,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,ME?OD ,PURSU$ ,9 ,?IS ,WORK4 -- ,! ,IDEA ,( ,A ,REVOLUTION 

#ahdahd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,MEMOIR 

,ADV]SUS HO/EM AET]NA AUCT]TAS E/O4 

,AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 REV5DICATION IS ET]NAL4 

,LAW ( ! TWELVE TABLES4 

,*APT] ,I4 ,ME?OD ,PURSU$ ,9 ,?IS ,WORK4 -- ,! ,IDEA ,( ,A ,REVOLUTION4 

,IF ,I W]E ASK$ TO ANSW] ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS SLAV]Y8 & ,I %\LD ANSW] 9 ONE WORD1 ,IT IS MURD]1 MY MEAN+ W\LD BE UND]/OOD AT ONCE4 ,NO EXT5D$ >GUM5T W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO %[ ?AT ! P[] TO TAKE FROM A MAN HIS ?\<T1 HIS WILL1 HIS P]SONALITY1 IS A P[] ( LIFE & DEA?2 & ?AT TO 5?RALL$ A MAN IS TO KILL HIM4 ,:Y1 !N1 TO ?IS O!R QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS PROP]TY6 MAY ,I NOT LIKEWISE ANSW]1 ,IT IS ROBB]Y1 )\T ! C]TA9TY ( BE+ MISUND]/OOD2 ! SECOND PROPOSITION BE+ NO O!R ?AN A TRANS=MATION ( ! FIR/8 

,I UND]TAKE TO DISCUSS ! VITAL PR9CIPLE ( \R GOV]NM5T & \R 9/ITUTIONS1 PROP]TY3 ,I AM 9 MY RI<T4 ,I MAY BE MI/AK5 9 ! CONCLUSION :I* %ALL RESULT FROM MY 9VE/IGATIONS3 ,I AM 9 MY RI<T4 ,I ?9K BE/ TO PLACE ! LA/ ?\<T ( MY BOOK FIR/3 /ILL AM ,I 9 MY RI<T4 

,SU* AN AU?OR TEA*ES ?AT PROP]TY IS A CIVIL RI<T1 BORN ( OCCUPATION & SANCTION$ BY LAW2 ANO!R MA9TA9S ?AT IT IS A NATURAL RI<T1 ORIG9AT+ 9 LABOR1 -- & BO? ( !SE DOCTR9ES1 TOTALLY OPPOS$ AS !Y MAY SEEM1 >E 5C\RAG$ & APPLAUD$4 ,I CONT5D ?AT NEI!R LABOR1 NOR OCCUPATION1 NOR LAW1 CAN CREATE PROP]TY2 ?AT IT IS AN EFFECT )\T A CAUSE3 AM ,I C5SURABLE8 

,BUT MURMURS >ISE6 

,PROP]TY IS !FT6 ,?AT IS ! W>-CRY ( '#i#c6 ,?AT IS ! SIGNAL ( REVOLUTIONS6 

,READ]1 CALM Y\RSELF3 ,I AM NO AG5T ( DISCORD1 NO FIREBR& ( S$ITION4 ,I ANTICIPATE HI/ORY BY A FEW DAYS2 ,I DISCLOSE A TRU? :OSE DEVELOPM5T WE MAY TRY 9 VA9 TO >RE/2 ,I WRITE ! PREAMBLE ( \R FUTURE CON/ITUTION4 ,?IS PROPOSITION :I* SEEMS TO Y\ BLASPHEM\S -- PROP]TY IS ROBB]Y -- W\LD1 IF \R PREJUDICES ALL[$ US TO CONSID] IT1 BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! LI<TN+-ROD TO %IELD US FROM ! COM+ ?UND]BOLT2 BUT TOO MANY 9T]E/S /& 9 ! WAY6 444 ,ALAS6 PHILOSOPHY WILL NOT *ANGE ! C\RSE ( EV5TS3 DE/9Y WILL FULFILL ITSELF REG>DLESS ( PROPHECY4 ,BESIDES1 MU/ NOT JU/ICE BE DONE & \R $UCATION BE F9I%$8 

,PROP]TY IS ROBB]Y6 444  ,:AT A REVOLUTION 9 HUMAN IDEAS6 ,PROPRIETOR & ROBB] HAVE BE5 AT ALL TIMES EXPRESSIONS AS CONTRADICTORY AS ! BE+S :OM !Y DESIGNATE >E HO/ILE2 ALL LANGUAGES HAVE P]PETUAT$ ?IS OPPOSITION4 ,ON :AT AU?ORITY1 !N1 DO Y\ V5TURE TO ATTACK UNIV]SAL CONS5T1 & GIVE ! LIE TO ! HUMAN RACE8 ,:O >E Y\1 ?AT Y\ %\LD QUE/ION ! JUDGM5T ( ! NATIONS & ! AGES8 

,( :AT CONSEQU5CE TO Y\1 READ]1 IS MY OBSCURE 9DIVIDUALITY8 ,I LIVE1 LIKE Y\1 9 A C5TURY 9 :I* REASON SUBMITS ONLY TO FACT & TO EVID5CE4 ,MY NAME1 LIKE Y\RS1 IS ,T,R,U,?-,S,E,E,K,]4.<#f.> ,MY MISSION IS WRITT5 9 !SE WORDS ( ! LAW3 ,SPEAK )\T HATR$ & )\T FE>2 TELL ?AT :I* ?\ KN[E/6 ,! WORK ( \R RACE IS TO BUILD ! TEMPLE ( SCI5CE1 & ?IS SCI5CE 9CLUDES MAN & ,NATURE4 ,N[1 TRU? REVEALS ITSELF TO ALL2 TO-DAY TO ,NEWTON & ,PASCAL1 TOMORR[ TO ! H]DSMAN 9 ! VALLEY & ! J\RNEYMAN 9 ! %OP4 ,EA* ONE CONTRIBUTES HIS /ONE TO ! $IFICE2 &1 HIS TASK ACCOMPLI%$1 DISAPPE>S4 ,ET]NITY PREC$ES US1 ET]NITY FOLL[S US3 BETWE5 TWO 9F9ITES1 ( :AT ACC\NT IS ONE POOR MORTAL ?AT ! C5TURY %\LD 9QUIRE AB\T HIM8 

,DISREG>D !N1 READ]1 MY TITLE & MY *>ACT]1 & ATT5D ONLY TO MY >GUM5TS4 ,IT IS 9 ACCORDANCE ) UNIV]SAL CONS5T ?AT ,I UND]TAKE TO CORRECT UNIV]SAL ]ROR2 FROM ! OP9ION ( ! HUMAN RACE ,I APPEAL TO ITS FAI?4 ,HAVE ! C\RAGE TO FOLL[ ME2 &1 IF Y\R WILL IS UNTRAMMEL$1 IF Y\R CONSCI5CE IS FREE1 IF Y\R M9D CAN UNITE TWO PROPOSITIONS & D$UCE A ?IRD !REFROM1 MY IDEAS WILL 9EVITABLY BECOME Y\RS4 ,9 BEG9N+ BY GIV+ Y\ MY LA/ WORD1 IT WAS MY PURPOSE TO W>N Y\1 NOT TO DEFY Y\2 = ,I AM C]TA9 ?AT1 IF Y\ READ ME1 Y\ WILL BE COMPELL$ TO ASS5T4 ,! ?+S ( :I* ,I AM TO SPEAK >E SO SIMPLE & CLE> ?AT Y\ WILL BE A/ONI%$ AT NOT HAV+ P]CEIV$ !M BE=E1 & Y\ WILL SAY3 0,I HAVE NEGLECT$ TO ?9K40 ,O!RS (F] Y\ ! SPECTACLE ( G5IUS WRE/+ ,NATURE'S SECRETS FROM H]1 & UNFOLD+ BE=E Y\ H] SUBLIME MESSAGES2 Y\ WILL F9D H]E ONLY A S]IES ( EXP]IM5TS UPON JU/ICE & RI<T A SORT ( V]IFICATION ( ! WEI<TS & MEASURES ( Y\R CONSCI5CE4 ,! OP]ATIONS %ALL BE CONDUCT$ UND] Y\R V]Y EYES2 & Y\ %ALL WEI< ! RESULT4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,I BUILD NO SY/EM4 ,I ASK AN 5D TO PRIVILEGE1 ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 & ! REIGN ( LAW4 ,JU/ICE1 NO?+ ELSE2 ?AT IS ! ALPHA & OMEGA ( MY >GUM5T3 TO O!RS ,I LEAVE ! BUS9ESS ( GOV]N+ ! WORLD4 

,ONE DAY ,I ASK$ MYSELF3 ,:Y IS !RE SO MU* SORR[ & MIS]Y 9 SOCIETY8 ,MU/ MAN ALWAYS BE WRET*$8 ,& NOT SATISFI$ ) ! EXPLANATIONS GIV5 BY ! RE=M]S1 -- !SE ATTRIBUT+ ! G5]AL DI/RESS TO GOV]NM5TAL C[>DICE & 9CAPACITY1 ?OSE TO CONSPIRATORS & EMEUTES1 /ILL O!RS TO IGNORANCE & G5]AL CORRUPTION1 -- & WE>Y ( ! 9T]M9ABLE QU>RELS ( ! TRIBUNE & ! PRESS1 ,I S\<T TO FA?OM ! MATT] MYSELF4 ,I HAVE CONSULT$ ! MA/]S ( SCI5CE2 ,I HAVE READ A HUNDR$ VOLUMES ( PHILOSOPHY1 LAW1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & HI/ORY3 W\LD TO ,GOD ?AT ,I HAD LIV$ 9 A C5TURY 9 :I* SO MU* READ+ HAD BE5 USELESS6 ,I HAVE MADE EV]Y EF=T TO OBTA9 EXACT 9=MATION1 COMP>+ DOCTR9ES1 REPLY+ TO OBJECTIONS1 CONT9UALLY CON/RUCT+ EQUATIONS & R$UCTIONS FROM >GUM5TS1 & WEI<+ ?\S&S ( SYLLOGISMS 9 ! SCALES ( ! MO/ RIGOR\S LOGIC4 ,9 ?IS LABORI\S WORK1 ,I HAVE COLLECT$ MANY 9T]E/+ FACTS :I* ,I %ALL %>E ) MY FRI5DS & ! PUBLIC AS SOON AS ,I HAVE LEISURE4 ,BUT ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I RECOGNIZ$ AT ONCE ?AT WE HAD NEV] UND]/OOD ! MEAN+ ( !SE WORDS1 SO COMMON & YET SO SACR$3 ,JU/ICE1 EQUITY1 LIB]TY2 ?AT CONC]N+ EA* ( !SE PR9CIPLES \R IDEAS HAVE BE5 UTT]LY OBSCURE2 &1 9 FACT1 ?AT ?IS IGNORANCE WAS ! SOLE CAUSE1 BO? ( ! POV]TY ?AT DEV\RS US1 & ( ALL ! CALAMITIES ?AT HAVE EV] AFFLICT$ ! HUMAN RACE4 

,MY M9D WAS FRI<T5$ BY ?IS /RANGE RESULT3 ,I D\BT$ MY REASON4 ,:AT6 SAID ,I1 ?AT :I* EYE HAS NOT SE51 NOR E> HE>D1 NOR 9SI<T P5ETRAT$1 Y\ HAVE DISCOV]$6 

,WRET*1 MI/AKE NOT ! VISIONS ( Y\R DISEAS$ BRA9 = ! TRU?S ( SCI5CE6 ,DO Y\ NOT KN[ 7GREAT PHILOSOPH]S HAVE SAID SO7 ?AT 9 PO9TS ( PRACTICAL MORALITY UNIV]SAL ]ROR IS A CONTRADICTION8 

,I RESOLV$ !N TO TE/ MY >GUM5TS2 & 9 5T]+ UPON ?IS NEW LABOR ,I S\<T AN ANSW] TO ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT HUMANITY CAN HAVE BE5 SO LONG & SO UNIV]SALLY MI/AK5 9 ! APPLICATION ( MORAL PR9CIPLES8 ,H[ & :Y C\LD IT BE MI/AK58 ,H[ CAN ITS ]ROR1 BE+ UNIV]SAL1 BE CAPABLE ( CORRECTION8 

,!SE QUE/IONS1 ON ! SOLUTION ( :I* DEP5D$ ! C]TA9TY ( MY CONCLUSIONS1 (F]$ NO L5G?Y RESI/ANCE TO ANALYSIS4 ,IT WILL BE SE51 9 *APT] ,V4 ( ?IS WORK1 ?AT 9 MORALS1 AS 9 ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 ! GRAVE/ ]RORS >E ! DOGMAS ( SCI5CE2 ?AT1 EV5 9 WORKS ( JU/ICE1 TO BE MI/AK5 IS A PRIVILEGE :I* 5NOBLES MAN2 & ?AT :ATEV] PHILOSOPHICAL M]IT MAY ATTA* TO ME IS 9F9ITELY SMALL4 ,TO NAME A ?+ IS EASY3 ! DIFFICULTY IS TO DISC]N IT BE=E ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,9 GIV+ EXPRESSION TO ! LA/ /AGE ( AN IDEA1 -- AN IDEA :I* P]MEATES ALL M9DS1 :I* TO-MORR[ WILL BE PROCLAIM$ BY ANO!R IF ,I FAIL TO ANN\NCE IT TO-DAY1 -- ,I CAN CLAIM NO M]IT SAVE ?AT ( PRIORITY ( UTT]ANCE4 ,DO WE EULOGIZE ! MAN :O FIR/ P]CEIVES ! DAWN8 

,YES3 ALL M5 BELIEVE & REPEAT ?AT EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS ID5TICAL ) EQUALITY ( RI<TS2 ?AT PROP]TY & ROBB]Y >E SYNONYM\S T]MS2 ?AT EV]Y SOCIAL ADVANTAGE ACCORD$1 OR RA!R USURP$1 9 ! NAME ( SUP]IOR TAL5T OR S]VICE1 IS 9IQUITY & EXTORTION4 ,ALL M5 9 !IR HE>TS1 ,I SAY1 BE> WITNESS TO !SE TRU?S2 !Y NE$ ONLY TO BE MADE TO UND]/& IT4 

,BE=E 5T]+ DIRECTLY UPON ! QUE/ION BE=E ME1 ,I MU/ SAY A WORD ( ! ROAD ?AT ,I %ALL TRAV]SE4 ,:5 ,PASCAL APPROA*$ A GEOMETRICAL PROBLEM1 HE 9V5T$ A ME?OD ( SOLUTION2 TO SOLVE A PROBLEM 9 PHILOSOPHY A ME?OD IS EQUALLY NECESS>Y4 ,WELL1 BY H[ MU* DO ! PROBLEMS ( :I* PHILOSOPHY TREATS SURPASS 9 ! GRAVITY ( !IR RESULTS ?OSE DISCUSS$ BY GEOMETRY6 ,H[ MU* MORE IMP]ATIVELY1 !N1 DO !Y DEM& = !IR SOLUTION A PR(\ND & RIGOR\S ANALYSIS6 

,IT IS A FACT PLAC$ = EV] BEYOND D\BT1 SAY ! MOD]N PSY*OLOGI/S1 ?AT EV]Y P]CEPTION RECEIV$ BY ! M9D IS DET]M9$ BY C]TA9 G5]AL LAWS :I* GOV]N ! M9D2 IS MOLD$1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 C]TA9 TYPES PREEXI/+ 9 \R UND]/&+1 & :I* CON/ITUTES ITS ORIG9AL CONDITION4 ,H5CE1 SAY !Y1 IF ! M9D HAS NO 9NATE IDEAS1 IT HAS AT LEA/ 9NATE =MS4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 EV]Y PH5OM5ON IS ( NECESSITY CONCEIV$ BY US AS HAPP5+ 9 TIME & SPACE1 -- ?AT COMPELS US TO 9F] A CAUSE ( ITS OCCURR5CE2 EV]Y ?+ :I* EXI/S IMPLIES ! IDEAS ( SUB/ANCE1 MODE1 RELATION1 NUMB]1 @&C42 9 A WORD1 WE =M NO IDEA :I* IS NOT RELAT$ TO SOME ONE ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( REASON1 9DEP5D5T ( :I* NO?+ EXI/S4 

,!SE AXIOMS ( ! UND]/&+1 ADD ! PSY*OLOGI/S1 !SE FUNDAM5TAL TYPES1 BY :I* ALL \R JUDGM5TS & IDEAS >E 9EVITABLY %AP$1 & :I* \R S5SATIONS S]VE ONLY TO ILLUM9ATE1 >E KN[N 9 ! S*OOLS AS CATEGORIES4 ,!IR PRIMORDIAL EXI/5CE 9 ! M9D IS TO-DAY DEMON/RAT$2 !Y NE$ ONLY TO BE SY/EMIZ$ & CATALOG$4 ,>I/OTLE RECOGNIZ$ T52 ,KANT 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] TO FIFTE52 ,M4 ,C\S9 HAS R$UC$ IT TO ?REE1 TO TWO1 TO ONE2 & ! 9DISPUTABLE GLORY ( ?IS PR(ESSOR WILL BE DUE TO ! FACT ?AT1 IF HE HAS NOT DISCOV]$ ! TRUE !ORY ( CATEGORIES1 HE HAS1 AT LEA/1 SE5 MORE CLE>LY ?AN ANY ONE ELSE ! VA/ IMPORTANCE ( ?IS QUE/ION1 -- ! GREATE/ & P]HAPS ! ONLY ONE ) :I* METAPHYSICS HAS TO DEAL4 

,I CONFESS ?AT ,I DISBELIEVE 9 ! 9NAT5ESS1 NOT ONLY ( IDEAS1 BUT ALSO ( =MS OR LAWS ( \R UND]/&+2 & ,I HOLD ! METAPHYSICS ( ,REID & ,KANT TO BE /ILL F>!R REMOV$ FROM ! TRU? ?AN ?AT ( ,>I/OTLE4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,I DO NOT WI% TO 5T] H]E 9TO A DISCUSSION ( ! M9D1 A TASK :I* W\LD DEM& MU* LABOR & BE ( NO 9T]E/ TO ! PUBLIC1 ,I %ALL ADMIT ! HYPO!SIS ?AT \R MO/ G5]AL & MO/ NECESS>Y IDEAS -- SU* AS TIME1 SPACE1 SUB/ANCE1 & CAUSE -- EXI/ ORIG9ALLY 9 ! M9D2 OR1 AT LEA/1 >E D]IV$ IMM$IATELY FROM ITS CON/ITUTION4 

,BUT IT IS A PSY*OLOGICAL FACT NONE ! LESS TRUE1 & ONE TO :I* ! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE PAID TOO LITTLE ATT5TION1 ?AT HABIT1 LIKE A SECOND NATURE1 HAS ! P[] ( FIX+ 9 ! M9D NEW CATEGORICAL =MS D]IV$ FROM ! APPE>ANCES :I* IMPRESS US1 & BY !M USUALLY /RIPP$ ( OBJECTIVE REALITY1 BUT :OSE 9FLU5CE OV] \R JUDGM5TS IS NO LESS PR$ET]M9+ ?AN ?AT ( ! ORIG9AL CATEGORIES4 ,H5CE WE REASON BY ! ET]NAL & ABSOLUTE LAWS ( \R M9D1 & AT ! SAME TIME BY ! SECOND>Y RULES1 ORD9>ILY FAULTY1 :I* >E SUGGE/$ TO US BY IMP]FECT OBS]VATION4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ FECUND S\RCE ( FALSE PREJUDICES1 & ! P]MAN5T & (T5 9V9CIBLE CAUSE ( A MULTITUDE ( ]RORS4 ,! BIAS RESULT+ FROM !SE PREJUDICES IS SO /RONG ?AT (T51 EV5 :5 WE >E FI<T+ AGA9/ A PR9CIPLE :I* \R M9D ?9KS FALSE1 :I* IS REPUGNANT TO \R REASON1 & :I* \R CONSCI5CE DISAPPROVES1 WE DEF5D IT )\T KN[+ IT1 WE REASON 9 ACCORDANCE ) IT1 & WE OBEY IT :ILE ATTACK+ IT4 ,5CLOS$ )9 A CIRCLE1 \R M9D REVOLVES AB\T ITSELF1 UNTIL A NEW OBS]VATION1 CREAT+ )9 US NEW IDEAS1 BR+S TO VIEW AN EXT]NAL PR9CIPLE :I* DELIV]S US FROM ! PHANTOM BY :I* \R IMAG9ATION IS POSSESS$4 

,?US1 WE KN[ TO-DAY ?AT1 BY ! LAWS ( A UNIV]SAL MAGNETISM :OSE CAUSE IS /ILL UNKN[N1 TWO BODIES 7NO OB/ACLE 9T]V5+7 T5D TO UNITE BY AN ACCEL]AT$ IMPELL+ =CE :I* WE CALL GRAVITATION4 ,IT IS GRAVITATION :I* CAUSES UNSUPPORT$ BODIES TO FALL TO ! GR\ND1 :I* GIVES !M WEI<T1 & :I* FA/5S US TO ! E>? ON :I* WE LIVE4 ,IGNORANCE ( ?IS CAUSE WAS ! SOLE OB/ACLE :I* PREV5T$ ! ANCI5TS FROM BELIEV+ 9 ! ANTIPODES4 0,CAN Y\ NOT SEE10 SAID ,/4 ,AUGU/9E AFT] ,LACTANTIUS1 0?AT1 IF !RE W]E M5 UND] \R FEET1 !IR HEADS W\LD PO9T D[NW>D1 & ?AT !Y W\LD FALL 9TO ! SKY80 ,! BI%OP ( ,HIPPO1 :O ?\<T ! E>? FLAT BECAUSE IT APPE>$ SO TO ! EYE1 SUPPOS$ 9 CONSEQU5CE ?AT1 IF WE %\LD CONNECT BY /RAI<T L9ES ! Z5I? ) ! NADIR 9 DIFF]5T PLACES1 !SE L9ES W\LD BE P>ALLEL ) EA* O!R2 & 9 ! DIRECTION ( !SE L9ES HE TRAC$ EV]Y MOVEM5T FROM ABOVE TO BEL[4 ,!NCE HE NATURALLY CONCLUD$ ?AT ! />S W]E ROLL+ TOR*ES SET 9 ! VAULT ( ! SKY2 ?AT1 IF LEFT TO !MSELVES1 !Y W\LD FALL TO ! E>? 9 A %[] ( FIRE2 ?AT ! E>? WAS ONE VA/ PLA91 =M+ ! L[] PORTION ( ! WORLD1 @&C4 ,IF HE HAD BE5 ASK$ BY :AT ! WORLD ITSELF WAS SU/A9$1 HE W\LD HAVE ANSW]$ ?AT HE DID NOT KN[1 BUT ?AT TO ,GOD NO?+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,SU* W]E ! IDEAS ( ,/4 ,AUGU/9E 9 REG>D TO SPACE & MOVEM5T1 IDEAS FIX$ )9 HIM BY A PREJUDICE D]IV$ FROM AN APPE>ANCE1 & :I* HAD BECOME ) HIM A G5]AL & CATEGORICAL RULE ( JUDGM5T4 ,( ! REASON :Y BODIES FALL HIS M9D KNEW NO?+2 HE C\LD ONLY SAY ?AT A BODY FALLS BECAUSE IT FALLS4 

,) US ! IDEA ( A FALL IS MORE COMPLEX3 TO ! G5]AL IDEAS ( SPACE & MOVEM5T :I* IT IMPLIES1 WE ADD ?AT ( ATTRACTION OR DIRECTION T[>DS A C5T]1 :I* GIVES US ! HI<] IDEA ( CAUSE4 ,BUT IF PHYSICS HAS FULLY CORRECT$ \R JUDGM5T 9 ?IS RESPECT1 WE /ILL MAKE USE ( ! PREJUDICE ( ,/4 ,AUGU/9E2 & :5 WE SAY ?AT A ?+ HAS FALL51 WE DO NOT MEAN SIMPLY & 9 G5]AL ?AT !RE HAS BE5 AN EFFECT ( GRAVITATION1 BUT SPECIALLY & 9 P>TICUL> ?AT IT IS T[>DS ! E>?1 & FROM ABOVE TO BEL[1 ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T HAS TAK5 PLACE4 ,\R M9D IS 5LI<T5$ 9 VA92 ! IMAG9ATION PREVAILS1 & \R LANGUAGE REMA9S =EV] 9CORRIGIBLE4 ,TO DESC5D FROM HEAV5 IS AS 9CORRECT AN EXPRESSION AS TO M\NT TO HEAV52 & YET ?IS EXPRESSION WILL LIVE AS LONG AS M5 USE LANGUAGE4 

,ALL !SE PHRASES -- FROM ABOVE TO BEL[2 TO DESC5D FROM HEAV52 TO FALL FROM ! CL\DS1 @&C4 -- >E H5CE=? H>MLESS1 BECAUSE WE KN[ H[ TO RECTIFY !M 9 PRACTICE2 BUT LET US DEIGN TO CONSID] = A MOM5T H[ MU* !Y HAVE RET>D$ ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE4 ,IF1 9DE$1 IT BE A MATT] ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE TO /ATI/ICS1 ME*ANICS1 HYDRODYNAMICS1 & BALLI/ICS1 ?AT ! TRUE CAUSE ( ! FALL ( BODIES %\LD BE KN[N1 & ?AT \R IDEAS ( ! G5]AL MOVEM5TS 9 SPACE %\LD BE EXACT1 IT IS QUITE O!RWISE :5 WE UND]TAKE TO EXPLA9 ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 ! CAUSE ( TIDES1 ! %APE ( ! E>?1 & ITS POSITION 9 ! HEAV5S3 TO UND]/& !SE ?+S WE MU/ LEAVE ! CIRCLE ( APPE>ANCES4 ,9 ALL AGES !RE HAVE BE5 +5I\S ME*ANICIANS1 EXCELL5T >*ITECTS1 SKILLFUL >TILL]YM53 ANY ]ROR1 9TO :I* IT WAS POSSIBLE = !M TO FALL 9 REG>D TO ! ROTUNDITY ( ! E>? & GRAVITATION1 9 NO WISE RET>D$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR >T2 ! SOLIDITY ( !IR BUILD+S & ACCURACY ( !IR AIM WAS NOT AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,BUT SOON] OR LAT] !Y W]E =C$ TO GRAPPLE ) PH5OM5A1 :I* ! SUPPOS$ P>ALLELISM ( ALL P]P5DICUL>S ]ECT$ FROM ! E>?'S SURFACE R5D]$ 9EXPLICABLE3 !N ALSO COMM5C$ A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PREJUDICES1 :I* = C5TURIES HAD SUFFIC$ 9 DAILY PRACTICE1 & ! UNPREC$5T$ OP9IONS :I* ! TE/IMONY ( ! EYES SEEM$ TO CONTRADICT4 

,?US1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! FALSE/ JUDGM5TS1 :E!R BAS$ ON ISOLAT$ FACTS OR ONLY ON APPE>ANCES1 ALWAYS EMBRACE SOME TRU?S :OSE SPH]E1 :E!R L>GE OR SMALL1 AF=DS ROOM = A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 9F]5CES1 BEYOND :I* WE FALL 9TO ABSURDITY4 ,! IDEAS ( ,/4 ,AUGU/9E1 = EXAMPLE1 CONTA9$ ! FOLL[+ TRU?S3 ?AT BODIES FALL T[>DS ! E>?1 ?AT !Y FALL 9 A /RAI<T L9E1 ?AT EI!R ! SUN OR ! E>? MOVES1 ?AT EI!R ! SKY OR ! E>? TURNS1 @&C4 ,!SE G5]AL FACTS ALWAYS HAVE BE5 TRUE2 \R SCI5CE HAS ADD$ NO?+ TO !M4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT BE+ NECESS>Y TO ACC\NT = EV]Y ?+1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO SEEK = PR9CIPLES MORE & MORE COMPREH5SIVE3 ?AT IS :Y WE HAVE HAD TO AB&ON SUCCESSIVELY1 FIR/ ! OP9ION ?AT ! WORLD WAS FLAT1 !N ! !ORY :I* REG>DS IT AS ! /ATION>Y C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE1 @&C4 

,IF WE PASS N[ FROM PHYSICAL NATURE TO ! MORAL WORLD1 WE /ILL F9D \RSELVES SUBJECT TO ! SAME DECEPTIONS ( APPE>ANCE1 TO ! SAME 9FLU5CES ( SPONTANEITY & HABIT4 ,BUT ! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ?IS SECOND DIVISION ( \R KN[L$GE IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! GOOD OR ! EVIL :I* WE D]IVE FROM \R OP9IONS2 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! OB/9ACY ) :I* WE DEF5D ! PREJUDICE :I* IS TORM5T+ & KILL+ US4 

,:ATEV] !ORY WE EMBRACE 9 REG>D TO ! %APE ( ! E>? & ! CAUSE ( ITS WEI<T1 ! PHYSICS ( ! GLOBE DOES NOT SUFF]2 &1 AS = US1 \R SOCIAL ECONOMY CAN D]IVE !REFROM NEI!R PR(IT NOR DAMAGE4 ,BUT IT IS 9 US & ?R\< US ?AT ! LAWS ( \R MORAL NATURE WORK2 N[1 !SE LAWS CANNOT BE EXECUT$ )\T \R DELIB]ATE AID1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 UNLESS WE KN[ !M4 ,IF1 !N1 \R SCI5CE ( MORAL LAWS IS FALSE1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT1 :ILE DESIR+ \R [N GOOD1 WE >E ACCOMPLI%+ \R [N EVIL2 IF IT IS ONLY 9COMPLETE1 IT MAY SUFFICE = A TIME = \R SOCIAL PROGRESS1 BUT 9 ! LONG RUN IT WILL LEAD US 9TO A WRONG ROAD1 & WILL F9ALLY PRECIPITATE US 9TO AN ABYSS ( CALAMITIES4 

,!N IT IS ?AT WE NE$ TO EX]CISE \R HI<E/ JUDGM5TS2 &1 BE IT SAID TO \R GLORY1 !Y >E NEV] F\ND WANT+3 BUT !N ALSO COMM5CES A FURI\S /RUGGLE BETWE5 OLD PREJUDICES & NEW IDEAS4 ,DAYS ( CONFLAGRATION & ANGUI%6 ,WE >E TOLD ( ! TIME :51 ) ! SAME BELIEFS1 ) ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS1 ALL ! WORLD SEEM$ HAPPY3 :Y COMPLA9 ( !SE BELIEFS2 :Y BANI% !SE 9/ITUTIONS8 ,WE >E SL[ TO ADMIT ?AT ?AT HAPPY AGE S]V$ ! PRECISE PURPOSE ( DEVELOP+ ! PR9CIPLE ( EVIL :I* LAY DORMANT 9 SOCIETY2 WE ACCUSE M5 & GODS1 ! P[]S ( E>? & ! =CES ( ,NATURE4 ,9/EAD ( SEEK+ ! CAUSE ( ! EVIL 9 HIS M9D & HE>T1 MAN BLAMES HIS MA/]S1 HIS RIVALS1 HIS NEI<BORS1 & HIMSELF2 NATIONS >M !MSELVES1 & SLAY & EXT]M9ATE EA* O!R1 UNTIL EQUILIBRIUM IS RE/OR$ BY ! VA/ DEPOPULATION1 & PEACE AGA9 >ISES FROM ! A%ES ( ! COMBATANTS4 ,SO LOA! IS HUMANITY TO T\* ! CU/OMS ( ITS ANCE/ORS1 & TO *ANGE ! LAWS FRAM$ BY ! F\ND]S ( COMMUNITIES1 & CONFIRM$ BY ! FAI?FUL OBS]VANCE ( ! AGES4 

,NIHIL MOTUM EX ANTIQUO PROBABILE E/3 ,DI/RU/ ALL 9NOVATIONS1 WROTE ,TITUS ,LIVIUS4 ,UND\BT$LY IT W\LD BE BETT] W]E MAN NOT COMPELL$ TO *ANGE3 BUT :AT6 BECAUSE HE IS BORN IGNORANT1 BECAUSE HE EXI/S ONLY ON CONDITION ( GRADUAL SELF-9/RUCTION1 MU/ HE ABJURE ! LI<T1 ABDICATE HIS REASON1 & AB&ON HIMSELF TO =TUNE8 ,P]FECT HEAL? IS BETT] ?AN CONVALESC5CE3 %\LD ! SICK MAN1 !RE=E1 REFUSE TO BE CUR$8 ,RE=M1 RE=M6 CRI$1 AGES S9CE1 ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ & ,JESUS ,*RI/4 ,RE=M1 RE=M6 CRI$ \R FA!RS1 FIFTY YE>S AGO2 & = A LONG TIME TO COME WE %ALL %\T1 ,RE=M1 RE=M6 

,SEE+ ! MIS]Y ( MY AGE1 ,I SAID TO MYSELF3 ,AMONG ! PR9CIPLES ?AT SUPPORT SOCIETY1 !RE IS ONE :I* IT DOES NOT UND]/&1 :I* ITS IGNORANCE HAS VITIAT$1 & :I* CAUSES ALL ! EVIL ?AT EXI/S4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS ! MO/ ANCI5T ( ALL2 = IT IS A *>ACT]I/IC ( REVOLUTIONS TO TE> D[N ! MO/ MOD]N PR9CIPLES1 & TO RESPECT ?OSE ( LONG-/&+4 ,N[ ! EVIL BY :I* WE SUFF] IS ANT]IOR TO ALL REVOLUTIONS4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE1 IMPAIR$ BY \R IGNORANCE1 IS HONOR$ & *]I%$2 = IF IT W]E NOT *]I%$ IT W\LD H>M NOBODY1 IT W\LD BE )\T 9FLU5CE4 

,BUT ?IS PR9CIPLE1 RI<T 9 ITS PURPOSE1 BUT MISUND]/OOD3 ?IS PR9CIPLE1 AS OLD AS HUMANITY1 :AT IS IT8 ,CAN IT BE RELIGION8 

,ALL M5 BELIEVE 9 ,GOD3 ?IS DOGMA BELONGS AT ONCE TO !IR CONSCI5CE & !IR M9D4 ,TO HUMANITY ,GOD IS A FACT AS PRIMITIVE1 AN IDEA AS 9EVITABLE1 A PR9CIPLE AS NECESS>Y AS >E ! CATEGORICAL IDEAS ( CAUSE1 SUB/ANCE1 TIME1 & SPACE TO \R UND]/&+4 ,GOD IS PROV5 TO US BY ! CONSCI5CE PRIOR TO ANY 9F]5CE ( ! M9D2 JU/ AS ! SUN IS PROV5 TO US BY ! TE/IMONY ( ! S5SES PRIOR TO ALL ! >GUM5TS ( PHYSICS4 ,WE DISCOV] PH5OM5A & LAWS BY OBS]VATION & EXP]I5CE2 ONLY ?IS DEEP] S5SE REVEALS TO US EXI/5CE4 ,HUMANITY BELIEVES ?AT ,GOD IS2 BUT1 9 BELIEV+ 9 ,GOD1 :AT DOES IT BELIEVE8 ,9 A WORD1 :AT IS ,GOD8 

,! NATURE ( ?IS NOTION ( ,DIV9ITY1 -- ?IS PRIMITIVE1 UNIV]SAL NOTION1 BORN 9 ! RACE1 -- ! HUMAN M9D HAS NOT YET FA?OM$4 ,AT EA* /EP ?AT WE TAKE 9 \R 9VE/IGATION ( ,NATURE & ( CAUSES1 ! IDEA ( ,GOD IS EXT5D$ & EXALT$2 ! F>!R SCI5CE ADVANCES1 ! MORE ,GOD SEEMS TO GR[ & BROAD54 ,AN?ROPOMORPHISM & IDOLATRY CON/ITUT$ ( NECESSITY ! FAI? ( ! M9D 9 ITS Y\?1 ! !OLOGY ( 9FANCY & POESY4 ,A H>MLESS ]ROR1 IF !Y HAD NOT 5DEAVOR$ TO MAKE IT A RULE ( CONDUCT1 & IF !Y HAD BE5 WISE 5\< TO RESPECT ! LIB]TY ( ?\<T4 ,BUT HAV+ MADE ,GOD 9 HIS [N IMAGE1 MAN WI%$ TO APPROPRIATE HIM /ILL F>!R2 NOT SATISFI$ ) DISFIGUR+ ! ,ALMI<TY1 HE TREAT$ HIM AS HIS PATRIMONY1 HIS GOODS1 HIS POSSESSIONS4 ,GOD1 PICTUR$ 9 MON/R\S =MS1 BECAME ?R\<\T ! WORLD ! PROP]TY ( MAN & ( ! ,/ATE4 ,SU* WAS ! ORIG9 ( ! CORRUPTION ( MORALS BY RELIGION1 & ! S\RCE ( PI\S FEUDS & HOLY W>S4 ,?ANK ,HEAV56 WE HAVE LE>N$ TO ALL[ EV]Y ONE HIS [N BELIEFS2 WE SEEK = MORAL LAWS \TSIDE ! PALE ( RELIGION4 ,9/EAD ( LEGISLAT+ AS TO ! NATURE & ATTRIBUTES ( ,GOD1 ! DOGMAS ( !OLOGY1 & ! DE/9Y ( \R S\LS1 WE WISELY WAIT = SCI5CE TO TELL US :AT TO REJECT & :AT TO ACCEPT4 ,GOD1 S\L1 RELIGION1 -- ET]NAL OBJECTS ( \R UNWE>I$ ?\<T & \R MO/ FATAL AB]RATIONS1 T]RIBLE PROBLEMS :OSE SOLUTION1 = EV] ATTEMPT$1 = EV] REMA9S UNACCOMPLI%$1 -- CONC]N+ ALL !SE QUE/IONS WE MAY /ILL BE MI/AK51 BUT AT LEA/ \R ]ROR IS H>MLESS4 ,) LIB]TY 9 RELIGION1 & ! SEP>ATION ( ! SPIRITUAL FROM ! TEMPORAL P[]1 ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGI\S IDEAS UPON ! PROGRESS ( SOCIETY IS PURELY NEGATIVE2 NO LAW1 NO POLITICAL OR CIVIL 9/ITUTION BE+ F\ND$ ON RELIGION4 ,NEGLECT ( DUTIES IMPOS$ BY RELIGION MAY 9CREASE ! G5]AL CORRUPTION1 BUT IT IS NOT ! PRIM>Y CAUSE2 IT IS ONLY AN AUXILI>Y OR RESULT4 ,IT IS UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! MATT] :I* N[ 5GAGES \R ATT5TION1 ?AT ! CAUSE ( ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS AMONG M5 -- ( PAUP]ISM1 ( UNIV]SAL MIS]Y1 & ( GOV]NM5TAL EMB>RASSM5TS -- CAN NO LONG] BE TRAC$ TO RELIGION3 WE MU/ GO F>!R BACK1 & DIG /ILL DEEP]4 

,BUT :AT IS !RE 9 MAN OLD] & DEEP] ?AN ! RELIGI\S S5TIM5T8 

,!RE IS MAN HIMSELF2 ?AT IS1 VOLITION & CONSCI5CE1 FREE-WILL & LAW1 ET]NALLY ANTAGONI/IC4 ,MAN IS AT W> ) HIMSELF3 :Y8 

0,MAN10 SAY ! !OLOGIANS1 0TRANSGRESS$ 9 ! BEG9N+2 \R RACE IS GUILTY ( AN ANCI5T (F5SE4 ,= ?IS TRANSGRESSION HUMANITY HAS FALL52 ]ROR & IGNORANCE HAVE BECOME ITS SU/5ANCE4 ,READ HI/ORY1 Y\ WILL F9D UNIV]SAL PRO( ( ?IS NECESSITY = EVIL 9 ! P]MAN5T MIS]Y ( NATIONS4 ,MAN SUFF]S & ALWAYS WILL SUFF]2 HIS DISEASE IS H]$IT>Y & CON/ITUTIONAL4 ,USE PALLIATIVES1 EMPLOY EMOLLI5TS2 !RE IS NO REM$Y40 

,NOR IS ?IS >GUM5T PECULI> TO ! !OLOGIANS2 WE F9D IT EXPRESS$ 9 EQUIVAL5T LANGUAGE 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT+S ( ! MAT]IALI/S1 BELIEV]S 9 9F9ITE P]FECTIBILITY4 ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY TEA*ES =MALLY ?AT POV]TY1 CRIME1 & W> >E ! 9EVITABLE CONDITIONS ( \R SOCIAL /ATE2 NECESS>Y EVILS1 AGA9/ :I* IT W\LD BE FOLLY TO REVOLT4 ,SO1 CALL IT NECESSITY ( EVIL OR ORIG9AL DEPRAVITY1 IT IS AT BOTTOM ! SAME PHILOSOPHY4 

0,! FIR/ MAN TRANSGRESS$40 ,IF ! VOT>IES ( ! ,BIBLE 9T]PRET$ IT FAI?FULLY1 !Y W\LD SAY3 MAN ORIG9ALLY TRANSGRESS$1 ?AT IS1 MADE A MI/AKE2 = TO TRANSGRESS1 TO FAIL1 TO MAKE A MI/AKE1 ALL MEAN ! SAME ?+4 

0,! CONSEQU5CES ( ,ADAM'S TRANSGRESSION >E 9H]IT$ BY ! RACE2 ! FIR/ IS IGNORANCE40 ,TRULY1 ! RACE1 LIKE ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IS BORN IGNORANT2 BUT1 9 REG>D TO A MULTITUDE ( QUE/IONS1 EV5 9 ! MORAL & POLITICAL SPH]ES1 ?IS IGNORANCE ( ! RACE HAS BE5 DISPELL$3 :O SAYS ?AT IT WILL NOT DEP>T ALTOGE!R8 ,MANK9D MAKES CONT9UAL PROGRESS T[>D TRU?1 & LI<T EV] TRIUMPHS OV] D>KNESS4 ,\R DISEASE IS NOT1 !N1 ABSOLUTELY 9CURABLE1 & ! !ORY ( ! !OLOGIANS IS WORSE ?AN 9ADEQUATE2 IT IS RIDICUL\S1 S9CE IT IS R$UCIBLE TO ?IS TAUTOLOGY3 0,MAN ]RS1 BECAUSE HE ]RS40 ,:ILE ! TRUE /ATEM5T IS ?IS3 0,MAN ]RS1 BECAUSE HE LE>NS40 ,N[1 IF MAN >RIVES AT A KN[L$GE ( ALL ?AT HE NE$S TO KN[1 IT IS REASONABLE TO BELIEVE ?AT1 CEAS+ TO ]R1 HE WILL CEASE TO SUFF]4 

,BUT IF WE QUE/ION ! DOCTORS AS TO ?IS LAW1 SAID TO BE 5GRAV$ UPON ! HE>T ( MAN1 WE %ALL IMM$IATELY SEE ?AT !Y DISPUTE AB\T A MATT] ( :I* !Y KN[ NO?+2 ?AT1 CONC]N+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 !RE >E ALMO/ AS MANY OP9IONS AS AU?ORS2 ?AT WE F9D NO TWO AGREE+ AS TO ! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 & ! NATURE ( RI<T2 ?AT ALL SAIL HAP-HAZ>D UPON A %ORELESS & BOTTOMLESS SEA1 AB&ON$ TO ! GUIDANCE ( !IR PRIVATE OP9IONS :I* !Y MODE/LY TAKE TO BE RI<T REASON4 ,&1 9 VIEW ( ?IS M$LEY ( CONTRADICTORY OP9IONS1 WE SAY3 0,! OBJECT ( \R 9VE/IGATIONS IS ! LAW1 ! DET]M9ATION ( ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,N[1 ! POLITICIANS1 ?AT IS1 ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S1 DO NOT UND]/& EA* O!R2 !N ! ]ROR LIES 9 !MSELVES2 &1 AS EV]Y ]ROR HAS A REALITY = ITS OBJECT1 WE MU/ LOOK 9 !IR BOOKS TO F9D ! TRU? :I* !Y HAVE UNCONSCI\SLY DEPOSIT$ !RE40 

,N[1 ( :AT DO ! LAWY]S & ! PUBLICI/S TREAT8 ,( JU/ICE1 EQUITY1 LIB]TY1 NATURAL LAW1 CIVIL LAWS1 @&C4 ,BUT :AT IS JU/ICE8 ,:AT IS ITS PR9CIPLE1 ITS *>ACT]1 ITS =MULA8 ,TO ?IS QUE/ION \R DOCTORS EVID5TLY HAVE NO REPLY2 = O!RWISE !IR SCI5CE1 />T+ ) A PR9CIPLE CLE> & WELL DEF9$1 W\LD QUIT ! REGION ( PROBABILITIES1 & ALL DISPUTES W\LD 5D4 

,:AT IS JU/ICE8 ,! !OLOGIANS ANSW]3 0,ALL JU/ICE COMES FROM ,GOD40 ,?AT IS TRUE2 BUT WE KN[ NO MORE ?AN BE=E4 

,! PHILOSOPH]S \<T TO BE BETT] 9=M$3 !Y HAVE >GU$ SO MU* AB\T JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE6 ,UNHAPPILY1 AN EXAM9ATION PROVES ?AT !IR KN[L$GE AM\NTS TO NO?+1 & ?AT ) !M -- AS ) ! SAVAGES :OSE EV]Y PRAY] TO ! SUN IS SIMPLY ,O6 ,O6 -- IT IS A CRY ( ADMIRATION1 LOVE1 & 5?USIASM2 BUT :O DOES NOT KN[ ?AT ! SUN ATTA*ES LITTLE MEAN+ TO ! 9T]JECTION ,O6 ,?AT IS EXACTLY \R POSITION T[>D ! PHILOSOPH]S 9 REG>D TO JU/ICE4 ,JU/ICE1 !Y SAY1 IS A DAU<T] ( ,HEAV52 A LI<T :I* ILLUM9ES EV]Y MAN ?AT COMES 9TO ! WORLD2 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL PR]OGATIVE ( \R NATURE2 ?AT :I* DI/+UI%ES US FROM ! BEA/S & LIK5S US TO ,GOD -- & A ?\S& O!R SIMIL> ?+S4 ,:AT1 ,I ASK1 DOES ?IS PI\S LITANY AM\NT TO8 ,TO ! PRAY] ( ! SAVAGES3 ,O6 

,ALL ! MO/ REASONABLE TEA*+S ( HUMAN WISDOM CONC]N+ JU/ICE >E SUMM$ UP 9 ?AT FAM\S ADAGE3 ,DO UNTO O!RS ?AT :I* Y\ W\LD ?AT O!RS %\LD DO UNTO Y\2 ,DO NOT UNTO O!RS ?AT :I* Y\ W\LD NOT ?AT O!RS %\LD DO UNTO Y\4 ,BUT ?IS RULE ( MORAL PRACTICE IS UNSCI5TIFIC3 :AT HAVE ,I A RI<T TO WI% ?AT O!RS %\LD DO OR NOT DO TO ME8 ,IT IS ( NO USE TO TELL ME ?AT MY DUTY IS EQUAL TO MY RI<T1 UNLESS ,I AM TOLD AT ! SAME TIME :AT MY RI<T IS4 

,LET US TRY TO >RIVE AT SOME?+ MORE PRECISE & POSITIVE4 

,JU/ICE IS ! C5TRAL /> :I* GOV]NS SOCIETIES1 ! POLE >\ND :I* ! POLITICAL WORLD REVOLVES1 ! PR9CIPLE & ! REGULATOR ( ALL TRANSACTIONS4 ,NO?+ TAKES PLACE BETWE5 M5 SAVE 9 ! NAME ( RI<T2 NO?+ )\T ! 9VOCATION ( JU/ICE4 ,JU/ICE IS NOT ! WORK ( ! LAW3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! LAW IS ONLY A DECL>ATION & APPLICATION ( JU/ICE 9 ALL CIRCUM/ANCES :]E M5 >E LIABLE TO COME 9 CONTACT4 ,IF1 !N1 ! IDEA ?AT WE =M ( JU/ICE & RI<T W]E ILL-DEF9$1 IF IT W]E IMP]FECT OR EV5 FALSE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ALL \R LEGISLATIVE APPLICATIONS W\LD BE WRONG1 \R 9/ITUTIONS VICI\S1 \R POLITICS ]RONE\S3 CONSEQU5TLY !RE W\LD BE DISORD] & SOCIAL *AOS4 

,?IS HYPO!SIS ( ! P]V]SION ( JU/ICE 9 \R M9DS1 &1 AS A NECESS>Y RESULT1 9 \R ACTS1 BECOMES A DEMON/RAT$ FACT :5 IT IS %[N ?AT ! OP9IONS ( M5 HAVE NOT BORNE A CON/ANT RELATION TO ! NOTION ( JU/ICE & ITS APPLICATIONS2 ?AT AT DIFF]5T P]IODS !Y HAVE UND]GONE MODIFICATIONS3 9 A WORD1 ?AT !RE HAS BE5 PROGRESS 9 IDEAS4 ,N[1 ?AT IS :AT HI/ORY PROVES BY ! MO/ OV]:ELM+ TE/IMONY4 

,EI<TE5 ,HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ! WORLD1 UND] ! RULE ( ! ,CAES>S1 EXHAU/$ ITSELF 9 SLAV]Y1 SUP]/ITION1 & VOLUPTU\SNESS4 ,! PEOPLE -- 9TOXICAT$ &1 AS IT W]E1 /UPEFI$ BY !IR LONG-CONT9U$ ORGIES -- HAD LO/ ! V]Y NOTION ( RI<T & DUTY3 W> & DISSIPATION BY TURNS SWEPT !M AWAY2 USURY & ! LABOR ( MA*9ES 7?AT IS ( SLAVES71 BY DEPRIV+ !M ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 H9D]$ !M FROM CONT9U+ ! SPECIES4 ,B>B>ISM SPRANG UP AGA91 9 A HIDE\S =M1 FROM ?IS MASS ( CORRUPTION1 & SPREAD LIKE A DEV\R+ LEPROSY OV] ! DEPOPULAT$ PROV9CES4 ,! WISE =ESAW ! D[NFALL ( ! EMPIRE1 BUT C\LD DEVISE NO REM$Y4 ,:AT C\LD !Y ?9K 9DE$8 ,TO SAVE ?IS OLD SOCIETY IT W\LD HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO *ANGE ! OBJECTS ( PUBLIC E/EEM & V5]ATION1 & TO ABOLI% ! RI<TS AFFIRM$ BY A JU/ICE PURELY SECUL>2 !Y SAID3 0,ROME HAS CONQU]$ ?R\< H] POLITICS & H] GODS2 ANY *ANGE 9 !OLOGY & PUBLIC OP9ION W\LD BE FOLLY & SACRILEGE4 

,ROME1 M]CIFUL T[>D CONQU]$ NATIONS1 ?\< B9D+ !M 9 *A9S1 SP>$ !IR LIVES2 SLAVES >E ! MO/ F]TILE S\RCE ( H] WEAL?2 FRE$OM ( ! NATIONS W\LD BE ! NEGATION ( H] RI<TS & ! RU9 ( H] F9ANCES4 ,ROME1 9 FACT1 5VELOP$ 9 ! PLEASURES & GORG$ ) ! SPOILS ( ! UNIV]SE1 IS KEPT ALIVE BY VICTORY & GOV]NM5T2 H] LUXURY & H] PLEASURES >E ! PRICE ( H] CONQUE/S3 %E CAN NEI!R ABDICATE NOR DISPOSSESS H]SELF40 ,?US ,ROME HAD ! FACTS & ! LAW ON H] SIDE4 ,H] PRET5SIONS W]E JU/IFI$ BY UNIV]SAL CU/OM & ! LAW ( NATIONS4 ,H] 9/ITUTIONS W]E BAS$ UPON IDOLATRY 9 RELIGION1 SLAV]Y 9 ! ,/ATE1 & EPICURISM 9 PRIVATE LIFE2 TO T\* ?OSE WAS TO %AKE SOCIETY TO ITS F\NDATIONS1 &1 TO USE \R MOD]N EXPRESSION1 TO OP5 ! ABYSS ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,SO ! IDEA OCCURR$ TO NO ONE2 & YET HUMANITY WAS DY+ 9 BLOOD & LUXURY4 

,ALL AT ONCE A MAN APPE>$1 CALL+ HIMSELF ,! ,WORD ( ,GOD4 ,IT IS NOT KN[N TO ?IS DAY :O HE WAS1 :5CE HE CAME1 NOR :AT SUGGE/$ TO HIM HIS IDEAS4 ,HE W5T AB\T PROCLAIM+ EV]Y:]E ?AT ! 5D ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY WAS AT H&1 ?AT ! WORLD WAS AB\T TO EXP]I5CE A NEW BIR?2 ?AT ! PRIE/S W]E VIP]S1 ! LAWY]S IGNORAMUSES1 AN ,I ! PHILOSOPH]S HYPOCRITES & LI>S2 ?AT MA/] & SLAVE W]E EQUALS1 ?AT USURY & EV]Y ?+ AK9 TO IT WAS ROBB]Y1 ?AT PROPRIETORS & IDL]S W\LD ONE DAY BURN1 :ILE ! POOR & PURE 9 HE>T W\LD F9D A HAV5 ( PEACE4 

,?IS MAN -- ,! ,WORD ( ,GOD -- WAS D5\NC$ & >RE/$ AS A PUBLIC 5EMY BY ! PRIE/S & ! LAWY]S1 :O WELL UND]/OOD H[ TO 9DUCE ! PEOPLE TO DEM& HIS DEA?4 ,BUT ?IS JUDICIAL MURD]1 ?\< IT PUT ! F9I%+ /ROKE TO !IR CRIMES1 DID NOT DE/ROY ! DOCTR9AL SE$S :I* ,! ,WORD ( ,GOD HAD S[N4 ,AFT] HIS DEA?1 HIS ORIG9AL DISCIPLES TRAVEL$ AB\T 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 PREA*+ :AT !Y CALL$ ! GOOD NEWS1 CREAT+ 9 !IR TURN MILLIONS ( MISSION>IES2 &1 :5 !IR TASK SEEM$ TO BE ACCOMPLI%$1 DY+ BY ! SWORD ( ,ROMAN JU/ICE4 ,?IS P]SI/5T AGITATION1 ! W> ( ! EXECUTION]S & M>TYRS1 LA/$ NE>LY ?REE C5TURIES1 5D+ 9 ! CONV]SION ( ! WORLD4 ,IDOLATRY WAS DE/ROY$1 SLAV]Y ABOLI%$1 DISSOLUTION MADE ROOM = A MORE AU/]E MORALITY1 & ! CONTEMPT = WEAL? WAS SOMETIMES PU%$ ALMO/ TO PRIVATION4 ,SOCIETY WAS SAV$ BY ! NEGATION ( ITS [N PR9CIPLES1 BY A REVOLUTION 9 ITS RELIGION1 & BY VIOLATION ( ITS MO/ SACR$ RI<TS4 ,9 ?IS REVOLUTION1 ! IDEA ( JU/ICE SPREAD TO AN EXT5T ?AT HAD NOT BE=E BE5 DREAM$ (1 NEV] TO RETURN TO ITS ORIG9AL LIMITS4 ,H]ET(ORE JU/ICE HAD EXI/$ ONLY = ! MA/]S2.<#g.> IT !N COMM5C$ TO EXI/ = ! SLAVES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! NEW RELIGION AT ?AT TIME HAD BORNE BY NO MEANS ALL ITS FRUITS4 ,!RE WAS A P]CEPTIBLE IMPROVEM5T ( ! PUBLIC MORALS1 & A P>TIAL RELEASE FROM OPPRESSION2 BUT1 O!R ?AN ?AT1 ! SE$S S[N BY ! ,SON ( ,MAN1 HAV+ FALL5 9TO IDOLATR\S HE>TS1 HAD PRODUC$ NO?+ SAVE 9NUM]ABLE DISCORDS & A QUASI-POETICAL MY?OLOGY4 ,9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ 9TO !IR PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ! PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY & GOV]NM5T TAU<T BY ,! ,WORD ( ,GOD1 HIS FOLL[]S BUSI$ !MSELVES 9 SPECULATIONS AS TO HIS BIR?1 HIS ORIG91 HIS P]SON1 & HIS ACTIONS2 !Y DISCUSS$ HIS P>ABLES1 & FROM ! CONFLICT ( ! MO/ EXTRAVAGANT OP9IONS UPON UNANSW]ABLE QUE/IONS & TEXTS :I* NO ONE UND]/OOD1 WAS BORN !OLOGY1 -- :I* MAY BE DEF9$ AS ! SCI5CE ( ! 9F9ITELY ABSURD4 

,! TRU? ( ,*RI/IANITY DID NOT SURVIVE ! AGE ( ! APO/LES2 ! ,GOSPEL1 COMM5T$ UPON & SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! ,GREEKS & ,LAT9S1 LOAD$ ) PAGAN FABLES1 BECAME LIT]ALLY A MASS ( CONTRADICTIONS2 & TO ?IS DAY ! REIGN ( ! 9FALLIBLE ,*UR* HAS BE5 A LONG ]A ( D>KNESS4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ! GATES ( HELL WILL NOT ALWAYS PREVAIL1 ?AT ,! ,WORD ( ,GOD WILL RETURN1 & ?AT ONE DAY M5 WILL KN[ TRU? & JU/ICE2 BUT ?AT WILL BE ! DEA? ( ,GREEK & ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICISM1 JU/ AS 9 ! LI<T ( SCI5CE DISAPPE>$ ! CAPRICES ( OP9ION4 

,! MON/]S :I* ! SUCCESSORS ( ! APO/LES W]E B5T ON DE/ROY+1 FRI<T5$ = A MOM5T1 REAPPE>$ GRADUALLY1 ?ANKS TO ! CRAZY FANATICISM1 & SOMETIMES ! DELIB]ATE CONNIVANCE1 ( PRIE/S & !OLOGIANS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! ,FR5* COMMUNES (F]S CON/ANTLY ! SPECTACLE ( ! IDEAS ( JU/ICE & LIB]TY SPREAD+ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 9 SPITE ( ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( K+S1 NOBLES1 & CL]GY4 ,9 ! YE> #a<i ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 ! ,FR5* NATION1 DIVID$ BY CA/E1 POOR & OPPRESS$1 /RUGGL$ 9 ! TRIPLE NET ( ROYAL ABSOLUTISM1 ! TYRANNY ( NOBLES & P>LIAM5TS1 & PRIE/LY 9TOL]ANCE4 ,!RE WAS ! RI<T ( ! K+ & ! RI<T ( ! PRIE/1 ! RI<T ( ! PATRICIAN & ! RI<T ( ! PLEBEIAN2 !RE W]E ! PRIVILEGES ( BIR?1 PROV9CE1 COMMUNES1 CORPORATIONS1 & TRADES2 &1 AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL1 VIOL5CE1 IMMORALITY1 & MIS]Y4 ,= SOME TIME !Y TALK$ ( RE=MATION2 ?OSE :O APP>5TLY DESIR$ IT MO/ FAVOR+ IT ONLY = !IR [N PR(IT1 & ! PEOPLE :O W]E TO BE ! GA9]S EXPECT+ LITTLE & SAY+ NO?+4 ,= A LONG TIME !SE POOR PEOPLE1 EI!R FROM DI/RU/1 9CR$ULITY1 OR DESPAIR1 HESITAT$ TO ASK = !IR RI<TS3 IT IS SAID ?AT ! HABIT ( S]V+ HAD TAK5 ! C\RAGE AWAY FROM ?OSE OLD COMMUNES1 :I* 9 ! MIDDLE AGES W]E SO BOLD4 

,F9ALLY A BOOK APPE>$1 SUMM+ UP ! :OLE MATT] 9 !SE TWO PROPOSITIONS3 ,:AT IS !E ?IRD E/ATE8 -- ,NO?+4 ,:AT \<T IT TO BE8 -- ,EV]Y ?+4 ,SOME ONE ADD$ BY WAY ( COMM5T3 ,:AT IS ! K+8 -- ,! S]VANT ( ! PEOPLE4 

,?IS WAS A SUDD5 REVELATION3 ! VEIL WAS TORN ASIDE1 A ?ICK B&AGE FELL FROM ALL EYES4 ,! PEOPLE COMM5C$ TO REASON ?US3 -- 

,IF ! K+ IS \R S]VANT1 HE \<T TO REPORT TO US2 

,IF HE \<T TO REPORT TO US1 HE IS SUBJECT TO CONTROL2 

,IF HE CAN BE CONTROLL$1 HE IS RESPONSIBLE2 

,IF HE IS RESPONSIBLE1 HE IS PUNI%ABLE2 

,IF HE IS PUNI%ABLE1 HE \<T TO BE PUNI%$ ACCORD+ TO HIS M]ITS2 

,IF HE \<T TO BE PUNI%$ ACCORD+ TO HIS M]ITS1 HE CAN BE PUNI%$ ) DEA?4 

,FIVE YE>S AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ! BRO*URE ( ,SIEYES1 ! ?IRD E/ATE WAS EV]Y ?+2 ! K+1 ! NOBILITY1 ! CL]GY1 W]E NO MORE4 ,9 #a#g#i#c1 ! NATION1 )\T /OPP+ AT ! CON/ITUTIONAL FICTION ( ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! SOV]EIGN1 CONDUCT$ ,L\IS ,X,V,I4 TO ! SCAFFOLD2 9 #a#h#c1 IT ACCOMPANI$ ,*>LES ,X4 TO ,*]B\RG4 ,9 EA* CASE1 IT MAY HAVE ]R$1 9 FACT1 9 ITS JUDGM5T ( ! (F5SE2 BUT1 9 RI<T1 ! LOGIC :I* L$ TO ITS ACTION WAS IRREPROA*ABLE4 ,! PEOPLE1 9 PUNI%+ !IR SOV]EIGN1 DID PRECISELY ?AT :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ,JULY WAS SO SEV]ELY C5SUR$ = FAIL+ TO DO :5 IT REFUS$ TO EXECUTE ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE AFT] ! AFFAIR ( ,/RASBURG3 !Y /RUCK ! TRUE CULPRIT4 ,IT WAS AN APPLICATION ( ! COMMON LAW1 A SOLEMN DECREE ( JU/ICE 5=C+ ! P5AL LAWS4.<#h.> 

,! SPIRIT :I* GAVE RISE TO ! MOVEM5T ( '#h#i WAS A SPIRIT ( NEGATION2 ?AT1 ( ITSELF1 PROVES ?AT ! ORD] ( ?+S :I* WAS SUB/ITUT$ = ! OLD SY/EM WAS NOT ME?ODICAL OR WELL-CONSID]$2 ?AT1 BORN ( ANG] & HATR$1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE ! EFFECT ( A SCI5CE BAS$ ON OBS]VATION & /UDY2 ?AT ITS F\NDATIONS1 9 A WORD1 W]E NOT D]IV$ FROM A PR(\ND KN[L$GE ( ! LAWS ( ,NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,?US ! PEOPLE F\ND ?AT ! REPUBLIC1 AMONG ! SO-CALL$ NEW 9/ITUTIONS1 WAS ACT+ ON ! V]Y PR9CIPLES AGA9/ :I* !Y HAD F\<T1 & WAS SWAY$ BY ALL ! PREJUDICES :I* !Y HAD 9T5D$ TO DE/ROY4 ,WE CONGRATULATE \RSELVES1 ) 9CONSID]ATE 5?USIASM1 ON ! GLORI\S ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! REG5]ATION ( #a#g#h#i1 ! GREAT *ANGES ?AT HAVE BE5 EFFECT$1 & ! REV]SION ( 9/ITUTIONS3 A DELUSION1 A DELUSION6 

,:5 \R IDEAS ON ANY SUBJECT1 MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 OR SOCIAL1 UND]GO A ?OR\< *ANGE 9 CONSEQU5CE ( NEW OBS]VATIONS1 ,I CALL ?AT MOVEM5T ( ! M9D REVOLUTION4 ,IF ! IDEAS >E SIMPLY EXT5D$ OR MODIFI$1 !RE IS ONLY PROGRESS4 ,?US ! SY/EM ( ,PTOLEMY WAS A /EP 9 A/RONOMICAL PROGRESS1 ?AT ( ,COP]NICUS WAS A REVOLUTION4 ,SO1 9 #a#g#h#i1 !RE WAS /RUGGLE & PROGRESS2 REVOLUTION !RE WAS NONE4 ,AN EXAM9ATION ( ! RE=MS :I* W]E ATTEMPT$ PROVES ?IS4 

,! NATION1 SO LONG A VICTIM ( MON>*ICAL SELFI%NESS1 ?\<T TO DELIV] ITSELF = EV] BY DECL>+ ?AT IT ALONE WAS SOV]EIGN4 ,BUT :AT WAS MON>*Y8 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ONE MAN4 ,:AT IS DEMOCRACY8 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION1 OR1 RA!R1 ( ! NATIONAL MAJORITY4 ,BUT IT IS1 9 BO? CASES1 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( MAN 9/EAD ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! LAW1 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! WILL 9/EAD ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! REASON2 9 ONE WORD1 ! PASSIONS 9/EAD ( JU/ICE4 ,UND\BT$LY1 :5 A NATION PASSES FROM ! MON>*ICAL TO ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 !RE IS PROGRESS1 BECAUSE 9 MULTIPLY+ ! SOV]EIGNS WE 9CREASE ! OPPORTUNITIES ( ! REASON TO SUB/ITUTE ITSELF = ! WILL2 BUT 9 REALITY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 S9CE ! PR9CIPLE REMA9S ! SAME4 ,N[1 WE HAVE ! PRO( TO-DAY ?AT1 ) ! MO/ P]FECT DEMOCRACY1 WE CANNOT BE FREE4.<#i.> 

,NOR IS ?AT ALL4 ,! NATION-K+ CANNOT EX]CISE ITS SOV]EIGNTY ITSELF2 IT IS OBLIG$ TO DELEGATE IT TO AG5TS3 ?IS IS CON/ANTLY REIT]AT$ BY ?OSE :O SEEK TO W9 ITS FAVOR4 ,BE !SE AG5TS FIVE1 T51 ONE HUNDR$1 OR A ?\S&1 ( :AT CONSEQU5CE IS ! NUMB]2 & :AT MATT]S ! NAME8 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN1 ! RULE ( WILL & CAPRICE4 ,I ASK :AT ?IS PRET5D$ REVOLUTION HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$8 

,WE KN[1 TOO1 H[ ?IS SOV]EIGNTY WAS EX]CIS$2 FIR/ BY ! ,CONV5TION1 !N BY ! ,DIRECTORY1 AFT]W>DS CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,CONSUL4 ,AS = ! ,EMP]OR1 ! /RONG MAN SO MU* ADOR$ & M\RN$ BY ! NATION1 HE NEV] WANT$ TO BE DEP5D5T ON IT2 BUT1 AS IF 9T5D+ TO SET ITS SOV]EIGNTY AT DEFIANCE1 HE D>$ TO DEM& ITS SUFFRAGE3 ?AT IS1 ITS ABDICATION1 ! ABDICATION ( ?IS 9ALI5ABLE SOV]EIGNTY2 & HE OBTA9$ IT4 

,BUT :AT IS SOV]EIGNTY8 ,IT IS1 !Y SAY1 ! P[] TO MAKE LAWS4.<#a.> ,ANO!R ABSURDITY1 A RELIC ( DESPOTISM4 ,! NATION HAD LONG SE5 K+S ISSU+ !IR COMM&S 9 ?IS =M3 = SU* IS \R PLEASURE2 IT WI%$ TO TA/E 9 ITS TURN ! PLEASURE ( MAK+ LAWS4 ,= FIFTY YE>S IT HAS BR\<T !M =? BY MYRIADS2 ALWAYS1 BE IT UND]/OOD1 ?R\< ! AG5CY ( REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! PLAY IS F> FROM 5D$4 

,! DEF9ITION ( SOV]EIGNTY WAS D]IV$ FROM ! DEF9ITION ( ! LAW4 ,! LAW1 !Y SAID1 IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! SOV]EIGN3 !N1 UND] A MON>*Y1 ! LAW IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! K+2 9 A REPUBLIC1 ! LAW IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ASIDE FROM ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! NUMB] ( WILLS1 ! TWO SY/EMS >E EXACTLY ID5TICAL3 BO? %>E ! SAME ]ROR1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! LAW IS ! EXPRESSION ( A WILL2 IT \<T TO BE ! EXPRESSION ( A FACT4 ,MOREOV] !Y FOLL[$ GOOD LEAD]S3 !Y TOOK ! CITIZ5 ( ,G5EVA = !IR PROPHET1 & ! CONTRAT SOCIAL = !IR ,KORAN4 

,BIAS & PREJUDICE >E APP>5T 9 ALL ! PHRASES ( ! NEW LEGISLATORS4 ,! NATION HAD SUFF]$ FROM A MULTITUDE ( EXCLUSIONS & PRIVILEGES2 ITS REPRES5TATIVES ISSU$ ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION3 ,ALL M5 >E EQUAL BY NATURE & BE=E ! LAW2 AN AMBIGU\S & R$UNDANT DECL>ATION4 ,M5 >E EQUAL BY NATURE3 DOES ?AT MEAN ?AT !Y >E EQUAL 9 SIZE1 BEAUTY1 TAL5TS1 & VIRTUE8 ,NO2 !Y MEANT1 !N1 POLITICAL & CIVIL EQUALITY4 ,!N IT W\LD HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5T TO HAVE SAID3 ,ALL M5 >E EQUAL BE=E ! LAW4 

,BUT :AT IS EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW8 ,NEI!R ! CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i1 NOR ?AT ( '#i#c1 NOR ! GRANT$ *>T]1 NOR ! ACCEPT$ *>T]1 HAVE DEF9$ IT ACCURATELY4 ,ALL IMPLY AN 9EQUALITY 9 =TUNE & /ATION 9COMPATIBLE ) EV5 A %AD[ ( EQUALITY 9 RI<TS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ALL \R CON/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 FAI?FUL EXPRESSIONS ( ! POPUL> WILL3 ,I AM GO+1 TO PROVE IT4 

,=M]LY ! PEOPLE W]E EXCLUD$ FROM CIVIL & MILIT>Y (FICES2 IT WAS CONSID]$ A WOND] :5 ! FOLL[+ HI<-S\ND+ >TICLE WAS 9S]T$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS3 0,ALL CITIZ5S >E EQUALLY ELIGIBLE TO (FICE2 FREE NATIONS KN[ NO QUALIFICATIONS 9 !IR *OICE ( (FIC]S SAVE VIRTUES & TAL5TS40 

,!Y C]TA9LY \<T TO HAVE ADMIR$ SO BEAUTIFUL AN IDEA3 !Y ADMIR$ A PIECE ( NONS5SE4 ,:Y6 ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE1 LEGISLATORS1 & RE=M]S1 SEE 9 PUBLIC (FICES1 TO SPEAK PLA9LY1 ONLY OPPORTUNITIES = PECUNI>Y ADVANCEM5T4 ,&1 BECAUSE IT REG>DS !M AS A S\RCE ( PR(IT1 IT DECREES ! ELIGIBILITY ( CITIZ5S4 ,= ( :AT USE W\LD ?IS PRECAUTION BE1 IF !RE W]E NO?+ TO GA9 BY IT8 ,NO ONE W\LD ?9K ( ORDA9+ ?AT NONE BUT A/RONOM]S & GEOGRAPH]S %\LD BE PILOTS1 NOR ( PROHIBIT+ /UTT]]S FROM ACT+ AT ! !AT] & ! OP]A4 ,! NATION WAS /ILL AP+ ! K+S3 LIKE !M IT WI%$ TO AW>D ! LUCRATIVE POSITIONS TO ITS FRI5DS & FLATT]]S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 & ?IS LA/ FEATURE COMPLETES ! RESEMBLANCE1 ! NATION DID NOT CONTROL ! LI/ ( LIV+S2 ?AT WAS 9 ! H&S ( ITS AG5TS & REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!Y1 ON ! O!R H&1 TOOK C>E NOT TO ?W>T ! WILL ( !IR GRACI\S SOV]EIGN4 

,?IS $IFY+ >TICLE ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS1 RETA9$ 9 ! *>T]S ( #ahad & #a#h#c1 IMPLIES SEV]AL K9DS ( CIVIL 9EQUALITY2 ?AT IS1 ( 9EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW3 9EQUALITY ( /ATION1 S9CE ! PUBLIC FUNCTIONS >E S\<T ONLY = ! CONSID]ATION & EMOLUM5TS :I* !Y BR+2 9EQUALITY ( WEAL?1 S9CE1 IF IT HAD BE5 DESIR$ TO EQUALIZE =TUNES1 PUBLIC S]VICE W\LD HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS A DUTY1 NOT AS A REW>D2 9EQUALITY ( PRIVILEGE1 ! LAW NOT /AT+ :AT IT MEANS BY TAL5TS & VIRTUES4 ,UND] ! EMPIRE1 VIRTUE & TAL5T CONSI/$ SIMPLY 9 MILIT>Y BRAV]Y & DEVOTION TO ! EMP]OR2 ?AT WAS %[N :5 ,NAPOLEON CREAT$ HIS NOBILITY1 & ATTEMPT$ TO CONNECT IT ) ! ANCI5TS4 ,TO-DAY1 ! MAN :O PAYS TAXES TO ! AM\NT ( TWO HUNDR$ FRANCS IS VIRTU\S2 ! TAL5T$ MAN IS ! HONE/ PICKPOCKET3 SU* TRU?S AS !SE >E ACC\NT$ TRIVIAL4 

,! PEOPLE F9ALLY LEGALIZ$ PROP]TY4 ,GOD =GIVE !M1 = !Y KNEW NOT :AT !Y DID6 ,= FIFTY YE>S !Y HAVE SUFF]$ = !IR MIS]ABLE FOLLY4 ,BUT H[ CAME ! PEOPLE1 :OSE VOICE1 !Y TELL US1 IS ! VOICE ( ,GOD1 & :OSE CONSCI5CE IS 9FALLIBLE1 -- H[ CAME ! PEOPLE TO ]R8 ,H[ HAPP5S IT ?AT1 :5 SEEK+ LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 !Y FELL BACK 9TO PRIVILEGE & SLAV]Y8 ,ALWAYS ?R\< COPY+ ! ANCI5T REGIME4 

,=M]LY1 ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY CONTRIBUT$ T[>DS ! EXP5SES ( ! ,/ATE ONLY BY VOLUNT>Y AID & GRATUIT\S GIFT2 !IR PROP]TY C\LD NOT BE SEIZ$ EV5 = DEBT1 -- :ILE ! PLEBEIAN1 OV]:ELM$ BY TAXES & /ATUTE-LABOR1 WAS CONT9UALLY TORM5T$1 N[ BY ! K+'S TAX-GA!R]S1 N[ BY ?OSE ( ! NOBLES & CL]GY4 ,HE :OSE POSSESSIONS W]E SUBJECT TO MORTMA9 C\LD NEI!R BEQUEA? NOR 9H]IT PROP]TY2 HE WAS TREAT$ LIKE ! ANIMALS1 :OSE S]VICES & (FSPR+ BELONG TO !IR MA/] BY RI<T ( ACCESSION4 ,! PEOPLE WANT$ ! CONDITIONS ( [N]%IP TO BE ALIKE = ALL2 !Y ?\<T ?AT EV]Y ONE %\LD 5JOY & FREELY DISPOSE ( HIS POSSESSIONS HIS 9COME & ! FRUIT ( HIS LABOR & 9DU/RY4 ,! PEOPLE DID NOT 9V5T PROP]TY2 BUT AS !Y HAD NOT ! SAME PRIVILEGES 9 REG>D TO IT1 :I* ! NOBLES & CL]GY POSSESS$1 !Y DECRE$ ?AT ! RI<T %\LD BE EX]CIS$ BY ALL UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS4 ,! MORE OBNOXI\S =MS ( PROP]TY -- /ATUTE-LABOR1 MORTMA91 MAITRISE1 & EXCLUSION FROM PUBLIC (FICE -- HAVE DISAPPE>$2 ! CONDITIONS ( ITS 5JOYM5T HAVE BE5 MODIFI$3 ! PR9CIPLE /ILL REMA9S ! SAME4 ,!RE HAS BE5 PROGRESS 9 ! REGULATION ( ! RI<T2 !RE HAS BE5 NO REVOLUTION4 

,!SE1 !N1 >E ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 E/ABLI%$ ONE AFT] ANO!R BY ! MOVEM5TS ( #a<i & #a#h#c3 #a4 ,SOV]EIGNTY ( ! HUMAN WILL2 9 %ORT1 DESPOTISM4 #b4 ,9EQUALITY ( WEAL? & RANK4 #c4 ,PROP]TY -- ABOVE ,J,U,/,I,C,E1 ALWAYS 9VOK$ AS ! GU>DIAN ANGEL ( SOV]EIGNS1 NOBLES1 & PROPRIETORS2 ,J,U,/,I,C,E1 ! G5]AL1 PRIMITIVE1 CATEGORICAL LAW ( ALL SOCIETY4 

,WE MU/ ASC]TA9 :E!R ! IDEAS ( DESPOTISM1 CIVIL 9EQUALITY & PROP]TY1 >E 9 H>MONY ) ! PRIMITIVE NOTION ( JU/ICE1 & NECESS>ILY FOLL[ FROM IT1 -- ASSUM+ V>I\S =MS ACCORD+ TO ! CONDITION1 POSITION1 & RELATION ( P]SONS2 OR :E!R !Y >E NOT RA!R ! ILLEGITIMATE RESULT ( A CONFUSION ( DIFF]5T ?+S1 A FATAL ASSOCIATION ( IDEAS4 ,& S9CE JU/ICE DEALS ESPECIALLY ) ! QUE/IONS ( GOV]NM5T1 ! CONDITION ( P]SONS1 & ! POSSESSION ( ?+S1 WE MU/ ASC]TA9 UND] :AT CONDITIONS1 JUDG+ BY UNIV]SAL OP9ION & ! PROGRESS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 GOV]NM5T IS JU/1 ! CONDITION ( CITIZ5S IS JU/1 & ! POSSESSION ( ?+S IS JU/2 !N1 /RIK+ \T EV]Y ?+ :I* FAILS TO MEET !SE CONDITIONS1 ! RESULT WILL AT ONCE TELL US :AT LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T IS1 :AT ! LEGITIMATE CONDITION ( CITIZ5S IS1 & :AT ! LEGITIMATE POSSESSION ( ?+S IS2 & F9ALLY1 AS ! LA/ RESULT ( ! ANALYSIS1 :AT JU/ICE IS4 

,IS ! AU?ORITY ( MAN OV] MAN JU/8 

,EV]YBODY ANSW]S1 0,NO2 ! AU?ORITY ( MAN IS ONLY ! AU?ORITY ( ! LAW1 :I* \<T TO BE JU/ICE & TRU?40 ,! PRIVATE WILL C\NTS = NO?+ 9 GOV]NM5T1 :I* CONSI/S1 FIR/1 9 DISCOV]+ TRU? & JU/ICE 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! LAW2 &1 SECOND1 9 SUP]9T5D+ ! EXECUTION ( ?IS LAW4 ,I DO NOT N[ 9QUIRE :E!R \R CON/ITUTIONAL =M ( GOV]NM5T SATISFIES !SE CONDITIONS2 :E!R1 = EXAMPLE1 ! WILL ( ! M9I/RY NEV] 9FLU5CES ! DECL>ATION & 9T]PRETATION ( ! LAW2 OR :E!R \R DEPUTIES1 9 !IR DEBATES1 >E MORE 9T5T ON CONQU]+ BY >GUM5T ?AN BY =CE ( NUMB]S3 IT IS 5\< = ME ?AT MY DEF9ITION ( A GOOD GOV]NM5T IS ALL[$ TO BE CORRECT4 ,?IS IDEA IS EXACT4 ,YET WE SEE ?AT NO?+ SEEMS MORE JU/ TO ! ,ORI5TAL NATIONS ?AN ! DESPOTISM ( !IR SOV]EIGNS2 ?AT1 ) ! ANCI5TS & 9 ! OP9ION ( ! PHILOSOPH]S !MSELVES1 SLAV]Y WAS JU/2 ?AT 9 ! MIDDLE AGES ! NOBLES1 ! PRIE/S1 & ! BI%OPS FELT JU/IFI$ 9 HOLD+ SLAVES2 ?AT ,L\IS ,X,I,V4 ?\<T ?AT HE WAS RI<T :5 HE SAID1 0,! ,/ATE6 ,I AM ! ,/ATE20 & ?AT ,NAPOLEON DEEM$ IT A CRIME = ! ,/ATE TO OPPOSE HIS WILL4 ,! IDEA ( JU/ICE1 !N1 APPLI$ TO SOV]EIGNTY & GOV]NM5T1 HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 :AT IT IS TO-DAY2 IT HAS GONE ON DEVELOP+ & %AP+ ITSELF BY DEGREES1 UNTIL IT HAS >RIV$ AT ITS PRES5T /ATE4 ,BUT HAS IT REA*$ ITS LA/ PHASE8 ,I ?9K NOT3 ONLY1 AS ! LA/ OB/ACLE TO BE OV]COME >ISES FROM ! 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY :I* WE HAVE KEPT 9TACT1 9 ORD] TO F9I% ! RE=M 9 GOV]NM5T & CONSUMMATE ! REVOLUTION1 ?IS V]Y 9/ITUTION WE MU/ ATTACK4 

,IS POLITICAL & CIVIL 9EQUALITY JU/8 

,SOME SAY YES2 O!RS NO4 ,TO ! FIR/ ,I W\LD REPLY ?AT1 :5 ! PEOPLE ABOLI%$ ALL PRIVILEGES ( BIR? & CA/E1 !Y DID IT1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 BECAUSE IT WAS = !IR ADVANTAGE2 :Y !N DO !Y FAVOR ! PRIVILEGES ( =TUNE MORE ?AN ?OSE ( RANK & RACE8 ,BECAUSE1 SAY !Y1 POLITICAL 9EQUALITY IS A RESULT ( PROP]TY2 & )\T PROP]TY SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE3 ?US ! QUE/ION JU/ RAIS$ BECOMES A QUE/ION ( PROP]TY4 ,TO ! SECOND ,I CONT5T MYSELF ) ?IS REM>K3 ,IF Y\ WI% TO 5JOY POLITICAL EQUALITY1 ABOLI% PROP]TY2 O!RWISE1 :Y DO Y\ COMPLA98 

,IS PROP]TY JU/8 

,EV]YBODY ANSW]S )\T HESITATION1 0,YES1 PROP]TY IS JU/40 ,I SAY EV]YBODY1 = UP TO ! PRES5T TIME NO ONE :O ?OR\<LY UND]/OOD ! MEAN+ ( HIS WORDS HAS ANSW]$ NO4 ,= IT IS NO EASY ?+ TO REPLY UND]/&+LY TO SU* A QUE/ION2 ONLY TIME & EXP]I5CE CAN FURNI% AN ANSW]4 ,N[1 ?IS ANSW] IS GIV52 IT IS = US TO UND]/& IT4 ,I UND]TAKE TO PROVE IT4 

,WE >E TO PROCE$ ) ! DEMON/RATION 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD]3 -- 

,I4 ,WE DISPUTE NOT AT ALL1 WE REFUTE NOBODY1 WE D5Y NO?+2 WE ACCEPT AS S\ND ALL ! >GUM5TS ALLEG$ 9 FAVOR ( PROP]TY1 & CONF9E \RSELVES TO A SE>* = ITS PR9CIPLE1 9 ORD] ?AT WE MAY !N ASC]TA9 :E!R ?IS PR9CIPLE IS FAI?FULLY EXPRESS$ BY PROP]TY4 ,9 FACT1 PROP]TY BE+ DEF5SIBLE ON NO GR\ND SAVE ?AT ( JU/ICE1 ! IDEA1 OR AT LEA/ ! 9T5TION1 ( JU/ICE MU/ ( NECESSITY UND]LIE ALL ! >GUM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE 9 DEF5SE ( PROP]TY2 &1 AS ON ! O!R H& ! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS ONLY EX]CIS$ OV] ?OSE ?+S :I* CAN BE APPRECIAT$ BY ! S5SES1 JU/ICE1 SECRETLY OBJECTIFY+ ITSELF1 SO TO SPEAK1 MU/ TAKE ! %APE ( AN ALGEBRAIC =MULA4 ,BY ?IS ME?OD ( 9VE/IGATION1 WE SOON SEE ?AT EV]Y >GUM5T :I* HAS BE5 9V5T$ 9 BEHALF ( PROP]TY1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE1 ALWAYS & ( NECESSITY LEADS TO EQUALITY2 ?AT IS1 TO ! NEGATION ( PROP]TY4 

,! FIR/ P>T COV]S TWO *APT]S3 ONE TREAT+ ( OCCUPATION1 ! F\NDATION ( \R RI<T2 ! O!R1 ( LABOR & TAL5T1 CONSID]$ AS CAUSES ( PROP]TY & SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE *APT]S WILL PROVE ?AT ! RI<T ( OCCUPATION OB/RUCTS PROP]TY2 ! SECOND ?AT ! RI<T ( LABOR DE/ROYS IT4 

,I,I4 ,PROP]TY1 !N1 BE+ ( NECESSITY CONCEIV$ AS EXI/+ ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) EQUALITY1 IT REMA9S TO F9D \T :Y1 9 SPITE ( ?IS NECESSITY ( LOGIC1 EQUALITY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,?IS NEW 9VE/IGATION ALSO COV]S TWO *APT]S3 9 ! FIR/1 CONSID]+ ! FACT ( PROP]TY 9 ITSELF1 WE 9QUIRE :E!R ?IS FACT IS REAL1 :E!R IT EXI/S1 :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE2 = IT W\LD IMPLY A CONTRADICTION1 W]E !SE TWO OPPOSITE =MS ( SOCIETY1 EQUALITY & 9EQUALITY1 BO? POSSIBLE4 ,!N WE DISCOV]1 S+UL>LY 5\<1 ?AT PROP]TY MAY 9DE$ MANIFE/ ITSELF ACCID5TALLY2 BUT ?AT1 AS AN 9/ITUTION & PR9CIPLE1 IT IS MA!MATICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,SO ?AT ! AXIOM ( ! S*OOL -- AB ACTU AD POSSE VALET CONSECUTIO3 FROM ! ACTUAL TO ! POSSIBLE ! 9F]5CE IS GOOD -- IS GIV5 ! LIE AS F> AS PROP]TY IS CONC]N$4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 CALL+ PSY*OLOGY TO \R AID1 & PROB+ MAN'S NATURE TO ! BOTTOM1 WE %ALL DISCLOSE ! PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE -- ITS =MULA & *>ACT]2 WE %ALL /ATE ) PRECISION ! ORGANIC LAW ( SOCIETY2 WE %ALL EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( PROP]TY1 ! CAUSES ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T1 ITS LONG LIFE1 & ITS APPROA*+ DEA?2 WE %ALL DEF9ITIVELY E/ABLI% ITS ID5TITY ) ROBB]Y4 ,&1 AFT] HAV+ %[N ?AT !SE ?REE PREJUDICES -- ! SOV]EIGNTY ( MAN1 ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS1 & PROP]TY -- >E ONE & ! SAME2 ?AT !Y MAY BE TAK5 = EA* O!R1 & >E RECIPROCALLY CONV]TIBLE1 -- WE %ALL HAVE NO TR\BLE 9 9F]R+ !REFROM1 BY ! PR9CIPLE ( CONTRADICTION1 ! BASIS ( GOV]NM5T & RI<T4 ,!RE \R 9VE/IGATIONS WILL 5D1 RES]V+ ! RI<T TO CONT9UE !M 9 FUTURE WORKS4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( ! SUBJECT :I* 5GAGES \R ATT5TION IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL M9DS4 

0,PROP]TY10 SAYS ,M4 ,H5NEQU91 0IS ! CREATIVE & CONS]VATIVE PR9CIPLE ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,PROP]TY IS ONE ( ?OSE BASIC 9/ITUTIONS1 NEW !ORIES CONC]N+ :I* CANNOT BE PRES5T$ TOO SOON2 = IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT51 & ! PUBLICI/ & /ATESMAN MU/ KN[1 ?AT ON ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION :E!R PROP]TY IS ! PR9CIPLE OR ! RESULT ( SOCIAL ORD]1 :E!R IT IS TO BE CONSID]$ AS A CAUSE OR AN EFFECT1 DEP5DS ALL MORALITY1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ALL ! AU?ORITY ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS40 

,!SE WORDS >E A *ALL5GE TO ALL M5 ( HOPE & FAI?2 BUT1 AL?\< ! CAUSE ( EQUALITY IS A NOBLE ONE1 NO ONE HAS YET PICK$ UP ! GANTLET ?R[N D[N BY ! ADVOCATES ( PROP]TY2 NO ONE HAS BE5 C\RAGE\S 5\< TO 5T] UPON ! /RUGGLE4 ,! SPURI\S LE>N+ ( HAU<TY JURISPRUD5CE1 & ! ABSURD APHORISMS ( A POLITICAL ECONOMY CONTROLL$ BY PROP]TY HAVE PUZZL$ ! MO/ G5]\S M9DS2 IT IS A SORT ( PASSWORD AMONG ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL FRI5DS ( LIB]TY & ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE ?AT EQUALITY IS A *IM]A6 ,SO MANY FALSE !ORIES & MEAN+LESS ANALOGIES 9FLU5CE M9DS O!RWISE KE51 BUT :I* >E UNCONSCI\SLY CONTROLL$ BY POPUL> PREJUDICE4 ,EQUALITY ADVANCES EV]Y DAY -- FIT AEQUALITAS4 ,SOLDI]S ( LIB]TY1 %ALL WE DES]T \R FLAG 9 ! H\R ( TRIUMPH8 

,A DEF5D] ( EQUALITY1 ,I %ALL SPEAK )\T BITT]NESS & )\T ANG]2 ) ! 9DEP5D5CE BECOM+ A PHILOSOPH]1 ) ! C\RAGE & FIRMNESS ( A FREE MAN4 ,MAY ,I1 9 ?IS MOM5T\S /RUGGLE1 C>RY 9TO ALL HE>TS ! LI<T ) :I* ,I AM FILL$2 & %[1 BY ! SUCCESS ( MY >GUM5T1 ?AT EQUALITY FAIL$ TO CONQU] BY ! SWORD ONLY ?AT IT MI<T CONQU] BY ! P56 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahci 3 ,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,MEMOIR #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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