM ! PEOPLE RECOGNIZE ONE ( !IR NOBLE/ FRI5DS1 & PROP]TY ITS MO/ PRUD5T ADV]S>Y1 -- :AT SAY Y\ ( \R DEPUTIES1 \R M9I/]S1 \R K+8 ,DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT ! AU?ORITIES >E FRI5DLY TO US8 ,!N LET ! GOV]NM5T DECL>E ITS POSITION2 LET IT PR9T ITS PR(ESSION ( FAI? 9 EQUALITY1 & ,I AM DUMB4 ,O!RWISE1 ,I %ALL CONT9UE ! W>2 & ! MORE OB/9ACY & MALICE IS %[N1 ! (T5] WILL ,I R$\BLE MY 5]GY & AUDACITY4 ,I HAVE SAID BE=E1 & ,I REPEAT IT1 -- ,I HAVE SWORN1 NOT ON ! DAGG] & ! DEA?'S-HEAD1 AMID ! HORRORS ( A CATACOMB1 & 9 ! PRES5CE ( M5 BESME>$ ) BLOOD2 BUT ,I HAVE SWORN ON MY CONSCI5CE TO PURSUE PROP]TY1 TO GRANT IT NEI!R PEACE NOR TRUCE1 UNTIL ,I SEE IT EV]Y:]E EXECRAT$4 ,I HAVE NOT YET PUBLI%$ HALF ! ?+S ?AT ,I HAVE TO SAY CONC]N+ ! RI<T ( DOMA91 NOR ! BE/ ?+S4 ,LET ! KNI<TS ( PROP]TY1 IF !RE >E ANY :O FI<T O!RWISE ?AN BY RETREAT+1 BE PREP>$ EV]Y DAY = A NEW DEMON/RATION & ACCUSATION2 LET !M 5T] ! >5A >M$ ) REASON & KN[L$GE1 NOT WRAPP$ UP 9 SOPHISMS1 = JU/ICE WILL BE DONE4 

0,TO BECOME 5LI<T5$1 WE MU/ HAVE LIB]TY4 ,?AT ALONE SUFFICES2 BUT IT MU/ BE ! LIB]TY TO USE ! REASON 9 REG>D TO ALL PUBLIC MATT]S4 

0,& YET WE HE> ON EV]Y H& AU?ORITIES ( ALL K9DS & DEGREES CRY+3 ',DO NOT REASON6' 

0,IF A DI/9CTION IS WANT$1 H]E IS ONE3 -- 

0,! PUBLIC USE ( ! REASON ALWAYS %\LD BE FREE1 BUT ! PRIVATE USE \<T ALWAYS TO BE RIGIDLY RE/RICT$4 ,BY PUBLIC USE1 ,I MEAN ! SCI5TIFIC1 LIT]>Y USE2 BY PRIVATE1 ?AT :I* MAY BE TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( BY CIVIL (FICIALS & PUBLIC FUNCTION>IES4 ,S9CE ! GOV]NM5TAL MA*9]Y MU/ BE KEPT 9 MOTION1 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE UNITY & ATTA9 \R OBJECT1 WE MU/ NOT REASON2 WE MU/ OBEY4 ,BUT ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL :O IS B\ND1 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 TO PASSIVE OB$I5CE1 HAS ! RI<T TO SPEAK 9 HIS CAPACITY ( CITIZ5 & S*OL>4 ,HE CAN MAKE AN APPEAL TO ! PUBLIC1 SUBMIT TO IT HIS OBS]VATIONS ON EV5TS :I* OCCUR >\ND HIM & 9 ! RANKS ABOVE HIM1 TAK+ C>E1 H[EV]1 TO AVOID (F5SES :I* >E PUNI%ABLE4 

0,REASON1 !N1 AS MU* AS Y\ LIKE2 ONLY1 OBEY40 -- ,KANT3 ,FRAGM5T ON ! ,LIB]TY ( ,?\<T & ( ! ,PRESS4 ,TISSOT'S ,TRANSLATION4 

,!SE WORDS ( ! GREAT PHILOSOPH] \TL9E = ME MY DUTY4 ,I HAVE DELAY$ ! REPR9T ( ! WORK 5TITL$ 0,:AT IS ,PROP]TY80 9 ORD] ?AT ,I MI<T LIFT ! DISCUSSION TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL HEI<T FROM :I* RIDICUL\S CLAMOR HAS DRAGG$ IT D[N2 & ?AT1 BY A NEW PRES5TATION ( ! QUE/ION1 ,I MI<T DISSIPATE ! FE>S ( GOOD CITIZ5S4 ,I N[ RE5T] UPON ! PUBLIC USE ( MY REASON1 & GIVE TRU? FULL SW+4 ,! SECOND $ITION ( ! ,FIR/ ,MEMOIR ON ,PROP]TY WILL IMM$IATELY FOLL[ ! PUBLICATION ( ?IS LETT]4 ,BE=E ISSU+ ANY ?+ FUR!R1 ,I %ALL AWAIT ! OBS]VATIONS ( MY CRITICS1 & ! COOP]ATION ( ! FRI5DS ( ! PEOPLE & ( EQUALITY4 

,HI!RTO1 ,I HAVE SPOK5 9 MY [N NAME1 & ON MY [N P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,IT WAS MY DUTY4 ,I WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO CALL ATT5TION TO PR9CIPLES :I* ANTIQUITY C\LD NOT DISCOV]1 BECAUSE IT KNEW NO?+ ( ! SCI5CE :I* REVEALS !M1 -- POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,I HAVE1 !N1 TE/IFI$ AS TO FACTS2 9 %ORT1 ,I HAVE BE5 A WITNESS4 ,N[ MY ROLE *ANGES4 ,IT REMA9S = ME TO D$UCE ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! FACTS PROCLAIM$4 ,! POSITION ( PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IS ! ONLY ONE :I* ,I AM H5CE=? FITT$ TO FILL1 & ,I %ALL SUM UP ! CASE 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE4 

,I AM1 SIR1 ) ALL ! CONSID]ATION ?AT ,I [E TO Y\R TAL5T & Y\R *>ACT]1 

,Y\R V]Y HUMBLE & MO/ OB$I5T S]VANT1 

,P4 ,J4 ,P,R,\,D,H,O,N1 

,P5SION] ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,BESANCON4 

,P4,S4 ,DUR+ ! SESSION ( ,APRIL #b1 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES REJECT$1 BY A V]Y L>GE MAJORITY1 ! LIT]>Y-PROP]TY BILL1 BECAUSE IT DID NOT UND]/& IT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 LIT]>Y PROP]TY IS ONLY A SPECIAL =M ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 :I* EV]YBODY CLAIMS TO UND]/&4 ,LET US HOPE ?AT ?IS LEGISLATIVE PREC$5T WILL NOT BE FRUITLESS = ! CAUSE ( EQUALITY4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ! VOTE ( ! ,*AMB] IS ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALI/IC PROP]TY1 -- PROP]TY 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 CONTRADICTORY1 IMPOSSIBLE1 & ABSURD4 

.<#a.> ,9 ! ,FR5* $ITION ( ,PR\DHON'S WORKS1 ! ABOVE SKET* ( HIS LIFE IS PREFIX$ TO ! FIR/ VOLUME ( HIS CORRESPOND5CE1 BUT ! TRANSLATOR PREF]S TO 9S]T IT H]E AS ! BE/ ME?OD ( 9TRODUC+ ! AU?OR TO ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC4 ,HE W\LD1 H[EV]1 CAUTION READ]S AGA9/ ACCEPT+ ! BIOGRAPH]'S 9T]PRETATION ( ! AU?OR'S VIEWS AS 9 ANY S5SE AU?ORITATIVE2 ADVIS+ !M1 RA!R1 TO AWAIT ! PUBLICATION ( ! REMA9D] ( ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S1 ?AT !Y MAY =M AN OP9ION = !MSELVES4 -- ,TRANSLATOR 

.<#b.> 0,AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ,GRAMMATICAL ,CLASSIFICATIONS40 ,BY ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON4 ,A TREATISE :I* RECEIV$ HONORABLE M5TION FROM ! ,ACADEMY ( ,9SCRIPTIONS1 ,MAY #d1 #a#h#c#i4 ,\T ( PR9T4 

.<#c.> 0,! ,UTILITY ( ! ,CELEBRATION ( ,SUNDAY10 @&C4 ,BY ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON4 ,BESANCON1 #a#h#c#i1 #a#bMO2 #bD $ITION1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#d#a1 #a#hMO4 

.<#d.> ,*>RON1 ON 0,WISDOM10 ,*APT] XVIII4 

.<#e.> ,M4 ,VIVI51 ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 BE=E COMM5C+ PROCE$+S AGA9/ ! 0,MEMOIR UPON ,PROP]TY10 ASK$ ! OP9ION ( ,M4 ,BLANQUI2 & IT WAS ON ! /R5G? ( ! OBS]VATIONS ( ?IS HONORABLE ACADEMICIAN ?AT HE SP>$ A BOOK ! K+'S C\NSEL1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! 9TELLECTUAL EXECUTION]1 HAD FOLL[$ 9 MY V]Y TRACKS TO ATTACK Y\R BOOK & ANNOY Y\R P]SON6 ,I ACTUALLY PASS$ TWO T]RIBLE NI<TS1 & ,I SUCCE$$ 9 RE/RA9+ ! SECUL> >M ONLY BY %[+ ?AT Y\R BOOK WAS AN ACADEMICAL DISS]TATION1 & NOT ! MANIFE/O ( AN 9C5DI>Y4 ,Y\R /YLE IS TOO L(TY EV] TO BE ( S]VICE TO ! MADM5 :O 9 DISCUSS+ ! GRAVE/ QUE/IONS ( \R SOCIAL ORD]1 USE PAV+-/ONES AS !IR WEAPONS4 ,BUT SEE TO IT1 SIR1 ?AT ]E LONG !Y DO NOT COME1 9 SPITE ( Y\1 TO SEEK = AMMUNITION 9 ?IS =MIDABLE >S5AL1 & ?AT Y\R VIGOR\S METAPHYSICS FALLS NOT 9TO ! H&S ( SOME SOPHI/ ( ! M>KET-PLACE1 :O MI<T DISCUSS ! QUE/ION 9 ! PRES5CE ( A />V+ AUDI5CE3 WE %\LD HAVE PILLAGE = CONCLUSION & P]ORATION4  

 0,I FEEL AS DEEPLY AS Y\1 SIR1 ! ABUSES :I* Y\ PO9T \T2 BUT ,I HAVE SO GREAT AN AFFECTION = ORD]1 -- NOT ?AT COMMON & /RAIT-LAC$ ORD] ) :I* ! POLICE >E SATISFI$1 BUT ! MAJE/IC & IMPOS+ ORD] ( HUMAN SOCIETIES1 -- ?AT ,I SOMETIMES F9D MYSELF EMB>RASS$ 9 ATTACK+ C]TA9 ABUSES4 ,I LIKE TO REBUILD ) ONE H& :5 ,I AM COMPELL$ TO DE/ROY ) ! O!R4 ,9 PRUN+ AN OLD TREE1 WE GU>D AGA9/ DE/RUCTION ( ! BUDS & FRUIT4 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT AS WELL AS ANY ONE4 ,Y\ >E A WISE & LE>N$ MAN2 Y\ HAVE A ?\<TFUL M9D4 ,! T]MS BY :I* Y\ *>ACT]IZE ! FANATICS ( \R DAY >E /RONG 5\< TO REASSURE ! MO/ SUSPICI\S IMAG9ATIONS AS TO Y\R 9T5TIONS2 BUT Y\ CONCLUDE 9 FAVOR ( ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY6 ,Y\ WI% TO ABOLI% ! MO/ P[]FUL MOTOR ( ! HUMAN M9D2 Y\ ATTACK ! PAT]NAL S5TIM5T 9 ITS SWEETE/ ILLUSIONS2 ) ONE WORD Y\ >RE/ ! =MATION ( CAPITAL1 & WE BUILD H5CE=? UPON ! S& 9/EAD ( ON A ROCK4 ,?AT ,I CANNOT AGREE TO2 & = ?AT REASON ,I HAVE CRITICIZ$ Y\R BOOK1 SO FULL ( BEAUTIFUL PAGES1 SO BRILLIANT ) KN[L$GE & F]VOR6  

 0,I WI%1 SIR1 ?AT MY IMPAIR$ HEAL? W\LD P]MIT ME TO EXAM9E ) Y\1 PAGE BY PAGE1 ! MEMOIR :I* Y\ HAVE DONE ME ! HONOR TO AD- :I* HAD ALREADY EXCIT$ ! 9DIGNATION ( ! MAGI/RATES4 ,M4 ,VIVI5 IS NOT ! ONLY (FICIAL TO :OM ,I HAVE BE5 9DEBT$1 S9CE MY FIR/ PUBLICATION1 = ASSI/ANCE & PROTECTION2 BUT SU* G5]OSITY 9 ! POLITICAL >5A IS SO R>E ?AT ONE MAY ACKN[L$GE IT GRACI\SLY & FREELY4 ,I HAVE ALWAYS ?\<T1 = MY P>T1 ?AT BAD 9/ITUTIONS MADE BAD MAGI/RATES2 JU/ AS ! C[>DICE & HYPOCRISY ( C]TA9 BODIES RESULTS SOLELY FROM ! SPIRIT :I* GOV]NS !M4 ,:Y1 = 9/ANCE1 9 SPITE ( ! VIRTUES & TAL5TS = :I* !Y >E SO NOT$1 >E ! ACADEMIES G5]ALLY C5T]S ( 9TELLECTUAL REPRESSION1 /UPIDITY1 & BASE 9TRIGUE8 ,?AT QUE/ION \<T TO BE PROPOS$ BY AN ACADEMY3 !RE W\LD BE NO LACK ( COMPETITORS4 

.<#f.> ,9 ,GREEK1 SKEPTIKOS EXAM9]2 A PHILOSOPH] :OSE BUS9ESS IS TO SEEK ! TRU?4 

.<#g.> ,RELIGION1 LAWS1 M>RIAGE1 W]E ! PRIVILEGES ( FREEM51 &1 9 ! BEG9N+1 ( NOBLES ONLY4 ,DII MAJORUM G5TIUM -- GODS ( ! PATRICIAN FAMILIES2 JUS G5TIUM -- RI<T ( NATIONS2 ?AT IS1 ( FAMILIES OR NOBLES4 ,! SLAVE & ! PLEBEIAN HAD NO FAMILIES2 !IR *ILDR5 W]E TREAT$ AS ! (FSPR+ ( ANIMALS4 ,BEA/S !Y W]E BORN1 BEA/S !Y MU/ LIVE4 

.<#h.> ,IF ! *IEF ( ! EXECUTIVE P[] IS RESPONSIBLE1 SO MU/ ! DEPUTIES BE ALSO4 ,IT IS A/ONI%+ ?AT ?IS IDEA HAS NEV] OCCURR$ TO ANY ONE2 IT MI<T BE MADE ! SUBJECT ( AN 9T]E/+ ESSAY4 ,BUT ,I DECL>E ?AT ,I W\LD NOT1 = ALL ! WORLD1 MA9TA9 IT2 ! PEOPLE >E YET MU* TOO LOGICAL = ME TO FURNI% !M ) >GUM5TS4 

.<#i.> ,SEE ,DE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 0,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 & ,MI*EL ,*EVALI]1 0,LETT]S ON ,NOR? ,AM]ICA40 ,PLUT>* TELLS US1 0,LIFE ( ,P]ICLES10 ?AT 9 ,A!NS HONE/ PEOPLE W]E OBLIG$ TO CONCEAL !MSELVES :ILE /UDY+1 FE>+ !Y W\LD BE REG>D$ AS ASPIRANTS = (FICE4 

.<#a.> 0,SOV]EIGNTY10 ACCORD+ TO ,T\LLI]1 0IS HUMAN OMNIPOT5CE40 ,A MAT]IALI/IC DEF9ITION3 IF SOV]EIGNTY IS ANY ?+1 IT IS A RI<T NOT A =CE OR A FACULTY4 ,& :AT IS HUMAN OMNIPOT5CE8 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,PR\DHON H]E REF]R$ TO IS ,J4 ,B4 ,V4 ,PR\DHON2 A DI/+UI%$ ,FR5* JURI/1 & DI/ANT RELATIVE ( ! ,TRANSLATOR4 

.<#a#b.> ,H]E1 ESPECIALLY1 ! SIMPLICITY ( \R ANCE/ORS APPE>S 9 ALL ITS RUD5ESS4 ,AFT] HAV+ MADE FIR/ C\S9S HEIRS1 :]E !RE W]E NO LEGITIMATE *ILDR51 !Y C\LD NOT SO DIVIDE ! PROP]TY BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T BRAN*ES AS TO PREV5T ! SIMULTANE\S EXI/5CE ( EXTREME WEAL? & EXTREME POV]TY 9 ! SAME FAMILY4 ,= EXAMPLE3 --  

 ,JAMES1 DY+1 LEAVES TWO SONS1 ,PET] & ,JOHN1 HEIRS ( HIS =TUNE3 ,JAMES'S PROP]TY IS DIVID$ EQUALLY BETWE5 !M4 ,BUT ,PET] HAS ONLY ONE DAU<T]1 :ILE ,JOHN1 HIS BRO!R1 LEAVES SIX SONS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT1 TO BE TRUE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME TO ?AT ( H]$ITY1 ! TWO E/ATES MU/ BE DIVID$ 9 SEV5 EQUAL PORTIONS AMONG ! *ILDR5 ( ,PET] & ,JOHN2 = O!RWISE A /RANG] MI<T M>RY ,PET]'S DAU<T]1 & BY ?IS ALLIANCE HALF ( ! PROP]TY ( ,JAMES1 ! GR&FA!R1 W\LD BE TRANSF]R$ TO ANO!R FAMILY1 :I* IS CONTR>Y TO ! PR9CIPLE ( H]$ITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,JOHN'S *ILDR5 W\LD BE POOR ON ACC\NT ( !IR NUMB]1 :ILE !IR C\S91 BE+ AN ONLY *ILD1 W\LD BE RI*1 :I* IS CONTR>Y TO ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY4 ,IF WE EXT5D ?IS COMB9$ APPLICATION ( TWO PR9CIPLES APP>5TLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R1 WE %ALL BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT ! RI<T ( SUCCESSION1 :I* IS ASSAIL$ ) SO LITTLE WISDOM 9 \R DAY1 IS NO OB/ACLE TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( EQUALITY4 

.<#a#c.> ,ZEUS KLESIOS4 

.<#a#d.> ,GIRAUD1 0,9VE/IGATIONS 9TO ! ,RI<T ( ,PROP]TY AMONG ! ,ROMANS40 

.<#a#e.> ,PREC>I\S1 FROM PRECOR1 0,I PRAY20 BECAUSE ! ACT ( CONCESSION EXPRESSLY SIGNIFI$ ?AT ! LORD1 9 ANSW] TO ! PRAY]S ( HIS M5 OR SLAVES1 HAD GRANT$ !M P]MISSION TO LABOR4 

.<#a#f.> ,9 ,/4 ,SIMON'S SY/EM1 ! ,/4-,SIMONIAN PRIE/ DET]M9ES ! CAPACITY ( EA* BY VIRTUE ( HIS PONTIFICAL 9FALLIBILITY1 9 IMITATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*3 9 ,F\RI]'S1 ! RANKS & M]ITS >E DECID$ BY VOTE1 9 IMITATION ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME4 ,CLE>LY1 ! GREAT MAN IS AN OBJECT ( RIDICULE TO ! READ]2 HE DID NOT MEAN TO TELL HIS SECRET4 

.<#a#g.> ,I CANNOT CONCEIVE H[ ANY ONE D>ES TO JU/IFY ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 BY PO9T+ TO ! BASE 9CL9ATIONS & PROP5SITIES ( C]TA9 M54 ,:5CE COMES ?IS %AMEFUL DEGRADATION ( HE>T & M9D TO :I* SO MANY FALL VICTIMS1 IF NOT FROM ! MIS]Y & ABJECTION 9TO :I* PROP]TY PLUNGES !M8 

.<#a#h.> ,H[ MANY CITIZ5S >E NE$$ TO SUPPORT A PR(ESSOR ( PHILOSOPHY8 -- ,?IRTY-FIVE MILLIONS4 ,H[ MANY = AN ECONOMI/8 -- ,TWO BILLIONS4 ,& = A LIT]>Y MAN1 :O IS NEI!R A SAVANT1 NOR AN >TI/1 NOR A PHILOSOPH]1 NOR AN ECONOMI/1 & :O WRITES NEWSPAP] NOVELS8 -- ,NONE4 

.<#a#i.> ,!RE IS AN ]ROR 9 ! AU?OR'S CALCULATION H]E2 BUT ! TRANSLATOR1 FEEL+ SURE ?AT ! READ] WILL UND]/& ,PR\DHON'S MEAN+1 PREF]S NOT TO ALT] HIS FIGURES4 -- ,TRANSLATOR4 

.<#b.> ,F\RI]1 HAV+ TO MULTIPLY A :OLE NUMB] BY A FRACTION1 NEV] FAIL$1 !Y SAY1 TO OBTA9 A PRODUCT MU* GREAT] ?AN ! MULTIPLIC&4 ,HE AFFIRM$ ?AT UND] HIS SY/EM ( H>MONY ! M]CURY W\LD SOLIDIFY :5 ! TEMP]ATURE WAS ABOVE Z]O4 ,HE MI<T AS WELL HAVE SAID ?AT ! ,H>MONIANS W\LD MAKE BURN+ ICE4 ,I ONCE ASK$ AN 9TELLIG5T PHALAN/]IAN :AT HE ?\<T ( SU* PHYSICS4 0,I DO NOT KN[10 HE ANSW]$2 0BUT ,I BELIEVE40 ,& YET ! SAME MAN DISBELIEV$ 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,REAL ,PRES5CE4 

.<#b#a.> ,HOC 9T] SE DIFF]UNT ONANISMUS ET MANUSPRATIO1 NEMPE QUOD HAEC A SOLIT>IO EX]CETUR1 ILLE AUTEM A DUOBUS RECIPROCATUR1 MASCULO SCILICET ET FAEM9A4 ,PORRO FO$AM HANC ONANISMI V5]EM LUD5TES UXORIA M>ITI HAB5T NUNC OMNIGM SUAVISSIMAM 

.<#b#b.> ,POLY&RY1 -- PLURALITY ( HUSB&S4 

.<#b#c.> ,9FANTICIDE HAS JU/ BE5 PUBLICLY ADVOCAT$ 9 ,5GL&1 9 A PAMPHLET WRITT5 BY A DISCIPLE ( ,MAL?US4 ,HE PROPOSES AN ANNUAL MASSACRE ( ! 9NOC5TS 9 ALL FAMILIES CONTA9+ MORE *ILDR5 ?AN ! LAW ALL[S2 & HE ASKS ?AT A MAGNIFIC5T CEMET]Y1 ADORN$ ) /ATUES1 GROVES1 F\NTA9S1 & FL[]S1 BE SET AP>T AS A SPECIAL BURY+-PLACE = ! SUP]FLU\S *ILDR54 ,MO!RS W\LD RESORT TO ?IS DELI<TFUL SPOT TO DREAM ( ! HAPP9ESS ( !SE LITTLE ANGELS1 & W\LD RETURN1 QUITE COM=T$1 TO GIVE BIR? TO O!RS1 TO BE BURI$ 9 !IR TURN4 

.<#b#d.> 0,! F9ANCIAL SITUATION ( ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T WAS %[N UP 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS DUR+ ! SESSION ( ,JANU>Y #b#c4 ,IT IS NOT AN 5C\RAG+ ONE4 ,= SEV]AL YE>S ! EXP5SES HAVE EXCE$$ ! RECEIPTS1 & ! ,M9I/] HAS BE5 ABLE TO REE/ABLI% ! BALANCE ONLY BY LOANS R5EW$ ANNUALLY4 ,! COMB9$ DEFICITS ( ! YE>S #ah* & #ahci AM\NT TO =TY-SEV5 MILLION FIVE HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS4 ,9 #a#h#d1 ! EXCESS ( EXP5SES OV] RECEIPTS IS EXPECT$ TO BE TW5TY-TWO MILLION FIVE HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS4 ,ATT5TION WAS CALL$ TO !SE FIGURES BY ,LORD ,RIPON4 ,LORD ,MELB\RNE REPLI$3 ',! NOBLE E>L UNHAPPILY WAS RI<T 9 DECL>+ ?AT ! PUBLIC EXP5SES CONT9UALLY 9CREASE1 & ) HIM ,I MU/ SAY ?AT !RE IS NO ROOM = HOPE ?AT !Y CAN BE DIM9I%$ OR MET 9 ANY WAY4' 0 -- ,NATIONAL3 ,JANU>Y #b#f1 #a#h#d4 

.<#b#e.> ,TO P]=M AN ACT ( B5EVOL5CE T[>DS ONE'S NEI<BOR IS CALL$1 9 ,HEBREW1 TO DO JU/ICE2 9 ,GREEK1 TO TAKE COMPASSION OR PITY 7ELEHMOSUNH1FROM :I* IS D]IV$ ! ,FR5* AUMONE72 9 ,LAT91 TO P]=M AN ACT ( LOVE OR *>ITY2 9 ,FR5*1 GIVE ALMS4 ,WE CAN TRACE ! DEGRADATION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE ?R\< !SE V>I\S EXPRESSIONS3 ! FIR/ SIGNIFIES DUTY2 ! SECOND ONLY SYMPA?Y2 ! ?IRD1 AFFECTION1 A MATT] ( *OICE1 NOT AN OBLIGATION2 ! F\R?1 CAPRICE4 

.<#b#f.> ,I MEAN H]E BY EQUITE :AT ! ,LAT9S CALL$ HUMANITAS1 -- ?AT IS1 ! K9D ( SOCIABILITY :I* IS PECULI> TO MAN4 ,HUMANITY1 G5TLE & C\RTE\S TO ALL1 KN[S H[ TO DI/+UI% RANKS1 VIRTUES1 & CAPACITIES )\T 9JURY TO ANY4 ,IT IS ! JU/ DI/RIBUTION ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y & UNIV]SAL LOVE4 

.<#b#g.> ,JU/ICE & EQUITE NEV] HAVE BE5 UND]/OOD4  

 0,SUPPOSE ?AT SOME SPOILS1 TAK5 FROM ! 5EMY1 & EQUAL TO TWELVE1 >E TO BE DIVID$ BETWE5 ,A*ILLES & ,AJAX4 ,IF ! TWO P]SONS W]E EQUAL1 !IR RESPECTIVE %>ES W\LD BE >I?METICALLY EQUAL3 ,A*ILLES W\LD HAVE SIX1 ,AJAX SIX4 ,& IF WE %\LD C>RY \T ?IS >I?METICAL EQUALITY1 ,!RSITES W\LD BE 5TITL$ TO AS MU* AS ,A*ILLES1 :I* W\LD BE UNJU/ 9 ! EXTREME4 ,TO AVOID ?IS 9JU/ICE1 ! WOR? ( ! P]SONS %\LD BE E/IMAT$1 & ! SPOILS DIVID$ ACCORD+LY4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT ! WOR? ( ,A*ILLES IS D\BLE ?AT ( ,AJAX3 ! =M]'S %>E IS EI<T1 ! LATT] F\R4 ,!RE IS NO >I?METICAL EQUALITY1 BUT A PROPORTIONAL EQUALITY4 ,IT IS ?IS COMP>ISON ( M]ITS1 RATIONUM1 ?AT ,>I/OTLE CALLS DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE4 ,IT IS A GEOMETRICAL PROPORTION40 -- ,T\LLI]3 ,FR5* ,LAW ACCORD+ TO ! ,CODE4  

 ,>E ,A*ILLES & ,AJAX ASSOCIAT$1 OR >E !Y NOT8 ,SETTLE ?AT1 & Y\ SETTLE ! :OLE QUE/ION4 ,IF ,A*ILLES & ,AJAX1 9/EAD ( BE+ ASSOCIAT$1 >E !MSELVES 9 ! S]VICE ( ,AGAMEMNON :O PAYS !M1 !RE IS NO OBJECTION TO ,>I/OTLE'S ME?OD4 ,! SLAVE-[N]1 :O CONTROLS HIS SLAVES1 MAY GIVE A D\BLE ALL[ANCE ( BR&Y TO HIM :O DOES D\BLE WORK4 ,?AT IS ! LAW ( DESPOTISM2 ! RI<T ( SLAV]Y4 ,BUT IF ,A*ILLES & ,AJAX >E ASSOCIAT$1 !Y >E EQUALS4 ,:AT MATT]S IT ?AT ,A*ILLES HAS A /R5G? ( F\R1 :ILE ?AT ( ,AJAX IS ONLY TWO8 ,! LATT] MAY ALWAYS ANSW] ?AT HE IS FREE2 ?AT IF ,A*ILLES HAS A /R5G? ( F\R1 FIVE C\LD KILL HIM2 F9ALLY1 ?AT 9 DO+ P]SONAL S]VICE HE 9CURS AS GREAT A RISK AS ,A*ILLES4 ,! SAME >GUM5T APPLIES TO ,!RSITES4 ,IF HE IS UNABLE TO FI<T1 LET HIM BE COOK1 PURVEYOR1 OR BUTL]4 ,IF HE IS GOOD = NO?+1 PUT HIM 9 ! HOSPITAL4 ,9 NO CASE WRONG HIM1 OR IMPOSE UPON HIM LAWS4  

 ,MAN MU/ LIVE 9 ONE ( TWO /ATES3 EI!R 9 SOCIETY1 OR \T ( IT4 ,9 SOCIETY1 CONDITIONS >E NECESS>ILY EQUAL1 EXCEPT 9 ! DEGREE ( E/EEM & CONSID]ATION :I* EA* ONE MAY RECEIVE4 ,\T ( SOCIETY1 MAN IS SO MU* RAW MAT]IAL1 A CAPITALIZ$ TOOL1 & (T5 AN 9COMMODI\S & USELESS PIECE ( FURNITURE4 

.<#b#h.> ,BETWE5 WOMAN & MAN !RE MAY EXI/ LOVE1 PASSION1 TIES ( CU/OM1 & ! LIKE2 BUT !RE IS NO REAL SOCIETY4 ,MAN & WOMAN >E NOT COMPANIONS4 ,! DIFF]5CE ( ! SEXES PLACES A B>RI] BETWE5 !M1 LIKE ?AT PLAC$ BETWE5 ANIMALS BY A DIFF]5CE ( RACE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 F> FROM ADVOCAT+ :AT IS N[ CALL$ ! EMANCIPATION ( WOMAN1 ,I %\LD 9CL9E1 RA!R1 IF !RE W]E NO O!R ALT]NATIVE1 TO EXCLUDE H] FROM SOCIETY4  

 ,! RI<TS ( WOMAN & H] RELATIONS ) MAN >E YET TO BE DET]M9$ ,MATRIMONIAL LEGISLATION1 LIKE CIVIL LEGISLATION1 IS A MATT] = ! FUTURE TO SETTLE4 

.<#b#i.> 0,! /RONG-BOX ( ,COSMO DE ,M$ICI WAS ! GRAVE ( ,FLOR5T9E LIB]TY10 SAID ,M4 ,MI*ELET TO ! ,COLLEGE ( ,FRANCE4 

.<#c.> 0,! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( LANGUAGE IS SOLV$ BY ! DI/9CTION MADE BY ,FR$]IC ,CUVI] BETWE5 9/9CT & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,LANGUAGE IS NOT A PREM$ITAT$1 >BITR>Y1 OR CONV5TIONAL DEVICE2 NOR IS IT COMMUNICAT$ OR REVEAL$ TO US BY ,GOD4 ,LANGUAGE IS AN 9/9CTIVE & UNPREM$ITAT$ CREATION ( MAN1 AS ! HIVE IS ( ! BEE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT LANGUAGE IS NOT ! WORK ( MAN1 S9CE IT IS NOT ! WORK ( HIS M9D4 ,FUR!R1 ! ME*ANISM ( LANGUAGE SEEMS MORE WOND]FUL & +5I\S :5 IT IS NOT REG>D$ AS ! RESULT ( REFLECTION4 ,?IS FACT IS ONE ( ! MO/ CURI\S & 9DISPUTABLE :I* PHILOLOGY HAS OBS]V$4 ,SEE1 AMONG O!R WORKS1 A ,LAT9 ESSAY BY ,F4 ,G4 ,B]GMANN 7,/RASB\RG1 #a#h#c#i71 9 :I* ! LE>N$ AU?OR EXPLA9S H[ ! PHONETIC G]M IS BORN ( S5SATION2 H[ LANGUAGE PASSES ?R\< ?REE SUCCESSIVE /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T2 :Y MAN1 5D[$ AT BIR? ) ! 9/9CTIVE FACULTY ( CREAT+ A LANGUAGE1 LOSES ?IS FACULTY AS FA/ AS HIS M9D DEVELOPS2 & ?AT ! /UDY ( LANGUAGES IS REAL NATURAL HI/ORY1 -- 9 FACT1 A SCI5CE4 ,FRANCE POSSESSES TO-DAY SEV]AL PHILOLOGI/S ( ! FIR/ RANK1 5D[$ ) R>E TAL5TS & DEEP PHILOSOPHIC 9SI<T1 -- MODE/ SAVANTS DEVELOP+ A SCI5CE ALMO/ )\T ! KN[L$GE ( ! PUBLIC2 DEVOT+ !MSELVES TO /UDIES :I* >E SCORNFULLY LOOK$ D[N UPON1 & SEEM+ TO %UN APPLAUSE AS MU* AS O!RS SEEK IT40 

.<#c#a.> 0,MY RI<T IS MY LANCE & MY BUCKL]40 ,G5]AL DE ,BROSS>D SAID1 LIKE ,A*ILLES3 0,I GET W9E1 GOLD1 & WOM5 ) MY LANCE & MY BUCKL]40 

.<#c#b.> ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ & PR(ITABLE TO REVIEW ! AU?ORS :O HAVE WRITT5 ON USURY1 OR1 TO USE ! G5TL] EXPRESSION :I* SOME PREF]1 L5D+ AT 9T]E/4 ,! !OLOGIANS ALWAYS HAVE OPPOS$ USURY2 BUT1 S9CE !Y HAVE ADMITT$ ALWAYS ! LEGITIMACY ( R5T1 & S9CE R5T IS EVID5TLY ID5TICAL ) 9T]E/1 !Y HAVE LO/ !MSELVES 9 A LABYR9? ( SUBTLE DI/9CTIONS1 & HAVE F9ALLY REA*$ A PASS :]E !Y DO NOT KN[ :AT TO ?9K ( USURY4 ,! ,*UR* -- ! TEA*] ( MORALITY1 SO JEAL\S & SO PR\D ( ! PURITY ( H] DOCTR9E -- HAS ALWAYS BE5 IGNORANT ( ! REAL NATURE ( PROP]TY & USURY4 ,%E EV5 HAS PROCLAIM$ ?R\< H] PONTIFFS ! MO/ DEPLORABLE ]RORS4 ,NON POTE/ MUTUUM1 SAID ,B5$ICT ,X,I,V41 LOCATIONI ULLO PACTO COMP>>I4 0,R5T10 SAYS ,BOSSUET1 0IS AS F> FROM USURY AS HEAV5 IS FROM ! E>?40 ,H[1 ON .<SIC.> SU* A DOCTR9E1 CONDEMN L5D+ AT 9T]E/8 H[ JU/IFY ! ,GOSPEL1 :I* EXPRESSLY =BIDS USURY8 ,! DIFFICULTY ( !OLOGIANS IS A V]Y S]I\S ONE4 ,UNABLE TO REFUTE ! ECONOMICAL DEMON/RATIONS1 :I* RI<TLY ASSIMILATE 9T]E/ TO R5T1 !Y NO LONG] D>E TO CONDEMN 9T]E/1 & !Y CAN SAY ONLY ?AT !RE MU/ BE SU* A ?+ AS USURY1 S9CE ! ,GOSPEL =BIDS IT4 ,BUT :AT1 !N1 IS USURY8 ,NO?+ IS MORE AMUS+ ?AN TO SEE !SE 9/RUCTORS ( NATIONS HESITATE BETWE5 ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,GOSPEL1 :I*1 !Y SAY1 NEV] CAN HAVE SPOK5 9 VA91 & ! AU?ORITY ( ECONOMICAL DEMON/RATIONS4 ,NO?+1 TO MY M9D1 IS MORE CR$ITABLE TO ! ,GOSPEL ?AN ?IS OLD 9FIDELITY ( ITS PRET5D$ TEA*]S4 ,SALMASIUS1 HAV+ ASSIMILAT$ 9T]E/ TO R5T1 WAS REFUT$ BY ,GROTIUS1 ,PUF5DORF1 ,BURLAMAQUI1 ,WOLF1 & ,HE9ECCIUS2 &1 :AT IS MORE CURI\S /ILL1 ,SALMASIUS ADMITT$ HIS ]ROR4 ,9/EAD ( 9F]R+ FROM ?IS DOCTR9E ( ,SALMASIUS ?AT ALL 9CREASE IS ILLEGITIMATE1 & PROCE$+ /RAI<T ON TO ! DEMON/RATION ( ,GOSPEL EQUALITY1 !Y >RIV$ AT JU/ ! OPPOSITE CONCLUSION2 NAMELY1 ?AT S9CE EV]YBODY ACKN[L$GES ?AT R5T IS P]MISSIBLE1 IF WE ALL[ ?AT 9T]E/ DOES NOT DIFF] FROM R5T1 !RE IS NO?+ LEFT :I* CAN BE CALL$ USURY4 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT ! COMM&M5T ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ IS AN ILLUSION1 & AM\NTS TO NO?+1 :I* IS AN IMPI\S CONCLUSION4  

 ,IF ?IS MEMOIR HAD APPE>$ 9 ! TIME ( ,BOSSUET1 ?AT GREAT !OLOGIAN W\LD HAVE PROV$ BY SCRIPTURE1 ! FA!RS1 TRADITIONS1 C\NCILS1 & POPES1 ?AT PROP]TY EXI/S BY ,DIV9E RI<T1 :ILE USURY IS AN 9V5TION ( ! DEVIL2 & ! H]ETICAL WORK W\LD HAVE BE5 BURN$1 & ! AU?OR IMPRISON$4 

.<#c#c.> 0,I PREA* ! ,GOSPEL1 ,I LIVE BY ! ,GOSPEL10 SAID ! ,APO/LE2 MEAN+ !REBY ?AT HE LIV$ BY HIS LABOR4 ,! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY PREF] TO LIVE BY PROP]TY4 ,! /RUGGLES 9 ! COMMUNES ( ! MIDDLE AGES BETWE5 ! PRIE/S & BI%OPS & ! L>GE PROPRIETORS & SEIGNEURS >E FAM\S4 ,! PAPAL EXCOMMUNICATIONS FULM9AT$ 9 DEF5SE ( ECCLESIA/ICAL REV5UES >E NO LESS SO4 ,EV5 TO-DAY1 ! (FICIAL ORGANS ( ! ,GALLICAN CL]GY /ILL MA9TA9 ?AT ! PAY RECEIV$ BY ! CL]GY IS NOT A SAL>Y1 BUT AN 9DEMNITY = GOODS ( :I* !Y W]E ONCE PROPRIETORS1 & :I* W]E TAK5 FROM !M 9 '#h#i BY ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE4 ,! CL]GY PREF] TO LIVE BY ! RI<T ( 9CREASE RA!R ?AN BY LABOR4  

 ,ONE ( ! MA9 CAUSES ( ,IREL&'S POV]TY TO-DAY IS ! IMM5SE REV5UES ( ! ,5GLI% CL]GY4 ,SO H]ETICS & OR?ODOX -- ,PROTE/ANTS & ,PAPI/S -- CANNOT REPROA* EA* O!R4 ,ALL HAVE /RAY$ FROM ! PA? ( JU/ICE2 ALL HAVE DISOBEY$ ! EI<? COMM&M5T ( ! ,DECALOGUE3 0,?\ %ALT NOT /EAL40 

.<#c#d.> ,! MEAN+ ORD9>ILY ATTA*$ TO ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 IS ABS5CE ( PR9CIPLE1 ABS5CE ( RULE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS SYNONYM\S ) 0DISORD]40 

.<#c#e.> ,IF SU* IDEAS >E EV] =C$ 9TO ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE1 IT WILL BE BY REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T & ! TYRANNY ( TALK]S4 ,ONCE SCI5CE1 ?\<T1 & SPEE* W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SAME EXPRESSION4 ,TO DESIGNATE A ?\<TFUL & A LE>N$ MAN1 !Y SAID1 0A MAN QUICK TO SPEAK & P[]FUL 9 DISC\RSE4 0,= A LONG TIME1 SPEE* HAS BE5 AB/RACTLY DI/+UI%$ FROM SCI5CE & REASON4 ,GRADUALLY1 ?IS AB/RACTION IS BECOM+ REALIZ$1 AS ! LOGICIANS SAY1 9 SOCIETY2 SO ?AT WE HAVE TO-DAY SAVANTS ( MANY K9DS :O TALK BUT LITTLE1 & TALK]S :O >E NOT EV5 SAVANTS 9 ! SCI5CE ( SPEE*4 ,?US A PHILOSOPH] IS NO LONG] A SAVANT3 HE IS A TALK]4 ,LEGISLATORS & POETS W]E ONCE PR(\ND & SUBLIME *>ACT]S3 N[ !Y >E TALK]S4 ,A TALK] IS A SONOR\S BELL1 :OM ! LEA/ %OCK SUFFICES TO SET 9 P]PETUAL MOTION4 ,) ! TALK]1 ! FL[ ( SPEE* IS ALWAYS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ! POV]TY ( ?\<T4 ,TALK]S GOV]N ! WORLD2 !Y /UN US1 !Y BORE US1 !Y WORRY US1 !Y SUCK \R BLOOD1 & LAU< AT US4 ,AS = ! SAVANTS1 !Y KEEP SIL5CE3 IF !Y WI% TO SAY A WORD1 !Y >E CUT %ORT4 ,LET !M WRITE4 

.<#c#f.> LIB]TAS1 LIBR>E1 LIBRATIO1 LIBRA1 -- LIB]TY1 TO LIB]ATE1 LIBRATION1 BALANCE 7P\ND71 -- WORDS :I* HAVE A COMMON D]IVATION4 ,LIB]TY IS ! BALANCE ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,TO MAKE A MAN FREE IS TO BALANCE HIM ) O!RS1 -- ?AT IS1 TO PUT HIM OR !IR LEVEL4 

.<#c#g.> ,9 A MON?LY PUBLICATION1 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( :I* HAS JU/ APPE>$ UND] ! NAME ( 0,L',EGALITAIRE10 SELF-SACRIFICE IS LAID D[N AS A PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY4 ,?IS IS A CONFUSION ( IDEAS4 ,SELF-SACRIFICE1 TAK5 ALONE1 IS ! LA/ DEGREE ( 9EQUALITY4 ,TO SEEK EQUALITY 9 SELF-SACRIFICE IS TO CONFESS ?AT EQUALITY IS AGA9/ NATURE4 ,EQUALITY MU/ BE BAS$ UPON JU/ICE1 UPON /RICT RI<T1 UPON ! PR9CIPLES 9VOK$ BY ! PROPRIETOR HIMSELF2 O!RWISE IT WILL NEV] EXI/4 ,SELF-SACRIFICE IS SUP]IOR TO JU/ICE2 BUT IT CANNOT BE IMPOS$ AS LAW1 BECAUSE IT IS ( SU* A NATURE AS TO ADMIT ( NO REW>D4 ,IT IS1 9DE$1 DESIRABLE ?AT EV]YBODY %ALL RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY ( SELF-SACRIFICE1 & ! IDEA ( 0,L',EGALITAIRE0 IS AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT CAN HAVE NO EFFECT4 ,:AT W\LD Y\ REPLY1 9DE$1 TO A MAN :O %\LD SAY TO Y\1 0,I DO NOT WANT TO SACRIFICE MYSELF08 ,IS HE TO BE COMPELL$ TO DO SO8 ,:5 SELF-SACRIFICE IS =C$1 IT BECOMES OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,?US HAVE ! PROLETAIRES SACRIFIC$ !MSELVES TO PROP]TY4 

.<#c#h.> ,! DISCIPLES ( ,F\RI] HAVE LONG SEEM$ TO ME ! MO/ ADVANC$ ( ALL MOD]N SOCIALI/S1 & ALMO/ ! ONLY ONES WOR?Y ( ! NAME4 ,IF !Y HAD UND]/OOD ! NATURE ( !IR TASK1 SPOK5 TO ! PEOPLE1 AWAK5$ !IR SYMPA?IES1 & KEPT SIL5CE :5 !Y DID NOT UND]/&2 IF !Y HAD MADE LESS EXTRAVAGANT PRET5SIONS1 & HAD %[N MORE RESPECT = PUBLIC 9TELLIG5CE1 -- P]HAPS ! RE=M W\LD N[1 ?ANKS TO !M1 BE 9 PROGRESS4 ,BUT :Y >E !SE E>NE/ RE=M]S CONT9UALLY B[+ TO P[] & WEAL?1 -- ?AT IS1 TO ALL ?AT IS ANTI-RE=MATORY8 ,H[1 9 A ?9K+ AGE1 CAN !Y FAIL TO SEE ?AT ! WORLD MU/ BE CONV]T$ BY DEMON/RATION1 NOT BY MY?S & ALLEGORIES8 ,:Y DO !Y1 ! DEADLY 5EMIES ( CIVILIZATION1 BORR[ FROM IT1 NEV]!LESS1 ITS MO/ P]NICI\S FRUITS1 -- PROP]TY1 9EQUALITY ( =TUNE & RANK1 GLUTTONY1 CONCUB9AGE1 PRO/ITUTION1 :AT DO ,I KN[8 !URGY1 MAGIC1 & SORC]Y8 ,:Y !SE 5DLESS D5UNCIATIONS ( MORALITY1 METAPHYSICS1 & PSY*OLOGY1 :5 ! ABUSE ( !SE SCI5CES1 :I* !Y DO NOT UND]/&1 CON/ITUTES !IR :OLE SY/EM8 ,:Y ?IS MANIA = DEIFY+ A MAN :OSE PR9CIPAL M]IT CONSI/$ 9 TALK+ NONS5SE AB\T ?+S :OSE NAMES1 EV51 HE DID NOT KN[1 9 ! /RONGE/ LANGUAGE EV] PUT UPON PAP]8 ,:OEV] ADMITS ! 9FALLIBILITY ( A MAN BECOMES !REBY 9CAPABLE ( 9/RUCT+ O!RS4 ,:OEV] D5IES HIS [N REASON WILL SOON PROSCRIBE FREE ?\<T4 ,! PHALAN/]IANS W\LD NOT FAIL TO DO IT IF !Y HAD ! P[]4 ,LET !M CONDESC5D TO REASON1 LET !M PROCE$ SY/EMATICALLY1 LET !M GIVE US DEMON/RATIONS 9/EAD ( REVELATIONS1 & WE WILL LI/5 WILL+LY4 ,!N LET !M ORGANIZE MANUFACTURES1 AGRICULTURE1 & COMM]CE2 LET !M MAKE LABOR ATTRACTIVE1 & ! MO/ HUMBLE FUNCTIONS HONORABLE1 & \R PRAISE %ALL BE !IRS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 LET !M ?R[ (F ?AT ,ILLUM9ISM :I* GIVES !M ! APPE>ANCE ( IMPO/ORS OR DUPES1 RA!R ?AN BELIEV]S & APO/LES4 

.<#c#i.> ,9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION IS NO OB/ACLE TO EXT5SIVE CULTIVATION & UNITY ( EXPLOITATION4 ,IF ,I HAVE NOT SPOK5 ( ! DRAWBACKS >IS+ FROM SMALL E/ATES1 IT IS BECAUSE ,I ?\<T IT USELESS TO REPEAT :AT SO MANY O!RS HAVE SAID1 & :AT BY ?IS TIME ALL ! WORLD MU/ KN[4 ,BUT ,I AM SURPRIS$ ?AT ! ECONOMI/S1 :O HAVE SO CLE>LY %[N ! DISADVANTAGES ( SPADE-HUSB&RY1 HAVE FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT IT IS CAUS$ 5TIRELY BY PROP]TY2 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT !Y HAVE NOT P]CEIV$ ?AT !IR PLAN = MOBILIZ+ ! SOIL IS A FIR/ /EP T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY4 

.<#d.> ,9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 DUR+ ! SESSION ( ! FIF? ( ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#d#a1 ,M4 ,DUFAURE MOV$ TO R5EW ! EXPROPRIATION BILL1 ON ! GR\ND ( PUBLIC UTILITY4 

.<#d#a.> 0,:AT IS ,PROP]TY80 ,*AP4 ,I,V41 ,N9? ,PROPOSITION4 

.<#d#b.> ,TU COGNOVI/I SESSIONEM MEAM ET RESURRECTIONEM MEAM4 ,PSALM #a#c#i4 

.<#d#c.> ,! EMP]OR ,NI*OLAS HAS JU/ COMPELL$ ALL ! MANUFACTUR]S 9 HIS EMPIRE TO MA9TA91 AT !IR [N EXP5SE1 )9 !IR E/ABLI%M5TS1 SMALL HOSPITALS = ! RECEPTION ( SICK WORKM51 -- ! NUMB] ( B$S 9 EA* BE+ PROPORTIONAL TO ! NUMB] ( LABOR]S 9 ! FACTORY4 0,Y\ PR(IT BY MAN'S LABOR10 ! ,CZ> C\LD HAVE SAID TO HIS PROPRIETORS2 0Y\ %ALL BE RESPONSIBLE = MAN'S LIFE40 ,M4 ,BLANQUI HAS SAID ?AT SU* A MEASURE C\LD NOT SUCCE$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT W\LD BE AN ATTACK UPON PROP]TY1 -- A ?+ H>DLY CONCEIVABLE EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,SCY?IA1 OR AMONG ! ,COSSACKS2 BUT AMONG US1 ! OLDE/ SONS ( CIVILIZATION6 444 ,I FE> V]Y MU* ?AT ?IS QUALITY ( AGE MAY PROVE 9 ! 5D A M>K ( DECREPITUDE4 

.<#d#d.> ,C\RSE ( ,M4 ,BLANQUI4 ,LECTURE ( ,NOV4 #b#g1#a#h#d4 

.<#d#e.> ,9 0,MAZANIELLO10 ! ,NEAPOLITAN FI%]MAN DEM&S1 AMID ! APPLAUSE ( ! GALL]IES1 ?AT A TAX BE LEVI$ UPON LUXURIES4 

.<#d#f.> ,SEME LE *AMP1 PROLETAIRE2   

 ,C'E/ L L'OISIF QUI RECOLT]A4 

.<#d#g.> 0,9 SOME C\NTRIES1 ! 5JOYM5T ( C]TA9 POLITICAL RI<TS DEP5DS UPON ! AM\NT ( PROP]TY4 ,BUT1 9 !SE SAME C\NTRIES1 PROP]TY IS EXPRESSIVE1 RA!R ?AN ATTRIBUTIVE1 ( ! QUALIFICATIONS NECESS>Y TO ! EX]CISE ( !SE RI<TS4 ,IT IS RA!R A CONJECTURAL PRO( ?AN ! CAUSE ( !SE QUALIFICATIONS40 -- ,ROSSI3 ,TREATISE ON ,P5AL ,LAW4  

 ,?IS ASS]TION ( ,M4 ,ROSSI IS NOT BORNE \T BY HI/ORY4 ,PROP]TY IS ! CAUSE ( ! ELECTORAL RI<T1 NOT AS A PRESUMPTION ( CAPACITY1 -- AN IDEA :I* NEV] PREVAIL$ UNTIL LATELY1 & :I* IS EXTREMELY ABSURD1 -- BUT AS A GU>ANTEE ( DEVOTION TO ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,! ELECTORAL BODY IS A LEAGUE ( ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( PROP]TY1 AGA9/ ?OSE NOT 9T]E/$4 ,!RE >E ?\S&S ( DOCUM5TS1 EV5 (FICIAL DOCUM5TS1 TO PROVE ?IS1 IF NECESS>Y4 ,= ! RE/1 ! PRES5T SY/EM IS ONLY A CONT9UATION ( ! MUNICIPAL SY/EM1 :I*1 9 ! MIDDLE AGES1 SPRANG UP 9 CONNECTION ) FEUDALISM1 -- AN OPPRESSIVE1 MIS*IEF-MAK+ SY/EM1 FULL ( PETTY PASSIONS & BASE 9TRIGUES4 

.<#d#h.> ,LECTURE ( ,DECEMB] #b#b4 

.<#d#i.> ,LECTURE ( ,JAN4 #a#e1 #a#h#d#a4 

.<#e.> ,LECTURE ( ,JAN4 #a#e1 #a#h#d#a4 

.<#e#a.> ,M,M4 ,BLANQUI & ,WOL[SKI4 

.<#e#b.> ,SUBJECT PROPOS$ BY ! ,F\R? ,CLASS ( ! ,9/ITUTE1 ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CES3 0,:AT W\LD BE ! EFFECT UPON ! WORK+-CLASS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 ACCORD+ TO ! MOD]N IDEAS ( ASSOCIATION80 

.<#e#c.> ,SUBJECT PROPOS$ BY ! ,ACADEMY ( ,BESANCON3 0,! ECONOMICAL & MORAL CONSEQU5CES 9 ,FRANCE1 UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 & ?OSE :I* SEEM LIKELY TO APPE> 9 FUTURE1 ( ! LAW CONC]N+ ! EQUAL DIVISION ( H]$IT>Y PROP]TY BETWE5 ! *ILDR540 

.<#e#d.> ,PLEONEXIA1 -- GREAT] PROP]TY4 ,! ,VULGATE TRANSLATES IT AV>ITIA4 

.<#e#e.> ,SIMIL> OR ANALOG\S CU/OMS HAVE EXI/$ AMONG ALL NATIONS4 ,CONSULT1 AMONG O!R WORKS1 0,ORIG9 ( ,FR5* ,LAW10 BY ,M4 ,MI*ELET2 & 0,ANTIQUITIES ( ,G]MAN ,LAW10 BY ,GRIMM4 

.<#e#f.> ,DEES HOM9ESQUE TE/AMUR1 NOS >MA NEQUE CONTRA PATRIAM CEPISSE NEQUE QUO P]ICULUM ALIIS FAC]EMUS1 S$ UTI CORPORA NO/RA AB 9JURIA TUTA =5T1 QUI MIS]I1 EG5TES1 VIOL5TIA ATQUE CRUDELITATE FO5]AT]UM1 PL]IQUE PATRIAE1 S$ OMNCSF>NA ATQUE =TUNIS EXP]TES SUMUS2 NEQUE CUIQUAM NO/RUM LICUIT1 MORE MAJORUM1 LEGE UTI1 NEQUE1 AMISSO PATRIMONIO1 LIBF]UM CORPUS HAB]E4 -- ,SALLUS3 ,BELLUM ,CATIL9>IUM4 

.<#e#g.> ,FIFTY1 SIXTY1 & EI<TY P]C5T4 -- ,C\RSE ( ,M4 ,BLANQUI4 

.<#e#h.> ,EPISCOPI PLURIMI1 QUOS ET HORTAM5TO ESSE OPORTET CAET]IS ET EXEMPLO1 DIV9A PR\RATIONE CONTEMPTA1 PROCURATORES R]UM SAEUL>IUM FI]I1 D]ELICTA CA!DRA1 PLEBE LES]TA1 P] ALI5AS PROV9CIAS OB]RANTES1 NEGOTIATIONIS QUAE/UOSAE NUND9AS AU UUCU-1 P>I1 ESURI5TIBUS 9 ECCLESIA FRATRIBUS HAB]E >G5TUM L>GITUR VELLE1 FUNDOS 9SIDI4SIS FRAUDIBUS RAP]E1 USURIS MULTIPLICANTIBUS FO5US AUG]E4 -- ,CYPRIAN3 ,DE ,LAPSIS4 ,9 ?IS PASSAGE1 ,/4 ,CYPRIAN ALLUDES TO L5D+ ON MORTGAGES & TO COMP\ND 9T]E/4 

.<#e#i.> 0,9QUIRIES CONC]N+ ,PROP]TY AMONG ! ,ROMANS40 

.<#f.> 0,ITS ACQUISITIVE NATURE WORKS RAPIDLY 9 ! SLEEP ( ! LAW4 ,IT IS READY1 AT ! WORD1 TO ABSORB EV]Y ?+4 ,WITNESS ! FAM\S EQUIVOCATION AB\T ! OX-HIDE :I*1 :5 CUT UP 9TO ?ONGS1 WAS L>GE 5\< TO 5CLOSE ! SITE ( ,C>?AGE444 ,! LEG5D HAS REAPPE>$ SEV]AL TIMES S9CE ,DIDO444 ,SU* IS ! LOVE ( MAN = ! L&4 ,LIMIT$ BY TOMBS1 MEASUR$ BY ! MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN BODY1 BY ! ?UMB1 ! FOOT1 & ! >M1 IT H>MONIZES1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ) ! V]Y PROPORTIONS ( MAN4 ,NOR IS BE SATISFI$ YET3 HE CALLS ,HEAV5 TO WITNESS ?AT IT IS HIS2 HE TRIES TO OR HIS L&1 TO GIVE IT ! =M ( HEAV5444 ,9 HIS TITANIC 9TOXICATION1 HE DESCRIBES PROP]TY 9 ! V]Y T]MS :I* HE EMPLOYS 9 DESCRIB+ ! ,ALMI<TY -- FUNDUS OPTIMUS MAXIMUS444 ,HE %ALL MAKE IT HIS C\*1 & !Y %ALL BE SEP>AT$ NO MORE1 -- KAI EMIGNUNTO ,FIGO?TI40 -- ,MI*ELET3 ,ORIG9 ( ,FR5* ,LAW4 

.<#f#a.> ,M4 ,GUIZOT D5IES ?AT ,*RI/IANITY ALONE IS 5TITL$ TO ! GLORY ( ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y4 0,TO ?IS 5D10 HE SAYS1 0MANY CAUSES W]E NECESS>Y1 -- ! EVOLUTION ( O!R IDEAS & O!R PR9CIPLES ( CIVILIZATION40 ,SO G5]AL AN ASS]TION CANNOT BE REFUT$4 ,SOME ( !SE IDEAS & CAUSES %\LD HAVE BE5 PO9T$ \T1 ?AT WE MI<T JUDGE :E!R !IR S\RCE WAS NOT :OLLY ,*RI/IAN1 OR :E!R AT LEA/ ! ,*RI/IAN SPIRIT HAD NOT P5ETRAT$ & ?US CITIZ5 WAS EFFECT$1 !N1 BY ,*RI/IANITY BE=E ! ,B>B>IANS SET FOOT UPON ! SOIL ( ! EMPIRE4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO TRACE ! PROGRESS ( ?IS MORAL REVOLUTION 9 ! P]SONNEL ( SOCIETY4 0,BUT10 ,M4 ,LAB\LAYE RI<TLY SAYS1 0IT DID NOT *ANGE ! CONDITION ( M5 9 A MOM5T1 ANY MORE ?AN ?AT ( ?+S2 BETWE5 SLAV]Y & LIB]TY !RE WAS AN ABYSS :I* C\LD NOT BE FILL$ 9 A DAY2 ! TRANSITIONAL /EP WAS S]VITUDE40  

 ,N[1 :AT WAS S]VITUDE8 ,9 :AT DID IT DIFF] FROM ,ROMAN SLAV]Y1 & :5CE CAME ?IS DIFF]5CE8 ,LET ! SAME AU?OR ANSW]4 

.<#f#b.> ,W]EGILD1 -- ! F9E PAID = ! MURD] ( A MAN4 ,SO MU* = A C\NT1 SO MU* = A B>ON1 SO MU* = A FREEMAN1 SO MU* = A PRIE/2 = A SLAVE1 NO?+4 ,HIS VALUE WAS RE/OR$ TO ! PROPRIETOR4 

.<#f#c.> ,! SPIRIT ( DESPOTISM & MONOPOLY :I* ANIMAT$ ! COMMUNES HAS NOT ESCAP$ ! ATT5TION ( HI/ORIANS4 0,! =MATION ( ! COMMON]S' ASSOCIATIONS10 SAYS ,MEY]1 0DID NOT SPR+ FROM ! TRUE SPIRIT ( LIB]TY1 BUT FROM ! DESIRE = EXEMPTION FROM ! *>GES ( ! SEIGNIORS1 FROM 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S1 & JEAL\SY ( ! WELF>E ( O!RS444 ,EA* COMMUNE OR CORPORATION OPPOS$ ! CREATION ( EV]Y O!R2 & ?IS SPIRIT 9CREAS$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! ,K+ ( ,5GL&1 ,H5RY ,V41 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ A UNIV]SITY AT ,CA51 9 #a#d#c#b1 ! CITY & UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS OPPOS$ ! REGI/RATION ( ! $ICT4  

 0,! COMMUNES ONCE ORGANIZ$1 ! K+S TREAT$ !M AS SUP]IOR VASSALS4 ,N[1 JU/ AS ! UND] VASSAL HAD NO COMMUNICATION ) ! K+ EXCEPT ?R\< ! DIRECT VASSAL1 SO ALSO ! COMMON]S C\LD 5T] NO COMPLA9TS EXCEPT ?R\< ! COMMUNE4  

 0,LIKE CAUSES PRODUCE LIKE EFFECTS4 ,EA* COMMUNE BECAME A SMALL & SEP>ATE ,/ATE1 GOV]N$ BY A FEW CITIZ5S1 :O S\<T TO EXT5D !IR AU?ORITY OV] ! O!RS2 :O1 9 !IR TURN1 REV5G$ !MSELVES UPON ! UN=TUNATE 9HABITANTS :O HAD NOT ! RI<T ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,FEUDALISM 9 UNEMANCIPAT$ C\NTRIES1 & OLIG>*Y 9 ! COMMUNES1 MADE NE>LY ! SAME RAVAGES4 ,!RE W]E SUB-ASSOCIATIONS1 FRAT]NITIES1 TRADESM5'S ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! COMMUNES1 & COLLEGES 9 ! UNIV]SITIES4 ,! OPPRESSION WAS SO GREAT1 ?AT IT WAS NO R>E ?+ TO SEE ! 9HABITANTS ( A COMMUNE DEM&+ ITS SUPPRESSION4440 -- ,MEY]3 ,JUDICIAL ,9/ITUTIONS ( ,EUROPE4 

.<#f#d.> ,FEUDALISM WAS1 9 SPIRIT & 9 ITS PROVID5TIAL DE/9Y1 A LONG PROTE/ ( ! HUMAN P]SONALITY AGA9/ ! MONKI% COMMUNISM ) :I* ,EUROPE1 9 ! MIDDLE AGES1 WAS OV]RUN4 ,AFT] ! ORGIES ( ,PAGAN SELFI%NESS1 SOCIETY -- C>RI$ TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME BY ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION -- RISK$ ITS LIFE BY UNLIMIT$ SELF-D5IAL & ABSOLUTE 9DIFF]5CE TO ! PLEASURES ( ! WORLD4 ,FEUDALISM WAS ! BALANCE-WEI<T :I* SAV$ ,EUROPE FROM ! COMB9$ 9FLU5CE ( ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES & ! ,MANL*EAN SECTS :I* HAD SPRUNG UP S9CE ! F\R? C5TURY UND] DIFF]5T NAMES & 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,MOD]N CIVILIZATION IS 9DEBT$ TO FEUDALISM = ! DEF9ITIVE E/ABLI%M5T ( ! P]SON1 ( M>RIAGE1 ( ! FAMILY1 & ( C\NTRY4 7,SEE1 ON ?IS SUBJECT1 ,GUIZOT1 0,HI/ORY ( ,CIVILIZATION 9 ,EUROPE407 

.<#f#e.> ,?IS WAS MADE EVID5T 9 ,JULY1 #a#h#c1 & ! YE>S :I* FOLL[$ IT1 :5 ! ELECTORAL B\RGEOISIE EFFECT$ A REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO GET CONTROL OV] ! K+1 & SUPPRESS$ ! EMEUTES 9 ORD] TO RE/RA9 ! PEOPLE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ?R\< ! JURY1 ! MAGI/RACY1 ITS POSITION 9 ! >MY1 & ITS MUNICIPAL DESPOTISM1 GOV]NS BO? ROYALTY & ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE :I*1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R CLASS1 IS CONS]VATIVE & RETROGRESSIVE4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE :I* MAKES & UNMAKES M9I/RIES4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE :I* HAS DE/ROY$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,UPP] ,*AMB]1 & :I* WILL DE?RONE ! ,K+ :5EV] HE %ALL BECOME UNSATISFACTORY TO IT4 ,IT IS TO PLEASE ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ROYALTY MAKES ITSELF UNPOPUL>4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE :I* IS TR\BL$ AT ! HOPES ( ! PEOPLE1 & :I* H9D]S RE=M4 ,! J\RNALS ( ! B\RGEOISIE >E ! ONES :I* PREA* MORALITY & RELIGION TO US1 :ILE RES]V+ SKEPTICISM & 9DIFF]5CE = !MSELVES2 :I* ATTACK P]SONAL GOV]NM5T1 & FAVOR ! D5IAL ( ! ELECTORAL PRIVILEGE TO ?OSE :O HAVE NO PROP]TY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WILL ACCEPT ANY ?+ RA!R ?AN ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AS SOON AS IT ?9KS ITS PRIVILEGES ?REAT5$1 IT WILL UNITE ) ROYALTY2 & :O DOES NOT KN[ ?AT AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T !SE TWO ANTAGONI/S HAVE SUSP5D$ !IR QU>RELS8 444 ,IT HAS BE5 A QUE/ION ( PROP]TY4 

.<#f#f.> ,MISS+ FOOTNOTE 

.<#f#g.> ,! SAME OP9ION WAS REC5TLY EXPRESS$ FROM ! TRIBUNE BY ONE ( \R MO/ HONORABLE ,DEPUTIES1 ,M4 ,GAUGUI]4 0,NATURE10 SAID HE1 0HAS NOT 5D[$ MAN ) L&$ PROP]TY40 ,*ANG+ ! ADJECTIVE L&$1 :I* DESIGNATES ONLY A SPECIES 9TO CAPITALI/IC1 :I* D5OTES ! G5US1 -- ,M4 ,GAUGUI] MADE AN EGALITAIRE PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 

.<#f#h.> ,A PR(ESSOR ( COMP>ATIVE LEGISLATION1 ,M4 ,L]M9I]1 HAS GONE /ILL F>!R4 ,HE HAS D>$ TO SAY ?AT ! NATION TOOK FROM ! CL]GY ALL !IR POSSESSIONS1 NOT BECAUSE ( IDL5ESS1 BUT BECAUSE ( UNWOR?9ESS4 0,Y\ HAVE CIVILIZ$ ! WORLD10 CRIES ?IS APO/LE ( EQUALITY1 SPEAK+ TO ! PRIE/S2 0& = ?AT REASON Y\R POSSESSIONS W]E GIV5 Y\4 ,9 Y\R H&S !Y W]E AT ONCE AN 9/RUM5T & A REW>D4 ,BUT Y\ DO NOT N[ DES]VE !M1 = Y\ LONG S9CE CEAS$ TO CIVILIZE ANY ?+ :ATEV]4440  

 ,?IS POSITION IS QUITE 9 H>MONY ) MY PR9CIPLES1 & ,I HE>TILY APPLAUD ! 9DIGNATION ( ,M4 ,L]M9I]2 BUT ,I DO NOT KN[ ?AT A PROPRIETOR WAS EV] DEPRIV$ ( HIS PROP]TY BECAUSE UNWOR?Y2 & AS REASONABLE1 SOCIAL1 & EV5 USEFUL AS ! ?+ MAY SEEM1 IT IS QUITE CONTR>Y TO ! USES & CU/OMS ( PROP]TY4 

.<#f#i.> 0,TREATISE ON ,PRESCRIPTION40 

.<#g.> 0,ORIG9 ( ,FR5* ,LAW40 

.<#g#a.> ,TO HONOR ONE'S P>5TS1 TO BE GRATEFUL TO ONE'S B5EFACTORS1 TO NEI!R KILL NOR /EAL1 -- TRU?S ( 9W>D S5SATION4 ,TO OBEY ,GOD RA!R ?AN M51 TO R5D] TO EA* ?AT :I* IS HIS2 ! :OLE IS GREAT] ?AN A P>T1 A /RAI<T L9E IS ! %ORTE/ ROAD FROM ONE PO9T TO ANO!R1 -- TRU?S ( 9TUITION4 ,ALL >E A PRIORI BUT ! FIR/ >E FELT BY ! CONSCI5CE1 & IMPLY ONLY A SIMPLE ACT ( ! S\L2 ! SECOND >E P]CEIV$ BY ! REASON1 & IMPLY COMP>ISON & RELATION4 ,9 %ORT1 ! =M] >E S5TIM5TS1 ! LATT] >E IDEAS4 

.<#g#b.> ,>M& ,C>REL W\LD HAVE FAVOR$ ! =TIFICATION ( ! CAPITAL4 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 HAS SAID1 AGA9 & AGA91 PLAC+ ! NAME ( ITS OLD $ITOR BY ! SIDE ( ! NAMES ( ,NAPOLEON & ,VAUBAN4 ,:AT SIGNIFIES ?IS EXHUMATION ( AN ANTI-POPUL> POLITICIAN8 ,IT SIGNIFIES ?AT ,>M& ,C>REL WI%$ TO MAKE GOV]NM5T AN 9DIVIDUAL & IRREMOVABLE1 BUT ELECTIVE1 PROP]TY1 & ?AT HE WI%$ ?IS PROP]TY TO BE ELECT$1 NOT BY ! PEOPLE1 BUT BY ! >MY4 ,! POLITICAL SY/EM ( ,C>REL WAS SIMPLY A REORGANIZATION ( ! PRETORIAN GU>DS4 ,C>REL ALSO HAT$ ! PEQU9S4 ,?AT :I* HE DEPLOR$ 9 ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY WAS NOT1 !Y SAY1 ! 9SURRECTION ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! VICTORY ( ! PEOPLE OV] ! SOLDI]S4 ,?AT IS ! REASON :Y ,C>REL1 AFT] #a#h#c1 W\LD NEV] SUPPORT ! PATRIOTS4 0,DO Y\ ANSW] ME ) A FEW REGIM5TS80 HE ASK$4 ,>M& ,C>REL REG>D$ ! >MY -- ! MILIT>Y P[] -- AS ! BASIS ( LAW & GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS MAN UND\BT$LY HAD A MORAL S5SE )9 HIM1 BUT HE SURELY HAD NO S5SE ( JU/ICE4 ,W]E HE /ILL 9 ?IS WORLD1 ,I DECL>E IT BOLDLY1 LIB]TY W\LD HAVE NO GREAT] 5EMY ?AN ,C>REL4  

 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ON ?IS QUE/ION ( ! =TIFICATION ( ,P>IS ! /AFF ( 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 >E NOT AGRE$4 ,?IS W\LD PROVE1 IF PRO( W]E NE$$1 ?AT A J\RNAL MAY BLUND] & FALSIFY1 )\T 5TITL+ ANY ONE TO ACCUSE ITS $ITORS4 ,A J\RNAL IS A METAPHYSICAL BE+1 = :I* NO ONE IS REALLY RESPONSIBLE1 & :I* [ES ITS EXI/5CE SOLELY TO MUTUAL CONCESSIONS4 ,?IS IDEA \<T TO FRI<T5 ?OSE WOR?Y CITIZ5S :O1 BECAUSE !Y BORR[ !IR OP9IONS FROM A J\RNAL1 IMAG9E ?AT !Y BELONG TO A POLITICAL P>TY1 & :O HAVE NOT ! FA9TE/ SUSPICION ?AT !Y >E REALLY )\T A HEAD4 

.<#g#c.> ,9 A V]Y %ORT >TICLE1 :I* WAS READ BY ,M4 ,WOL[SKI1 ,M4 ,L\IS ,BLANC DECL>ES1 9 SUB/ANCE1 ?AT HE IS NOT A COMMUNI/ 7:I* ,I EASILY BELIEVE72 ?AT ONE MU/ BE A FOOL TO ATTACK PROP]TY 7BUT HE DOES NOT SAY :Y72 & ?AT IT IS V]Y NECESS>Y TO GU>D AGA9/ CONF\ND+ PROP]TY ) ITS ABUSES4 ,:5 ,VOLTAIRE OV]?REW ,*RI/IANITY1 HE REPEAT$LY AV[$ ?AT HE HAD NO SPITE AGA9/ RELIGION1 BUT ONLY AGA9/ ITS ABUSES4 

.<#g#d.> ,! PROP]TY FEV] IS AT ITS HEI<T AMONG WRIT]S & >TI/S1 & IT IS CURI\S TO SEE ! COMPLAC5CY ) :I* \R LEGISLATORS & M5 ( LETT]S *]I% ?IS DEV\R+ PASSION4 ,AN >TI/ SELLS A PICTURE1 & !N1 ! M]*&ISE DELIV]$1 ASSUMES TO PREV5T ! PUR*AS] FROM SELL+ 5GRAV+S1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT HE1 ! PA9T]1 9 SELL+ ! ORIG9AL1 HAS NOT SOLD HIS DESIGN4 ,A DISPUTE >ISES BETWE5 ! AMATEUR & ! >TI/ 9 REG>D TO BO? ! FACT & ! LAW4 ,M4 ,VILLEMA91 ! ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 BE+ CONSULT$ AS TO ?IS P>TICUL> CASE1 F9DS ?AT ! PA9T] IS RI<T2 ONLY ! PROP]TY 9 ! DESIGN %\LD HAVE BE5 SPECIALLY RES]V$ 9 ! CONTRACT3 SO ?AT1 9 REALITY1 ,M4 ,VILLEMA9 RECOGNIZES 9 ! >TI/ A P[] TO SURR5D] HIS WORK & PREV5T ITS COMMUNICATION2 ?US CONTRADICT+ ! LEGAL AXIOM1 ,ONE CANNOT GIVE & KEEP AT ! SAME TIME4 ,A /RANGE REASON] IS ,M4 ,VILLEMA96 ,AN AMBIGU\S PR9CIPLE LEADS TO A FALSE CONCLUSION4 ,9/EAD ( REJECT+ ! PR9CIPLE1 ,M4 ,VILLEMA9 HA/5S TO ADMIT ! CONCLUSION4 ,) HIM ! R$UCTIO AD ABSURDUM IS A CONV9C+ >GUM5T4 ,?US HE IS MADE (FICIAL DEF5D] ( LIT]>Y PROP]TY1 SURE ( BE+ UND]/OOD & SU/A9$ BY A SET ( LOAF]S1 ! DISGRACE ( LIT]ATURE & ! PLAGUE ( PUBLIC MORALS4 ,:Y1 !N1 DOES ,M4 ,VILLEMA9 FEEL SO /RONG AN 9T]E/ 9 SETT+ HIMSELF UP AS ! *IEF ( ! LIT]>Y CLASSES1 9 PLAY+ = !IR B5EFIT ! ROLE ( ,TRISSOT9 9 ! C\NCILS ( ! ,/ATE1 & 9 BECOM+ ! ACCOMPLICE & ASSOCIATE ( A B& ( PR(LI-GATES1 -- SOI-DISANT M5 ( LETT]S1 -- :O = MORE ?AN T5 YE>S HAVE LABOR$ ) SU* DEPLORABLE SUCCESS TO RU9 PUBLIC SPIRIT1 & CORRUPT ! HE>T BY W>P+ ! M9D8  

 ,CONTRADICTIONS ( CONTRADICTIONS60 ,G5IUS IS ! GREAT LEVEL] ( ! WORLD10 CRIES ,M4 DE ,LAM>T9E2 0!N G5IUS %\LD BE A PROPRIETOR4 ,LIT]>Y PROP]TY IS ! =TUNE ( DEMOCRACY40 ,?IS UN=TUNATE POET ?9KS HIMSELF PR(\ND :5 HE IS ONLY PUFF$ UP4 ,HIS ELOQU5CE CONSI/S SOLELY 9 C\PL+ IDEAS :I* CLA% ) EA* O!R3 R\ND SQU>E1 D>K SUN1 FALL5 ANGEL1 PRIE/ & LOVE1 ?\<T & POETRY1 GUNIUS & =TUNE1 LEVEL+ & PROP]TY4 ,LET US TELL HIM1 9 REPLY1 ?AT HIS M9D IS A D>K LUM9>Y2 ?AT EA* ( HIS DISC\RSES IS A DISORD]$ H>MONY2 & ?AT ALL HIS SUCCESSES1 :E!R 9 V]SE OR PROSE1 >E DUE TO ! USE ( ! EXTRAORD9>Y 9 ! TREATM5T ( ! MO/ ORD9>Y SUBJECTS4  

 0,LE ,NATIONAL10 9 REPLY TO ! REPORT ( ,M4 ,LAM>T9E1 5DEAVORS TO PROVE ?AT LIT]>Y PROP]TY IS ( QUITE A DIFF]5T NATURE FROM L&$ PROP]TY2 AS IF ! NATURE ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY DEP5D$ ON ! OBJECT TO :I* IT IS APPLI$1 & NOT ON ! MODE ( ITS EX]CISE & ! CONDITION ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ! MA9 OBJECT ( 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 IS TO PLEASE A CLASS ( PROPRIETORS :OM AN EXT5SION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY VEXES3 ?AT IS :Y 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 OPPOSES LIT]>Y PROP]TY4 ,WILL IT TELL US1 ONCE = ALL1 :E!R IT IS = EQUALITY OR AGA9/ IT8 

.<#g#e.> ,M4 ,L]\X HAS BE5 HI<LY PRAIS$ 9 A REVIEW = HAV+ DEF5D$ PROP]TY4 ,I DO NOT KN[ :E!R ! 9DU/RI\S 5CYCLOP$I/ IS PLEAS$ ) ! PRAISE1 BUT ,I KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT 9 HIS PLACE ,I %\LD M\RN = REASON & = TRU?4  

 0,LE ,NATIONAL10 ON ! O!R H&1 HAS LAU<$ AT ,M4 ,L]\X & HIS IDEAS ON PROP]TY1 *>G+ HIM ) TAUTOLOGY & *ILDI%NESS4 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 DOES NOT WI% TO UND]/&4 ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO REM9D ?IS J\RNAL ?AT IT HAS NO RI<T TO D]IDE A DOGMATIC PHILOSOPH]1 BECAUSE IT IS )\T A DOCTR9E ITSELF8 ,FROM ITS F\NDATION1 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 HAS BE5 A NURS]Y ( 9TRIGU]S & R5EGADES4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME IT TAKES C>E TO W>N ITS READ]S4 ,9/EAD ( LAM5T+ OV] ALL ITS DEFECTIONS1 ! DEMOCRATIC %EET W\LD DO BETT] TO LAY ! BLAME ON ITSELF1 & CONFESS ! %ALL[NESS ( ITS !ORIES4 ,:5 WILL ?IS ORGAN ( POPUL> 9T]E/S & ! ELECTORAL RE=M CEASE TO HIRE SKEPTICS & SPREAD D\BT8 ,I WILL WAG]1 )\T GO+ FUR!R1 ?AT ,M4 ,LEON ,DURO*]1 ! CRITIC ( ,M4 ,L]\X1 IS AN ANONYM\S OR PSEUDONYM\S $ITOR ( SOME B\RGEOIS1 OR EV5 >I/OCRATIC1 J\RNAL4 

.<#g#f.> 0,IMP>TIAL10 ( ,BESANCON4 

.<#g#g.> ,! ,>IANS D5Y ! DIV9ITY ( ,*RI/4 ,! ,SEMI-,>IANS DIFF] FROM ! ,>IANS ONLY BY A FEW SUBTLE DI/9CTIONS4 ,M4 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 :O REG>DS ,JESUS AS A MAN1 BUT CLAIMS ?AT ! ,SPIRIT ( ,GOD WAS 9FUS$ 9TO HIM1 IS A TRUE ,SEMI-,>IAN4  

 ,! ,MANI*EANS ADMIT TWO CO-EXI/5T & ET]NAL PR9CIPLES1 -- ,GOD & MATT]1 SPIRIT & FLE%1 LI<T & D>KNESS1 GOOD & EVIL2 BUT1 UNLIKE ! ,PHALAN/]IANS1 :O PRET5D TO RECONCILE ! TWO1 ! ,MANI*EANS MAKE W> UPON MATT]1 & LABOR ) ALL !IR MI<T = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! FLE%1 BY CONDEMN+ M>RIAGE & =BIDD+ REPRODUCTION1 -- :I* DOES NOT PREV5T !M1 H[EV]1 FROM 9DULG+ 9 ALL ! C>NAL PLEASURES :I* ! 9T5SE/ LU/ CAN CONCEIVE (4 ,9 ?IS LA/ P>TICUL>1 ! T5D5CY ( ! ,F\RI]I/IC MORALITY IS QUITE ,MANI*EAN4  

 ,! ,GNO/ICS DO NOT DIFF] FROM ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS4 ,AS !IR NAME 9DICATES1 !Y REG>D$ !MSELVES AS 9SPIR$4 ,F\RI]1 :O HELD PECULI> IDEAS CONC]N+ ! VISIONS ( SOMNAMBULI/S1 & :O BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ ! MAGNETIC P[] TO SU* AN EXT5T AS TO 5ABLE US TO COMMUNE ) 9VISIBLE BE+S1 MI<T1 IF HE W]E LIV+1 PASS ALSO = A ,GNO/IC4  

 ,! ,ADAMITES ATT5D MASS 5TIRELY NAK$1 FROM MOTIVES ( *A/ITY4 ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 :O TOOK ! SLEEP ( ! S5SES = *A/ITY1 & :O SAW 9 MODE/Y ONLY A REF9EM5T ( PLEASURE1 9CL9$ T[>DS ,ADAMISM4 ,I KN[ SU* A SECT1 :OSE MEMB]S USUALLY CELEBRATE !IR MY/]IES 9 ! CO/UME ( ,V5US COM+ FROM ! BA?4  

 ,! ,PRE-,ADAMITES BELIEVE ?AT M5 EXI/$ BE=E ! FIR/ MAN4 ,I ONCE MET A ,PRE-,ADAMITE4 ,TRUE1 HE WAS DEAF & A ,F\RI]I/4  

 ,! ,PELAGIANS D5Y GRACE1 & ATTRIBUTE ALL ! M]IT ( GOOD WORKS TO LIB]TY4 ,! ,F\RI]I/S1 :O TEA* ?AT MAN'S NATURE & PASSIONS >E GOOD1 >E REV]S$ ,PELAGIANS2 !Y GIVE ALL TO GRACE1 & NO?+ TO LIB]TY4  

 ,! ,SOC9IANS1 DEI/S 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS1 ADMIT AN ORIG9AL REVELATION4 ,MANY PEOPLE >E ,SOC9IANS TO-DAY1 :O DO NOT SUSPECT IT1 & :O REG>D !IR OP9IONS AS NEW4  

 ,! ,NEO-,*RI/IANS >E ?OSE SIMPLETONS :O ADMIRE ,*RI/IANITY BECAUSE IT HAS PRODUC$ BELLS & CA!DRALS4 ,BASE 9 S\L1 CORRUPT 9 HE>T1 DISSOLUTE 9 M9D & S5SES1 ! ,NEO-,*RI/IANS SEEK ESPECIALLY AFT] ! EXT]NAL =M1 & ADMIRE RELIGION1 AS !Y LOVE WOM51 = ITS PHYSICAL BEAUTY4 ,!Y BELIEVE 9 A COM+ REVELATION1 AS WELL AS A TRANSFIGURATION ( ,CA?OLICISM4 ,!Y WILL S+ MASSES AT ! GR& SPECTACLE 9 ! PHALAN/]Y4 

.<#g#h.> ,IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! ABOVE REF]S ONLY TO ! MORAL & POLITICAL DOCTR9ES ( ,F\RI]1 -- DOCTR9ES :I*1 LIKE ALL PHILOSOPHICAL & RELIGI\S SY/EMS1 HAVE !IR ROOT & RAISON D'EXI/5CE 9 SOCIETY ITSELF1 & = ?IS REASON DES]VE TO BE EXAM9$4 ,! PECULI> SPECULATIONS ( ,F\RI] & HIS SECT CONC]N+ COSMOGONY1 GEOLOGY1 NATURAL HI/ORY1 PHYSIOLOGY1 & PSY*OLOGY1 ,I LEAVE TO ! ATT5TION ( ?OSE :O W\LD ?9K IT !IR DUTY TO S]I\SLY REFUTE ! FABLES ( ,BLUE ,BE>D & ! ,ASS'S ,SK94 

.<#g#i.> ,A WRIT] = ! RADICAL PRESS1 ,M4 ,L\IS ,RAYBAUD1 SAID1 9 ! PREFACE TO HIS 0,/UDIES ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,RE=M]S30 0,:O DOES NOT KN[ ?AT MORALITY IS RELATIVE8 ,ASIDE FROM A FEW GR& S5TIM5TS :I* >E /RIK+LY 9/9CTIVE1 ! MEASURE ( HUMAN ACTS V>IES ) NATIONS & CLIMATES1 & ONLY CIVILIZATION -- ! PROGRESSIVE $UCATION ( ! RACE -- CAN LEAD TO A UNIV]SAL MORALITY444 ,! ABSOLUTE ESCAPES \R CONT+5T & F9ITE NATURE2 ! ABSOLUTE IS ! SECRET ( ,GOD40 ,GOD KEEP FROM EVIL ,M4 ,L\IS ,RAYBAUD6 ,BUT ,I CANNOT HELP REM>K+ ?AT ALL POLITICAL APO/ATES BEG9 BY ! NEGATION ( ! ABSOLUTE1 :I* IS REALLY ! NEGATION ( TRU?4 ,:AT CAN A WRIT]1 :O PR(ESSES SKEPTICISM1 HAVE 9 COMMON ) RADICAL VIEWS8 ,:AT HAS HE TO SAY TO HIS READ]S8 ,:AT JUDGM5T IS HE 5TITL$ TO PASS UPON CONTEMPOR>Y RE=M]S8 ,M4 ,RAYBAUD ?\<T IT W\LD SEEM WISE TO REPEAT AN OLD IMP]T95CE ( ! LEGI/1 & ?AT MAY S]VE HIM = AN EXCUSE4 ,WE ALL HAVE !SE WEAKNESSES4 ,BUT ,I AM SURPRIS$ ?AT A MAN ( SO MU* 9TELLIG5CE AS ,M4 ,RAYBAUD1 :O /UDIES SY/EMS1 FAILS TO SEE ! V]Y ?+ HE \<T FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE1 -- NAMELY1 ?AT SY/EMS >E ! PROGRESS ( ! M9D T[>DS ! ABSOLUTE4 

.<#h.> ,! ELECTORAL RE=M1 IT IS CONT9UALLY ASS]T$1 IS NOT AN 5D1 BUT A MEANS4 ,UND\BT$LY2 BUT :AT1 !N1 IS ! 5D8 ,:Y NOT FURNI% AN UNEQUIVOCAL EXPLANATION ( ITS OBJECT8 ,H[ CAN ! PEOPLE *OOSE !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 UNLESS !Y KN[ 9 ADVANCE ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y *OOSE !M1 & ! OBJECT ( ! COMMISSION :I* !Y 5TRU/ TO !M8  

 ,BUT1 IT IS SAID1 ! V]Y BUS9ESS ( ?OSE *OS5 BY ! PEOPLE IS TO F9D \T ! OBJECT ( ! RE=M4  

 ,?AT IS A QUIBBLE4 ,:AT IS TO H9D] !SE P]SONS1 :O >E TO BE ELECT$ 9 FUTURE1 FROM FIR/ SEEK+ = ?IS OBJECT1 & !N1 :5 !Y HAVE F\ND IT1 FROM COMMUNICAT+ IT TO ! PEOPLE8 ,! RE=M]S HAVE WELL SAID1 ?AT1 :ILE ! OBJECT ( ! ELECTORAL RE=M REMA9S 9 ! LEA/ 9DEF9ITE1 IT WILL BE ONLY A MEANS ( TRANSF]R+ P[] FROM ! H&S ( PETTY TYRANTS TO ! H&S ( O!R TYRANTS4 ,WE KN[ ALREADY H[ A NATION MAY BE OPPRESS$ BY BE+ L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT IT IS OBEY+ ONLY ITS [N LAWS4 ,! HI/ORY ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 AMONG ALL NATIONS1 IS ! HI/ORY ( ! RE/RICTIONS ( LIB]TY BY & 9 ! NAME ( ! MULTITUDE4  

 ,/ILL1 IF ! ELECTORAL RE=M1 9 ITS PRES5T %APE1 W]E RATIONAL1 PRACTICAL1 ACCEPTABLE TO CLEAN CONSCI5CES & UPRI<T M9DS1 P]HAPS ONE MI<T BE EXCUS$1 ?\< IGNORANT ( ITS OBJECT1 = SUPPORT+ IT4 ,BUT1 NO2 ! TEXT ( ! PETITION DET]M9ES NO?+1 MAKES NO DI/9CTIONS1 REQUIRES NO CONDITIONS1 NO GU>ANTEE2 IT E/ABLI%ES ! RI<T )\T ! DUTY4 0,EV]Y ,FR5*MAN IS A VOT]1 & ELIGIBLE TO (FICE40 ,AS WELL SAY3 0,EV]Y BAYONET IS 9TELLIG5T1 EV]Y SAVAGE IS CIVILIZ$1 EV]Y SLAVE IS FREE40 ,9 ITS VAGUE G5]ALITY1 ! RE=MATORY PETITION IS ! WEAKE/ ( AB/RACTIONS1 OR ! HI<E/ =M ( POLITICAL TREASON4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! 5LI<T5$ PATRIOTS DI/RU/ & DESPISE EA* O!R4 ,! MO/ RADICAL WRIT] ( ! TIME1 -- HE :OSE ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL !ORIES >E1 )\T COMP>ISON1 ! MO/ ADVANC$1 -- ,M4 ,L]\X1 HAS TAK5 A BOLD /& AGA9/ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 & HAS WRITT5 AN EXCE$+LY KE5 CRITICISM ( ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU4 ,?AT IS UND\BT$LY ! REASON :Y ,M4 ,L]\X IS NO LONG] ! PHILOSOPH] ( 0,LE ,NATIONAL40 ,?AT J\RNAL1 LIKE ,NAPOLEON1 DOES NOT LIKE M5 ( IDEAS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 0,LE ,NATIONAL0 \<T TO KN[ ?AT HE :O FI<TS AGA9/ IDEAS WILL P]I% BY IDEAS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahci 3 ,MEMOIR #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,MEMOIR #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/