,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #c 
,LABOR ,AS ,! ,EFFICI5T ,CAUSE ,( ,! ,DOMA9 ,( ,PROP]TY 

#ahdahd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,I,I,I4 ,LABOR ,AS ,! ,EFFICI5T ,CAUSE ,( ,! ,DOMA9 ,( ,PROP]TY 

,NE>LY ALL ! MOD]N WRIT]S ON JURISPRUD5CE1 TAK+ !IR CUE FROM ! ECONOMI/S1 HAVE AB&ON$ ! !ORY ( FIR/ OCCUPANCY AS A TOO DANG]\S ONE1 & HAVE ADOPT$ ?AT :I* REG>DS PROP]TY AS BORN ( LABOR4 ,9 ?IS !Y >E DELUD$2 !Y REASON 9 A CIRCLE4 ,TO LABOR IT IS NECESS>Y TO OCCUPY1 SAYS ,M4 ,C\S94 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I HAVE ADD$ 9 MY TURN1 ALL HAV+ AN EQUAL RI<T ( OCCUPANCY1 TO LABOR IT IS NECESS>Y TO SUBMIT TO EQUALITY4 0,! RI*10 EXCLAIMS ,JEAN ,JACQUES1 0HAVE ! >ROGANCE TO SAY1 ',I BUILT ?IS WALL2 ,I E>N$ ?IS L& BY MY LABOR4' ,:O SET Y\ ! TASKS8 WE MAY REPLY1 & BY :AT RI<T DO Y\ DEM& PAYM5T FROM US = LABOR :I* WE DID NOT IMPOSE UPON Y\80 ,ALL SOPHI/RY FALLS TO ! GR\ND 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS >GUM5T4 

,BUT ! P>TISANS ( LABOR DO NOT SEE ?AT !IR SY/EM IS AN ABSOLUTE CONTRADICTION ( ! ,CODE1 ALL ! >TICLES & PROVISIONS ( :I* SUPPOSE PROP]TY TO BE BAS$ UPON ! FACT ( FIR/ OCCUPANCY4 ,IF LABOR1 ?R\< ! APPROPRIATION :I* RESULTS FROM IT1 ALONE GIVES BIR? TO PROP]TY1 ! ,CIVIL ,CODE LIES1 ! *>T] IS A FALSEHOOD1 \R :OLE SOCIAL SY/EM IS A VIOLATION ( RI<T4 ,TO ?IS CONCLUSION %ALL WE COME1 AT ! 5D ( ! DISCUSSION :I* IS TO OCCUPY \R ATT5TION 9 ?IS *APT] & ! FOLL[+ ONE1 BO? AS TO ! RI<T ( LABOR & ! FACT ( PROP]TY4 ,WE %ALL SEE1 ON ! ONE H&1 \R LEGISLATION 9 OPPOSITION TO ITSELF2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 \R NEW JURISPRUD5CE 9 OPPOSITION BO? TO ITS [N PR9CIPLE & TO \R LEGISLATION4 

,I HAVE ASS]T$ ?AT ! SY/EM :I* BASES PROP]TY UPON LABOR IMPLIES1 NO LESS ?AN ?AT :I* BASES IT UPON OCCUPATION1 ! EQUALITY ( =TUNES2 & ! READ] MU/ BE IMPATI5T TO LE>N H[ ,I PROPOSE TO D$UCE ?IS LAW ( EQUALITY FROM ! 9EQUALITY ( SKILL & FACULTIES3 DIRECTLY HIS CURIOSITY %ALL BE SATISFI$4 ,BUT IT IS PROP] ?AT ,I %\LD CALL HIS ATT5TION = A MOM5T TO ?IS REM>KABLE FEATURE ( ! PROCESS2 TO WIT1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( LABOR = OCCUPATION AS ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY2 & ?AT ,I %\LD PASS RAPIDLY 9 REVIEW SOME ( ! PREJUDICES TO :I* PROPRIETORS >E ACCU/OM$ TO APPEAL1 :I* LEGISLATION HAS SANCTION$1 & :I* ! SY/EM ( LABOR COMPLETELY OV]?R[S4 

,READ]1 W]E Y\ EV] PRES5T AT ! EXAM9ATION ( A CRIM9AL8 ,HAVE Y\ WAT*$ HIS TRICKS1 HIS TURNS1 HIS EVASIONS1 HIS DI/9CTIONS1 HIS EQUIVOCATIONS8 ,BEAT51 ALL HIS ASS]TIONS OV]?R[N1 PURSU$ LIKE A FALL[ DE] BY ! 9 EXORABLE JUDGE1 TRACK$ FROM HYPO!SIS TO HYPO!SIS1 -- HE MAKES A /ATEM5T1 HE CORRECTS IT1 RETRACTS IT1 CONTRADICTS IT1 HE EXHAU/S ALL ! TRICKS ( DIALECTICS1 MORE SUBTLE1 MORE +5I\S A ?\S& TIMES ?AN HE :O 9V5T$ ! SEV5TY-TWO =MS ( ! SYLLOGISM4 ,SO ACTS ! PROPRIETOR :5 CALL$ UPON TO DEF5D HIS RI<T4 ,AT FIR/ HE REFUSES TO REPLY1 HE EXCLAIMS1 HE ?REAT5S1 HE DEFIES2 !N1 =C$ TO ACCEPT ! DISCUSSION1 HE >MS HIMSELF ) *ICAN]Y1 HE SURR\NDS HIMSELF ) =MIDABLE >TILL]Y1 -- CROSS+ HIS FIRE1 OPPOS+ ONE BY ONE & ALL TOGE!R OCCUPATION1 POSSESSION1 LIMITATION1 COV5ANTS1 IMMEMORIAL CU/OM1 & UNIV]SAL CONS5T4 ,CONQU]$ ON ?IS GR\ND1 ! PROPRIETOR1 LIKE A W\ND$ BO>1 TURNS ON HIS PURSU]S4 0,I HAVE DONE MORE ?AN OCCUPY10 HE CRIES ) T]RIBLE EMOTION2 0,I HAVE LABOR$1 PRODUC$1 IMPROV$1 TRANS=M$1 CREAT$4 ,?IS H\SE1 !SE FIELDS1 !SE TREES >E ! WORK ( MY H&S2 ,I *ANG$ !SE BRAMBLES 9TO A V9EY>D1 & ?IS BU% 9TO A FIG-TREE2 & TO-DAY ,I REAP ! H>VE/ ( MY LABORS4 ,I HAVE 5RI*$ ! SOIL ) MY SWEAT2 ,I HAVE PAID ?OSE M5 :O1 HAD !Y NOT HAD ! WORK :I* ,I GAVE !M1 W\LD HAVE DI$ ( HUNG]4 ,NO ONE %>$ ) ME ! TR\BLE & EXP5SE2 NO ONE %ALL %>E ) ME ! B5EFITS40 

,Y\ HAVE LABOR$1 PROPRIETOR6 :Y !N DO Y\ SPEAK ( ORIG9AL OCCUPANCY8 ,:AT1 W]E Y\ NOT SURE ( Y\R RI<T1 OR DID Y\ HOPE TO DECEIVE M51 & MAKE JU/ICE AN ILLUSION8 ,MAKE HA/E1 !N1 TO ACQUA9T US ) Y\R MODE ( DEF5SE1 = ! JUDGM5T WILL BE F9AL2 & Y\ KN[ IT TO BE A QUE/ION ( RE/ITUTION4 

,Y\ HAVE LABOR$6 BUT :AT IS !RE 9 COMMON BETWE5 ! LABOR :I* DUTY COMPELS Y\ TO P]=M1 & ! APPROPRIATION ( ?+S 9 :I* !RE IS A COMMON 9T]E/8 ,DO Y\ NOT KN[ ?AT DOMA9 OV] ! SOIL1 LIKE ?AT OV] AIR & LI<T1 CANNOT BE LO/ BY PRESCRIPTION8 

,Y\ HAVE LABOR$6 HAVE Y\ NEV] MADE O!RS LABOR8 ,:Y1 !N1 HAVE !Y LO/ 9 LABOR+ = Y\ :AT Y\ HAVE GA9$ 9 NOT LABOR+ = !M8 

,Y\ HAVE LABOR$6 V]Y WELL2 BUT LET US SEE ! RESULTS ( Y\R LABOR4 ,WE WILL C\NT1 WEI<1 & MEASURE !M4 ,IT WILL BE ! JUDGM5T ( ,BAL?AS>2 = ,I SWE> BY BALANCE1 LEVEL1 & SQU>E1 ?AT IF Y\ HAVE APPROPRIAT$ ANO!R'S LABOR 9 ANY WAY :ATSOEV]1 Y\ %ALL RE/ORE IT EV]Y /ROKE4 

,?US1 ! PR9CIPLE ( OCCUPATION IS AB&ON$2 NO LONG] IS IT SAID1 0,! L& BELONGS TO HIM :O FIR/ GETS POSSESSION ( IT4 ,PROP]TY1 =C$ 9TO ITS FIR/ 5TR5*M5T1 REPUDIATES ITS OLD ADAGE2 JU/ICE1 A%AM$1 RETRACTS H] MAXIMS1 & SORR[ L[]S H] B&AGE OV] H] BLU%+ *EEKS4 ,& IT WAS BUT YE/]DAY ?AT ?IS PROGRESS 9 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BEGAN3 FIFTY C5TURIES REQUIR$ = ! EXTIRPATION ( A LIE6 ,DUR+ ?IS LAM5TABLE P]IOD1 H[ MANY USURPATIONS HAVE BE5 SANCTION$1 H[ MANY 9VASIONS GLORIFI$1 H[ MANY CONQUE/S CELEBRAT$6 ,! ABS5T DISPOSSESS$1 ! POOR BANI%$1 ! HUNGRY EXCLUD$ BY WEAL?1 :I* IS SO READY & BOLD 9 ACTION6 ,JEAL\SIES & W>S1 9C5DI>ISM & BLOOD%$1 AMONG ! NATIONS6 ,BUT H5CE=?1 ?ANKS TO ! AGE & ITS SPIRIT1 IT IS TO BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! E>? IS NOT A PRIZE TO BE WON 9 A RACE2 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY O!R OB/ACLE1 !RE IS A PLACE = EV]YBODY UND] ! SUN4 ,EA* ONE MAY H>NESS HIS GOAT TO ! BE>N1 DRIVE HIS CATTLE TO PA/URE1 S[ A CORN] ( A FIELD1 & BAKE HIS BREAD BY HIS [N FIRESIDE4 

,BUT1 NO2 EA* ONE CANNOT DO !SE ?+S4 ,I HE> IT PROCLAIM$ ON ALL SIDES1 0,GLORY TO LABOR & 9DU/RY6 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY2 TO EA* CAPACITY ACCORD+ TO ITS RESULTS60 ,& ,I SEE ?REE-F\R?S ( ! HUMAN RACE AGA9 DESPOIL$1 ! LABOR ( A FEW BE+ A SC\RGE TO ! LABOR ( ! RE/4 

0,! PROBLEM IS SOLV$10 EXCLAIMS ,M4 ,H5NEQU94 0,PROP]TY1 ! DAU<T] ( LABOR1 CAN BE 5JOY$ AT PRES5T & 9 ! FUTURE ONLY UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! LAWS4 ,IT HAS ITS ORIG9 9 NATURAL LAW2 IT D]IVES ITS P[] FROM CIVIL LAW2 & FROM ! UNION ( !SE TWO IDEAS1 LABOR & PROTECTION1 POSITIVE LEGISLATION RESULTS40 444 

,AH6 ! PROBLEM IS SOLV$6 PROP]TY IS ! DAU<T] ( LABOR6 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! RI<T ( ACCESSION1 & ! RI<T ( SUCCESSION1 & ! RI<T ( DONATION1 @&C41 IF NOT ! RI<T TO BECOME A PROPRIETOR BY SIMPLE OCCUPANCY8 ,:AT >E Y\R LAWS CONC]N+ ! AGE ( MAJORITY1 EMANCIPATION1 GU>DIAN%IP1 & 9T]DICTION1 IF NOT ! V>I\S CONDITIONS BY :I* HE :O IS ALREADY A LABOR] GA9S OR LOSES ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY2 ?AT IS1 PROP]TY8 

,BE+ UNABLE1 AT ?IS TIME1 TO 5T] UPON A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! ,CODE1 ,I %ALL CONT5T MYSELF ) EXAM9+ ! ?REE >GUM5TS (T5E/ RESORT$ TO 9 SUPPORT ( PROP]TY4 #a4 ,APPROPRIATION1 OR ! =MATION ( PROP]TY BY POSSESSION2 #b4 ,! CONS5T ( MANK9D2 #c4 ,PRESCRIPTION4 ,I %ALL !N 9QUIRE 9TO ! EFFECTS ( LABOR UPON ! RELATIVE CONDITION ( ! LABOR]S & UPON PROP]TY4 

8 #a4 -- ,! ,L& CANNOT BE ,APPROPRIAT$4 

0,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT L&S CAPABLE ( CULTIVATION \<T TO BE REG>D$ AS NATURAL WEAL?1 S9CE !Y >E NOT ( HUMAN CREATION1 BUT ,NATURE'S GRATUIT\S GIFT TO MAN2 BUT 9ASMU* AS ?IS WEAL? IS NOT FUGITIVE1 LIKE ! AIR & WAT]1 -- 9ASMU* AS A FIELD IS A FIX$ & LIMIT$ SPACE :I* C]TA9 M5 HAVE BE5 ABLE TO APPROPRIATE1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS :O 9 !IR TURN HAVE CONS5T$ TO ?IS APPROPRIATION1 -- ! L&1 :I* WAS A NATURAL & GRATUIT\S GIFT1 HAS BECOME SOCIAL WEAL?1 = ! USE ( :I* WE \<T TO PAY40 -- ,SAY3 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 

,WAS ,I WRONG 9 SAY+1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS *APT]1 ?AT ! ECONOMI/S >E ! V]Y WOR/ AU?ORITIES 9 MATT]S ( LEGISLATION & PHILOSOPHY8 ,IT IS ! FA!R ( ?IS CLASS ( M5 :O CLE>LY /ATES ! QUE/ION1 ,H[ CAN ! SUPPLIES ( ,NATURE1 ! WEAL? CREAT$ BY ,PROVID5CE1 BECOME PRIVATE PROP]TY8 & :O REPLIES BY SO GROSS AN EQUIVOCATION ?AT WE SC>CELY KN[ :I* ! AU?OR LACKS1 S5SE OR HONE/Y4 ,:AT1 ,I ASK1 HAS ! FIX$ & SOLID NATURE ( ! E>? TO DO ) ! RI<T ( APPROPRIATION8 ,I CAN UND]/& ?AT A ?+ LIMIT$ & /ATION>Y1 LIKE ! L&1 (F]S GREAT] *ANCES = APPROPRIATION ?AN ! WAT] OR ! SUN%9E2 ?AT IT IS EASI] TO EX]CISE ! RI<T ( DOMA9 OV] ! SOIL ?AN OV] ! ATMOSPH]E3 BUT WE >E NOT DEAL+ ) ! DIFFICULTY ( ! ?+1 & ,SAY CONF\NDS ! RI<T ) ! POSSIBILITY4 ,WE DO NOT ASK :Y ! E>? HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ TO A GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ! SEA & ! AIR2 WE WANT TO KN[ BY :AT RI<T MAN HAS APPROPRIAT$ WEAL? :I* HE DID NOT CREATE1 & :I* ,NATURE GAVE TO HIM GRATUIT\SLY4 

,SAY1 !N1 DID NOT SOLVE ! QUE/ION :I* HE ASK$4 ,BUT IF HE HAD SOLV$ IT1 IF ! EXPLANATION :I* HE HAS GIV5 US W]E AS SATISFACTORY AS IT IS ILLOGICAL1 WE %\LD KN[ NO BETT] ?AN BE=E :O HAS A RI<T TO EXACT PAYM5T = ! USE ( ! SOIL1 ( ?IS WEAL? :I* IS NOT MAN'S H&IWORK4 ,:O IS 5TITL$ TO ! R5T ( ! L&8 ,! PRODUC] ( ! L&1 )\T D\BT4 ,:O MADE ! L&8 ,GOD4 ,!N1 PROPRIETOR1 RETIRE6 

,BUT ! CREATOR ( ! L& DOES NOT SELL IT3 HE GIVES IT2 &1 9 GIV+ IT1 HE IS NO RESPECT] ( P]SONS4 ,:Y1 !N1 >E SOME ( HIS *ILDR5 REG>D$ AS LEGITIMATE1 :ILE O!RS >E TREAT$ AS BA/>DS8 ,IF ! EQUALITY ( %>ES WAS AN ORIG9AL RI<T1 :Y IS ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS A PO/HUM\S RI<T8 

,SAY GIVES US TO UND]/& ?AT IF ! AIR & ! WAT] W]E NOT ( A FUGITIVE NATURE1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 APPROPRIAT$4 ,LET ME OBS]VE 9 PASS+ ?AT ?IS IS MORE ?AN AN HYPO!SIS2 IT IS A REALITY4 ,M5 HAVE APPROPRIAT$ ! AIR & ! WAT]1 ,I WILL NOT SAY AS (T5 AS !Y C\LD1 BUT AS (T5 AS !Y HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO4 

,! ,PORTUGUESE1 HAV+ DISCOV]$ ! R\TE TO ,9DIA BY ! ,CAPE ( ,GOOD ,HOPE1 PRET5D$ TO HAVE ! SOLE RI<T TO ?AT R\TE2 & ,GROTIUS1 CONSULT$ 9 REG>D TO ?IS MATT] BY ! ,DUT* :O REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ?IS RI<T1 WROTE EXPRESSLY = ?IS OCCASION HIS TREATISE ON ! 0,FRE$OM ( ! ,SEAS10 TO PROVE ?AT ! SEA IS NOT LIABLE TO APPROPRIATION4 

,! RI<T TO HUNT & FI% US$ ALWAYS TO BE CONF9$ TO LORDS & PROPRIETORS2 TO-DAY IT IS LEAS$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & COMMUNES TO :OEV] CAN PAY ! LIC5SE-FEE & ! R5T4 ,TO REGULATE HUNT+ & FI%+ IS AN EXCELL5T IDEA1 BUT TO MAKE IT A SUBJECT ( SALE IS TO CREATE A MONOPOLY ( AIR & WAT]4 

,:AT IS A PASSPORT8 ,A UNIV]SAL RECOMM5DATION ( ! TRAVEL]'S P]SON2 A C]TIFICATE ( SECURITY = HIMSELF & HIS PROP]TY4 ,! TREASURY1 :OSE NATURE IT IS TO SPOIL ! BE/ ?+S1 HAS MADE ! PASSPORT A MEANS ( ESPIONAGE & A TAX4 ,IS NOT ?IS A SALE ( ! RI<T TO TRAVEL8 

,F9ALLY1 IT IS P]MISSIBLE NEI!R TO DRAW WAT] FROM A SPR+ SITUAT$ 9 ANO!R'S GR\NDS )\T ! P]MISSION ( ! PROPRIETOR1 BECAUSE BY ! RI<T ( ACCESSION ! SPR+ BELONGS TO ! POSSESSOR ( ! SOIL1 IF !RE IS NO O!R CLAIM2 NOR TO PASS A DAY ON HIS PREMISES )\T PAY+ A TAX2 NOR TO LOOK AT A C\RT1 A G>D51 OR AN OR*>D1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! PROPRIETOR2 NOR TO /ROLL 9 A P>K OR AN 5CLOSURE AGA9/ ! [N]'S WILL3 EV]Y ONE IS ALL[$ TO %UT HIMSELF UP & TO F5CE HIMSELF 94 ,ALL !SE PROHIBITIONS >E SO MANY POSITIVE 9T]DICTIONS1 NOT ONLY ( ! L&1 BUT ( ! AIR & WAT]4 ,WE :O BELONG TO ! PROLETAIRE CLASS3 PROP]TY EXCOMMUNICATES US6 ,T]RA1 ET AQUA1 ET A]E1 ET IGNE 9T]DICTI SUMUS4 

,M5 C\LD NOT APPROPRIATE ! MO/ FIX$ ( ALL ! ELEM5TS )\T APPROPRIAT+ ! ?REE O!RS2 S9CE1 BY ,FR5* & ,ROMAN LAW1 PROP]TY 9 ! SURFACE C>RIES ) IT PROP]TY FROM Z5I? TO NADIR -- ,CUJUS E/ SOLUM1 EJUS E/ USQUE AD CAELUM4 ,N[1 IF ! USE ( WAT]1 AIR1 & FIRE EXCLUDES PROP]TY1 SO DOES ! USE ( ! SOIL4 ,?IS *A9 ( REASON+ SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ BY ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE1 9 HIS 0,TREATISE ON ,PROP]TY10 *AP4 #e4 

0,IF A MAN %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( AIR = A FEW MOM5TS ONLY1 HE W\LD CEASE TO EXI/1 & A P>TIAL DEPRIVATION W\LD CAUSE HIM SEV]E SUFF]+2 A P>TIAL OR COMPLETE DEPRIVATION ( FOOD W\LD PRODUCE LIKE EFFECTS UPON HIM ?\< LESS SUDD5LY2 IT W\LD BE ! SAME1 AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 CLIMATES6 W]E HE DEPRIV$ ( ALL CLO?+ & %ELT]444 ,TO SU/A9 LIFE1 !N1 MAN NE$S CONT9UALLY TO APPROPRIATE MANY DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,BUT !SE ?+S DO NOT EXI/ 9 LIKE PROPORTIONS4 ,SOME1 SU* AS ! LI<T ( ! />S1 ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! E>?1 ! WAT] COMPOS+ ! SEAS & OCEANS1 EXI/ 9 SU* L>GE QUANTITIES ?AT M5 CANNOT P]CEIVE ANY S5SIBLE 9CREASE OR DIM9UTION2 EA* ONE CAN APPROPRIATE AS MU* AS HIS NE$S REQUIRE )\T DETRACT+ FROM ! 5JOYM5T ( O!RS1 )\T CAUS+ !M ! LEA/ H>M4 ,?+S ( ?IS SORT >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ! HUMAN RACE2 ! ONLY DUTY IMPOS$ UPON EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 ?IS REG>D IS ?AT ( 9FR++ NOT AT ALL UPON ! RI<TS ( O!RS40 

,LET US COMPLETE ! >GUM5T ( ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE4 ,A MAN :O %\LD BE PROHIBIT$ FROM WALK+ 9 ! HI<WAYS1 FROM RE/+ 9 ! FIELDS1 FROM TAK+ %ELT] 9 CAVES1 FROM LI<T+ FIRES1 FROM PICK+ B]RIES1 FROM GA!R+ H]BS & BOIL+ !M 9 A BIT ( BAK$ CLAY1 -- SU* A MAN C\LD NOT LIVE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! E>? -- LIKE WAT]1 AIR1 & LI<T -- IS A PRIM>Y OBJECT ( NECESSITY :I* EA* HAS A RI<T TO USE FREELY1 )\T 9FR++ ANO!R'S RI<T4 ,:Y1 !N1 IS ! E>? APPROPRIAT$8 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE'S REPLY IS A CURI\S ONE4 ,SAY PRET5DS ?AT IT IS BECAUSE IT IS NOT FUGITIVE2 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE ASSURES US ?AT IT IS BECAUSE IT IS NOT 9F9ITE4 ,! L& IS LIMIT$ 9 AM\NT4 ,!N1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE1 IT \<T TO BE APPROPRIAT$4 ,IT W\LD SEEM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT HE \<T TO SAY1 ,!N IT \<T NOT TO BE APPROPRIAT$4 ,BECAUSE1 NO MATT] H[ L>GE A QUANTITY ( AIR OR LI<T ANY ONE APPROPRIATES1 NO ONE IS DAMAG$ !REBY2 !RE ALWAYS REMA9S 5\< = ALL4 ,) ! SOIL1 IT IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,LAY HOLD :O WILL1 OR :O CAN1 ( ! SUN'S RAYS1 ! PASS+ BREEZE1 OR ! SEA'S BILL[S2 HE HAS MY CONS5T1 & MY P>DON = HIS BAD 9T5TIONS4 ,BUT LET ANY LIV+ MAN D>E TO *ANGE HIS RI<T ( T]RITORIAL POSSESSION 9TO ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 & ,I WILL DECL>E W> UPON HIM1 & WAGE IT TO ! DEA?6 

,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE'S >GUM5T DISPROVES HIS POSITION4 0,AMONG ! ?+S NECESS>Y TO ! PRES]VATION ( LIFE10 HE SAYS1 0!RE >E SOME :I* EXI/ 9 SU* L>GE QUANTITIES ?AT !Y >E 9EXHAU/IBLE2 O!RS :I* EXI/ 9 LESS] QUANTITIES1 & CAN SATISFY ! WANTS ( ONLY A C]TA9 NUMB] ( P]SONS4 ,! =M] >E CALL$ COMMON1 ! LATT] PRIVATE40 

,?IS REASON+ IS NOT /RICTLY LOGICAL4 ,WAT]1 AIR1 & LI<T >E COMMON ?+S1 NOT BECAUSE !Y >E 9EXHAU/IBLE1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E 9DISP5SABLE2 & SO 9DISP5SABLE ?AT = ?AT V]Y REASON ,NATURE HAS CREAT$ !M 9 QUANTITIES ALMO/ 9F9ITE1 9 ORD] ?AT !IR PL5TIFULNESS MI<T PREV5T !IR APPROPRIATION4 ,LIKEWISE ! L& IS 9DISP5SABLE TO \R EXI/5CE1 -- CONSEQU5TLY A COMMON ?+1 CONSEQU5TLY 9SUSCEPTIBLE ( APPROPRIATION2 BUT L& IS MU* SC>C] ?AN ! O!R ELEM5TS1 !RE=E ITS USE MU/ BE REGULAT$1 NOT = ! PR(IT ( A FEW1 BUT 9 ! 9T]E/ & = ! SECURITY ( ALL4 ,9 A WORD1 EQUALITY ( RI<TS IS PROV$ BY EQUALITY ( NE$S4 ,N[1 EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 9 ! CASE ( A COMMODITY :I* IS LIMIT$ 9 AM\NT1 CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY BY EQUALITY ( POSSESSION4 ,AN AGR>IAN LAW UND]LIES ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE'S >GUM5TS4 

,FROM :ATEV] PO9T WE VIEW ?IS QUE/ION ( PROP]TY -- PROVID$ WE GO TO ! BOTTOM ( IT -- WE REA* EQUALITY4 ,I WILL NOT 9SI/ F>!R ON ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?+S :I* CAN1 & ?+S :I* CANNOT1 BE APPROPRIAT$4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 ECONOMI/S & LEGI/S TALK WORSE ?AN NONS5SE4 ,! ,CIVIL ,CODE1 AFT] HAV+ DEF9$ PROP]TY1 SAYS NO?+ AB\T SUSCEPTIBILITY ( APPROPRIATION2 & IF IT SPEAKS ( ?+S :I* >E 9 ! M>KET1 IT ALWAYS DOES SO )\T 5UM]AT+ OR DESCRIB+ !M4 ,H[EV]1 LI<T IS NOT WANT+4 ,!RE >E SOME FEW MAXIMS SU* AS !SE3 ,AD REGES POTE/AS OMNIUM P]T9ET1 AD S+ULOS PROPRIETAS2 ,OMNIA REX IMP]IO POSSIDET1 S+ULA DOM9IO4 ,SOCIAL SOV]EIGNTY OPPOS$ TO PRIVATE PROP]TY6 -- MI<T NOT ?AT BE CALL$ A PROPHECY ( EQUALITY1 A REPUBLICAN ORACLE8 ,EXAMPLES CR[D UPON US3 ONCE ! POSSESSIONS ( ! *UR*1 ! E/ATES ( ! CR[N1 ! FIEFS ( ! NOBILITY W]E 9ALI5ABLE & IMP]SCRIPTIBLE4 ,IF1 9/EAD ( ABOLI%+ ?IS PRIVILEGE1 ! ,CON/ITU5T HAD EXT5D$ IT TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL2 IF IT HAD DECL>$ ?AT ! RI<T ( LABOR1 LIKE LIB]TY1 CAN NEV] BE =FEIT$1 -- AT ?AT MOM5T ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 CONSUMMAT$1 & WE C\LD N[ DEVOTE \RSELVES TO IMPROVEM5T 9 O!R DIRECTIONS4 

8 #b4 -- ,UNIV]SAL ,CONS5T NO ,JU/IFICATION ( ,PROP]TY4 

,9 ! EXTRACT FROM ,SAY1 QUOT$ ABOVE1 IT IS NOT CLE> :E!R ! AU?OR MEANS TO BASE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY ON ! /ATION>Y *>ACT] ( ! SOIL1 OR ON ! CONS5T :I* HE ?9KS ALL M5 HAVE GRANT$ TO ?IS APPROPRIATION4 ,HIS LANGUAGE IS SU* ?AT IT MAY MEAN EI!R ( !SE ?+S1 OR BO? AT ONCE2 :I* 5TITLES US TO ASSUME ?AT ! AU?OR 9T5D$ TO SAY1 0,! RI<T ( PROP]TY RESULT+ ORIG9ALLY FROM ! EX]CISE ( ! WILL1 ! /ABILITY ( ! SOIL P]MITT$ IT TO BE APPLI$ TO ! L&1 & UNIV]SAL CONS5T HAS S9CE SANCTION$ ?IS APPLICATION40 

,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 CAN M5 LEGITIMATE PROP]TY BY MUTUAL CONS5T8 ,I SAY1 NO4 ,SU* A CONTRACT1 ?\< DRAFT$ BY ,GROTIUS1 ,MONTESQUIEU1 & ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU1 ?\< SIGN$ BY ! :OLE HUMAN RACE1 W\LD BE NULL 9 ! EYES ( JU/ICE1 & AN ACT TO 5=CE IT W\LD BE ILLEGAL4 ,MAN CAN NO MORE GIVE UP LABOR ?AN LIB]TY4 ,N[1 TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( T]RITORIAL PROP]TY IS TO GIVE UP LABOR1 S9CE IT IS TO REL9QUI% ! MEANS ( LABOR2 IT IS TO TRAFFIC 9 A NATURAL RI<T1 & DIVE/ \RSELVES ( MANHOOD4 

,BUT ,I WI% ?AT ?IS CONS5T1 ( :I* SO MU* IS MADE1 HAD BE5 GIV51 EI!R TACITLY OR =MALLY4 ,:AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RESULT8 ,EVID5TLY1 ! SURR5D]S W\LD HAVE BE5 RECIPROCAL2 NO RI<T W\LD HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ )\T ! RECEIPT ( AN EQUIVAL5T 9 EX*ANGE4 ,WE ?US COME BACK TO EQUALITY AGA91 -- ! S9E QUA NON ( APPROPRIATION2 SO ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ JU/IFI$ PROP]TY BY UNIV]SAL CONS5T1 ?AT IS1 BY EQUALITY1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO JU/IFY ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS BY PROP]TY4 ,NEV] %ALL WE EXTRICATE \RSELVES FROM ?IS DILEMMA4 ,9DE$1 IF1 9 ! T]MS ( ! SOCIAL COMPACT1 PROP]TY HAS EQUALITY = ITS CONDITION1 AT ! MOM5T :5 EQUALITY CEASES TO EXI/1 ! COMPACT IS BROK5 & ALL PROP]TY BECOMES USURPATION4 ,WE GA9 NO?+1 !N1 BY ?IS PRET5D$ CONS5T ( MANK9D4 

8 #c4 -- ,PRESCRIPTION GIVES NO ,TITLE TO ,PROP]TY4 

,! RI<T ( PROP]TY WAS ! ORIG9 ( EVIL ON ! E>?1 ! FIR/ L9K 9 ! LONG *A9 ( CRIMES & MIS=TUNES :I* ! HUMAN RACE HAS 5DUR$ S9CE ITS BIR?4 ,! DELUSION ( PRESCRIPTION IS ! FATAL *>M ?R[N OV] ! 9TELLECT1 ! DEA? S5T5CE BREA!D 9TO ! CONSCI5CE1 TO >RE/ MAN'S PROGRESS T[>DS TRU?1 & BOL/] UP ! WOR%IP ( ]ROR4 

,! ,CODE DEF9ES PRESCRIPTION ?US3 0,! PROCESS ( GA9+ & LOS+ ?R\< ! LAPSE ( TIME40 ,9 APPLY+ ?IS DEF9ITION TO IDEAS & BELIEFS1 WE MAY USE ! WORD PRESCRIPTION TO D5OTE ! EV]LA/+ PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( OLD SUP]/ITIONS1 :ATEV] BE !IR OBJECT2 ! OPPOSITION1 (T5 FURI\S & BLOODY1 ) :I* NEW LI<T HAS ALWAYS BE5 RECEIV$1 & :I* MAKES ! SAGE A M>TYR4 ,NOT A PR9CIPLE1 NOT A DISCOV]Y1 NOT A G5]\S ?\<T BUT HAS MET1 AT ITS 5TRANCE 9TO ! WORLD1 ) A =MIDABLE B>RI] ( PRECONCEIV$ OP9IONS1 SEEM+ LIKE A CONSPIRACY ( ALL OLD PREJUDICES4 ,PRESCRIPTIONS AGA9/ REASON1 PRESCRIPTIONS AGA9/ FACTS1 PRESCRIPTIONS AGA9/ EV]Y TRU? HI!RTO UNKN[N1 -- ?AT IS ! SUM & SUB/ANCE ( ! /ATUS QUO PHILOSOPHY1 ! WAT*WORD ( CONS]VATIVES ?R\<\T ! C5TURIES4 

,:5 ! EVANGELICAL RE=M WAS BROA*$ TO ! WORLD1 !RE WAS PRESCRIPTION 9 FAVOR ( VIOL5CE1 DEBAU*]Y1 & SELFI%NESS2 :5 ,GALILEO1 ,DESC>TES1 ,PASCAL1 & !IR DISCIPLES RECON/RUCT$ PHILOSOPHY & ! SCI5CES1 !RE WAS PRESCRIPTION 9 FAVOR ( ! ,>I/OTELIAN PHILOSOPHY2 :5 \R FA!RS ( '#h#i DEM&$ LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 !RE WAS PRESCRIPTION 9 FAVOR ( TYRANNY & PRIVILEGE4 0,!RE ALWAYS HAVE BE5 PROPRIETORS & !RE ALWAYS WILL BE30 IT IS ) ?IS PR(\ND UTT]ANCE1 ! F9AL EF=T ( SELFI%NESS DY+ 9 ITS LA/ DIT*1 ?AT ! FRI5DS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY HOPE TO REPEL ! ATTACKS ( !IR ADV]S>IES2 ?9K+ UND\BT$LY ?AT IDEAS1 LIKE PROP]TY1 CAN BE LO/ BY PRESCRIPTION4 

,5LI<T5$ TO-DAY BY ! TRIUMPHAL M>* ( SCI5CE1 TAU<T BY ! MO/ GLORI\S SUCCESSES TO QUE/ION \R [N OP9IONS1 WE RECEIVE ) FAVOR & APPLAUSE ! OBS]V] ( ,NATURE1 :O1 BY A ?\S& EXP]IM5TS BAS$ UPON ! MO/ PR(\ND ANALYSIS1 PURSUES A NEW PR9CIPLE1 A LAW HI!RTO UNDISCOV]$4 ,WE TAKE C>E TO REPEL NO IDEA1 NO FACT1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ABL] M5 ?AN \RSELVES LIV$ 9 =M] DAYS1 :O DID NOT NOTICE ! SAME PH5OM5A1 NOR GRASP ! SAME ANALOGIES4 ,:Y DO WE NOT PRES]VE A LIKE ATTITUDE T[>DS POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS8 ,:Y ?IS RIDICUL\S MANIA = AFFIRM+ ?AT EV]Y ?+ HAS BE5 SAID1 :I* MEANS ?AT WE KN[ ALL AB\T M5TAL & MORAL SCI5CE8 ,:Y IS ! PROV]B1 ,!RE IS NO?+ NEW UND] ! SUN1 APPLI$ EXCLUSIVELY TO METAPHYSICAL 9VE/IGATIONS8 

,BECAUSE WE /ILL /UDY PHILOSOPHY ) ! IMAG9ATION1 9/EAD ( BY OBS]VATION & ME?OD2 BECAUSE FANCY & WILL >E UNIV]SALLY REG>D$ AS JUDGES1 9 ! PLACE ( >GUM5TS & FACTS1 -- IT HAS BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO ?IS DAY TO DI/+UI% ! *>LATAN FROM ! PHILOSOPH]1 ! SAVANT FROM ! IMPO/OR4 ,S9CE ! DAYS ( ,SOLOMON & ,PY?AGORAS1 IMAG9ATION HAS BE5 EXHAU/$ 9 GUESS+ \T SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL LAWS2 ALL SY/EMS HAVE BE5 PROPOS$4 ,LOOK$ AT 9 ?IS LI<T1 IT IS PROBABLY TRUE ?AT EV]Y ?+ HAS BE5 SAID2 BUT IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT EV]Y ?+ REMA9S TO BE PROV$4 ,9 POLITICS 7TO TAKE ONLY ?IS BRAN* ( PHILOSOPHY71 9 POLITICS EV]Y ONE IS GOV]N$ 9 HIS *OICE ( P>TY BY HIS PASSION & HIS 9T]E/S2 ! M9D IS SUBMITT$ TO ! IMPOSITIONS ( ! WILL1 -- !RE IS NO KN[L$GE1 !RE IS NOT EV5 A %AD[ ( C]TA9TY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 G5]AL IGNORANCE PRODUCES G5]AL TYRANNY2 & :ILE LIB]TY ( ?\<T IS WRITT5 9 ! *>T]1 SLAV]Y ( ?\<T1 UND] ! NAME ( MAJORITY RULE1 IS DECRE$ BY ! *>T]4 

,9 ORD] TO CONF9E MYSELF TO ! CIVIL PRESCRIPTION ( :I* ! ,CODE SPEAKS1 ,I %ALL REFRA9 FROM BEG9N+ A DISCUSSION UPON ?IS WORN-\T OBJECTION BR\<T =W>D BY PROPRIETORS2 IT W\LD BE TOO TIRESOME & DECLAMATORY4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT !RE >E RI<TS :I* CANNOT BE PRESCRIB$2 &1 AS = ?OSE ?+S :I* CAN BE GA9$ ?R\< ! LAPSE ( TIME1 NO ONE IS IGNORANT ( ! FACT ?AT PRESCRIPTION REQUIRES C]TA9 CONDITIONS1 ! OMISSION ( ONE ( :I* R5D]S IT NULL4 ,IF IT IS TRUE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! PROPRIETOR'S POSSESSION HAS BE5 CIVIL1 PUBLIC1 PEACEABLE1 & UN9T]RUPT$1 IT IS NONE ! LESS TRUE ?AT IT IS NOT BAS$ ON A JU/ TITLE2 S9CE ! ONLY TITLES :I* IT CAN %[ -- OCCUPATION & LABOR -- PROVE AS MU* = ! PROLETAIRE :O DEM&S1 AS = ! PROPRIETOR :O DEF5DS4 ,FUR!R1 ?IS POSSESSION IS DI%ONE/1 S9CE IT IS F\ND$ ON A VIOLATION ( RI<T1 :I* PREV5TS PRESCRIPTION1 ACCORD+ TO ! SAY+ ( ,/4 ,PAUL -- ,NUNQUAM 9 USUCAPIONIBUS JURIS ]ROR POSSESSORI PRODE/4 ,! VIOLATION ( RI<T LIES EI!R 9 ! FACT ?AT ! HOLD] POSSESSES AS PROPRIETOR1 :ILE HE %\LD POSSESS ONLY AS USUFRUCTU>Y2 OR 9 ! FACT ?AT HE HAS PUR*AS$ A ?+ :I* NO ONE HAD A RI<T TO TRANSF] OR SELL4 

,ANO!R REASON :Y PRESCRIPTION CANNOT BE ADDUC$ 9 FAVOR ( PROP]TY 7A REASON BORR[$ FROM JURISPRUD5CE7 IS ?AT ! RI<T TO POSSESS REAL E/ATE IS A P>T ( A UNIV]SAL RI<T :I* HAS NEV] BE5 TOTALLY DE/ROY$ EV5 AT ! MO/ CRITICAL P]IODS2 & ! PROLETAIRE1 9 ORD] TO REGA9 ! P[] TO EX]CISE IT FULLY1 HAS ONLY TO PROVE ?AT HE HAS ALWAYS EX]CIS$ IT 9 P>T4 ,HE1 = EXAMPLE1 :O HAS ! UNIV]SAL RI<T TO POSSESS1 GIVE1 EX*ANGE1 LOAN1 LET1 SELL1 TRANS=M1 OR DE/ROY A ?+1 PRES]VES ! 9TEGRITY ( ?IS RI<T BY ! SOLE ACT ( LOAN+1 ?\< HE HAS NEV] %[N HIS AU?ORITY 9 ANY O!R MANN]4 ,LIKEWISE WE %ALL SEE ?AT EQUALITY ( POSSESSIONS1 EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 LIB]TY1 WILL1 P]SONALITY1 >E SO MANY ID5TICAL EXPRESSIONS ( ONE & ! SAME IDEA1 -- ! RI<T ( PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T2 9 A WORD1 ! RI<T ( LIFE1 AGA9/ :I* !RE CAN BE NO PRESCRIPTION UNTIL ! HUMAN RACE HAS VANI%$ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 

,F9ALLY1 AS TO ! TIME REQUIR$ = PRESCRIPTION1 IT W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S TO %[ ?AT ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 G5]AL CANNOT BE ACQUIR$ BY SIMPLE POSSESSION = T51 TW5TY1 A HUNDR$1 A ?\S&1 OR ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S2 & ?AT1 SO LONG AS !RE EXI/S A HUMAN HEAD CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ & COMBAT+ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ?IS RI<T WILL NEV] BE PRESCRIB$4 ,= PR9CIPLES ( JURISPRUD5CE & AXIOMS ( REASON >E DIFF]5T FROM ACCID5TAL & CONT+5T FACTS4 ,ONE MAN'S POSSESSION CAN PRESCRIBE AGA9/ ANO!R MAN'S POSSESSION2 BUT JU/ AS ! POSSESSOR CANNOT PRESCRIBE AGA9/ HIMSELF1 SO REASON HAS ALWAYS ! FACULTY ( *ANGE & RE=MATION4 ,PA/ ]ROR IS NOT B9D+ ON ! FUTURE4 ,REASON IS ALWAYS ! SAME ET]NAL =CE4 ,! 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY1 ! WORK ( IGNORANT REASON1 MAY BE ABROGAT$ BY A MORE 5LI<T5$ REASON4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 PROP]TY CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ BY PRESCRIPTION4 ,?IS IS SO C]TA9 & SO TRUE1 ?AT ON IT RE/S ! MAXIM ?AT 9 ! MATT] ( PRESCRIPTION A VIOLATION ( RI<T GOES = NO?+4 

,BUT ,I %\LD BE RECREANT TO MY ME?OD1 & ! READ] W\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO ACCUSE ME ( *>LATANISM & BAD FAI?1 IF ,I HAD NO?+ FUR!R TO ADVANCE CONC]N+ PRESCRIPTION4 ,I %[$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT APPROPRIATION ( L& IS ILLEGAL2 & ?AT1 SUPPOS+ IT TO BE LEGAL1 IT MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ BY EQUALITY ( PROP]TY4 ,I HAVE %[N1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ?AT UNIV]SAL CONS5T PROVES NO?+ 9 FAVOR ( PROP]TY2 & ?AT1 IF IT PROVES ANY ?+1 IT PROVES EQUALITY ( PROP]TY4 ,I HAVE YET TO %[ ?AT PRESCRIPTION1 IF ADMISSIBLE AT ALL1 PRESUPPOSES EQUALITY ( PROP]TY4 

,?IS DEMON/RATION WILL BE NEI!R LONG NOR DIFFICULT4 ,I NE$ ONLY TO CALL ATT5TION TO ! REASONS :Y PRESCRIPTION WAS 9TRODUC$4 

0,PRESCRIPTION10 SAYS ,DUNOD1 0SEEMS REPUGNANT TO NATURAL EQUITY1 :I* P]MITS NO ONE EI!R TO DEPRIVE ANO!R ( HIS POSSESSIONS )\T HIS KN[L$GE & CONS5T1 OR TO 5RI* HIMSELF AT ANO!R'S EXP5SE4 ,BUT AS IT MI<T (T5 HAPP51 9 ! ABS5CE ( PRESCRIPTION1 ?AT ONE :O HAD HONE/LY E>N$ W\LD BE \/$ AFT] LONG POSSESSION2 & EV5 ?AT HE :O HAD RECEIV$ A ?+ FROM ITS RI<TFUL [N]1 OR :O HAD BE5 LEGITIMATELY RELIEV$ FROM ALL OBLIGATIONS1 W\LD1 ON LOS+ HIS TITLE1 BE LIABLE TO BE DISPOSSESS$ OR SUBJECT$ AGA91 -- ! PUBLIC WELF>E DEM&$ ?AT A T]M %\LD BE FIX$1 AFT] ! EXPIRATION ( :I* NO ONE %\LD BE ALL[$ TO DI/URB ACTUAL POSSESSORS1 OR REASS]T RI<TS TOO LONG NEGLECT$444 ,! CIVIL LAW1 9 REGULAT+ PRESCRIPTION1 HAS AIM$1 !N1 ONLY TO P]FECT NATURAL LAW1 & TO SUPPLEM5T ! LAW ( NATIONS2 & AS IT IS F\ND$ ON ! PUBLIC GOOD1 :I* %\LD ALWAYS BE CONSID]$ BE=E 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E1 -- BONO PUBLICO USUCAPIO 9TRODUCTA E/1 -- IT %\LD BE REG>D$ ) FAVOR1 PROVID$ ! CONDITIONS REQUIR$ BY ! LAW >E FULFILL$40 

,T\LLI]1 9 HIS 0,CIVIL ,LAW10 SAYS3 0,9 ORD] ?AT ! QUE/ION ( PROPRIETOR%IP MAY NOT REMA9 TOO LONG UNSETTL$1 & !REBY 9JURE ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 DI/URB+ ! PEACE ( FAMILIES & ! /ABILITY ( SOCIAL TRANSACTIONS1 ! LAW HAS FIX$ A TIME :5 ALL CLAIMS %ALL BE CANCEL$1 & POSSESSION %ALL REGA9 ITS ANCI5T PR]OGATIVE ?R\< ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO PROP]TY40 

,CASSIODORUS SAID ( PROP]TY1 ?AT IT WAS ! ONLY SAFE H>BOR 9 :I* TO SEEK %ELT] FROM ! TEMPE/S ( *ICAN]Y & ! GALES ( AV>ICE -- ,HIC UNUS 9T] HUMANAS PRO CELLAS PORTUS1 QUEM SI HOM9ES F]VIDA VOLUNTATE PRAET]I]9T2 9 UNDOSIS SEMP] JURGIIS ]RABUNT4 

,?US1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! AU?ORS1 PRESCRIPTION IS A MEANS ( PRES]V+ PUBLIC ORD]2 A RE/ORATION 9 C]TA9 CASES ( ! ORIG9AL MODE ( ACQUIR+ PROP]TY2 A FICTION ( ! CIVIL LAW :I* D]IVES ALL ITS =CE FROM ! NECESSITY ( SETTL+ DIFF]5CES :I* O!RWISE W\LD NEV] 5D4 ,=1 AS ,GROTIUS SAYS1 TIME HAS NO P[] TO PRODUCE EFFECTS2 ALL ?+S HAPP5 9 TIME1 BUT NO?+ IS DONE BY TIME4 ,PRESCRIPTION1 OR ! RI<T ( ACQUISITION ?R\< ! LAPSE ( TIME1 IS1 !RE=E1 A FICTION ( ! LAW1 CONV5TIONALLY ADOPT$4 

,BUT ALL PROP]TY NECESS>ILY ORIG9AT$ 9 PRESCRIPTION1 OR1 AS ! ,LAT9S SAY1 9 USUCAPION2 ?AT IS1 9 CONT9U$ POSSESSION4 ,I ASK1 !N1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 H[ POSSESSION CAN BECOME PROP]TY BY ! LAPSE ( TIME8 ,CONT9UE POSSESSION AS LONG AS Y\ WI%1 CONT9UE IT = YE>S & = C5TURIES1 Y\ NEV] CAN GIVE DURATION -- :I* ( ITSELF CREATES NO?+1 *ANGES NO?+1 MODIFIES NO?+ -- ! P[] TO *ANGE ! USUFRUCTU>Y 9TO A PROPRIETOR4 ,LET ! CIVIL LAW SECURE AGA9/ *ANCE-COM]S ! HONE/ POSSESSOR :O HAS HELD HIS POSITION = MANY YE>S1 -- ?AT ONLY CONFIRMS A RI<T ALREADY RESPECT$2 & PRESCRIPTION1 APPLI$ 9 ?IS WAY1 SIMPLY MEANS ?AT POSSESSION :I* HAS CONT9U$ = TW5TY1 ?IRTY1 OR A HUNDR$ YE>S %ALL BE RETA9$ BY ! OCCUPANT4 ,BUT :5 ! LAW DECL>ES ?AT ! LAPSE ( TIME *ANGES POSSESSOR 9TO PROPRIETOR1 IT SUPPOSES ?AT A RI<T CAN BE CREAT$ )\T A PRODUC+ CAUSE2 IT UNW>RANTABLY ALT]S ! *>ACT] ( ! SUBJECT2 IT LEGISLATES ON A MATT] NOT OP5 TO LEGISLATION2 IT EXCE$S ITS [N P[]S4 ,PUBLIC ORD] & PRIVATE SECURITY ASK ONLY ?AT POSSESSION %ALL BE PROTECT$4 ,:Y HAS ! LAW CREAT$ PROP]TY8 ,PRESCRIPTION WAS SIMPLY SECURITY = ! FUTURE2 :Y HAS ! LAW MADE IT A MATT] ( PRIVILEGE8 

,?US ! ORIG9 ( PRESCRIPTION IS ID5TICAL ) ?AT ( PROP]TY ITSELF2 & S9CE ! LATT] CAN LEGITIMATE ITSELF ONLY :5 ACCOMPANI$ BY EQUALITY1 PRESCRIPTION IS BUT ANO!R ( ! ?\S& =MS :I* ! NECESSITY ( MA9TA9+ ?IS PRECI\S EQUALITY HAS TAK54 ,& ?IS IS NO VA9 9DUCTION1 NO F>-FET*$ 9F]5CE4 ,! PRO( IS WRITT5 9 ALL ! CODES4 

,&1 9DE$1 IF ALL NATIONS1 ?R\< !IR 9/9CT ( JU/ICE & !IR CONS]VATIVE NATURE1 HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ! UTILITY & ! NECESSITY ( PRESCRIPTION2 & IF !IR DESIGN HAS BE5 TO GU>D !REBY ! 9T]E/S ( ! POSSESSOR1 -- C\LD !Y NOT DO SOME?+ = ! ABS5T CITIZ51 SEP>AT$ FROM HIS FAMILY & HIS C\NTRY BY COMM]CE1 W>1 OR CAPTIVITY1 & 9 NO POSITION TO EX]CISE HIS RI<T ( POSSESSION8 ,NO4 ,ALSO1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT PRESCRIPTION WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! LAWS1 IT WAS ADMITT$ ?AT PROP]TY IS PRES]V$ BY 9T5T ALONE1 -- NUDO ANIMO4 ,N[1 IF PROP]TY IS PRES]V$ BY 9T5T ALONE1 IF IT CAN BE LO/ ONLY BY ! ACTION ( ! PROPRIETOR1 :AT CAN BE ! USE ( PRESCRIPTION8 ,H[ DOES ! LAW D>E TO PRESUME ?AT ! PROPRIETOR1 :O PRES]VES BY 9T5T ALONE1 9T5D$ TO AB&ON ?AT :I* HE HAS ALL[$ TO BE PRESCRIB$8 ,:AT LAPSE ( TIME CAN W>RANT SU* A CONJECTURE2 & BY :AT RI<T DOES ! LAW PUNI% ! ABS5CE ( ! PROPRIETOR BY DEPRIV+ HIM ( HIS GOODS8 ,:AT !N6 WE F\ND BUT A MOM5T S9CE ?AT PRESCRIPTION & PROP]TY W]E ID5TICAL2 & N[ WE F9D ?AT !Y >E MUTUALLY DE/RUCTIVE6 

,GROTIUS1 :O P]CEIV$ ?IS DIFFICULTY1 REPLI$ SO S+UL>LY ?AT HIS WORDS DES]VE TO BE QUOT$3  ,B5E SP]&UM DE HOM9IBUS1 AC PROPT]EA NON PUT&UM EOS HOC ESSE ANIMO UT1 REI CADUCAE CAUSA1 HOM9EM ALT]UM VEL9T 9 P]PETUO PECCATO V]S>I1 QUO D EVIT>I SAEPE NON POT]IT S9E TALI D]ELICTIONE4 0,:]E IS ! MAN10 HE SAYS1 0) SO UN*RI/IAN A S\L ?AT1 = A TRIFLE1 HE W\LD P]PETUATE ! TRESPASS ( A POSSESSOR1 :I* W\LD 9EVITABLY BE ! RESULT IF HE DID NOT CONS5T TO AB&ON HIS RI<T80 ,BY ! ,ET]NAL6 ,I AM ?AT MAN4 ,?\< A MILLION PROPRIETORS %\LD BURN = IT 9 HELL1 ,I LAY ! BLAME ON !M = DEPRIV+ ME ( MY PORTION ( ?IS WORLD'S GOODS4 ,TO ?IS P[]FUL CONSID]ATION ,GROTIUS REJO9S1 ?AT IT IS BETT] TO AB&ON A DISPUT$ RI<T ?AN TO GO TO LAW1 DI/URB ! PEACE ( NATIONS1 & /IR UP ! FLAMES ( CIVIL W>4 ,I ACCEPT1 IF Y\ WI% IT1 ?IS >GUM5T1 PROVID$ Y\ 9DEMNIFY ME4 ,BUT IF ?IS 9DEMNITY IS REFUS$ ME1 :AT DO ,I1 A PROLETAIRE1 C>E = ! TRANQUILITY & SECURITY ( ! RI*8 ,I C>E AS LITTLE = PUBLIC ORD] AS = ! PROPRIETOR'S SAFETY4 ,I ASK TO LIVE A LABOR]2 O!RWISE ,I WILL DIE A W>RIOR4 

,:I*EV] WAY WE TURN1 WE %ALL COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT PRESCRIPTION IS A CONTRADICTION ( PROP]TY2 OR RA!R ?AT PRESCRIPTION & PROP]TY >E TWO =MS ( ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 BUT TWO =MS :I* S]VE TO CORRECT EA* O!R2 & ANCI5T & MOD]N JURISPRUD5CE DID NOT MAKE ! LEA/ ( ITS BLUND]S 9 PRET5D+ TO RECONCILE !M4 ,9DE$1 IF WE SEE 9 ! 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY ONLY A DESIRE TO SECURE TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL HIS %>E ( ! SOIL & HIS RI<T TO LABOR2 9 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 NAK$ PROP]TY & POSSESSION ONLY AN ASYLUM = ABS5TEES1 ORPHANS1 & ALL :O DO NOT KN[1 OR CANNOT MA9TA91 !IR RI<TS2 9 PRESCRIPTION ONLY A MEANS1 EI!R ( DEF5SE AGA9/ UNJU/ PRET5SIONS & 5CROA*M5TS1 OR ( SETTLEM5T ( ! DIFF]5CES CAUS$ BY ! REMOVAL ( POSSESSORS1 -- WE %ALL RECOGNIZE 9 !SE V>I\S =MS ( HUMAN JU/ICE ! SPONTANE\S EF=TS ( ! M9D TO COME TO ! AID ( ! SOCIAL 9/9CT2 WE %ALL SEE 9 ?IS PROTECTION ( ALL RI<TS ! S5TIM5T ( EQUALITY1 A CON/ANT LEVEL+ T5D5CY4 ,&1 LOOK+ DEEP]1 WE %ALL F9D 9 ! V]Y EXAGG]ATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES ! CONFIRMATION ( \R DOCTR9E2 BECAUSE1 IF EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS & UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION >E NOT SOON REALIZ$1 IT WILL BE [+ TO ! OB/ACLE ?R[N = ! TIME 9 ! WAY ( ! COMMON S5SE ( ! PEOPLE BY ! /UPIDITY ( LEGISLATORS & JUDGES2 & ALSO TO ! FACT ?AT1 :ILE SOCIETY 9 ITS ORIG9AL /ATE WAS ILLUM9AT$ ) A FLA% ( TRU?1 ! E>LY SPECULATIONS ( ITS LEAD]S C\LD BR+ =? NO?+ BUT D>KNESS4 

,AFT] ! FIR/ COV5ANTS1 AFT] ! FIR/ DRAFTS ( LAWS & CON/ITUTIONS1 :I* W]E ! EXPRESSION ( MAN'S PRIM>Y NE$S1 ! LEGISLATOR'S DUTY WAS TO RE=M ! ]RORS ( LEGISLATION2 TO COMPLETE ?AT :I* WAS DEFECTIVE2 TO H>MONIZE1 BY SUP]IOR DEF9ITIONS1 ?OSE ?+S :I* SEEM$ TO CONFLICT4 ,9/EAD ( ?AT1 !Y HALT$ AT ! LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ! LAWS1 CONT5T TO PLAY ! SUBORD9ATE P>T ( COMM5TATORS & S*OLIA/S4 ,TAK+ ! 9SPIRATIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 AT ?AT TIME NECESS>ILY WEAK & FAULTY1 = AXIOMS ( ET]NAL & UNQUE/IONABLE TRU?1 -- 9FLU5C$ BY PUBLIC OP9ION1 5SLAV$ BY ! POPUL> RELIGION1 -- !Y HAVE 9V>IABLY />T$ ) ! PR9CIPLE 7FOLL[+ 9 ?IS RESPECT ! EXAMPLE ( ! !OLOGIANS7 ?AT ?AT IS 9FALLIBLY TRUE :I* HAS BE5 ADMITT$ BY ALL P]SONS1 9 ALL PLACES1 & AT ALL TIMES -- QUOD AB OMNIBUS1 QUOD UBIQUE1 QUOD SEMP]2 AS IF A G5]AL BUT SPONTANE\S OP9ION WAS ANY ?+ MORE ?AN AN 9DICATION ( ! TRU?4 ,LET US NOT BE DECEIV$3 ! OP9ION ( ALL NATIONS MAY S]VE TO AU!NTICATE ! P]CEPTION ( A FACT1 ! VAGUE S5TIM5T ( A LAW2 IT CAN TEA* US NO?+ AB\T EI!R FACT OR LAW4 ,! CONS5T ( MANK9D IS AN 9DICATION ( ,NATURE2 NOT1 AS ,CIC]O SAYS1 A LAW ( ,NATURE4 ,UND] ! 9DICATION IS HIDD5 ! TRU?1 :I* FAI? CAN BELIEVE1 BUT ONLY ?\<T CAN KN[4 ,SU* HAS BE5 ! CON/ANT PROGRESS ( ! HUMAN M9D 9 REG>D TO PHYSICAL PH5OM5A & ! CREATIONS ( G5IUS3 H[ CAN IT BE O!RWISE ) ! FACTS ( CONSCI5CE & ! RULES ( HUMAN CONDUCT8 

8 #d4 -- ,LABOR -- ,?AT ,LABOR HAS NO ,9H]5T ,P[] TO APPROPRIATE ,NATURAL ,WEAL?4 

,WE %ALL %[ BY ! MAXIMS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & LAW1 ?AT IS1 BY ! AU?ORITIES RECOGNIZ$ BY PROP]TY1 -- 

#a4 ,?AT LABOR HAS NO 9H]5T P[] TO APPROPRIATE NATURAL WEAL?4 

#b4 ,?AT1 IF WE ADMIT ?AT LABOR HAS ?IS P[]1 WE >E L$ DIRECTLY TO EQUALITY ( PROP]TY1 -- :ATEV] ! K9D ( LABOR1 H[EV] SC>CE ! PRODUCT1 OR UNEQUAL ! ABILITY ( ! LABOR]S4 

#c4 ,?AT1 9 ! ORD] ( JU/ICE1 LABOR DE/ROYS PROP]TY4 

,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( \R OPPON5TS1 & ?AT WE MAY LEAVE NO OB/ACLES 9 ! PA?1 LET US EXAM9E ! QUE/ION 9 ! /RONGE/ POSSIBLE LI<T4 

,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE SAYS1 9 HIS 0,TREATISE ON ,PROP]TY30 -- 

0,FRANCE1 CONSID]$ AS A NATION1 HAS A T]RITORY :I* IS H] [N40 

,FRANCE1 AS AN 9DIVIDUALITY1 POSSESSES A T]RITORY :I* %E CULTIVATES2 IT IS NOT H] PROP]TY4 ,NATIONS >E RELAT$ TO EA* O!R AS 9DIVIDUALS >E3 !Y >E COMMON]S & WORK]S2 IT IS AN ABUSE ( LANGUAGE TO CALL !M PROPRIETORS4 ,! RI<T ( USE & ABUSE BELONGS NO MORE TO NATIONS ?AN TO M52 & ! TIME WILL COME :5 A W> WAG$ = ! PURPOSE ( *ECK+ A NATION 9 ITS ABUSE ( ! SOIL WILL BE REG>D$ AS A HOLY W>4 

,?US1 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE -- :O UND]TAKES TO EXPLA9 H[ PROP]TY COMES 9TO EXI/5CE1 & :O />TS ) ! SUPPOSITION ?AT A NATION IS A PROPRIETOR -- FALLS 9TO ?AT ]ROR KN[N AS BEGG+ ! QUE/ION2 A MI/AKE :I* VITIATES HIS :OLE >GUM5T4 

,IF ! READ] ?9KS IT IS PU%+ LOGIC TOO F> TO QUE/ION A NATION'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! T]RITORY :I* IT POSSESSES1 ,I WILL SIMPLY REM9D HIM ( ! FACT ?AT AT ALL AGES ! RESULTS ( ! FICTITI\S RI<T ( NATIONAL PROP]TY HAVE BE5 PRET5SIONS TO SUZ]A9TY1 TRIBUTES1 MON>*ICAL PRIVILEGES1 /ATUTE-LABOR1 QUOTAS ( M5 & MONEY1 SUPPLIES ( M]*&ISE1 @&C42 5D+ F9ALLY 9 REFUSALS TO PAY TAXES1 9SURRECTIONS1 W>S1 & DEPOPULATIONS4 

0,SCATT]$ ?R\< ?IS T]RITORY >E EXT5D$ TRACTS ( L&1 :I* HAVE NOT BE5 CONV]T$ 9TO 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,!SE L&S1 :I* CONSI/ MA9LY ( =E/S1 BELONG TO ! :OLE POPULATION1 & ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* RECEIVES ! REV5UES1 USES OR \<T TO USE !M 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ALL40 

,\<T TO USE IS WELL SAID3 A LIE IS AVOID$ !REBY4 

0,LET !M BE (F]$ = SALE4440 

,:Y (F]$ = SALE8 ,:O HAS A RI<T TO SELL !M8 ,EV5 W]E ! NATION PROPRIETOR1 CAN ! G5]ATION ( TO-DAY DISPOSSESS ! G5]ATION ( TO-MORR[8 ,! NATION1 9 ITS FUNCTION ( USUFRUCTU>Y1 POSSESSES !M2 ! GOV]NM5T RULES1 SUP]9T5DS1 & PROTECTS !M4 ,IF IT ALSO GRANT$ L&S1 IT C\LD GRANT ONLY !IR USE2 IT HAS NO RI<T TO SELL !M OR TRANSF] !M 9 ANY WAY :ATEV]4 ,NOT BE+ A PROPRIETOR1 H[ CAN IT TRANSMIT PROP]TY8 

0,SUPPOSE SOME 9DU/RI\S MAN BUYS A PORTION1 A L>GE SWAMP = EXAMPLE4 ,?IS W\LD BE NO USURPATION1 S9CE ! PUBLIC W\LD RECEIVE ! EXACT VALUE ?R\< ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & W\LD BE AS RI* AFT] ! SALE AS BE=E40 

,H[ RIDICUL\S6 ,:AT6 BECAUSE A PRODIGAL1 IMPRUD5T1 9COMPET5T (FICIAL SELLS ! ,/ATE'S POSSESSIONS1 :ILE ,I1 A W>D ( ! ,/ATE1 -- ,I :O HAVE NEI!R AN ADVISORY NOR A DELIB]ATIVE VOICE 9 ! ,/ATE C\NCILS1 -- :ILE ,I AM ALL[$ TO MAKE NO OPPOSITION TO ! SALE1 ?IS SALE IS RI<T & LEGAL6 ,! GU>DIANS ( ! NATION WA/E ITS SUB/ANCE1 & IT HAS NO R$RESS6 ,I HAVE RECEIV$1 Y\ TELL ME1 ?R\< ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T MY %>E ( ! PROCE$S ( ! SALE3 BUT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ,I DID NOT WI% TO SELL2 &1 HAD ,I WI%$ TO1 ,I C\LD NOT HAVE SOLD4 ,I HAD NOT ! RI<T4 ,& !N ,I DO NOT SEE ?AT ,I AM B5EFIT$ BY ! SALE4 ,MY GU>DIANS HAVE DRESS$ UP SOME SOLDI]S1 REPAIR$ AN OLD =TRESS1 ]ECT$ 9 !IR PRIDE SOME CO/LY BUT WOR?LESS MONUM5T1 -- !N !Y HAVE EXPLOD$ SOME FIREWORKS & SET UP A GREAS$ POLE6 ,:AT DOES ALL ?AT AM\NT TO 9 COMP>ISON ) MY LOSS8 

,! PUR*AS] DRAWS B\ND>IES1 F5CES HIMSELF 91 & SAYS1 0,?IS IS M9E2 EA* ONE BY HIMSELF1 EA* ONE = HIMSELF40 ,H]E1 !N1 IS A PIECE ( L& UPON :I*1 H5CE=?1 NO ONE HAS A RI<T TO /EP1 SAVE ! PROPRIETOR & HIS FRI5DS2 :I* CAN B5EFIT NOBODY1 SAVE ! PROPRIETOR & HIS S]VANTS4 ,LET !SE SALES MULTIPLY1 & SOON ! PEOPLE -- :O HAVE BE5 NEI!R ABLE NOR WILL+ TO SELL1 & :O HAVE RECEIV$ NONE ( ! PROCE$S ( ! SALE -- WILL HAVE NO:]E TO RE/1 NO PLACE ( %ELT]1 NO GR\ND TO TILL4 ,!Y WILL DIE ( HUNG] AT ! PROPRIETOR'S DOOR1 ON ! $GE ( ?AT PROP]TY :I* WAS !IR BIR?RI<T2 & ! PROPRIETOR1 WAT*+ !M DIE1 WILL EXCLAIM1 0,SO P]I% IDL]S & VAGRANTS60 

,TO RECONCILE US TO ! PROPRIETOR'S USURPATION1 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE ASSUMES ! L&S TO BE ( LITTLE VALUE AT ! TIME ( SALE4 

0,! IMPORTANCE ( !SE USURPATIONS %\LD NOT BE EXAGG]AT$3 !Y %\LD BE MEASUR$ BY ! NUMB] ( M5 :I* ! OCCUPI$ L& W\LD SUPPORT1 & BY ! MEANS :I* IT W\LD FURNI% !M4 ,IT IS EVID5T1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT IF A PIECE ( L& :I* IS WOR? TO-DAY ONE ?\S& FRANCS WAS WOR? ONLY FIVE C5TIMES :5 IT WAS USURP$1 WE REALLY LOSE ONLY ! VALUE ( FIVE C5TIMES4 ,A SQU>E LEAGUE ( E>? W\LD BE H>DLY SUFFICI5T TO SUPPORT A SAVAGE 9 DI/RESS2 TO-DAY IT SUPPLIES ONE ?\S& P]SONS ) ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE4 ,N9E HUNDR$ & N9ETY-N9E P>TS ( ?IS L& IS ! LEGITIMATE PROP]TY ( ! POSSESSORS2 ONLY ONE-?\S&? ( ! VALUE HAS BE5 USURP$40 

,A PEASANT ADMITT$ ONE DAY1 AT CONFESSION1 ?AT HE HAD DE/ROY$ A DOCUM5T :I* DECL>$ HIM A DEBTOR TO ! AM\NT ( ?REE HUNDR$ FRANCS4 ,SAID ! FA!R CONFESSOR1 0,Y\ MU/ RETURN !SE ?REE HUNDR$ FRANCS40 0,NO10 REPLI$ ! PEASANT1 0,I WILL RETURN A P5NY TO PAY = ! PAP]40 

,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE'S LOGIC RESEMBLES ?IS PEASANT'S HONE/Y4 ,! SOIL HAS NOT ONLY AN 9TEGRANT & ACTUAL VALUE1 IT HAS ALSO A POT5TIAL VALUE1 -- A VALUE ( ! FUTURE1 -- :I* DEP5DS ON \R ABILITY TO MAKE IT VALUABLE1 & TO EMPLOY IT 9 \R WORK4 ,DE/ROY A BILL ( EX*ANGE1 A PROMISSORY NOTE1 AN ANNUITY DE$1 -- AS A PAP] Y\ DE/ROY ALMO/ NO VALUE AT ALL2 BUT ) ?IS PAP] Y\ DE/ROY Y\R TITLE1 &1 9 LOS+ Y\R TITLE1 Y\ DEPRIVE Y\RSELF ( Y\R GOODS4 ,DE/ROY ! L&1 OR1 :AT IS ! SAME ?+1 SELL IT1 -- Y\ NOT ONLY TRANSF] ONE1 TWO1 OR SEV]AL CROPS1 BUT Y\ ANNIHILATE ALL ! PRODUCTS ?AT Y\ C\LD D]IVE FROM IT2 Y\ & Y\R *ILDR5 & Y\R *ILDR5'S *ILDR54 

,:5 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE1 ! APO/LE ( PROP]TY & ! EULOGI/ ( LABOR1 SUPPOSES AN ALI5ATION ( ! SOIL ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 WE MU/ NOT ?9K ?AT HE DOES SO )\T REASON & = NO PURPOSE2 IT IS A NECESS>Y P>T ( HIS POSITION4 ,AS HE REJECT$ ! !ORY ( OCCUPANCY1 & AS HE KNEW1 MOREOV]1 ?AT LABOR C\LD NOT CON/ITUTE ! RI<T 9 ! ABS5CE ( A PREVI\S P]MISSION TO OCCUPY1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO CONNECT ?IS P]MISSION ) ! AU?ORITY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* MEANS ?AT PROP]TY IS BAS$ UPON ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE2 9 O!R WORDS1 UPON UNIV]SAL CONS5T4 ,?IS !ORY WE HAVE ALREADY CONSID]$4 

,TO SAY ?AT PROP]TY IS ! DAU<T] ( LABOR1 & !N TO GIVE LABOR MAT]IAL ON :I* TO EX]CISE ITSELF1 IS1 IF ,I AM NOT MI/AK51 TO REASON 9 A CIRCLE4 ,CONTRADICTIONS WILL RESULT FROM IT4 

0,A PIECE ( L& ( A C]TA9 SIZE PRODUCES FOOD 5\< TO SUPPLY A MAN = ONE DAY4 ,IF ! POSSESSOR1 ?R\< HIS LABOR1 DISCOV]S SOME ME?OD ( MAK+ IT PRODUCE 5\< = TWO DAYS1 HE D\BLES ITS VALUE4 ,?IS NEW VALUE IS HIS WORK1 HIS CREATION3 IT IS TAK5 FROM NOBODY2 IT IS HIS PROP]TY40 

,I MA9TA9 ?AT ! POSSESSOR IS PAID = HIS TR\BLE & 9DU/RY 9 HIS D\BL$ CROP1 BUT ?AT HE ACQUIRES NO RI<T TO ! L&4 0,LET ! LABOR] HAVE ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR40 ,V]Y GOOD2 BUT ,I DO NOT UND]/& ?AT PROP]TY 9 PRODUCTS C>RIES ) IT PROP]TY 9 RAW MAT]IAL4 ,DOES ! SKILL ( ! FI%]MAN1 :O ON ! SAME COA/ CAN CAT* MORE FI% ?AN HIS FELL[S1 MAKE HIM PROPRIETOR ( ! FI%+-GR\NDS8 ,CAN ! EXP]TNESS ( A HUNT] EV] BE REG>D$ AS A PROP]TY-TITLE TO A GAME-=E/8 ,! ANALOGY IS P]FECT1 -- ! 9DU/RI\S CULTIVATOR F9DS ! REW>D ( HIS 9DU/RY 9 ! ABUNDANCY & SUP]IORITY ( HIS CROP4 ,IF HE HAS MADE IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! SOIL1 HE HAS ! POSSESSOR'S RI<T ( PREF]5CE4 ,NEV]1 UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 CAN HE BE ALL[$ TO CLAIM A PROP]TY-TITLE TO ! SOIL :I* HE CULTIVATES1 ON ! GR\ND ( HIS SKILL AS A CULTIVATOR4 

,TO *ANGE POSSESSION 9TO PROP]TY1 SOME?+ IS NE$$ BESIDES LABOR1 )\T :I* A MAN W\LD CEASE TO BE PROPRIETOR AS SOON AS HE CEAS$ TO BE A LABOR]4 ,N[1 ! LAW BASES PROP]TY UPON IMMEMORIAL1 UNQUE/IONABLE POSSESSION2 ?AT IS1 PRESCRIPTION4 ,LABOR IS ONLY ! S5SIBLE SIGN1 ! PHYSICAL ACT1 BY :I* OCCUPATION IS MANIFE/$4 ,IF1 !N1 ! CULTIVATOR REMA9S PROPRIETOR AFT] HE HAS CEAS$ TO LABOR & PRODUCE2 IF HIS POSSESSION1 FIR/ CONC$$1 !N TOL]AT$1 F9ALLY BECOMES 9ALI5ABLE1 -- IT HAPP5S BY P]MISSION ( ! CIVIL LAW1 & BY VIRTUE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( OCCUPANCY4 ,SO TRUE IS ?IS1 ?AT !RE IS NOT A BILL ( SALE1 NOT A F>M LEASE1 NOT AN ANNUITY1 BUT IMPLIES IT4 ,I WILL QUOTE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE4 

,H[ DO WE MEASURE ! VALUE ( L&8 ,BY ITS PRODUCT4 ,IF A PIECE ( L& YIELDS ONE ?\S& FRANCS1 WE SAY ?AT AT FIVE P]C5T IT IS WOR? TW5TY ?\S& FRANCS2 AT F\R P]C5T TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& FRANCS1 @&C42 :I* MEANS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT 9 TW5TY OR TW5TY-FIVE YE>S' TIME ! PUR*AS] W\LD RECOV] 9 FULL ! AM\NT ORIG9ALLY PAID = ! L&4 ,IF1 !N1 AFT] A C]TA9 L5G? ( TIME1 ! PRICE ( A PIECE ( L& HAS BE5 :OLLY RECOV]$1 :Y DOES ! PUR*AS] CONT9UE TO BE PROPRIETOR8 ,BECAUSE ( ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY1 9 ! ABS5CE ( :I* EV]Y SALE W\LD BE A R$EMPTION4 

,! !ORY ( APPROPRIATION BY LABOR IS1 !N1 A CONTRADICTION ( ! ,CODE2 & :5 ! P>TISANS ( ?IS !ORY PRET5D TO EXPLA9 ! LAWS !REBY1 !Y CONTRADICT !MSELVES4 

0,IF M5 SUCCE$ 9 F]TILIZ+ L& HI!RTO UNPRODUCTIVE1 OR EV5 DEA?-PRODUC+1 LIKE C]TA9 SWAMPS1 !Y CREATE !REBY PROP]TY 9 ALL ITS COMPLET5ESS40 

,:AT GOOD DOES IT DO TO MAGNIFY AN EXPRESSION1 & PLAY ) EQUIVOCATIONS1 AS IF WE EXPECT$ TO *ANGE ! REALITY !REBY8 ,!Y CREATE PROP]TY 9 ALL ITS COMPLET5ESS4 ,Y\ MEAN ?AT !Y CREATE A PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY :I* =M]LY DID NOT EXI/2 BUT ?IS CAPACITY CANNOT BE CREAT$ )\T MAT]IAL TO SUPPORT IT4 ,! SUB/ANCE ( ! SOIL REMA9S ! SAME2 ONLY ITS QUALITIES & MODIFICATIONS >E *ANG$4 ,MAN HAS CREAT$ EV]Y ?+ -- EV]Y ?+ SAVE ! MAT]IAL ITSELF4 ,N[1 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT ?IS MAT]IAL HE CAN ONLY POSSESS & USE1 ON CONDITION ( P]MAN5T LABOR1 -- GRANT+1 = ! TIME BE+1 HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ?+S :I* HE HAS PRODUC$4 

,?IS1 !N1 IS ! FIR/ PO9T SETTL$3 PROP]TY 9 PRODUCT1 IF WE GRANT SO MU*1 DOES NOT C>RY ) IT PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 ?AT SEEMS TO ME TO NE$ NO FUR!R DEMON/RATION4 ,!RE IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SOLDI] :O POSSESSES HIS >MS1 ! MASON :O POSSESSES ! MAT]IALS COMMITT$ TO HIS C>E1 ! FI%]MAN :O POSSESSES ! WAT]1 ! HUNT] :O POSSESSES ! FIELDS & =E/S1 & ! CULTIVATOR :O POSSESSES ! L&S3 ALL1 IF Y\ SAY SO1 >E PROPRIETORS ( !IR PRODUCTS -- NOT ONE IS PROPRIETOR ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! RI<T TO PRODUCT IS EXCLUSIVE -- JUS 9 RE2 ! RI<T TO MEANS IS COMMON -- JUS AD REM4 

8 #e4 -- ,?AT ,LABOR LEADS TO ,EQUALITY ( ,PROP]TY4 

,ADMIT1 H[EV]1 ?AT LABOR GIVES A RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 MAT]IAL4 ,:Y IS NOT ?IS PR9CIPLE UNIV]SAL8 ,:Y IS ! B5EFIT ( ?IS PRET5D$ LAW CONF9$ TO A FEW & D5I$ TO ! MASS ( LABOR]S8 ,A PHILOSOPH]1 >GU+ ?AT ALL ANIMALS SPRANG UP =M]LY \T ( ! E>? W>M$ BY ! RAYS ( ! SUN1 ALMO/ LIKE MU%ROOMS1 ON BE+ ASK$ :Y ! E>? NO LONG] YIELD$ CROPS ( ?AT NATURE1 REPLI$3 0,BECAUSE IT IS OLD1 & HAS LO/ ITS F]TILITY40 ,HAS LABOR1 ONCE SO FECUND1 LIKEWISE BECOME /]ILE8 ,:Y DOES ! T5ANT NO LONG] ACQUIRE ?R\< HIS LABOR ! L& :I* WAS =M]LY ACQUIR$ BY ! LABOR ( ! PROPRIETOR8 

0,BECAUSE10 !Y SAY1 0IT IS ALREADY APPROPRIAT$40 ,?AT IS NO ANSW]4 ,A F>M YIELDS FIFTY BU%ELS P] HECT>E2 ! SKILL & LABOR ( ! T5ANT D\BLE ?IS PRODUCT3 ! 9CREASE IS CREAT$ BY ! T5ANT4 ,SUPPOSE ! [N]1 9 A SPIRIT ( MOD]ATION R>ELY MET )1 DOES NOT GO TO ! EXT5T ( ABSORB+ ?IS PRODUCT BY RAIS+ ! R5T1 BUT ALL[S ! CULTIVATOR TO 5JOY ! RESULTS ( HIS LABOR2 EV5 !N JU/ICE IS NOT SATISFI$4 ,! T5ANT1 BY IMPROV+ ! L&1 HAS IMP>T$ A NEW VALUE TO ! PROP]TY2 HE1 !RE=E1 HAS A RI<T TO A P>T ( ! PROP]TY4 ,IF ! F>M WAS ORIG9ALLY WOR? ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS1 & IF BY ! LABOR ( ! T5ANT ITS VALUE HAS RIS5 TO ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY ?\S& FRANCS1 ! T5ANT1 :O PRODUC$ ?IS EXTRA VALUE1 IS ! LEGITIMATE PROPRIETOR ( ONE-?IRD ( ! F>M4 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE C\LD NOT HAVE PRON\NC$ ?IS DOCTR9E FALSE1 = IT WAS HE :O SAID3 -- 

0,M5 :O 9CREASE ! F]TILITY ( ! E>? >E NO LESS USEFUL TO !IR FELL[-M51 ?AN IF !Y %\LD CREATE NEW L&40 

,:Y1 !N1 IS NOT ?IS RULE APPLICABLE TO ! MAN :O IM PROVES ! L&1 AS WELL AS TO HIM :O CLE>S IT8 ,! LABOR ( ! =M] MAKES ! L& WOR? ONE2 ?AT ( ! LATT] MAKES IT WOR? TWO3 BO? CREATE EQUAL VALUES4 ,:Y NOT ACCORD TO BO? EQUAL PROP]TY8 ,I DEFY ANY ONE TO REFUTE ?IS >GUM5T1 )\T AGA9 FALL+ BACK ON ! RI<T ( FIR/ OCCUPANCY4 

0,BUT10 IT WILL BE SAID1 0EV5 IF Y\R WI% %\LD BE GRANT$1 PROP]TY W\LD NOT BE DI/RIBUT$ MU* MORE EV5LY ?AN N[4 ,L& DOES NOT GO ON 9CREAS+ 9 VALUE = EV]2 AFT] TWO OR ?REE SEASONS IT ATTA9S ITS MAXIMUM F]TILITY4 ,?AT :I* IS ADD$ BY ! AGRICULTURAL >T RESULTS RA!R FROM ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE & ! DIFFUSION ( KN[L$GE1 ?AN FROM ! SKILL ( ! CULTIVATOR4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ADDITION ( A FEW LABOR]S TO ! MASS ( PROPRIETORS W\LD BE NO >GUM5T AGA9/ PROP]TY40 

,?IS DISCUSSION W\LD1 9DE$1 PROVE A WELL-NI< USELESS ONE1 IF \R LABORS CULM9AT$ 9 SIMPLY EXT5D+ L&-PRIVILEGE & 9DU/RIAL MONOPOLY2 9 EMANCIPAT+ ONLY A FEW HUNDR$ LABOR]S \T ( ! MILLIONS ( PROLETAIRES4 ,BUT ?IS ALSO IS A MISCONCEPTION ( \R REAL ?\<T1 & DOES BUT PROVE ! G5]AL LACK ( 9TELLIG5CE & LOGIC4 

,IF ! LABOR]1 :O ADDS TO ! VALUE ( A ?+1 HAS A RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 HE :O MA9TA9S ?IS VALUE ACQUIRES ! SAME RI<T4 ,= :AT IS MA9T5ANCE8 ,IT IS 9CESSANT ADDITION1 -- CONT9U\S CREATION4 ,:AT IS IT TO CULTIVATE8 ,IT IS TO GIVE ! SOIL ITS VALUE EV]Y YE>2 IT IS1 BY ANNUALLY R5EW$ CREATION1 TO PREV5T ! DIM9UTION OR DE/RUCTION ( ! VALUE ( A PIECE ( L&4 ,ADMITT+1 !N1 ?AT PROP]TY IS RATIONAL & LEGITIMATE1 -- ADMITT+ ?AT R5T IS EQUITABLE & JU/1 -- ,I SAY ?AT HE :O CULTIVATES ACQUIRES PROP]TY BY AS GOOD A TITLE AS HE :O CLE>S1 OR HE :O IMPROVES2 & ?AT EV]Y TIME A T5ANT PAYS HIS R5T1 HE OBTA9S A FRACTION ( PROP]TY 9 ! L& 5TRU/$ TO HIS C>E1 ! D5OM9ATOR ( :I* IS EQUAL TO ! PROPORTION ( R5T PAID4 ,UNLESS Y\ ADMIT ?IS1 Y\ FALL 9TO ABSOLUTISM & TYRANNY2 Y\ RECOGNIZE CLASS PRIVILEGES2 Y\ SANCTION SLAV]Y4 

,:OEV] LABORS BECOMES A PROPRIETOR -- ?IS IS AN 9EVITABLE D$UCTION FROM ! ACKN[L$G$ PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & JURISPRUD5CE4 ,& :5 ,I SAY PROPRIETOR1 ,I DO NOT MEAN SIMPLY 7AS DO \R HYPOCRITICAL ECONOMI/S7 PROPRIETOR ( HIS ALL[ANCE1 HIS SAL>Y1 HIS WAGES1 -- ,I MEAN PROPRIETOR ( ! VALUE :I* HE CREATES1 & BY :I* ! MA/] ALONE PR(ITS4 

,AS ALL ?IS RELATES TO ! !ORY ( WAGES & ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS1 -- & AS ?IS MATT] NEV] HAS BE5 EV5 P>TIALLY CLE>$ UP1 -- ,I ASK P]MISSION TO 9SI/ ON IT3 ?IS DISCUSSION WILL NOT BE USELESS TO ! WORK 9 H&4 ,MANY P]SONS TALK ( ADMITT+ WORK+-PEOPLE TO A %>E 9 ! PRODUCTS & PR(ITS2 BUT 9 !IR M9DS ?IS P>TICIPATION IS PURE B5EVOL5CE3 !Y HAVE NEV] %[N -- P]HAPS NEV] SUSPECT$ -- ?AT IT WAS A NATURAL1 NECESS>Y RI<T1 9H]5T 9 LABOR1 & 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! FUNCTION ( PRODUC]1 EV5 9 ! L[E/ =MS ( HIS WORK4 

,?IS IS MY PROPOSITION3 ,! LABOR] RETA9S1 EV5 AFT] HE HAS RECEIV$ HIS WAGES1 A NATURAL RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! ?+ :I* HE HAS PRODUC$4 

,I AGA9 QUOTE ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE3 -- 

0,SOME LABOR]S >E EMPLOY$ 9 DRA9+ M>%ES1 9 CUTT+ D[N TREES & BRU%WOOD1 -- 9 A WORD1 9 CLEAN+ UP ! SOIL4 ,!Y 9CREASE ! VALUE1 !Y MAKE ! AM\NT ( PROP]TY L>G]2 !Y >E PAID = ! VALUE :I* !Y ADD 9 ! =M ( FOOD & DAILY WAGES3 IT !N BECOMES ! PROP]TY ( ! CAPITALI/40 

,! PRICE IS NOT SUFFICI5T3 ! LABOR ( ! WORK]S HAS CREAT$ A VALUE2 N[ ?IS VALUE IS !IR PROP]TY4 ,BUT !Y HAVE NEI!R SOLD NOR EX*ANG$ IT2 & Y\1 CAPITALI/1 Y\ HAVE NOT E>N$ IT4 ,?AT Y\ %\LD HAVE A P>TIAL RI<T TO ! :OLE1 9 RETURN = ! MAT]IALS ?AT Y\ HAVE FURNI%$ & ! PROVISIONS ?AT Y\ HAVE SUPPLI$1 IS P]FECTLY JU/4 ,Y\ CONTRIBUT$ TO ! PRODUCTION1 Y\ \<T TO %>E 9 ! 5JOYM5T4 ,BUT Y\R RI<T DOES NOT ANNIHILATE ?AT ( ! LABOR]S1 :O1 9 SPITE ( Y\1 HAVE BE5 Y\R COLLEAGUES 9 ! WORK ( PRODUCTION4 ,:Y DO Y\ TALK ( WAGES8 ,! MONEY ) :I* Y\ PAY ! WAGES ( ! LABOR]S REMUN]ATES !M = ONLY A FEW YE>S ( ! P]PETUAL POSSESSION :I* !Y HAVE AB&ON$ TO Y\4 ,WAGES IS ! CO/ ( ! DAILY MA9T5ANCE & REFRE%M5T ( ! LABOR]4 ,Y\ >E WRONG 9 CALL+ IT ! PRICE ( A SALE4 ,! WORK+MAN HAS SOLD NO?+2 HE KN[S NEI!R HIS RI<T1 NOR ! EXT5T ( ! CONCESSION :I* HE HAS MADE TO Y\1 NOR ! MEAN+ ( ! CONTRACT :I* Y\ PRET5D TO HAVE MADE ) HIM4 ,ON HIS SIDE1 UTT] IGNORANCE2 ON Y\RS1 ]ROR & SURPRISE1 NOT TO SAY DECEIT & FRAUD4 

,LET US MAKE ?IS CLE>] BY ANO!R & MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE4 

,NO ONE IS IGNORANT ( ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT >E MET ) 9 ! CONV]SION ( UNTILL$ L& 9TO >ABLE & PRODUCTIVE L&4 ,!SE DIFFICULTIES >E SO GREAT1 ?AT USUALLY AN ISOLAT$ MAN W\LD P]I% BE=E HE C\LD PUT ! SOIL 9 A CONDITION TO YIELD HIM EV5 ! MO/ MEAG] LIV+4 ,TO ?AT 5D >E NE$$ ! UNIT$ & COMB9$ EF=TS ( SOCIETY1 & ALL ! RES\RCES ( 9DU/RY4 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE QUOTES ON ?IS SUBJECT NUM]\S & WELL-AU!NTICAT$ FACTS1 LITTLE ?9K+ ?AT HE IS AMASS+ TE/IMONY AGA9/ HIS [N SY/EM4 

,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT A COLONY ( TW5TY OR ?IRTY FAMILIES E/ABLI%ES ITSELF 9 A WILD DI/RICT1 COV]$ ) UND]BRU% & =E/S2 & FROM :I*1 BY AGREEM5T1 ! NATIVES CONS5T TO )DRAW4 ,EA* ONE ( !SE FAMILIES POSSESSES A MOD]ATE BUT SUFFICI5T AM\NT ( CAPITAL1 ( SU* A NATURE AS A COLONI/ W\LD BE APT TO *OOSE1 -- ANIMALS1 SE$S1 TOOLS1 & A LITTLE MONEY & FOOD4 ,! L& HAV+ BE5 DIVID$1 EA* ONE SETTLES HIMSELF AS COM=TABLY AS POSSIBLE1 & BEG9S TO CLE> AWAY ! PORTION ALLOTT$ TO HIM4 ,BUT AFT] A FEW WEEKS ( FATIGUE1 SU* AS !Y NEV] BE=E HAVE KN[N1 ( 9CONCEIVABLE SUFF]+1 ( RU9\S & ALMO/ USELESS LABOR1 \R COLONI/S BEG9 TO COMPLA9 ( !IR TRADE2 !IR CONDITION SEEMS H>D TO !M2 !Y CURSE !IR SAD EXI/5CE4 

,SUDD5LY1 ONE ( ! %REWDE/ AMONG !M KILLS A PIG1 CURES A P>T ( ! MEAT2 &1 RESOLV$ TO SACRIFICE ! RE/ ( HIS PROVISIONS1 GOES TO F9D HIS COMPANIONS 9 MIS]Y4 0,FRI5DS10 HE BEG9S 9 A V]Y B5EVOL5T TONE1 0H[ MU* TR\BLE IT CO/S Y\ TO DO A LITTLE WORK & LIVE UNCOM=TABLY6 ,A =TNI<T ( LABOR HAS R$UC$ Y\ TO Y\R LA/ EXTREMITY6 444 ,LET US MAKE AN >RANGEM5T BY :I* Y\ %ALL ALL PR(IT4 ,I (F] Y\ PROVISIONS & W9E3 Y\ %ALL GET SO MU* EV]Y DAY2 WE WILL WORK TOGE!R1 &1 Z\NDS6 MY FRI5DS1 WE WILL BE HAPPY & CONT5T$60 

,W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE = EMPTY /OMA*S TO RESI/ SU* AN 9VITATION8 ,! HUNGRIE/ ( !M FOLL[ ! TREA*]\S TEMPT]4 ,!Y GO TO WORK2 ! *>M ( SOCIETY1 EMULATION1 JOY1 & MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE D\BLE !IR /R5G?2 ! WORK CAN BE SE5 TO ADVANCE4 ,S++ & LAU<+1 !Y SUBDUE ,NATURE4 ,9 A %ORT TIME1 ! SOIL IS ?OR\<LY *ANG$2 ! MELL[$ E>? WAITS ONLY = ! SE$4 ,?AT DONE1 ! PROPRIETOR PAYS HIS LABOR]S1 :O1 ON GO+ AWAY1 RETURN HIM !IR ?ANKS1 & GRIEVE ?AT ! HAPPY DAYS :I* !Y HAVE SP5T ) HIM >E OV]4 

,O!RS FOLL[ ?IS EXAMPLE1 ALWAYS ) ! SAME SUCCESS4 

,!N1 !SE 9/ALL$1 ! RE/ DISP]SE1 -- EA* ONE RETURNS TO HIS GRUBB+4 ,BUT1 :ILE GRUBB+1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO LIVE4 ,:ILE !Y HAVE BE5 CLE>+ AWAY = !IR NEI<BOR1 !Y HAVE DONE NO CLE>+ = !MSELVES4 ,ONE YE>'S SE$-TIME & H>VE/ IS ALREADY GONE4 ,!Y HAD CALCULAT$ ?AT 9 L5D+ !IR LABOR !Y C\LD NOT BUT GA91 S9CE !Y W\LD SAVE !IR [N PROVISIONS2 &1 :ILE LIV+ BETT]1 W\LD GET /ILL MORE MONEY4 ,FALSE CALCULATION6 !Y HAVE CREAT$ = ANO!R ! MEANS :]E) TO PRODUCE1 & HAVE CREAT$ NO?+ = !MSELVES4 ,! DIFFICULTIES ( CLE>+ REMA9 ! SAME2 !IR CLO?+ WE>S \T1 !IR PROVISIONS GIVE \T2 SOON !IR PURSE BECOMES EMPTY = ! PR(IT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL = :OM !Y HAVE WORK$1 & :O ALONE CAN FURNI% ! PROVISIONS :I* !Y NE$1 S9CE HE ALONE IS 9 A POSITION TO PRODUCE !M4 ,!N1 :5 ! POOR GRUBB] HAS EXHAU/$ HIS RES\RCES1 ! MAN ) ! PROVISIONS 7LIKE ! WOLF 9 ! FABLE1 :O SC5TS HIS VICTIM FROM AF>7 AGA9 COMES =W>D4 ,ONE HE (F]S TO EMPLOY AGA9 BY ! DAY2 FROM ANO!R HE (F]S TO BUY AT A FAVORABLE PRICE A PIECE ( HIS BAD L&1 :I* IS NOT1 & NEV] CAN BE1 ( ANY USE TO HIM3 ?AT IS1 HE USES ! LABOR ( ONE MAN TO CULTIVATE ! FIELD ( ANO!R = HIS [N B5EFIT4 ,SO ?AT AT ! 5D ( TW5TY YE>S1 ( ?IRTY 9DIVIDUALS ORIG9ALLY EQUAL 9 PO9T ( WEAL?1 FIVE OR SIX HAVE BECOME PROPRIETORS ( ! :OLE DI/RICT1 :ILE ! RE/ HAVE BE5 PHILAN?ROPICALLY DISPOSSESS$6 

,9 ?IS C5TURY ( B\RGEOISIE MORALITY1 9 :I* ,I HAVE HAD ! HONOR TO BE BORN1 ! MORAL S5SE IS SO DEBAS$ ?AT ,I %\LD NOT BE AT ALL SURPRIS$ IF ,I W]E ASK$1 BY MANY A WOR?Y PROPRIETOR1 :AT ,I SEE 9 ?IS ?AT IS UNJU/ & ILLEGITIMATE8 ,DEBAS$ CREATURE6 GALVANIZ$ CORPSE6 H[ CAN ,I EXPECT TO CONV9CE Y\1 IF Y\ CANNOT TELL ROBB]Y :5 ,I %[ IT TO Y\8 ,A MAN1 BY S(T & 9S9UAT+ WORDS1 DISCOV]S ! SECRET ( TAX+ O!RS ?AT HE MAY E/ABLI% HIMSELF2 !N1 ONCE 5RI*$ BY !IR UNIT$ EF=TS1 HE REFUSES1 ON ! V]Y CONDITIONS :I* HE HIMSELF DICTAT$1 TO ADVANCE ! WELL-BE+ ( ?OSE :O MADE HIS =TUNE = HIM3 & Y\ ASK H[ SU* CONDUCT IS FRAUDUL5T6 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT HE HAS PAID HIS LABOR]S1 ?AT HE [ES !M NO?+ MORE1 ?AT HE HAS NO?+ TO GA9 BY PUTT+ HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( O!RS1 :ILE HIS [N OCCUPATIONS CLAIM HIS ATT5TION1 -- HE REFUSES1 ,I SAY1 TO AID O!RS 9 GETT+ A FOO?OLD1 AS HE WAS AID$ 9 GETT+ HIS [N2 & :51 9 ! IMPOT5CE ( !IR ISOLATION1 !SE POOR LABOR]S >E COMPELL$ TO SELL !IR BIR?RI<T1 HE -- ?IS UNGRATEFUL PROPRIETOR1 ?IS KNAVI% UP/>T -- /&S READY TO PUT ! F9I%+ T\* TO !IR DEPRIVATION & !IR RU94 ,& Y\ ?9K ?AT JU/8 ,TAKE C>E6 ,I READ 9 Y\R />TL$ C\NT5ANCE ! REPROA* ( A GUILTY CONSCI5CE1 MU* MORE CLE>LY ?AN ! 9NOC5T A/ONI%M5T ( 9VOLUNT>Y IGNORANCE4 

0,! CAPITALI/10 !Y SAY1 0HAS PAID ! LABOR]S !IR DAILY WAGES40 ,TO BE ACCURATE1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! CAPITALI/ HAS PAID AS MANY TIMES ONE DAY'S WAGE AS HE HAS EMPLOY$ LABOR]S EA* DAY1 -- :I* IS NOT AT ALL ! SAME ?+4 ,= HE HAS PAID NO?+ = ?AT IMM5SE P[] :I* RESULTS FROM ! UNION & H>MONY ( LABOR]S1 & ! CONV]G5CE & SIMULTANE\SNESS ( !IR EF=TS4 ,TWO HUNDR$ GR5ADI]S /OOD ! OBELISK ( ,LUXOR UPON ITS BASE 9 A FEW H\RS2 DO Y\ SUPPOSE ?AT ONE MAN C\LD HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ ! SAME TASK 9 TWO HUNDR$ DAYS8 ,NEV]!LESS1 ON ! BOOKS ( ! CAPITALI/1 ! AM\NT ( WAGES PAID W\LD HAVE BE5 ! SAME4 ,WELL1 A DES]T TO PREP>E = CULTIVATION1 A H\SE TO BUILD1 A FACTORY TO RUN1 -- ALL !SE >E OBELISKS TO ]ECT1 M\NTA9S TO MOVE4 ,! SMALLE/ =TUNE1 ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT E/ABLI%M5T1 ! SETT+ 9 MOTION ( ! L[E/ 9DU/RY1 DEM& ! CONCURR5CE ( SO MANY DIFF]5T K9DS ( LABOR & SKILL1 ?AT ONE MAN C\LD NOT POSSIBLY EXECUTE ! :OLE ( !M4 ,IT IS A/ONI%+ ?AT ! ECONOMI/S NEV] HAVE CALL$ ATT5TION TO ?IS FACT4 ,/RIKE A BALANCE1 !N1 BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/'S RECEIPTS & HIS PAYM5TS4 

,! LABOR] NE$S A SAL>Y :I* WILL 5ABLE HIM TO LIVE :ILE HE WORKS2 = UNLESS HE CONSUMES1 HE CANNOT PRODUCE4 ,:OEV] EMPLOYS A MAN [ES HIM MA9T5ANCE & SUPPORT1 OR WAGES 5\< TO PROCURE ! SAME4 ,?AT IS ! FIR/ ?+ TO BE DONE 9 ALL PRODUCTION4 ,I ADMIT1 = ! MOM5T1 ?AT 9 ?IS RESPECT ! CAPITALI/ HAS DIS*>G$ HIS DUTY4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! LABOR] %\LD F9D 9 HIS PRODUCTION1 9 ADDITION TO HIS PRES5T SUPPORT1 A GU>ANTEE ( HIS FUTURE SUPPORT2 O!RWISE ! S\RCE ( PRODUCTION W\LD DRY UP1 & HIS PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY W\LD BECOME EXHAU/$3 9 O!R WORDS1 ! LABOR ACCOMPLI%$ MU/ GIVE BIR? P]PETUALLY TO NEW LABOR -- SU* IS ! UNIV]SAL LAW ( REPRODUCTION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! PROPRIETOR ( A F>M F9DS3 #a4 ,9 HIS CROPS1 MEANS1 NOT ONLY ( SUPPORT+ HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY1 BUT ( MA9TA9+ & IMPROV+ HIS CAPITAL1 ( FE$+ HIS LIVE-/OCK -- 9 A WORD1 MEANS ( NEW LABOR & CONT9UAL REPRODUCTION2 #b4 ,9 HIS [N]%IP ( A PRODUCTIVE AG5CY1 A P]MAN5T BASIS ( CULTIVATION & LABOR4 

,BUT HE :O L5DS HIS S]VICES1 -- :AT IS HIS BASIS ( CULTIVATION8 ,! PROPRIETOR'S PRESUM$ NE$ ( HIM1 & ! UNW>RANT$ SUPPOSITION ?AT HE WI%ES TO EMPLOY HIM4 ,JU/ AS ! COMMON] ONCE HELD HIS L& BY ! MUNIFIC5CE & CONDESC5SION ( ! LORD1 SO TO-DAY ! WORK+-MAN HOLDS HIS LABOR BY ! CONDESC5SION & NECESSITIES ( ! MA/] & PROPRIETOR3 ?AT IS :AT IS CALL$ POSSESSION BY A PREC>I\S.<#a#e.> TITLE4 ,BUT ?IS PREC>I\S CONDITION IS AN 9JU/ICE1 = IT IMPLIES AN 9EQUALITY 9 ! B>GA94 ,! LABOR]'S WAGES EXCE$ BUT LITTLE HIS RUNN+ EXP5SES1 & DO NOT ASSURE HIM WAGES = TO-MORR[2 :ILE ! CAPITALI/ F9DS 9 ! 9/RUM5T PRODUC$ BY ! LABOR] A PL$GE ( 9DEP5D5CE & SECURITY = ! FUTURE4 

,N[1 ?IS REPRODUCTIVE LEAV5 -- ?IS ET]NAL G]M ( LIFE1 ?IS PREP>ATION ( ! L& & MANUFACTURE ( IMPLEM5TS = PRODUCTION -- CON/ITUTES ! DEBT ( ! CAPITALI/ TO ! PRODUC]1 :I* HE NEV] PAYS2 & IT IS ?IS FRAUDUL5T D5IAL :I* CAUSES ! POV]TY ( ! LABOR]1 ! LUXURY ( IDL5ESS1 & ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS4 ,?IS IT IS1 ABOVE ALL O!R ?+S1 :I* HAS BE5 SO FITLY NAM$ ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,ONE ( ?REE ?+S MU/ BE DONE4 ,EI!R ! LABOR] MU/ BE GIV5 A PORTION ( ! PRODUCT 9 ADDITION TO HIS WAGES2 OR ! EMPLOY] MU/ R5D] ! LABOR] AN EQUIVAL5T 9 PRODUCTIVE S]VICE2 OR ELSE HE MU/ PL$GE HIMSELF TO EMPLOY HIM = EV]4 ,DIVISION ( ! PRODUCT1 RECIPROCITY ( S]VICE1 OR GU>ANTEE ( P]PETUAL LABOR1 -- FROM ! ADOPTION ( ONE ( !SE C\RSES ! CAPITALI/ CANNOT ESCAPE4 ,BUT IT IS EVID5T ?AT HE CANNOT SATISFY ! SECOND & ?IRD ( !SE CONDITIONS -- HE CAN NEI!R PUT HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( ! ?\S&S ( WORK+-M51 :O1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 HAVE AID$ HIM 9 E/ABLI%+ HIMSELF1 NOR EMPLOY !M ALL = EV]4 ,HE HAS NO O!R C\RSE LEFT HIM1 !N1 BUT A DIVISION ( ! PROP]TY4 ,BUT IF ! PROP]TY IS DIVID$1 ALL CONDITIONS WILL BE EQUAL -- !RE WILL BE NO MORE L>GE CAPITALI/S OR L>GE PROPRIETORS4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 ,M4 ,*4 ,COMTE -- FOLL[+ \T HIS HYPO!SIS -- %[S US HIS CAPITALI/ ACQUIR+ ONE AFT] ANO!R ! PRODUCTS ( HIS EMPLOYES' LABOR1 HE S9KS DEEP] & DEEP] 9TO ! MIRE2 &1 AS HIS >GUM5T DOES NOT *ANGE1 \R REPLY ( C\RSE REMA9S ! SAME4 

0,O!R LABOR]S >E EMPLOY$ 9 BUILD+3 SOME QU>RY ! /ONE1 O!RS TRANSPORT IT1 O!RS CUT IT1 & /ILL O!RS PUT IT 9 PLACE4 ,EA* ( !M ADDS A C]TA9 VALUE TO ! MAT]IAL :I* PASSES ?R\< HIS H&S2 & ?IS VALUE1 ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR1 IS HIS PROP]TY4 ,HE SELLS IT1 AS FA/ AS HE CREATES IT1 TO ! PROPRIETOR ( ! BUILD+1 :O PAYS HIM = IT 9 FOOD & WAGES40 

,DIVIDE ET IMP]A -- DIVIDE1 & Y\ %ALL COMM&2 DIVIDE1 & Y\ %ALL GR[ RI*2 DIVIDE1 & Y\ %ALL DECEIVE M51 Y\ %ALL DAZE !IR M9DS1 Y\ %ALL MOCK AT JU/ICE6 ,SEP>ATE LABOR]S FROM EA* O!R1 P]HAPS EA* ONE'S DAILY WAGE EXCE$S ! VALUE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S PRODUCT2 BUT ?AT IS NOT ! QUE/ION UND] CONSID]ATION4 ,A =CE ( ONE ?\S& M5 WORK+ TW5TY DAYS HAS BE5 PAID ! SAME WAGES ?AT ONE W\LD BE PAID = WORK+ FIFTY-FIVE YE>S2 BUT ?IS =CE ( ONE ?\S& HAS DONE 9 TW5TY DAYS :AT A S+LE MAN C\LD NOT HAVE ACCOMPLI%$1 ?\< HE HAD LABOR$ = A MILLION C5TURIES4 ,IS ! EX*ANGE AN EQUITABLE ONE8 ,ONCE MORE1 NO2 :5 Y\ HAVE PAID ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL =CES1 ! COLLECTIVE =CE /ILL REMA9S TO BE PAID4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE REMA9S ALWAYS A RI<T ( COLLECTIVE PROP]TY :I* Y\ HAVE NOT ACQUIR$1 & :I* Y\ 5JOY UNJU/LY4 

,ADMIT ?AT TW5TY DAYS' WAGES SUFFICE TO FE$1 LODGE1 & CLO! ?IS MULTITUDE = TW5TY DAYS3 ?R[N \T ( EMPLOYM5T AT ! 5D ( ?AT TIME1 :AT WILL BECOME ( !M1 IF1 AS FA/ AS !Y CREATE1 !Y AB&ON !IR CREATIONS TO ! PROPRIETORS :O WILL SOON DIS*>GE !M8 ,:ILE ! PROPRIETOR1 FIRM 9 HIS POSITION 7?ANKS TO ! AID ( ALL ! LABOR]S71 DWELLS 9 SECURITY1 & FE>S NO LACK ( LABOR OR BREAD1 ! LABOR]'S ONLY DEP5D5CE IS UPON ! B5EVOL5CE ( ?IS SAME PROPRIETOR1 TO :OM HE HAS SOLD & SURR5D]$ HIS LIB]TY4 ,IF1 !N1 ! PROPRIETOR1 %IELD+ HIMSELF BEH9D HIS COM=T & HIS RI<TS1 REFUSES TO EMPLOY ! LABOR]1 H[ CAN ! LABOR] LIVE8 ,HE HAS PL[$ AN EXCELL5T FIELD1 & CANNOT S[ IT2 HE HAS BUILT AN ELEGANT & COMMODI\S H\SE1 & CANNOT LIVE 9 IT2 HE HAS PRODUC$ ALL1 & CAN 5JOY NO?+ 

,LABOR LEADS US TO EQUALITY4 ,EV]Y /EP ?AT WE TAKE BR+S US NE>] TO IT2 & IF LABOR]S HAD EQUAL /R5G?1 DILIG5CE1 & 9DU/RY1 CLE>LY !IR =TUNES W\LD BE EQUAL ALSO4 ,9DE$1 IF1 AS IS PRET5D$1 -- & AS WE HAVE ADMITT$1 -- ! LABOR] IS PROPRIETOR ( ! VALUE :I* HE CREATES1 IT FOLL[S3 -- 

#a4 ,?AT ! LABOR] ACQUIRES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! IDLE PROPRIETOR2 

#b4 ,?AT ALL PRODUCTION BE+ NECESS>ILY COLLECTIVE1 ! LABOR] IS 5TITL$ TO A %>E ( ! PRODUCTS & PR(ITS COMM5SURATE ) HIS LABOR2 

#c4 ,?AT ALL ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL BE+ SOCIAL PROP]TY1 NO ONE CAN BE ITS EXCLUSIVE PROPRIETOR4 

,!SE 9F]5CES >E UNAVOIDABLE2 !SE ALONE W\LD SUFFICE TO REVOLUTIONIZE \R :OLE ECONOMICAL SY/EM1 & *ANGE \R 9/ITUTIONS & \R LAWS4 ,:Y DO ! V]Y P]SONS1 :O LAID D[N ?IS PR9CIPLE1 N[ REFUSE TO BE GUID$ BY IT8 ,:Y DO ! ,SAYS1 ! ,COMTES1 ! ,H5NEQU9S1 & O!RS -- AFT] HAV+ SAID ?AT PROP]TY IS BORN ( LABOR -- SEEK TO FIX IT BY OCCUPATION & PRESCRIPTION8 

,BUT LET US LEAVE !SE SOPHI/S TO !IR CONTRADICTIONS & BL9DNESS4 ,! GOOD S5SE ( ! PEOPLE WILL DO JU/ICE TO !IR EQUIVOCATIONS4 ,LET US MAKE HA/E TO 5LI<T5 IT1 & %[ IT ! TRUE PA?4 ,EQUALITY APPROA*ES2 ALREADY BETWE5 IT & US BUT A %ORT DI/ANCE 9T]V5ES3 TO-MORR[ EV5 ?IS DI/ANCE WILL HAVE BE5 TRAV]S$4 

8 #f4 -- ,?AT 9 ,SOCIETY ALL ,WAGES >E ,EQUAL4 

,:5 ! ,/4 ,SIMONIANS1 ! ,F\RI]I/S1 &1 9 G5]AL1 ALL :O 9 \R DAY >E CONNECT$ ) SOCIAL ECONOMY & RE=M1 9SCRIBE UPON !IR BANN]1 -- 

0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 TO EA* CAPACITY ACCORD+ TO ITS RESULTS0 7,/4 ,SIMON72 

0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPITAL1 HIS LABOR1 & HIS SKILL0 7,F\RI]71 -- !Y MEAN -- AL?\< !Y DO NOT SAY SO 9 SO MANY WORDS -- ?AT ! PRODUCTS ( ,NATURE PROCUR$ BY LABOR & 9DU/RY >E A REW>D1 A PALM1 A CR[N (F]$ TO ALL K9DS ( PREEM95CE & SUP]IORITY4 ,!Y REG>D ! L& AS AN IMM5SE >5A 9 :I* PRIZES >E CONT5D$ =1 -- NO LONG]1 IT IS TRUE1 ) LANCES & SWORDS1 BY =CE & BY TREA*]Y2 BUT BY ACQUIR$ WEAL?1 BY KN[L$GE1 TAL5T1 & BY VIRTUE ITSELF4 ,9 A WORD1 !Y MEAN -- & EV]YBODY AGREES ) !M -- ?AT ! GREATE/ CAPACITY IS 5TITL$ TO ! GREATE/ REW>D2 &1 TO USE ! M]CANTILE PHRASEOLOGY1 -- :I* HAS1 AT LEA/1 ! M]IT ( BE+ /RAI<T=W>D1 -- ?AT SAL>IES MU/ BE GOV]N$ BY CAPACITY & ITS RESULTS4 

,! DISCIPLES ( !SE TWO SELF-/YL$ RE=M]S CANNOT D5Y ?AT SU* IS !IR ?\<T2 =1 9 DO+ SO1 !Y W\LD CONTRADICT !IR (FICIAL 9T]PRETATIONS1 & W\LD DE/ROY ! UNITY ( !IR SY/EMS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SU* A D5IAL ON !IR P>T IS NOT TO BE FE>$4 ,! TWO SECTS GLORY 9 LAY+ D[N AS A PR9CIPLE 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 -- REASON+ FROM ,NATURE1 :O1 !Y SAY1 9T5D$ ! 9EQUALITY ( CAPACITIES4 ,!Y BOA/ ONLY ( ONE ?+2 NAMELY1 ?AT !IR POLITICAL SY/EM IS SO P]FECT1 ?AT ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES ALWAYS CORRESPOND ) ! NATURAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,!Y NO MORE TR\BLE !MSELVES TO 9QUIRE :E!R 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS -- ,I MEAN ( SAL>IES -- IS POSSIBLE1 ?AN !Y DO TO FIX A MEASURE ( CAPACITY4.<#a#f.> 

0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 TO EA* CAPACITY ACCORD+ TO ITS RESULTS40 

0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPITAL1 HIS LABOR1 & HIS SKILL40 

,S9CE ! DEA? ( ,/4 ,SIMON & ,F\RI]1 NOT ONE AMONG !IR NUM]\S DISCIPLES HAS ATTEMPT$ TO GIVE TO ! PUBLIC A SCI5TIFIC DEMON/RATION ( ?IS GR& MAXIM2 & ,I W\LD WAG] A HUNDR$ TO ONE ?AT NO ,F\RI]I/ EV5 SUSPECTS ?AT ?IS BI=M APHORISM IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( TWO 9T]PRETATIONS4 

0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 TO EA* CAPACITY ACCORD+ TO ITS RESULTS40 

0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPITAL1 HIS LABOR1 & HIS SKILL40 

,?IS PROPOSITION1 TAK51 AS !Y SAY1 9 S5SU OBVIO -- 9 ! S5SE USUALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO IT -- IS FALSE1 ABSURD1 UNJU/1 CONTRADICTORY1 HO/ILE TO LIB]TY1 FRI5DLY TO TYRANNY1 ANTI-SOCIAL1 & WAS UNLUCKILY FRAM$ UND] ! EXPRESS 9FLU5CE ( ! PROP]TY IDEA4 

,&1 FIR/1 CAPITAL MU/ BE CROSS$ (F ! LI/ ( ELEM5TS :I* >E 5TITL$ TO A REW>D4 ,! ,F\RI]I/S -- AS F> AS ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO LE>N FROM A FEW ( !IR PAMPHLETS -- D5Y ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY1 & RECOGNIZE NO BASIS ( PROP]TY SAVE LABOR4 ,/>T+ ) A LIKE PREMISE1 !Y W\LD HAVE SE5 -- HAD !Y REASON$ UPON ! MATT] -- ?AT CAPITAL IS A S\RCE ( PRODUCTION TO ITS PROPRIETOR ONLY BY VIRTUE ( ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY1 & ?AT ?IS PRODUCTION IS !RE=E ILLEGITIMATE4 ,9DE$1 IF LABOR IS ! SOLE BASIS ( PROP]TY1 ,I CEASE TO BE PROPRIETOR ( MY FIELD AS SOON AS ,I RECEIVE R5T = IT FROM ANO!R4 ,?IS WE HAVE %[N BEYOND ALL CAVIL4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ALL CAPITAL2 SO ?AT TO PUT CAPITAL 9 AN 5T]PRISE1 IS1 BY ! LAW'S DECISION1 TO EX*ANGE IT = AN EQUIVAL5T SUM 9 PRODUCTS4 ,I WILL NOT 5T] AGA9 UPON ?IS N[ USELESS DISCUSSION1 S9CE ,I PROPOSE1 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]1 TO EXHAU/ ! SUBJECT ( PRODUCTION BY CAPITAL4 

,?US1 CAPITAL CAN BE EX*ANG$1 BUT CANNOT BE A S\RCE ( 9COME4 

,LABOR & SKILL REMA92 OR1 AS ,/4 ,SIMON PUTS IT1 RESULTS & CAPACITIES4 ,I WILL EXAM9E !M SUCCESSIVELY4 

,%\LD WAGES BE GOV]N$ BY LABOR8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IS IT JU/ ?AT HE :O DOES ! MO/ %\LD GET ! MO/8 ,I BEG ! READ] TO PAY ! CLOSE/ ATT5TION TO ?IS PO9T4 

,TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ) ONE /ROKE1 WE HAVE ONLY TO ASK \RSELVES ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION3 0,IS LABOR A CONDITION OR A /RUGGLE8 0,! REPLY SEEMS PLA94 

,GOD SAID TO MAN1 0,9 ! SWEAT ( ?Y FACE %ALT ?\ EAT BREAD10 -- ?AT IS1 ?\ %ALT PRODUCE ?Y [N BREAD3 ) MORE OR LESS EASE1 ACCORD+ TO ?Y SKILL 9 DIRECT+ & COMB9+ ?Y EF=TS1 ?\ %ALT LABOR4 ,GOD DID NOT SAY1 0,?\ %ALT QU>REL ) ?Y NEI<BOR = ?Y BREAD20 BUT1 0,?\ %ALT LABOR BY ! SIDE ( ?Y NEI<BOR1 & YE %ALL DWELL TOGE!R 9 H>MONY40 ,LET US DEVELOP ! MEAN+ ( ?IS LAW1 ! EXTREME SIMPLICITY ( :I* R5D]S IT LIABLE TO MISCON/RUCTION4 

,9 LABOR1 TWO ?+S MU/ BE NOTIC$ & DI/+UI%$3 ASSOCIATION & AVAILABLE MAT]IAL4 

,9 SO F> AS LABOR]S >E ASSOCIAT$1 !Y >E EQUAL2 & IT 9VOLVES A CONTRADICTION TO SAY ?AT ONE %\LD BE PAID MORE ?AN ANO!R4 ,=1 AS ! PRODUCT ( ONE LABOR] CAN BE PAID = ONLY 9 ! PRODUCT ( ANO!R LABOR]1 IF ! TWO PRODUCTS >E UNEQUAL1 ! REMA9D] -- OR ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! GREAT] & ! SMALL] -- WILL NOT BE ACQUIR$ BY SOCIETY2 &1 !RE=E1 NOT BE+ EX*ANG$1 WILL NOT AFFECT ! EQUALITY ( WAGES4 ,!RE WILL RESULT1 IT IS TRUE1 9 FAVOR ( ! /RONG] LABOR] A NATURAL 9EQUALITY1 BUT NOT A SOCIAL 9EQUALITY2 NO ONE HAV+ SUFF]$ BY HIS /R5G? & PRODUCTIVE 5]GY4 ,9 A WORD1 SOCIETY EX*ANGES ONLY EQUAL PRODUCTS -- ?AT IS1 REW>DS NO LABOR SAVE ?AT P]=M$ = H] B5EFIT2 CONSEQU5TLY1 %E PAYS ALL LABOR]S EQUALLY3 ) :AT !Y PRODUCE \TSIDE ( H] SPH]E %E HAS NO MORE TO DO1 ?AN ) ! DIFF]5CE 9 !IR VOICES & !IR HAIR4 

,I SEEM TO BE POSIT+ ! PR9CIPLE ( 9EQUALITY3 ! REV]SE ( ?IS IS ! TRU?4 ,! TOTAL AM\NT ( LABOR :I* CAN BE P]=M$ = SOCIETY 7?AT IS1 ( LABOR SUSCEPTIBLE ( EX*ANGE71 BE+1 )9 A GIV5 SPACE1 AS MU* GREAT] AS ! LABOR]S >E MORE NUM]\S1 & AS ! TASK ASSIGN$ TO EA* IS LESS 9 MAGNITUDE1 -- IT FOLL[S ?AT NATURAL 9EQUALITY NEUTRALIZES ITSELF 9 PROPORTION AS ASSOCIATION EXT5DS1 & AS ! QUANTITY ( CONSUMABLE VALUES PRODUC$ !REBY 9CREASES4 ,SO ?AT 9 SOCIETY ! ONLY ?+ :I* C\LD BR+ BACK ! 9EQUALITY ( LABOR W\LD BE ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY1 -- ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 

,N[1 SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS DAILY SOCIAL TASK CONSI/S 9 ! PL[+1 HOE+1 OR REAP+ ( TWO SQU>E DECAMET]S1 & ?AT ! AV]AGE TIME REQUIR$ TO ACCOMPLI% IT IS SEV5 H\RS3 ONE LABOR] WILL F9I% IT 9 SIX H\RS1 ANO!R WILL REQUIRE EI<T2 ! MAJORITY1 H[EV]1 WILL WORK SEV54 ,BUT PROVID$ EA* ONE FURNI%ES ! QUANTITY ( LABOR DEM&$ ( HIM1 :ATEV] BE ! TIME HE EMPLOYS1 !Y >E 5TITL$ TO EQUAL WAGES4 

,%ALL ! LABOR] :O IS CAPABLE ( F9I%+ HIS TASK 9 SIX H\RS HAVE ! RI<T1 ON ! GR\ND ( SUP]IOR /R5G? & ACTIVITY1 TO USURP ! TASK ( ! LESS SKILLFUL LABOR]1 & ?US ROB HIM ( HIS LABOR & BREAD8 ,:O D>ES MA9TA9 SU* A PROPOSITION8 ,HE :O F9I%ES BE=E ! O!RS MAY RE/1 IF HE *OOSES2 HE MAY DEVOTE HIMSELF TO USEFUL EX]CISE & LABORS = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HIS /R5G?1 & ! CULTURE ( HIS M9D1 & ! PLEASURE ( HIS LIFE4 ,?IS HE CAN DO )\T 9JURY TO ANY ONE3 BUT LET HIM CONF9E HIMSELF TO S]VICES :I* AFFECT HIM SOLELY4 ,VIGOR1 G5IUS1 DILIG5CE1 & ALL ! P]SONAL ADVANTAGES :I* RESULT !REFROM1 >E ! WORK ( ,NATURE &1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 SOCIETY AW>DS !M ! E/EEM :I* !Y M]IT3 BUT ! WAGES :I* IT PAYS !M IS MEASUR$1 NOT BY !IR P[]1 BUT BY !IR PRODUCTION4 ,N[1 ! PRODUCT ( EA* IS LIMIT$ BY ! RI<T ( ALL4 

,IF ! SOIL W]E 9F9ITE 9 EXT5T1 & ! AM\NT ( AVAILABLE MAT]IAL W]E EXHAU/LESS1 EV5 !N WE C\LD NOT ACCEPT ?IS MAXIM1 -- ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS LABOR4 ,& :Y8 ,BECAUSE SOCIETY1 ,I REPEAT1 :ATEV] BE ! NUMB] ( ITS SUBJECTS1 IS =C$ TO PAY !M ALL ! SAME WAGES1 S9CE %E PAYS !M ONLY 9 !IR [N PRODUCTS4 ,ONLY1 ON ! HYPO!SIS JU/ MADE1 9ASMU* AS ! /RONG CANNOT BE PREV5T$ FROM US+ ALL !IR ADVANTAGES1 ! 9CONV5I5CES ( NATURAL 9EQUALITY W\LD REAPPE> 9 ! V]Y BOSOM ( SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,BUT ! L&1 CONSID]+ ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ITS 9HABITANTS & !IR ABILITY TO MULTIPLY1 IS V]Y LIMIT$2 FUR!R1 BY ! IMM5SE V>IETY ( PRODUCTS & ! EXTREME DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! SOCIAL TASK IS MADE EASY ( ACCOMPLI%M5T4 ,N[1 ?R\< ?IS LIMITATION ( ?+S PRODUCIBLE1 & ?R\< ! EASE ( PRODUC+ !M1 ! LAW ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY TAKES EFFECT4 

,YES1 LIFE IS A /RUGGLE4 ,BUT ?IS /RUGGLE IS NOT BETWE5 MAN & MAN -- IT IS BETWE5 MAN & ,NATURE2 & IT IS EA* ONE'S DUTY TO TAKE HIS %>E 9 IT4 ,IF1 9 ! /RUGGLE1 ! /RONG COME TO ! AID ( ! WEAK1 !IR K9DNESS DES]VES PRAISE & LOVE2 BUT !IR AID MU/ BE ACCEPT$ AS A FREE GIFT1 -- NOT IMPOS$ BY =CE1 NOR (F]$ AT A PRICE4 ,ALL HAVE ! SAME C>E] BE=E !M1 NEI!R TOO LONG NOR TOO DIFFICULT2 :OEV] F9I%ES IT F9DS HIS REW>D AT ! 5D3 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO GET !RE FIR/4 

,9 PR9T+-(FICES1 :]E ! LABOR]S USUALLY WORK BY ! JOB1 ! COMPOSITOR RECEIVES SO MU* P] ?\S& LETT]S SET2 ! PRESSMAN SO MU* P] ?\S& %EETS PR9T$4 ,!RE1 AS ELSE:]E1 9EQUALITIES ( TAL5T & SKILL >E TO BE F\ND4 ,:5 !RE IS NO PROSPECT ( DULL TIMES 7= PR9T+ & TYPESETT+1 LIKE ALL O!R TRADES1 SOMETIMES COME TO A /&-/ILL71 EV]Y ONE IS FREE TO WORK HIS H>DE/1 & EX]T HIS FACULTIES TO ! UTMO/3 HE :O DOES MORE GETS MORE2 HE :O DOES LESS GETS LESS4 ,:5 BUS9ESS SLACK5S1 COMPOSITORS & PRESSM5 DIVIDE UP !IR LABOR2 ALL MONOPOLI/S >E DETE/$ AS NO BETT] ?AN ROBB]S OR TRAITORS4 

,!RE IS A PHILOSOPHY 9 ! ACTION ( !SE PR9T]S1 TO :I* NEI!R ECONOMI/S NOR LEGI/S HAVE EV] RIS54 ,IF \R LEGISLATORS HAD 9TRODUC$ 9TO !IR CODES ! PR9CIPLE ( DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE :I* GOV]NS PR9T+-(FICES2 IF !Y HAD OBS]V$ ! POPUL> 9/9CTS1 -- NOT = ! SAKE ( S]VILE IMITATION1 BUT 9 ORD] TO RE=M & G5]ALIZE !M1 -- LONG ]E ?IS LIB]TY & EQUALITY W\LD HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ ON AN IMMOVABLE BASIS1 & WE %\LD NOT N[ BE DISPUT+ AB\T ! RI<T ( PROP]TY & ! NECESSITY ( SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS4 

,IT HAS BE5 CALCULAT$ ?AT IF LABOR W]E EQUALLY %>$ BY ! :OLE NUMB] ( ABLE-BODI$ 9DIVIDUALS1 ! AV]AGE WORK+-DAY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 9 ,FRANCE1 W\LD NOT EXCE$ FIVE H\RS4 ,?IS BE+ SO1 H[ CAN WE PRESUME TO TALK ( ! 9EQUALITY ( LABOR]S8 ,IT IS ! LABOR ( ,ROB]T ,MACAIRE ?AT CAUSES 9EQUALITY4 

,! PR9CIPLE1 ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS LABOR1 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN1 ,:O WORKS MO/ %\LD RECEIVE MO/1 IS BAS$1 !RE=E1 ON TWO PALPABLE ]RORS3 ONE1 AN ]ROR 9 ECONOMY1 ?AT 9 ! LABOR ( SOCIETY TASKS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE UNEQUAL2 ! O!R1 AN ]ROR 9 PHYSICS1 ?AT !RE IS NO LIMIT TO ! AM\NT ( PRODUCIBLE ?+S4 

0,BUT10 IT WILL BE SAID1 0SUPPOSE !RE >E SOME PEOPLE :O WI% TO P]=M ONLY HALF ( !IR TASK80 444 ,IS ?AT V]Y EMB>RASS+8 ,PROBABLY !Y >E SATISFI$ ) HALF ( !IR SAL>Y4 ,PAID ACCORD+ TO ! LABOR ?AT !Y HAD P]=M$1 ( :AT C\LD !Y COMPLA98 & :AT 9JURY W\LD !Y DO TO O!RS8 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS FAIR TO APPLY ! MAXIM1 -- ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS RESULTS4 ,IT IS ! LAW ( EQUALITY ITSELF4 

,FUR!R1 NUM]\S DIFFICULTIES1 RELATIVE TO ! POLICE SY/EM & ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 MI<T BE RAIS$ H]E4 ,I WILL REPLY TO !M ALL ) ?IS ONE S5T5CE1 -- ?AT !Y MU/ ALL BE SOLV$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY4 ,?US1 SOME ONE MI<T OBS]VE1 0,H]E IS A TASK :I* CANNOT BE PO/PON$ )\T DETRIM5T TO PRODUCTION4 ,\<T SOCIETY TO SUFF] FROM ! NEGLIG5CE ( A FEW8 & WILL %E NOT V5TURE -- \T ( RESPECT = ! RI<T ( LABOR -- TO ASSURE ) H] [N H&S ! PRODUCT :I* !Y REFUSE H]8 ,9 SU* A CASE1 TO :OM WILL ! SAL>Y BELONG80 

,TO SOCIETY2 :O WILL BE ALL[$ TO P]=M ! LABOR1 EI!R H]SELF1 OR ?R\< H] REPRES5TATIVES1 BUT ALWAYS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! G5]AL EQUALITY %ALL NEV] BE VIOLAT$1 & ?AT ONLY ! IDL] %ALL BE PUNI%$ = HIS IDL5ESS4 ,FUR!R1 IF SOCIETY MAY NOT USE EXCESSIVE SEV]ITY T[>DS H] LAZY MEMB]S1 %E HAS A RI<T1 9 SELF-DEF5SE1 TO GU>D AGA9/ ABUSES4 

,BUT EV]Y 9DU/RY NE$S -- !Y WILL ADD -- LEAD]S1 9/RUCTORS1 SUP]9T5D5TS1 @&C4 ,WILL !SE BE 5GAG$ 9 ! G5]AL TASK8 ,NO2 S9CE !IR TASK IS TO LEAD1 9/RUCT1 & SUP]9T5D4 ,BUT !Y MU/ BE *OS5 FROM ! LABOR]S BY ! LABOR]S !MSELVES1 & MU/ FULFILL ! CONDITIONS ( ELIGIBILITY4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ALL PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 :E!R ( ADM9I/RATION OR 9/RUCTION4 

,!N1 >TICLE FIR/ ( ! UNIV]SAL CON/ITUTION WILL BE3 -- 

0,! LIMIT$ QUANTITY ( AVAILABLE MAT]IAL PROVES ! NECESSITY ( DIVID+ ! LABOR AMONG ! :OLE NUMB] ( LABOR]S4 ,! CAPACITY1 GIV5 TO ALL1 ( ACCOMPLI%+ A SOCIAL TASK1 -- ?AT IS1 AN EQUAL TASK1 -- & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( PAY+ ONE LABOR] SAVE 9 ! PRODUCTS ( ANO!R1 JU/IFY ! EQUALITY ( WAGES40 

8 #g4 -- ,?AT ,9EQUALITY ( ,P[]S IS ! ,NECESS>Y ,CONDITION ( ,EQUALITY ( ,=TUNES4 

,IT IS OBJECT$1 -- & ?IS OBJECTION CON/ITUTES ! SECOND P>T ( ! ,/4 ,SIMONIAN1 & ! ?IRD P>T ( ! ,F\RI]/IC1 MAXIMS1 -- 

0,?AT ALL K9DS ( LABOR CANNOT BE EXECUT$ ) EQUAL EASE4 ,SOME REQUIRE GREAT SUP]IORITY ( SKILL & 9TELLIG5CE2 & ON ?IS SUP]IORITY IS BAS$ ! PRICE4 ,! >TI/1 ! SAVANT1 ! POET1 ! /ATESMAN1 >E E/EEM$ ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR EXCELL5CE2 & ?IS EXCELL5CE DE/ROYS ALL SIMILITUDE BETWE5 !M & O!R M53 9 ! PRES5CE ( !SE HEI<TS ( SCI5CE & G5IUS ! LAW ( EQUALITY DISAPPE>S4 ,N[1 IF EQUALITY IS NOT ABSOLUTE1 !RE IS NO EQUALITY4 ,FROM ! POET WE DESC5D TO ! NOVELI/2 FROM ! SCULPTOR TO ! /ONECUTT]2 FROM ! >*ITECT TO ! MASON2 FROM ! *EMI/ TO ! COOK1 @&C4 ,CAPACITIES >E CLASSIFI$ & SUBDIVID$ 9TO ORD]S1 G5]A1 & SPECIES4 ,! EXTREMES ( TAL5T >E CONNECT$ BY 9T]M$IATE TAL5TS4 ,HUMANITY IS A VA/ HI]>*Y1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL E/IMATES HIMSELF BY COMP>ISON1 & FIXES HIS PRICE BY ! VALUE PLAC$ UPON HIS PRODUCT BY ! PUBLIC40 

,?IS OBJECTION ALWAYS HAS SEEM$ A =MIDABLE ONE4 ,IT IS ! /UMBL+-BLOCK ( ! ECONOMI/S1 AS WELL AS ( ! DEF5D]S ( EQUALITY4 ,IT HAS L$ ! =M] 9TO EGREGI\S BLUND]S1 & HAS CAUS$ ! LATT] TO UTT] 9CR$IBLE PLATITUDES4 ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF WI%$ ALL SUP]IORITY TO BE /R+5TLY REPRESS$1 & EV5 P]SECUT$ AS A SOCIAL CALAMITY4 ,TO E/ABLI% HIS COMMUNI/IC $IFICE1 HE L[]$ ALL CITIZ5S TO ! /ATURE ( ! SMALLE/4 ,IGNORANT ECLECTICS HAVE BE5 KN[N TO OBJECT TO ! 9EQUALITY ( KN[L$GE1 & ,I %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$ IF SOME ONE %\LD YET REBEL AGA9/ ! 9EQUALITY ( VIRTUE4 ,>I/OTLE WAS BANI%$1 ,SOCRATES DRANK ! HEMLOCK1 ,EPAM9ONDAS WAS CALL$ TO ACC\NT1 = HAV+ PROV$ SUP]IOR 9 9TELLIG5CE & VIRTUE TO SOME DISSOLUTE & FOOLI% DEMAGOGUES4 ,SU* FOLLIES WILL BE RE5ACT$1 SO LONG AS ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES JU/IFIES A POPULACE1 BL9D$ & OPPRESS$ BY ! WEAL?Y1 9 FE>+ ! ELEVATION ( NEW TYRANTS TO P[]4 

,NO?+ SEEMS MORE UNNATURAL ?AN ?AT :I* WE EXAM9E TOO CLOSELY1 & (T5 NO?+ SEEMS LESS LIKE ! TRU? ?AN ! TRU? ITSELF4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ACCORD+ TO ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU1 0IT TAKES A GREAT DEAL ( PHILOSOPHY TO 5ABLE US TO OBS]VE ONCE :AT WE SEE EV]Y DAY20 &1 ACCORD+ TO D',ALEMB]T1 0! ORD9>Y TRU?S ( LIFE MAKE BUT LITTLE IMPRESSION ON M51 UNLESS !IR ATT5TION IS ESPECIALLY CALL$ TO !M40 ,! FA!R ( ! S*OOL ( ECONOMI/S 7,SAY71 FROM :OM ,I BORR[ !SE TWO QUOTATIONS1 MI<T HAVE PR(IT$ BY !M2 BUT HE :O LAU<S AT ! BL9D %\LD WE> SPECTACLES1 & HE :O NOTICES HIM IS NE>-SI<T$4 

,/RANGE6 ?AT :I* HAS FRI<T5$ SO MANY M9DS IS NOT1 AFT] ALL1 AN OBJECTION TO EQUALITY -- IT IS ! V]Y CONDITION ON :I* EQUALITY EXI/S6 444 

,NATURAL 9EQUALITY ! CONDITION ( EQUALITY ( =TUNES6 444 ,:AT A P>ADOX6 444 ,I REPEAT MY ASS]TION1 ?AT NO ONE MAY ?9K ,I HAVE BLUND]$ -- 9EQUALITY ( P[]S IS ! S9E QUA NON ( EQUALITY ( =TUNES4 

,!RE >E TWO ?+S TO BE CONSID]$ 9 SOCIETY -- FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS4 

,I4 ,FUNCTIONS4 ,EV]Y LABOR] IS SUPPOS$ TO BE CAPABLE ( P]=M+ ! TASK ASSIGN$ TO HIM2 OR1 TO USE A COMMON EXPRESSION1 0EV]Y WORKMAN MU/ KN[ HIS TRADE40 ,! WORKMAN EQUAL TO HIS WORK1 -- !RE IS AN EQUATION BETWE5 FUNCTION>Y & FUNCTION4 

,9 SOCIETY1 FUNCTIONS >E NOT ALIKE2 !RE MU/ BE1 !N1 DIFF]5T CAPACITIES4 ,FUR!R1 -- C]TA9 FUNCTIONS DEM& GREAT] 9TELLIG5CE & P[]S2 !N !RE >E PEOPLE ( SUP]IOR M9D & TAL5T4 ,= ! P]=MANCE ( WORK NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES A WORKMAN3 FROM ! NE$ SPR+S ! IDEA1 & ! IDEA MAKES ! PRODUC]4 ,WE ONLY KN[ :AT \R S5SES LONG = & \R 9TELLIG5CE DEM&S2 WE HAVE NO KE5 DESIRE = ?+S ( :I* WE CANNOT CONCEIVE1 & ! GREAT] \R P[]S ( CONCEPTION1 ! GREAT] \R CAPABILITIES ( PRODUCTION4 

,?US1 FUNCTIONS >IS+ FROM NE$S1 NE$S FROM DESIRES1 & DESIRES FROM SPONTANE\S P]CEPTION & IMAG9ATION1 ! SAME 9TELLIG5CE :I* IMAG9ES CAN ALSO PRODUCE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO LABOR IS SUP]IOR TO ! LABOR]4 ,9 A WORD1 IF ! FUNCTION CALLS \T ! FUNCTION>Y1 IT IS BECAUSE ! FUNCTION>Y EXI/S BE=E ! FUNCTION4 

,LET US ADMIRE ,NATURE'S ECONOMY4 ,) REG>D TO !SE V>I\S NE$S :I* %E HAS GIV5 US1 & :I* ! ISOLAT$ MAN CANNOT SATISFY UNAID$1 ,NATURE HAS GRANT$ TO ! RACE A P[] REFUS$ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS GIVES RISE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 -- A PR9CIPLE F\ND$ ON ! SPECIALTY ( VOCATIONS4 

,! SATISFACTION ( SOME NE$S DEM&S ( MAN CONT9UAL CREATION2 :ILE O!RS CAN1 BY ! LABOR ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 BE SATISFI$ = MILLIONS ( M5 ?R\< ?\S&S ( C5TURIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! NE$ ( CLO?+ & FOOD REQUIRES P]PETUAL REPRODUCTION2 :ILE A KN[L$GE ( ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE MAY BE ACQUIR$ = EV] BY TWO OR ?REE HI<LY-GIFT$ M54 ,! P]PETUAL CURR5T ( RIV]S SUPPORTS \R COMM]CE1 & RUNS \R MA*9]Y2 BUT ! SUN1 ALONE 9 ! MID/ ( SPACE1 GIVES LI<T TO ! :OLE WORLD4 ,NATURE1 :O MI<T CREATE ,PLATOS & ,VIRGILS1 ,NEWTONS & ,CUVI]S1 AS %E CREATES HUSB&M5 & %EPH]DS1 DOES NOT SEE FIT TO DO SO2 *OOS+ RA!R TO PROPORTION ! R>ITY ( G5IUS TO ! DURATION ( ITS PRODUCTS1 & TO BALANCE ! NUMB] ( CAPACITIES BY ! COMPET5CY ( EA* ONE ( !M4 

,I DO NOT 9QUIRE H]E :E!R ! DI/ANCE :I* SEP>ATES ONE MAN FROM ANO!R1 9 PO9T ( TAL5T & 9TELLIG5CE1 >ISES FROM ! DEPLORABLE CONDITION ( CIVILIZATION1 NOR :E!R ?AT :I* IS N[ CALL$ ! 9EQUALITY ( P[]S W\LD BE 9 AN IDEAL SOCIETY ANY ?+ MORE ?AN A DIV]SITY ( P[]S4 ,I TAKE ! WOR/ VIEW ( ! MATT]2 &1 ?AT ,I MAY NOT BE ACCUS$ ( T]GIV]SATION & EVASION ( DIFFICULTIES1 ,I ACKN[L$GE ALL ! 9EQUALITIES ?AT ANY ONE CAN DESIRE4.<#a#g.> 

,C]TA9 PHILOSOPH]S1 9 LOVE ) ! LEVEL+ IDEA1 MA9TA9 ?AT ALL M9DS >E EQUAL1 & ?AT ALL DIFF]5CES >E ! RESULT ( $UCATION4 ,I AM NO BELIEV]1 ,I CONFESS1 9 ?IS DOCTR9E2 :I*1 EV5 IF IT W]E TRUE1 W\LD LEAD TO A RESULT DIRECTLY OPPOSITE TO ?AT DESIR$4 ,=1 IF CAPACITIES >E EQUAL1 :ATEV] BE ! DEGREE ( !IR P[] 7AS NO ONE CAN BE CO]C$71 !RE >E FUNCTIONS DEEM$ CO>SE1 L[1 & DEGRAD+1 :I* DES]VE HI<] PAY1 -- A RESULT NO LESS REPUGNANT TO EQUALITY ?AN TO ! PR9CIPLE1 TO EA* CAPACITY ACCORD+ TO ITS RESULTS4 ,GIVE ME1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]Y K9D ( TAL5T BE>S A PROP] NUM]ICAL RELATION TO ! NE$S ( ! SOCIETY1 & :I* DEM&S FROM EA* PRODUC] ONLY ?AT :I* HIS SPECIAL FUNCTION REQUIRES HIM TO PRODUCE2 &1 )\T IMPAIR+ 9 ! LEA/ ! HI]>*Y ( FUNCTIONS1 ,I WILL D$UCE ! EQUALITY ( =TUNES4 

,?IS IS MY SECOND PO9T4 

,I,I4 ,RELATIONS4 ,9 CONSID]+ ! ELEM5T ( LABOR1 ,I HAVE %[N ?AT 9 ! SAME CLASS ( PRODUCTIVE S]VICES1 ! CAPACITY TO P]=M A SOCIAL TASK BE+ POSSESS$ BY ALL1 NO 9EQUALITY ( REW>D CAN BE BAS$ UPON AN 9EQUALITY ( 9DIVIDUAL P[]S4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS BUT FAIR TO SAY ?AT C]TA9 CAPACITIES SEEM QUITE 9CAPABLE ( C]TA9 S]VICES2 SO ?AT1 IF HUMAN 9DU/RY W]E 5TIRELY CONF9$ TO ONE CLASS ( PRODUCTS1 NUM]\S 9CAPACITIES W\LD >ISE1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! GREATE/ SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,BUT EV]Y BODY SEES1 )\T ANY H9T FROM ME1 ?AT ! V>IETY ( 9DU/RIES AVOIDS ?IS DIFFICULTY2 SO CLE> IS ?IS ?AT ,I %ALL NOT /OP TO DISCUSS IT4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO PROVE1 !N1 ?AT FUNCTIONS >E EQUAL TO EA* O!R2 JU/ AS LABOR]S1 :O P]=M ! SAME FUNCTION1 >E EQUAL TO EA* O!R4 -- -- ,PROP]TY MAKES MAN A EUNU*1 & !N REPROA*ES HIM = BE+ NO?+ BUT DRY WOOD1 A DECAY+ TREE4 

,>E Y\ A/ONI%$ ?AT ,I REFUSE TO G5IUS1 TO KN[L$GE1 TO C\RAGE1 -- 9 A WORD1 TO ALL ! EXCELL5CES ADMIR$ BY ! WORLD1 -- ! HOMAGE ( DIGNITIES1 ! DI/9CTIONS ( P[] & WEAL?8 ,IT IS NOT ,I :O REFUSE IT3 IT IS ECONOMY1 IT IS JU/ICE1 IT IS LIB]TY4 ,LIB]TY6 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ?IS DISCUSSION ,I APPEAL TO H]4 ,LET H] RISE 9 H] [N DEF5SE1 & A*IEVE H] VICTORY4 

,EV]Y TRANSACTION 5D+ 9 AN EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS OR S]VICES MAY BE DESIGNAT$ AS A COMM]CIAL OP]ATION4 

,:OEV] SAYS COMM]CE1 SAYS EX*ANGE ( EQUAL VALUES2 =1 IF ! VALUES >E NOT EQUAL1 & ! 9JUR$ P>TY P]CEIVES IT1 HE WILL NOT CONS5T TO ! EX*ANGE1 & !RE WILL BE NO COMM]CE4 

,COMM]CE EXI/S ONLY AMONG FREE M54 ,TRANSACTIONS MAY BE EFFECT$ BETWE5 O!R PEOPLE BY VIOL5CE OR FRAUD1 BUT !RE IS NO COMM]CE4 

,A FREE MAN IS ONE :O 5JOYS ! USE ( HIS REASON & HIS FACULTIES2 :O IS NEI!R BL9D$ BY PASSION1 NOR H9D]$ OR DRIV5 BY OPPRESSION1 NOR DECEIV$ BY ]RONE\S OP9IONS4 

,SO1 9 EV]Y EX*ANGE1 !RE IS A MORAL OBLIGATION ?AT NEI!R ( ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES %ALL GA9 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R2 ?AT IS1 ?AT1 TO BE LEGITIMATE & TRUE1 COMM]CE MU/ BE EXEMPT FROM ALL 9EQUALITY4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ CONDITION ( COMM]CE4 ,ITS SECOND CONDITION IS1 ?AT IT BE VOLUNT>Y2 ?AT IS1 ?AT ! P>TIES ACT FREELY & OP5LY4 

,I DEF9E1 !N1 COMM]CE OR EX*ANGE AS AN ACT ( SOCIETY4 

,! NEGRO :O SELLS HIS WIFE = A KNIFE1 HIS *ILDR5 = SOME BITS ( GLASS1 & F9ALLY HIMSELF = A BOTTLE ( BR&Y1 IS NOT FREE4 ,! DEAL] 9 HUMAN FLE%1 ) :OM HE NEGOTIATES1 IS NOT HIS ASSOCIATE2 HE IS HIS 5EMY4 

,! CIVILIZ$ LABOR] :O BAKES A LOAF ?AT HE MAY EAT A SLICE ( BREAD1 :O BUILDS A PALACE ?AT HE MAY SLEEP 9 A /ABLE1 :O WEAVES RI* FABRICS ?AT HE MAY DRESS 9 RAGS1 :O PRODUCES EV]Y ?+ ?AT HE MAY DISP5SE ) EV]Y ?+1 -- IS NOT FREE4 ,HIS EMPLOY]1 NOT BECOM+ HIS ASSOCIATE 9 ! EX*ANGE ( SAL>IES OR S]VICES :I* TAKES PLACE BETWE5 !M1 IS HIS 5EMY4 

,! SOLDI] :O S]VES HIS C\NTRY ?R\< FE> 9/EAD ( ?R\< LOVE IS NOT FREE2 HIS COMRADES & HIS (FIC]S1 ! M9I/]S OR ORGANS ( MILIT>Y JU/ICE1 >E ALL HIS 5EMIES4 

,! PEASANT :O HIRES L&1 ! MANUFACTUR] :O BORR[S CAPITAL1 ! TAX-PAY] :O PAYS TOLLS1 DUTIES1 PAT5T & LIC5SE FEES1 P]SONAL & PROP]TY TAXES1 @&C41 & ! DEPUTY :O VOTES = !M1 -- ALL ACT NEI!R 9TELLIG5TLY NOR FREELY4 ,!IR 5EMIES >E ! PROPRIETORS1 ! CAPITALI/S1 ! GOV]NM5T4 

,GIVE M5 LIB]TY1 5LI<T5 !IR M9DS ?AT !Y MAY KN[ ! MEAN+ ( !IR CONTRACTS1 & Y\ WILL SEE ! MO/ P]FECT EQUALITY 9 EX*ANGES )\T REG>D TO SUP]IORITY ( TAL5T & KN[L$GE2 & Y\ WILL ADMIT ?AT 9 COMM]CIAL AFFAIRS1 ?AT IS1 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIETY1 ! WORD SUP]IORITY IS VOID ( S5SE4 

,LET ,HOM] S+ HIS V]SE4 ,I LI/5 TO ?IS SUBLIME G5IUS 9 COMP>ISON ) :OM ,I1 A SIMPLE H]DSMAN1 AN HUMBLE F>M]1 AM AS NO?+4 ,:AT1 9DE$1 -- IF PRODUCT IS TO BE COMP>$ ) PRODUCT1 -- >E MY *EESES & MY BEANS 9 ! PRES5CE ( HIS 0,ILIAD08 ,BUT1 IF ,HOM] WI%ES TO TAKE FROM ME ALL ?AT ,I POSSESS1 & MAKE ME HIS SLAVE 9 RETURN = HIS 9IMITABLE POEM1 ,I WILL GIVE UP ! PLEASURE ( HIS LAYS1 & DISMISS HIM4 ,I CAN DO )\T HIS 0,ILIAD10 & WAIT1 IF NECESS>Y1 = ! 0A5EID40 ,HOM] CANNOT LIVE TW5TY-F\R H\RS )\T MY PRODUCTS4 ,LET HIM ACCEPT1 !N1 ! LITTLE ?AT ,I HAVE TO (F]2 & !N HIS MUSE MAY 9/RUCT1 5C\RAGE1 & CONSOLE ME4 

0,:AT6 DO Y\ SAY ?AT SU* %\LD BE ! CONDITION ( ONE :O S+S ( GODS & M58 ,ALMS1 ) ! HUMILIATION & SUFF]+ :I* !Y BR+ ) !M6 -- :AT B>B>\S G5]OSITY60 444 ,DO NOT GET EXCIT$1 ,I BEG ( Y\4 ,PROP]TY MAKES ( A POET EI!R A ,CROESUS OR A BEGG>2 ONLY EQUALITY KN[S H[ TO HONOR & TO PRAISE HIM4 ,:AT IS ITS DUTY8 ,TO REGULATE ! RI<T ( ! S+] & ! DUTY ( ! LI/5]4 ,N[1 NOTICE ?IS PO9T1 :I* IS A V]Y IMPORTANT ONE 9 ! SOLUTION ( ?IS QUE/ION3 BO? >E FREE1 ! ONE TO SELL1 ! O!R TO BUY4 ,H5CE=? !IR RESPECTIVE PRET5SIONS GO = NO?+2 & ! E/IMATE1 :E!R FAIR OR UNFAIR1 ?AT !Y PLACE1 ! ONE UPON HIS V]SE1 ! O!R UPON HIS LIB]ALITY1 CAN HAVE NO 9FLU5CE UPON ! CONDITIONS ( ! CONTRACT4 ,WE MU/ NO LONG]1 9 MAK+ \R B>GA9S1 WEI< TAL5T2 WE MU/ CONSID] PRODUCTS ONLY4 

,9 ORD] ?AT ! B>D ( ,A*ILLES MAY GET HIS DUE REW>D1 HE MU/ FIR/ MAKE HIMSELF WANT$3 ?AT DONE1 ! EX*ANGE ( HIS V]SE = A FEE ( ANY K9D1 BE+ A FREE ACT1 MU/ BE AT ! SAME TIME A JU/ ACT2 ?AT IS1 ! POET'S FEE MU/ BE EQUAL TO HIS PRODUCT4 ,N[1 :AT IS ! VALUE ( ?IS PRODUCT8 

,LET US SUPPOSE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ?IS 0,ILIAD0 -- ?IS *EF-D' OEUVRE ?AT IS TO BE EQUITABLY REW>D$ -- IS REALLY ABOVE PRICE1 ?AT WE DO NOT KN[ H[ TO APPRAISE IT4 ,IF ! PUBLIC1 :O >E FREE TO PUR*ASE IT1 REFUSE TO DO SO1 IT IS CLE> ?AT1 ! POEM BE+ UNEX*ANGEABLE1 ITS 9TR9SIC VALUE WILL NOT BE DIM9I%$2 BUT ?AT ITS EX*ANGEABLE VALUE1 OR ITS PRODUCTIVE UTILITY1 WILL BE R$UC$ TO Z]O1 WILL BE NO?+ AT ALL4 ,!N WE MU/ SEEK ! AM\NT ( WAGES TO BE PAID BETWE5 9F9ITY ON ! ONE H& & NO?+ ON ! O!R1 AT AN EQUAL DI/ANCE FROM EA*1 S9CE ALL RI<TS & LIB]TIES >E 5TITL$ TO EQUAL RESPECT2 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NOT ! 9TR9SIC VALUE1 BUT ! RELATIVE VALUE1 ( ! ?+ SOLD ?AT NE$S TO BE FIX$4 ,! QUE/ION GR[S SIMPL]3 :AT IS ?IS RELATIVE VALUE8 ,TO :AT REW>D DOES A POEM LIKE ! 0,ILIAD0 5TITLE ITS AU?OR8 

,! FIR/ BUS9ESS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AFT] FIX+ ITS DEF9ITIONS1 WAS ! SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM2 N[1 NOT ONLY HAS IT NOT BE5 SOLV$1 BUT IT HAS BE5 DECL>$ 9SOLUBLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ECONOMI/S1 ! RELATIVE OR EX*ANGEABLE VALUE ( ?+S CANNOT BE ABSOLUTELY DET]M9$2 IT NECESS>ILY V>IES4 

0,! VALUE ( A ?+10 SAYS ,SAY1 0IS A POSITIVE QUANTITY1 BUT ONLY = A GIV5 MOM5T4 ,IT IS ITS NATURE TO P]PETUALLY V>Y1 TO *ANGE FROM ONE PO9T TO ANO!R4 ,NO?+ CAN FIX IT ABSOLUTELY1 BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON NE$S & MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* V>Y ) EV]Y MOM5T4 ,!SE V>IATIONS COMPLICATE ECONOMICAL PH5OM5A1 & (T5 R5D] !M V]Y DIFFICULT ( OBS]VATION & SOLUTION4 ,I KN[ NO REM$Y = ?IS2 IT IS NOT 9 \R P[] TO *ANGE ! NATURE ( ?+S40 

,ELSE:]E ,SAY SAYS1 & REPEATS1 ?AT VALUE BE+ BAS$ ON UTILITY1 & UTILITY DEP5D+ 5TIRELY ON \R NE$S1 :IMS1 CU/OMS1 @&C41 VALUE IS AS V>IABLE AS OP9ION4 ,N[1 POLITICAL ECONOMY BE+ ! SCI5CE ( VALUES1 ( !IR PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 EX*ANGE1 & CONSUMPTION1 -- IF EX*ANGEABLE VALUE CANNOT BE ABSOLUTELY DET]M9$1 H[ IS POLITICAL ECONOMY POSSIBLE8 ,H[ CAN IT BE A SCI5CE8 ,H[ CAN TWO ECONOMI/S LOOK EA* O!R 9 ! FACE )\T LAU<+8 ,H[ D>E !Y 9SULT METAPHYSICIANS & PSY*OLOGI/S8 ,:AT6 ?AT FOOL ( A ,DESC>TES IMAG9$ ?AT PHILOSOPHY NE$$ AN IMMOVABLE BASE -- AN ALIQUID 9CONCUSSUM -- ON :I* ! $IFICE ( SCI5CE MI<T BE BUILT1 & HE WAS SIMPLE 5\< TO SE>* = IT6 ,& ! ,H]MES ( ECONOMY1 ,TRISMEGI/US ,SAY1 DEVOT+ HALF A VOLUME TO ! AMPLIFICATION ( ?AT SOLEMN TEXT1 POLITICAL ECONOMY IS A SCI5CE1 HAS ! C\RAGE TO AFFIRM IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS ?AT ?IS SCI5CE CANNOT DET]M9E ITS OBJECT1 -- :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO SAY+ ?AT IT IS )\T A PR9CIPLE OR F\NDATION6 ,HE DOES NOT KN[1 !N1 ! ILLU/RI\S ,SAY1 ! NATURE ( A SCI5CE2 OR RA!R1 HE KN[S NO?+ ( ! SUBJECT :I* HE DISCUSSES4 

,SAY'S EXAMPLE HAS BORNE ITS FRUITS4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AS IT EXI/S AT PRES5T1 RESEMBLES ONTOLOGY3 DISCUSS+ EFFECTS & CAUSES1 IT KN[S NO?+1 EXPLA9S NO?+1 DECIDES NO?+4 ,! IDEAS HONOR$ ) ! NAME ( ECONOMIC LAWS >E NO?+ MORE ?AN A FEW TRIFL+ G5]ALITIES1 TO :I* ! ECONOMI/S ?\<T TO GIVE AN APPE>ANCE ( DEP? BY CLO?+ !M 9 HI<-S\ND+ WORDS4 ,AS = ! ATTEMPTS ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE BY ! ECONOMI/S TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 ALL ?AT CAN BE SAID ( !M IS1 ?AT1 IF A GLIMM] ( S5SE OCCASIONALLY APPE>S 9 !IR LUCUBRATIONS1 !Y IMM$IATELY FALL BACK 9TO ABSURDITY4 ,= TW5TY-FIVE YE>S POLITICAL ECONOMY1 LIKE A HEAVY FOG1 HAS WEI<$ UPON ,FRANCE1 *ECK+ ! EF=TS ( ! M9D1 & SETT+ LIMITS TO LIB]TY4 

,HAS EV]Y CREATION ( 9DU/RY A V5AL1 ABSOLUTE1 UN*ANGEABLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY LEGITIMATE & TRUE VALUE8 -- ,YES4 

,CAN EV]Y PRODUCT ( MAN BE EX*ANG$ = SOME O!R PRODUCT ( MAN8 -- ,YES1 AGA94 

,H[ MANY NAILS IS A PAIR ( %OES WOR?8 

,IF WE CAN SOLVE ?IS APPALL+ PROBLEM1 WE %ALL HAVE ! KEY ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM = :I* HUMANITY HAS BE5 SE>*+ = SIX ?\S& YE>S4 ,9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS PROBLEM1 ! ECONOMI/ RECOILS CONFUS$2 ! PEASANT :O CAN NEI!R READ NOR WRITE REPLIES )\T HESITATION3 0,AS MANY AS CAN BE MADE 9 ! SAME TIME1 & ) ! SAME EXP5SE40 

,! ABSOLUTE VALUE ( A ?+1 !N1 IS ITS CO/ 9 TIME & EXP5SE4 ,H[ MU* IS A DIAMOND WOR? :I* CO/S ONLY ! LABOR ( PICK+ IT UP8 -- ,NO?+2 IT IS NOT A PRODUCT ( MAN4 ,H[ MU* WILL IT BE WOR? :5 CUT & M\NT$8 -- ,! TIME & EXP5SE :I* IT HAS CO/ ! LABOR]4 ,:Y1 !N1 IS IT SOLD AT SO HI< A PRICE8 -- ,BECAUSE M5 >E NOT FREE4 ,SOCIETY MU/ REGULATE ! EX*ANGE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! R>E/ ?+S1 AS IT DOES ?AT ( ! MO/ COMMON ONES1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT EA* MAY %>E 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( !M4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ?AT VALUE :I* IS BAS$ UPON OP9ION8 -- ,DELUSION1 9JU/ICE1 & ROBB]Y4 

,BY ?IS RULE1 IT IS EASY TO RECONCILE EV]Y BODY4 ,IF ! MEAN T]M1 :I* WE >E SE>*+ =1 BETWE5 AN 9F9ITE VALUE & NO VALUE AT ALL IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! CASE ( EV]Y PRODUCT1 BY ! AM\NT ( TIME & EXP5SE :I* ! PRODUCT CO/1 A POEM :I* HAS CO/ ITS AU?OR ?IRTY YE>S ( LABOR & AN \TLAY ( T5 ?\S& FRANCS 9 J\RNEYS1 BOOKS1 @&C41 MU/ BE PAID = BY ! ORD9>Y WAGES RECEIV$ BY A LABOR] DUR+ ?IRTY YE>S1 PLUS T5 ?\S& FRANCS 9DEMNITY = EXP5SE 9CURR$4 ,SUPPOSE ! :OLE AM\NT TO BE FIFTY ?\S& FRANCS2 IF ! SOCIETY :I* GETS ! B5EFIT ( ! PRODUCTION 9CLUDE A MILLION ( M51 MY %>E ( ! DEBT IS FIVE C5TIMES4 

,?IS GIVES RISE TO A FEW OBS]VATIONS4 

#a4 ,! SAME PRODUCT1 AT DIFF]5T TIMES & 9 DIFF]5T PLACES1 MAY CO/ MORE OR LESS ( TIME & \TLAY2 9 ?IS VIEW1 IT IS TRUE ?AT VALUE IS A V>IABLE QUANTITY4 ,BUT ?IS V>IATION IS NOT ?AT ( ! ECONOMI/S1 :O PLACE 9 !IR LI/ ( ! CAUSES ( ! V>IATION ( VALUES1 NOT ONLY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT TA/E1 CAPRICE1 FA%ION1 & OP9ION4 ,9 %ORT1 ! TRUE VALUE ( A ?+ IS 9V>IABLE 9 ITS ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION1 AL?\< IT MAY V>Y 9 ITS MONET>Y EXPRESSION4 

#b4 ,! PRICE ( EV]Y PRODUCT 9 DEM& %\LD BE ITS CO/ 9 TIME & \TLAY -- NEI!R MORE NOR LESS3 EV]Y PRODUCT NOT 9 DEM& IS A LOSS TO ! PRODUC] -- A COMM]CIAL NON-VALUE4 

#c4 ,! IGNORANCE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EVALUATION1 & ! DIFFICULTY UND] MANY CIRCUM/ANCES ( APPLY+ IT1 IS ! S\RCE ( COMM]CIAL FRAUD1 & ONE ( ! MO/ POT5T CAUSES ( ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES4 

#d4 ,TO REW>D C]TA9 9DU/RIES & PAY = C]TA9 PRODUCTS1 A SOCIETY IS NE$$ :I* CORRESPONDS 9 SIZE ) ! R>ITY ( TAL5TS1 ! CO/L9ESS ( ! PRODUCTS1 & ! V>IETY ( ! >TS & SCI5CES4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 A SOCIETY ( FIFTY F>M]S CAN SUPPORT A S*OOLMA/]1 IT REQUIRES ONE HUNDR$ = A %OEMAK]1 ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY = A BLACKSMI?1 TWO HUNDR$ = A TAILOR1 @&C4 ,IF ! NUMB] ( F>M]S RISES TO ONE ?\S&1 T5 ?\S&1 ONE HUNDR$ ?\S&1 @&C41 AS FA/ AS !IR NUMB] 9CREASES1 ?AT ( ! FUNCTION>IES :I* >E E>LIE/ REQUIR$ MU/ 9CREASE 9 ! SAME PROPORTION2 SO ?AT ! HI<E/ FUNCTIONS BECOME POSSIBLE ONLY 9 ! MO/ P[]FUL SOCIETIES4.<#a#h.> ,?AT IS ! PECULI> FEATURE ( CAPACITIES2 ! *>ACT] ( G5IUS1 ! SEAL ( ITS GLORY1 CANNOT >ISE & DEVELOP ITSELF1 EXCEPT 9 ! BOSOM ( A GREAT NATION4 ,BUT ?IS PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION1 NECESS>Y TO ! EXI/5CE ( G5IUS1 ADDS NO?+ TO ITS SOCIAL RI<TS3 F> FROM ?AT1 -- ! DELAY 9 ITS APPE>ANCE PROVES ?AT1 9 ECONOMICAL & CIVIL AFFAIRS1 ! L(TIE/ 9TELLIG5CE MU/ SUBMIT TO ! EQUALITY ( POSSESSIONS2 AN EQUALITY :I* IS ANT]IOR TO IT1 & ( :I* IT CON/ITUTES ! CR[N4 

,?IS IS SEV]E ON \R PRIDE1 BUT IT IS AN 9EXORABLE TRU?4 ,& H]E PSY*OLOGY COMES TO ! AID ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 GIV+ US TO UND]/& ?AT TAL5T & MAT]IAL RECOMP5SE HAVE NO COMMON MEASURE2 ?AT1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! CONDITION ( ALL PRODUC]S IS EQUAL3 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT ALL COMP>ISON BETWE5 !M1 & ALL DI/9CTION 9 =TUNES1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,9 FACT1 EV]Y WORK COM+ FROM ! H&S ( MAN -- COMP>$ ) ! RAW MAT]IAL ( :I* IT IS COMPOS$ -- IS BEYOND PRICE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! DI/ANCE IS AS GREAT BETWE5 A PAIR ( WOOD5 %OES & ! TRUNK ( A WALNUT-TREE1 AS BETWE5 A /ATUE BY ,SCOPAS & A BLOCK ( M>BLE4 ,! G5IUS ( ! SIMPLE/ ME*ANIC EX]TS AS MU* 9FLU5CE OV] ! MAT]IALS :I* HE USES1 AS DOES ! M9D ( A ,NEWTON OV] ! 9]T SPH]ES :OSE DI/ANCES1 VOLUMES1 & REVOLUTIONS HE CALCULATES4 ,Y\ ASK = TAL5T & G5IUS A CORRESPOND+ DEGREE ( HONOR & REW>D4 ,FIX = ME ! VALUE ( A WOOD-CUTT]'S TAL5T1 & ,I WILL FIX ?AT ( ,HOM]4 ,IF ANY ?+ CAN REW>D 9TELLIG5CE1 IT IS 9TELLIG5CE ITSELF4 ,?AT IS :AT HAPP5S1 :5 V>I\S CLASSES ( PRODUC]S PAY TO EA* O!R A RECIPROCAL TRIBUTE ( ADMIRATION & PRAISE4 ,BUT IF !Y CONTEMPLATE AN EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS ) A VIEW TO SATISFY+ MUTUAL NE$S1 ?IS EX*ANGE MU/ BE EFFECT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) A SY/EM ( ECONOMY :I* IS 9DIFF]5T TO CONSID]ATIONS ( TAL5T & G5IUS1 & :OSE LAWS >E D$UC$1 NOT FROM VAGUE & MEAN+LESS ADMIRATION1 BUT FROM A JU/ BALANCE BETWE5 DEBIT & CR$IT2 9 %ORT1 FROM COMM]CIAL ACC\NTS4 

,N[1 ?AT NO ONE MAY IMAG9E ?AT ! LIB]TY ( BUY+ & SELL+ IS ! SOLE BASIS ( ! EQUALITY ( WAGES1 & ?AT SOCIETY'S SOLE PROTECTION AGA9/ SUP]IORITY ( TAL5T LIES 9 A C]TA9 =CE ( 9]TIA :I* HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) RI<T1 ,I %ALL PROCE$ TO EXPLA9 :Y ALL CAPACITIES >E 5TITL$ TO ! SAME REW>D1 & :Y A CORRESPOND+ DIFF]5CE 9 WAGES W\LD BE AN 9JU/ICE4 ,I %ALL PROVE ?AT ! OBLIGATION TO /OOP TO ! SOCIAL LEVEL IS 9H]5T 9 TAL5T2 & ON ?IS V]Y SUP]IORITY ( G5IUS ,I WILL F\ND ! EQUALITY ( =TUNES4 ,I HAVE JU/ GIV5 ! NEGATIVE >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( REW>D+ ALL CAPACITIES ALIKE2 ,I WILL N[ GIVE ! DIRECT & POSITIVE >GUM5T4 

,LI/51 FIR/1 TO ! ECONOMI/3 IT IS ALWAYS PLEASANT TO SEE H[ HE REASONS1 & H[ HE UND]/&S JU/ICE4 ,)\T HIM1 MOREOV]1 )\T HIS AMUS+ BLUND]S & HIS WOND]FUL >GUM5TS1 WE %\LD LE>N NO?+4 ,EQUALITY1 SO ODI\S TO ! ECONOMI/1 [ES EV]Y ?+ TO POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

0,:5 ! P>5TS ( A PHYSICIAN .<! TEXT SAYS A LAWY]1 :I* IS NOT SO GOOD AN EXAMPLE.> HAVE EXP5D$ ON HIS $UCATION =TY ?\S& FRANCS1 ?IS SUM MAY BE REG>D$ AS SO MU* CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 HIS HEAD4 ,IT IS !RE=E P]MISSIBLE TO CONSID] IT AS YIELD+ AN ANNUAL 9COME ( F\R ?\S& FRANCS4 ,IF ! PHYSICIAN E>NS ?IRTY ?\S&1 !RE REMA9S AN 9COME ( TW5TY-SIX ?\S& FRANCS DUE TO ! P]SONAL TAL5TS GIV5 HIM BY ,NATURE4 ,?IS NATURAL CAPITAL1 !N1 IF WE ASSUME T5 P]C5T AS ! RATE ( 9T]E/1 AM\NTS TO TWO HUNDR$ & SIXTY ?\S& FRANCS2 & ! CAPITAL GIV5 HIM BY HIS P>5TS1 9 DEFRAY+ ! EXP5SES ( HIS $UCATION1 TO =TY ?\S& FRANCS4 ,! UNION ( !SE TWO K9DS ( CAPITAL CON/ITUTES HIS =TUNE40 -- ,SAY3 ,COMPLETE ,C\RSE1 @&C44 

,SAY DIVIDES ! =TUNE ( ! PHYSICIAN 9TO TWO P>TS3 ONE IS COMPOS$ ( ! CAPITAL :I* W5T TO PAY = HIS $UCATION1 ! O!R REPRES5TS HIS P]SONAL TAL5TS4 ,?IS DIVISION IS JU/2 IT IS 9 CON=MITY ) ! NATURE ( ?+S2 IT IS UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$2 IT S]VES AS ! MAJOR PREMISE ( ?AT GR& >GUM5T :I* E/ABLI%ES ! 9EQUALITY ( CAPACITIES4 ,I ACCEPT ?IS PREMISE )\T QUALIFICATION2 LET US LOOK AT ! CONSEQU5CES4 

#a4 ,SAY CR$ITS ! PHYSICIAN ) =TY ?\S& FRANCS1 -- ! CO/ ( HIS $UCATION4 ,?IS AM\NT %\LD BE 5T]$ UPON ! DEBIT SIDE ( ! ACC\NT4 ,=1 AL?\< ?IS EXP5SE WAS 9CURR$ = HIM1 IT WAS NOT 9CURR$ BY HIM4 ,!N1 9/EAD ( APPROPRIAT+ !SE =TY ?\S& FRANCS1 ! PHYSICIAN %\LD ADD !M TO ! PRICE ( HIS PRODUCT1 & REPAY !M TO ?OSE :O >E 5TITL$ TO !M4 ,NOTICE1 FUR!R1 ?AT ,SAY SPEAKS ( 9COME 9/EAD ( REIMBURSEM5T2 REASON+ ON ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL4 

,! EXP5SE ( $UCAT+ A TAL5T IS A DEBT CONTRACT$ BY ?IS TAL5T4 ,FROM ! V]Y FACT ( ITS EXI/5CE1 IT BECOMES A DEBTOR TO AN AM\NT EQUAL TO ! CO/ ( ITS PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS SO TRUE & SIMPLE ?AT1 IF ! $UCATION ( SOME ONE *ILD 9 A FAMILY HAS CO/ D\BLE OR TRIPLE ?AT ( ITS BRO!RS1 ! LATT] >E 5TITL$ TO A PROPORTIONAL AM\NT ( ! PROP]TY PREVI\S TO ITS DIVISION4 ,!RE IS NO DIFFICULTY AB\T ?IS 9 ! CASE ( GU>DIAN%IP1 :5 ! E/ATE IS ADM9I/]$ 9 ! NAME ( ! M9ORS4 

#b4 ,?AT :I* ,I HAVE JU/ SAID ( ! OBLIGATION 9CURR$ BY TAL5T ( REPAY+ ! CO/ ( ITS $UCATION DOES NOT EMB>RASS ! ECONOMI/4 ,! MAN ( TAL5T1 HE SAYS1 9H]IT+ FROM HIS FAMILY1 9H]ITS AMONG O!R ?+S A CLAIM TO ! =TY ?\S& FRANCS :I* HIS $UCATION CO/S2 & HE BECOMES1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 ITS PROPRIETOR4 ,BUT ?IS IS TO AB&ON ! RI<T ( TAL5T1 & TO FALL BACK UPON ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY2 :I* AGA9 CALLS UP ALL ! QUE/IONS ASK$ 9 ,*APT] ,I,I4 ,:AT IS ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY8 :AT IS 9H]ITANCE8 ,IS ! RI<T ( SUCCESSION A RI<T ( ACCUMULATION OR ONLY A RI<T ( *OICE8 H[ DID ! PHYSICIAN'S FA!R GET HIS =TUNE8 WAS HE A PROPRIETOR1 OR ONLY A USUFRUCTU>Y8 ,IF HE WAS RI*1 LET HIM ACC\NT = HIS WEAL?2 IF HE WAS POOR1 H[ C\LD HE 9CUR SO L>GE AN EXP5SE8 ,IF HE RECEIV$ AID1 :AT RI<T HAD HE TO USE ?AT AID TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( HIS B5EFACTORS1 @&C48 

#c4 0,!RE REMA9S AN 9COME ( TW5TY-SIX ?\S& FRANCS DUE TO ! P]SONAL TAL5TS GIV5 HIM BY ,NATURE40 7,SAY1 -- AS ABOVE QUOT$47 ,REASON+ FROM ?IS PREMISE1 ,SAY CONCLUDES ?AT \R PHYSICIAN'S TAL5T IS EQUIVAL5T TO A CAPITAL ( TWO HUNDR$ & SIXTY ?\S& FRANCS4 ,?IS SKILLFUL CALCULATOR MI/AKES A CONSEQU5CE = A PR9CIPLE4 ,! TAL5T MU/ NOT BE MEASUR$ BY ! GA91 BUT RA!R ! GA9 BY ! TAL5T2 = IT MAY HAPP51 ?AT1 NOT)/&+ HIS M]IT1 ! PHYSICIAN 9 QUE/ION WILL GA9 NO?+ AT ALL1 9 :I* CASE WILL IT BE NECESS>Y TO CONCLUDE ?AT HIS TAL5T OR =TUNE IS EQUIVAL5T TO Z]O8 ,TO SU* A RESULT1 H[EV]1 W\LD ,SAY'S REASON+ LEAD2 A RESULT :I* IS CLE>LY ABSURD4 

,N[1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PLACE A MONEY VALUE ON ANY TAL5T :ATSOEV]1 S9CE TAL5T & MONEY HAVE NO COMMON MEASURE4 ,ON :AT PLAUSIBLE GR\ND CAN IT BE MA9TA9$ ?AT A PHYSICIAN %\LD BE PAID TWO1 ?REE1 OR A HUNDR$ TIMES AS MU* AS A PEASANT8 ,AN UNAVOIDABLE DIFFICULTY1 :I* HAS NEV] BE5 SOLV$ SAVE BY AV>ICE1 NECESSITY1 & OPPRESSION4 ,IT IS NOT ?US ?AT ! RI<T ( TAL5T %\LD BE DET]M9$4 ,BUT H[ IS IT TO BE DET]M9$8 

#d4 ,I SAY1 FIR/1 ?AT ! PHYSICIAN MU/ BE TREAT$ ) AS MU* FAVOR AS ANY O!R PRODUC]1 ?AT HE MU/ NOT BE PLAC$ BEL[ ! LEVEL ( O!RS4 ,?IS ,I WILL NOT /OP TO PROVE4 ,BUT ,I ADD ?AT NEI!R MU/ HE BE LIFT$ ABOVE ?AT LEVEL2 BECAUSE HIS TAL5T IS COLLECTIVE PROP]TY = :I* HE DID NOT PAY1 & = :I* HE IS EV] 9 DEBT4 

,JU/ AS ! CREATION ( EV]Y 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION IS ! RESULT ( COLLECTIVE =CE1 SO ALSO >E A MAN'S TAL5T & KN[L$GE ! PRODUCT ( UNIV]SAL 9TELLIG5CE & ( G5]AL KN[L$GE SL[LY ACCUMULAT$ BY A NUMB] ( MA/]S1 & ?R\< ! AID ( MANY 9F]IOR 9DU/RIES4 ,:5 ! PHYSICIAN HAS PAID = HIS TEA*]S1 HIS BOOKS1 HIS DIPLOMAS1 & ALL ! O!R ITEMS ( HIS $UCATIONAL EXP5SES1 HE HAS NO MORE PAID = HIS TAL5T ?AN ! CAPITALI/ PAYS = HIS H\SE & L& :5 HE GIVES HIS EMPLOYES !IR WAGES4 ,! MAN ( TAL5T HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! PRODUCTION 9 HIMSELF ( A USEFUL 9/RUM5T4 ,HE HAS1 !N1 A %>E 9 ITS POSSESSION2 HE IS NOT ITS PROPRIETOR4 ,!RE EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE 9 HIM A FREE LABOR] & AN ACCUMULAT$ SOCIAL CAPITAL4 ,AS A LABOR]1 HE IS *>G$ ) ! USE ( AN 9/RUM5T1 ) ! SUP]9T5D5CE ( A MA*9E2 NAMELY1 HIS CAPACITY4 ,AS CAPITAL1 HE IS NOT HIS [N MA/]2 HE USES HIMSELF1 NOT = HIS [N B5EFIT1 BUT = ?AT ( O!RS4 

,EV5 IF TAL5T DID NOT F9D 9 ITS [N EXCELL5CE A REW>D = ! SACRIFICES :I* IT CO/S1 /ILL W\LD IT BE EASI] TO F9D REASONS = L[]+ ITS REW>D ?AN = RAIS+ IT ABOVE ! COMMON LEVEL4 ,EV]Y PRODUC] RECEIVES AN $UCATION2 EV]Y LABOR] IS A TAL5T1 A CAPACITY1 -- ?AT IS1 A PIECE ( COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,BUT ALL TAL5TS >E NOT EQUALLY CO/LY4 ,IT TAKES BUT FEW TEA*]S1 BUT FEW YE>S1 & BUT LITTLE /UDY1 TO MAKE A F>M] OR A ME*ANIC3 ! G5]ATIVE EF=T & -- IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO USE SU* LANGUAGE -- ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL GE/ATION >E PROPORTIONAL TO ! L(T9ESS ( ! CAPACITY4 ,BUT :ILE ! PHYSICIAN1 ! POET1 ! >TI/1 & ! SAVANT PRODUCE BUT LITTLE1 & ?AT SL[LY1 ! PRODUCTIONS ( ! F>M] >E MU* LESS UNC]TA91 & DO NOT REQUIRE SO LONG A TIME4 ,:ATEV] BE !N ! CAPACITY ( A MAN1 -- :5 ?IS CAPACITY IS ONCE CREAT$1 -- IT DOES NOT BELONG TO HIM4 ,LIKE ! MAT]IAL FA%ION$ BY AN 9DU/RI\S H&1 IT HAD ! P[] ( BECOM+1 & SOCIETY HAS GIV5 IT BE+4 ,%ALL ! VASE SAY TO ! POTT]1 0,I AM ?AT ,I AM1 & ,I [E Y\ NO?+08 

,! >TI/1 ! SAVANT1 & ! POET F9D !IR JU/ RECOMP5SE 9 ! P]MISSION ?AT SOCIETY GIVES !M TO DEVOTE !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO SCI5CE & TO >T3 SO ?AT 9 REALITY !Y DO NOT LABOR = !MSELVES1 BUT = SOCIETY1 :I* CREATES !M1 & REQUIRES ( !M NO O!R DUTY4 ,SOCIETY CAN1 IF NE$ BE1 DO )\T PROSE & V]SE1 MUSIC & PA9T+1 & ! KN[L$GE ( ! MOVEM5TS ( ! MOON & />S2 BUT IT CANNOT LIVE A S+LE DAY )\T FOOD & %ELT]4 

,UND\BT$LY1 MAN DOES NOT LIVE BY BREAD ALONE2 HE MU/1 ALSO 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,GOSPEL71 LIVE BY ! WORD ( ,GOD2 ?AT IS1 HE MU/ LOVE ! GOOD & DO IT1 KN[ & ADMIRE ! BEAUTIFUL1 & /UDY ! M>VELS ( ,NATURE4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO CULTIVATE HIS M9D1 HE MU/ FIR/ TAKE C>E ( HIS BODY1 -- ! LATT] DUTY IS AS NECESS>Y AS ! =M] IS NOBLE4 ,IF IT IS GLORI\S TO *>M & 9/RUCT M51 IT IS HONORABLE AS WELL TO FE$ !M4 ,:51 !N1 SOCIETY -- FAI?FUL TO ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR -- 5TRU/S A WORK ( >T OR ( SCI5CE TO ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 ALL[+ HIM TO AB&ON ORD9>Y LABOR1 IT [ES HIM AN 9DEMNITY = ALL :I* IT PREV5TS HIM FROM PRODUC+ 9DU/RIALLY2 BUT IT [ES HIM NO?+ MORE4 ,IF HE %\LD DEM& MORE1 SOCIETY %\LD1 BY REFUS+ HIS S]VICES1 ANNIHILATE HIS PRET5SIONS4 ,=C$1 !N1 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO LABOR REPUGNANT TO HIS NATURE1 ! MAN ( G5IUS W\LD FEEL HIS WEAKNESS1 & W\LD LIVE ! MO/ DI/A/EFUL ( LIVES4 

,!Y TELL ( A CELEBRAT$ S+] :O DEM&$ ( ! ,EMPRESS ( ,RUSSIA 7,CA!R9E ,I,I47 TW5TY ?\S& RUBLES = HIS S]VICES3 0,?AT IS MORE ?AN ,I GIVE MY FIELD-M>%ALS10 SAID ,CA!R9E4 0,Y\R MAJE/Y10 REPLI$ ! O!R1 0HAS ONLY TO MAKE S+]S ( H] FIELD-M>%ALS40 

,IF ,FRANCE 7MORE P[]FUL ?AN ,CA!R9E ,I,I47 %\LD SAY TO ,MADEMOISELLE ,RA*EL1 0,Y\ MU/ ACT = ONE HUNDR$ L\IS1 OR ELSE SP9 COTTON20 TO ,M4 ,DUPREZ1 0,Y\ MU/ S+ = TWO ?\S& F\R HUNDR$ FRANCS1 OR ELSE WORK 9 ! V9EY>D10 -- DO Y\ ?9K ?AT ! ACTRESS ,RA*EL1 & ! S+] ,DUPREZ1 W\LD AB&ON ! /AGE8 ,IF !Y DID1 !Y W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO REP5T IT4 

,MADEMOISELLE ,RA*EL RECEIVES1 !Y SAY1 SIXTY ?\S& FRANCS ANNUALLY FROM ! ,COM$IE-,FRANCAISE4 ,= A TAL5T LIKE H]S1 IT IS A SLI<T FEE4 ,:Y NOT ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS1 TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS8 ,:Y6 NOT A CIVIL LI/8 ,:AT MEANNESS6 ,>E WE REALLY GUILTY ( *AFF]+ ) AN >TI/ LIKE ,MADEMOISELLE ,RA*EL8 

,IT IS SAID1 9 REPLY1 ?AT ! MANAG]S ( ! !AT] CANNOT GIVE MORE )\T 9CURR+ A LOSS2 ?AT !Y ADMIT ! SUP]IOR TAL5T ( !IR Y\NG ASSOCIATE2 BUT ?AT1 9 FIX+ H] SAL>Y1 !Y HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO TAKE ! ACC\NT ( ! COMPANY'S RECEIPTS & EXP5SES 9TO CONSID]ATION ALSO4 

,?AT IS JU/1 BUT IT ONLY CONFIRMS :AT ,I HAVE SAID2 NAMELY1 ?AT AN >TI/'S TAL5T MAY BE 9F9ITE1 BUT ?AT ITS M]C5>Y CLAIMS >E NECESS>ILY LIMIT$1 -- ON ! ONE H&1 BY ITS USEFULNESS TO ! SOCIETY :I* REW>DS IT2 ON ! O!R1 BY ! RES\RCES ( ?IS SOCIETY3 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! DEM& ( ! SELL] IS BALANC$ BY ! RI<T ( ! BUY]4 

,MADEMOISELLE ,RA*EL1 !Y SAY1 BR+S TO ! TREASURY ( ! ,!ATRE-,FRANCAIS MORE ?AN SIXTY ?\S& FRANCS4 ,I ADMIT IT2 BUT !N ,I BLAME ! !AT]4 ,FROM :OM DOES ! ,!ATRE-,FRANCAIS TAKE ?IS MONEY8 ,FROM SOME CURI\S PEOPLE :O >E P]FECTLY FREE4 ,YES2 BUT ! WORK+M51 ! LESSEES1 ! T5ANTS1 ?OSE :O BORR[ BY PAWN+ !IR POSSESSIONS1 FROM :OM !SE CURI\S PEOPLE RECOV] ALL ?AT !Y PAY TO ! !AT]1 -- >E !Y FREE8 ,& :5 ! BETT] P>T ( !IR PRODUCTS >E CONSUM$ BY O!RS AT ! PLAY1 DO Y\ ASSURE ME ?AT !IR FAMILIES >E NOT 9 WANT8 ,UNTIL ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 REFLECT+ ON ! SAL>IES PAID TO ALL >TI/S1 SAVANTS1 & PUBLIC FUNCTION>IES1 HAVE PLA9LY EXPRESS$ !IR WI% & JUDGM5T AS TO ! MATT]1 ! SAL>IES ( ,MADEMOISELLE ,RA*EL & ALL H] FELL[->TI/S WILL BE A COMPULSORY TAX EXTORT$ BY VIOL5CE1 TO REW>D PRIDE1 & SUPPORT LIB]T9ISM4 

,IT IS BECAUSE WE >E NEI!R FREE NOR SUFFICI5TLY 5LI<T5$1 ?AT WE SUBMIT TO BE *EAT$ 9 \R B>GA9S2 ?AT ! LABOR] PAYS ! DUTIES LEVI$ BY ! PRE/IGE ( P[] & ! SELFI%NESS ( TAL5T UPON ! CURIOSITY ( ! IDLE1 & ?AT WE >E P]PETUALLY SC&ALIZ$ BY !SE MON/R\S 9EQUALITIES :I* >E 5C\RAG$ & APPLAUD$ BY PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,! :OLE NATION1 & ! NATION ONLY1 PAYS ITS AU?ORS1 ITS SAVANTS1 ITS >TI/S1 ITS (FICIALS1 :ATEV] BE ! H&S ?R\< :I* !IR SAL>IES PASS4 ,ON :AT BASIS %\LD IT PAY !M8 ,ON ! BASIS ( EQUALITY4 ,I HAVE PROV$ IT BY E/IMAT+ ! VALUE ( TAL5T4 ,I %ALL CONFIRM IT 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]1 BY PROV+ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ALL SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 

,:AT HAVE WE %[N SO F>8 ,?+S SO SIMPLE ?AT REALLY !Y SEEM SILLY3 -- 

,?AT1 AS ! TRAVEL] DOES NOT APPROPRIATE ! R\TE :I* HE TRAV]SES1 SO ! F>M] DOES NOT APPROPRIATE ! FIELD :I* HE S[S2 

,?AT IF1 NEV]!LESS1 BY REASON ( HIS 9DU/RY1 A LABOR] MAY APPROPRIATE ! MAT]IAL :I* HE EMPLOYS1 EV]Y EMPLOY] ( MAT]IAL BECOMES1 BY ! SAME TITLE1 A PROPRIETOR2 

,?AT ALL CAPITAL1 :E!R MAT]IAL OR M5TAL1 BE+ ! RESULT ( COLLECTIVE LABOR1 IS1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 

,?AT ! /RONG HAVE NO RI<T TO 5CROA* UPON ! LABOR ( ! WEAK1 NOR ! %REWD TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! CR$ULITY ( ! SIMPLE2 

,F9ALLY1 ?AT NO ONE CAN BE =C$ TO BUY ?AT :I* HE DOES NOT WANT1 /ILL LESS TO PAY = ?AT :I* HE HAS NOT B\<T2 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT ! EX*ANGEABLE VALUE ( A PRODUCT1 BE+ MEASUR$ NEI!R BY ! OP9ION ( ! BUY] NOR ?AT ( ! SELL]1 BUT BY ! AM\NT ( TIME & \TLAY :I* IT HAS CO/1 ! PROP]TY ( EA* ALWAYS REMA9S ! SAME4 

,>E NOT !SE V]Y SIMPLE TRU?S8 ,WELL1 AS SIMPLE AS !Y SEEM TO Y\1 READ]1 Y\ %ALL YET SEE O!RS :I* SURPASS !M 9 DULLNESS & SIMPLICITY4 ,= \R C\RSE IS ! REV]SE ( ?AT ( ! GEOMETRICIANS3 ) !M1 ! F>!R !Y ADVANCE1 ! MORE DIFFICULT !IR PROBLEMS BECOME2 WE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AFT] HAV+ COMM5C$ ) ! MO/ AB/RUSE PROPOSITIONS1 %ALL 5D ) ! AXIOMS4 

,BUT ,I MU/ CLOSE ?IS *APT] ) AN EXPOSITION ( ONE ( ?OSE />TL+ TRU?S :I* NEV] HAVE BE5 DREAM$ ( BY LEGI/S OR ECONOMI/S4 

8 #h4 -- ,?AT1 FROM ! ,/&-PO9T ( ,JU/ICE1 ,LABOR DE/ROYS ,PROP]TY4 

,?IS PROPOSITION IS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( ! TWO PREC$+ SECTIONS1 :I* WE HAVE JU/ SUMM$ UP4 

,! ISOLAT$ MAN CAN SUPPLY BUT A V]Y SMALL PORTION ( HIS WANTS2 ALL HIS P[] LIES 9 ASSOCIATION1 & 9 ! 9TELLIG5T COMB9ATION ( UNIV]SAL EF=T4 ,! DIVISION & COOP]ATION ( LABOR MULTIPLY ! QUANTITY & ! V>IETY ( PRODUCTS2 ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( FUNCTIONS IMPROVES !IR QUALITY4 

,!RE IS NOT A MAN1 !N1 BUT LIVES UPON ! PRODUCTS ( SEV]AL ?\S& DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES2 NOT A LABOR] BUT RECEIVES FROM SOCIETY AT L>GE ! ?+S :I* HE CONSUMES1 &1 ) !SE1 ! P[] TO REPRODUCE4 ,:O1 9DE$1 W\LD V5TURE ! ASS]TION1 0,I PRODUCE1 BY MY [N EF=T1 ALL ?AT ,I CONSUME2 ,I NE$ ! AID ( NO ONE ELSE08 ,! F>M]1 :OM ! E>LY ECONOMI/S REG>D$ AS ! ONLY REAL PRODUC] -- ! F>M]1 H\S$1 FURNI%$1 CLO!D1 F$1 & ASSI/$ BY ! MASON1 ! C>P5T]1 ! TAILOR1 ! MILL]1 ! BAK]1 ! BUT*]1 ! GROC]1 ! BLACKSMI?1 @&C41 -- ! F>M]1 ,I SAY1 CAN HE BOA/ ?AT HE PRODUCES BY HIS [N UNAID$ EF=T8 

,! V>I\S >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION >E GIV5 TO EA* BY ALL2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PRODUCTION ( EA* 9VOLVES ! PRODUCTION ( ALL4 ,ONE PRODUCT CANNOT EXI/ )\T ANO!R2 AN ISOLAT$ 9DU/RY IS AN IMPOSSIBLE ?+4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! H>VE/ ( ! F>M]1 IF O!RS DID NOT MANUFACTURE = HIM B>NS1 WAGONS1 PL[S1 CLO!S1 @&C48 ,:]E W\LD BE ! SAVANT )\T ! PUBLI%]2 ! PR9T] )\T ! TYPECA/] & ! MA*9I/2 & !SE1 9 !IR TURN1 )\T A MULTITUDE ( O!R 9DU/RIES8 444 ,LET US NOT PROLONG ?IS CATALOG -- SO EASY TO EXT5D -- LE/ WE BE ACCUS$ ( UTT]+ COMMONPLACES4 ,ALL 9DU/RIES >E UNIT$ BY MUTUAL RELATIONS 9 A S+LE GR\P2 ALL PRODUCTIONS DO RECIPROCAL S]VICE AS MEANS & 5D2 ALL V>IETIES ( TAL5T >E BUT A S]IES ( *ANGES FROM ! 9F]IOR TO ! SUP]IOR4 

,N[1 ?IS UNDISPUT$ & 9DISPUTABLE FACT ( ! G5]AL P>TICIPATION 9 EV]Y SPECIES ( PRODUCT MAKES ALL 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTIONS COMMON2 SO ?AT EV]Y PRODUCT1 COM+ FROM ! H&S ( ! PRODUC]1 IS MORTGAG$ 9 ADVANCE BY SOCIETY4 ,! PRODUC] HIMSELF IS 5TITL$ TO ONLY ?AT PORTION ( HIS PRODUCT1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ BY A FRACTION :OSE D5OM9ATOR IS EQUAL TO ! NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS ( :I* SOCIETY IS COMPOS$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 RETURN ?IS SAME PRODUC] HAS A %>E 9 ALL ! PRODUCTS ( O!RS1 SO ?AT HE HAS A CLAIM UPON ALL1 JU/ AS ALL HAVE A CLAIM UPON HIM2 BUT IS IT NOT CLE> ?AT ?IS RECIPROCITY ( MORTGAGES1 F> FROM AU?ORIZ+ PROP]TY1 DE/ROYS EV5 POSSESSION8 ,! LABOR] IS NOT EV5 POSSESSOR ( HIS PRODUCT2 SC>CELY HAS HE F9I%$ IT1 :5 SOCIETY CLAIMS IT4 

0,BUT10 IT WILL BE ANSW]$1 0EV5 IF ?AT IS SO -- EV5 IF ! PRODUCT DOES NOT BELONG TO ! PRODUC] -- /ILL SOCIETY GIVES EA* LABOR] AN EQUIVAL5T = HIS PRODUCT2 & ?IS EQUIVAL5T1 ?IS SAL>Y1 ?IS REW>D1 ?IS ALL[ANCE1 BECOMES HIS PROP]TY4 ,DO Y\ D5Y ?AT ?IS PROP]TY IS LEGITIMATE8 

,& IF ! LABOR]1 9/EAD ( CONSUM+ HIS 5TIRE WAGES1 *OOSES TO ECONOMIZE1 -- :O D>E QUE/ION HIS RI<T TO DO SO80 

,! LABOR] IS NOT EV5 PROPRIETOR ( ! PRICE ( HIS LABOR1 & CANNOT ABSOLUTELY CONTROL ITS DISPOSITION4 ,LET US NOT BE BL9D$ BY A SPURI\S JU/ICE4 ,?AT :I* IS GIV5 ! LABOR] 9 EX*ANGE = HIS PRODUCT IS NOT GIV5 HIM AS A REW>D = PA/ LABOR1 BUT TO PROVIDE = & SECURE FUTURE LABOR4 ,WE CONSUME BE=E WE PRODUCE4 ,! LABOR] MAY SAY AT ! 5D ( ! DAY1 0,I HAVE PAID YE/]DAY'S EXP5SES2 TO-MORR[ ,I %ALL PAY ?OSE ( TODAY40 ,AT EV]Y MOM5T ( HIS LIFE1 ! MEMB] ( SOCIETY IS 9 DEBT2 HE DIES ) ! DEBT UNPAID3 -- H[ IS IT POSSIBLE = HIM TO ACCUMULATE8 

,!Y TALK ( ECONOMY -- IT IS ! PROPRIETOR'S HOBBY4 ,UND] A SY/EM ( EQUALITY1 ALL ECONOMY :I* DOES NOT AIM AT SUBSEQU5T REPRODUCTION OR 5JOYM5T IS IMPOSSIBLE -- :Y8 ,BECAUSE ! ?+ SAV$1 S9CE IT CANNOT BE CONV]T$ 9TO CAPITAL1 HAS NO OBJECT1 & IS )\T A F9AL CAUSE4 ,?IS WILL BE EXPLA9$ MORE FULLY 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 

,TO CONCLUDE3 -- 

,! LABOR]1 9 HIS RELATION TO SOCIETY1 IS A DEBTOR :O ( NECESSITY DIES 9SOLV5T4 ,! PROPRIETOR IS AN UNFAI?FUL GU>DIAN :O D5IES ! RECEIPT ( ! DEPOSIT COMMITT$ TO HIS C>E1 & WI%ES TO BE PAID = HIS GU>DIAN%IP D[N TO ! LA/ DAY4 

,LE/ ! PR9CIPLES JU/ SET =? MAY APPE> TO C]TA9 READ]S TOO METAPHYSICAL1 ,I %ALL REPRODUCE !M 9 A MORE CONCRETE =M1 9TELLIGIBLE TO ! DULLE/ BRA9S1 & PREGNANT ) ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES4 

,HI!RTO1 ,I HAVE CONSID]$ PROP]TY AS A P[] ( EXCLUSION2 H]EAFT]1 ,I %ALL EXAM9E IT AS A P[] ( 9VASION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahci 3 ,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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