,*APT] #be 
,! ,IDEA IS ! ,?+ 

#aibiaibi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,DID Y\ EV] ASK Y\RSELF H[ IT HAPP5S ?AT GOV]NM5T & CAPITALISM CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 SPITE ( ALL ! EVIL & TR\BLE !Y >E CAUS+ 9 ! WORLD8 

,IF Y\ DID1 !N Y\R ANSW] MU/ HAVE BE5 ?AT IT IS BECAUSE ! PEOPLE SUPPORT ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT !Y SUPPORT !M BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE 9 !M4 

,?AT IS ! CRUX ( ! :OLE MATT]3 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY RE/S ON ! BELIEF ( ! PEOPLE ?AT IT IS GOOD & USEFUL4 ,IT IS F\ND$ ON ! IDEA ( AU?ORITY & PRIVATE [N]%IP4 ,IT IS IDEAS ?AT MA9TA9 CONDITIONS4 ,GOV]NM5T & CAPITALISM >E ! =MS 9 :I* ! POPUL> IDEAS EXPRESS !MSELVES4 ,IDEAS >E ! F\NDATION2 ! 9/ITUTIONS >E ! H\SE BUILT UPON IT4 

,A NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE MU/ HAVE A NEW F\NDATION1 NEW IDEAS AT ITS BASE4 ,H[EV] Y\ MAY *ANGE ! =M ( AN 9/ITUTION1 ITS *>ACT] & MEAN+ WILL REMA9 ! SAME AS ! F\NDATION ON :I* IT IS BUILT4 ,LOOK CLOSELY AT LIFE & Y\ WILL P]CEIVE ! TRU? ( ?IS4 ,!RE >E ALL K9DS & =MS ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD1 BUT !IR REAL NATURE IS ! SAME EV]Y:]E1 AS !IR EFFECTS >E ! SAME3 IT ALWAYS MEANS AU?ORITY & OB$I5CE4 

,N[1 :AT MAKES GOV]NM5TS EXI/8 ,! >MIES & NAVIES8 ,YES1 BUT ONLY APP>5TLY SO4 ,:AT SUPPORTS ! >MIES & NAVIES8 ,IT IS ! BELIEF ( ! PEOPLE1 ( ! MASSES1 ?AT GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>Y2 IT IS ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ IDEA ( ! NE$ ( GOV]NM5T4 ,?AT IS ITS REAL & SOLID F\NDATION4 ,TAKE ?AT IDEA OR BELIEF AWAY1 & NO GOV]NM5T C\LD LA/ ANO!R DAY4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO PRIVATE [N]%IP4 ,! IDEA ?AT IT IS RI<T & NECESS>Y IS ! PILL> ?AT SUPPORTS IT & GIVES IT SECURITY4 

,NOT A S+LE 9/ITUTION EXI/S TO-DAY BUT IS F\ND$ ON ! POPUL> BELIEF ?AT IT IS GOOD & B5EFICIAL4 

,LET US TAKE AN ILLU/RATION2 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = 9/ANCE4 ,ASK Y\RSELF :Y REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A HAS BE5 ( SO LITTLE EFFECT 9 ?AT C\NTRY 9 SPITE ( FIFTY YE>S ( ,SOCIALI/ & ,AN>*I/ EF=T4 ,IS ! ,AM]ICAN WORK] NOT EXPLOIT$ MORE 9T5SELY ?AN LABOR 9 O!R C\NTRIES8 ,IS POLITICAL CORRUPTION AS RAMPANT 9 ANY O!R L&8 ,IS ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ,AM]ICA NOT ! MO/ >BITR>Y & DESPOTIC 9 ! WORLD8 ,TRUE1 ! WORK] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS BETT] SITUAT$ MAT]IALLY ?AN 9 ,EUROPE1 BUT IS HE NOT AT ! SAME TIME TREAT$ ) ! UTMO/ BRUTALITY & T]RORISM ! MOM5T HE %[S ! LEA/ DISSATISFACTION8 ,YET ! ,AM]ICAN WORK] REMA9S LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T & IS ! FIR/ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ CRITICISM4 ,HE IS /ILL ! MO/ DEVOT$ *AMPION ( ! 0GR& & NOBLE 9/ITUTIONS ( ! GREATE/ C\NTRY ON E>?40 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE HE BELIEVES ?AT !Y >E HIS 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT HE1 AS SOV]EIGN & FREE CITIZ51 IS RUNN+ !M & ?AT HE C\LD *ANGE !M IF HE SO WI%$4 ,IT IS HIS FAI? 9 ! EXI/+ ORD] ?AT CON/ITUTES ITS GREATE/ SECURITY AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FAI? IS /UPID & UNJU/IFI$1 & SOME DAY IT WILL BREAK D[N & ) IT ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM & DESPOTISM4 ,BUT AS LONG AS ?AT FAI? P]SI/S1 ,AM]ICAN PLUTOCRACY IS SAFE AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 

,AS M5'S M9DS BROAD5 & DEVELOP1 AS !Y ADVANCE TO NEW IDEAS & LOSE FAI? 9 !IR =M] BELIEFS1 9/ITUTIONS BEG9 TO *ANGE & >E ULTIMATELY DONE AWAY )4 ,! PEOPLE GR[ TO UND]/& !E !IR =M] VIEWS W]E FALSE1 ?AT !Y W]E NOT TRU? BUT PREJUDICE & SUP]/ITION4 

,9 ?IS WAY MANY IDEAS1 ONCE HELD TO BE TRUE1 HAVE COME TO BE REG>D$ AS WRONG & EVIL4 ,?US ! IDEAS ( ! DIV9E RI<T ( K+S1 ( SLAV]Y & S]FDOM4 ,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ! :OLE WORLD BELIEV$ ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS TO BE RI<T1 JU/1 & UN*ANGEABLE4 ,9 ! MEASURE ?AT ?OSE SUP]/ITIONS & FALSE BELIEFS W]E F\<T BY ADVANC$ ?9K]S1 !Y BECAME DISCR$IT$ & LO/ !IR HOLD UPON ! PEOPLE1 & F9ALLY ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT 9CORPORAT$ ?OSE IDEAS W]E ABOLI%$4 ,HI<BR[S WILL TELL Y\ ?AT !Y HAD 0\TLIV$ !IR USEFULNESS0 & ?AT !RE=E !Y 0DI$40 ,BUT H[ DID !Y 0\TLIVE0 !IR 0USEFULNESS08 ,TO :OM W]E !Y USEFUL1 & H[ DID !Y 0DIE08 

,WE KN[ ALREADY ?AT !Y W]E USEFUL ONLY TO ! MA/] CLASS1 & ?AT !Y W]E DONE AWAY ) BY POPUL> UPRIS+S & REVOLUTIONS4 

,:Y DID NOT OLD & EFFETE 9/ITUTIONS 0DISAPPE>0 & DIE (F 9 A PEACEFUL MANN]8 

,= TWO REASONS3 FIR/1 BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE ?9K FA/] ?AN O!RS4 ,SO ?AT IT HAPP5S ?AT A M9ORITY 9 A GIV5 PLACE ADVANCE 9 !IR VIEWS QUICK] ?AN ! RE/4 ,! MORE ?AT M9ORITY WILL BECOME IMBU$ ) ! NEW IDEAS1 ! MORE CONV9C$ ( !IR TRU?1 & ! /RONG] !Y WILL FEEL !MSELVES1 ! SOON] !Y WILL TRY TO REALIZE !IR IDEAS2 & ?AT IS USUALLY BE=E ! MAJORITY HAVE COME TO SEE ! NEW LI<T4 ,SO ?AT ! M9ORITY HAVE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MAJORITY :O /ILL CL+ TO ! OLD VIEWS & CONDITIONS4 

,SECOND1 ! RESI/ANCE ( ?OSE :O HOLD P[]4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :E!R IT IS ! *UR*1 ! K+1 OR KAIS]1 A DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T OR A DICTATOR%IP1 A REPUBLIC OR AN AUTOCRACY-?OSE 9 AU?ORITY WILL FI<T DESP]ATELY TO RETA9 IT AS LONG AS !Y CAN HOPE = ! LEA/ *ANCE ( SUCCESS4 ,& ! MORE AID !Y GET FROM ! SL[]-?9K+ MAJORITY ! BETT] ! FI<T !Y CAN PUT UP4 ,H5CE ! FURY ( REVOLT & REVOLUTION4 

,! DESP]ATION ( ! MASSES1 !IR HATR$ ( ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = !IR MIS]Y1 & ! DET]M9ATION ( ! LORDS ( LIFE TO HOLD ON TO !IR PRIVILEGES & RULE COMB9E TO PRODUCE ! VIOL5CE ( POPUL> UPRIS+S & REBELLIONS4 

,BUT BL9D REBELLION )\T DEF9ITE OBJECT & PURPOSE IS NOT REVOLUTION4 ,REVOLUTION IS REBELLION BECOME CONSCI\S ( ITS AIMS4 ,REVOLUTION IS SOCIAL :5 IT /RIVES = A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,AS ! F\NDATION ( LIFE IS ECONOMICS1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MEANS ! REORGANIZATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL1 ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO ( ! 5TIRE /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 

,BUT WE HAVE SE5 !E ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE RE/S ON ! BASIS ( IDEAS1 :I* IMPLIES ?AT *ANG+ ! /RUCTURE PRESUPPOSES *ANG$ IDEAS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 SOCIAL IDEAS MU/ *ANGE FIR/ BE=E A NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE CAN BE BUILT4 

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 !RE=E1 IS NOT AN ACCID5T1 NOT A SUDD5 HAPP5+4 ,!RE IS NO?+ SUDD5 AB\T IT1 = IDEAS DON T *ANGE SUDD5LY4 ,!Y GR[ SL[LY1 GRADUALLY1 LIKE ! PLANT OR FL[]4 ,H5CE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS A RESULT1 A DEVELOPM5T1 :I* MEANS ?AT IT IS REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IT DEVELOPS TO ! PO9T :5 CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE HAVE EMBRAC$ ! NEW IDEAS & >E DET]M9$ TO PUT !M 9TO PRACTICE4 ,:5 !Y ATTEMPT TO DO SO & MEET ) OPPOSITION1 !N ! SL[1 QUIET1 & PEACEFUL SOCIAL EVOLUTION BECOMES QUICK1 MILITANT1 & VIOL5T4 ,EVOLUTION BECOMES REVOLUTION4 

,BE> 9 M9D1 !N1 ?AT EVOLUTION & REVOLUTION >E NOT TWO SEP>ATE & DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,/ILL LESS >E !Y OPPOSITES1 AS SOME PEOPLE WRONGLY BELIEVE4 ,REVOLUTION IS M]ELY ! BOIL+ PO9T ( EVOLUTION4 

,BECAUSE REVOLUTION IS EVOLUTION AT ITS BOIL+ PO9T Y\ CANNOT 0MAKE0 A REAL REVOLUTION ANY MORE ?AN Y\ CAN HA/5 ! BOIL+ ( A TEA KETTLE4 ,IT IS ! FIRE UND]NEA? ?AT MAKES IT BOIL3 H[ QUICKLY IT WILL COME TO ! BOIL+ PO9T WILL DEP5D ON H[ /RONG ! FIRE IS4 

,! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( A C\NTRY >E ! FIRE UND] ! EVOLUTION>Y POT4 ,! WORSE ! OPPRESSION1 ! GREAT] ! DISSATISFACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 ! /RONG] ! FLAME ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! FIRES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION SWEPT ,RUSSIA1 ! MO/ TYRANN\S & BACKW>D C\NTRY1 9/EAD ( ,AM]ICA :]E 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS ALMO/ REA*$ ITS HI<E/ PO9T - & ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL ! LE>N$ DEMON/RATIONS ( ,K>L ,M>X TO ! CONTR>Y4 

,WE SEE1 !N1 ?AT REVOLUTIONS1 ?\< !Y CANNOT BE MADE1 CAN BE HA/5$ BY C]TA9 FACTORS2 NAMELY1 BY PRESSURE FROM ABOVE3 BY MORE 9T5SE POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL OPPRESSION2 & BY PRESSURE FROM BEL[3 BY GREAT] 5LI<T5M5T & AGITATION4 ,!SE SPREAD ! IDEAS2 !Y FUR!R EVOLUTION & !REBY ALSO ! COM+ ( REVOLUTION4 

,BUT PRESSURE FROM ABOVE1 ?\< HA/5+ REVOLUTION1 MAY ALSO CAUSE ITS FAILURE1 BECAUSE SU* REVOLUTION IS APT TO BREAK \T BE=E ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY ADVANC$4 ,COM+ PREMATURELY1 AS IT W]E1 IT WILL FIZZLE \T 9 M]E REBELLION2 ?AT IS1 )\T CLE>1 CONSCI\S AIM & PURPOSE4 ,AT BE/1 REBELLION CAN SECURE ONLY SOME TEMPOR>Y ALLEVIATION2 ! REAL CAUSES ( ! /RIFE1 H[EV]1 REMA9 9TACT & CONT9UE TO OP]ATE TO ! SAME EFFECT1 TO CAUSE FUR!R DISSATISFACTION & REBELLION4 

,SUMM+ UP :AT ,I HAVE SAID AB\T REVOLUTION1 WE MU/ COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT3 

 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ONE ?AT 5TIRELY *ANGES ! F\NDATION ( SOCIETY1 ITS POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL *>ACT]2 

  SU* A *ANGE MU/ FIR/ TAKE PLACE 9 ! IDEAS & OP9IONS ( ! PEOPLE1 9 ! M9DS ( M52 

  OPPRESSION & MIS]Y MAY HA/5 REVOLUTION1 BUT MAY !REBY ALSO TURN IT 9TO FAILURE1 BECAUSE LACK ( EVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION WILL MAKE REAL ACCOMPLI%M5T IMPOSSIBLE2 

  ONLY ?AT REVOLUTION CAN BE FUNDAM5TAL1 SOCIAL1 & SUCCESSFUL :I* WILL BE ! EXPRESSION ( A BASIC *ANGE ( IDEAS & OP9IONS4 

,FROM ?IS IT OBVI\SLY FOLL[S ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE PREP>$4 ,PREP>$ 9 ! S5SE ( FUR!R+ ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ( 5LI<T5+ ! PEOPLE AB\T ! EVILS ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY & CONV9C+ !M ( ! DESIRABILITY & POSSIBILITY1 ( ! JU/ICE & PRACTICABILITY ( A SOCIAL LIFE BAS$ ON LIB]TY2 PREP>$1 MOREOV]1 BY MAK+ ! MASSES REALIZE V]Y CLE>LY JU/ :AT !Y NE$ & H[ TO BR+ IT AB\T4 

,SU* PREP>ATION IS NOT ONLY AN ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y PRELIM9>Y /EP4 ,!RE9 LIES ALSO ! SAFETY ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ONLY GU>ANTEE ( ITS ACCOMPLI%+ ITS OBJECTS4 

,IT HAS BE5 ! FATE ( MO/ REVOLUTIONS -- AS A RESULT ( LACK ( PREP>ATION -- TO BE SIDETRACK$ FROM !IR MA9 PURPOSE1 TO BE MISUS$ & L$ 9TO BL9D ALLEYS4 ,RUSSIA IS ! BE/ REC5T ILLU/RATION ( IT4 ,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 :I* S\<T TO DO AWAY ) ! AUTOCRACY1 WAS 5TIRELY SUCCESSFUL4 ,! PEOPLE KNEW EXACTLY :AT !Y WANT$2 NAMELY ! ABOLITION ( ,CZ>DOM4 ,ALL ! MA*9ATIONS ( POLITICIANS1 ALL ! ORATORY & S*EMES ( ! ,LVOVS & ,MILIUKOVS - ! 0LIB]AL0 LEAD]S ( ?OSE DAYS C\LD NOT SAVE ! ,ROMANOV REGIME 9 ! FACE ( ! 9TELLIG5T & CONSCI\S WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS ?IS CLE> UND]/&+ ( ITS AIMS :I* MADE ! ,FEBRU>Y1 ,REVOLUTION A COMPLETE SUCCESS1 )1 M9D Y\1 ALMO/ NO BLOOD%$4 

,FUR!RMORE1 NEI!R APPEALS NOR ?REATS BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T C\LD AVAIL AGA9/ ! DET]M9ATION ( ! PEOPLE TO 5D ! W>4 ,! >MIES LEFT ! FRONTS & ?US T]M9AT$ ! MATT] BY !IR [N DIRECT ACTION4 ,! WILL ( A PEOPLE CONSCI\S ( !IR OBJECTS ALWAYS CONQU]S4 

,IT WAS ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE AGA91 !IR RESOLUTE AIM TO GET HOLD ( ! SOIL1 :I* SECUR$ = ! PEASANT ! L& HE NE$$4 ,SIMIL>LY ! CITY WORK]S1 AS REPEAT$LY M5TION$ BE=E1 POSSESS$ !MSELVES ( ! FACTORIES & ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION4 

,SO F> ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A COMPLETE SUCCESS4 ,BUT AT ! PO9T :]E ! MASSES LACK$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( DEF9ITE PURPOSE1 DEFEAT BEGAN4 ,?AT IS ALWAYS ! MOM5T :5 POLITICIANS & POLITICAL P>TIES /EP 9 TO EXPLOIT ! REVOLUTION = !IR [N USES OR TO EXP]IM5T !IR !ORIES UPON IT4 ,?IS HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS 9 MANY PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS4 ,! PEOPLE F\<T ! GOOD FI<T-! POLITICAL P>TIES F\<T OV] ! SPOILS TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! REVOLUTION & TO ! RU9 ( ! PEOPLE4 

,?IS IS1 !N1 :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PEASANT1 HAV+ SECUR$ ! L&1 DID NOT HAVE ! TOOLS & MA*9]Y HE NE$$4 ,! WORK]1 HAV+ TAK5 POSSESSION ( ! MA*9]Y & FACTORIES1 DID NOT KN[ H[ TO H&LE !M TO ACCOMPLI% HIS AIMS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE DID NOT HAVE ! EXP]I5CE NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION & HE C\LD NOT MANAGE ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ?+S HE WAS PRODUC+4 

,HIS [N EF=TS -- ! WORK]'S1 ! PEASANT'S1 ! SOLDI]'S -- HAD DONE AWAY ) ,CZ>DOM1 P>ALYZ$ ! ,GOV]NM5T1 /OPP$ ! W>1 & ABOLI%$ PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& & MA*9]Y4 ,= ?AT HE WAS PREP>$ BY YE>S ( REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION & AGITATION4 ,BUT = NO MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,& BECAUSE HE WAS PREP>$ = NO MORE1 :]E HIS KN[L$GE CEAS$ & DEF9ITE PURPOSE WAS LACK+1 !RE /EPP$ 9 ! POLITICAL P>TY & TOOK AFFAIRS \T ( ! H&S ( ! MASSES :O HAD MADE ! REVOLUTION4 ,POLITICS REPLAC$ ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION & !REBY S\ND$ ! DEA? KNELL ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION2 = PEOPLE LIVE BY BREAD1 BY ECONOMICS1 NOT BY POLITICS4 

,FOOD & SUPPLIES >E NOT CREAT$ BY DECREE ( P>TY OR GOV]NM5T4 ,LEGISLATIVE $ICTS DON'T TILL ! SOIL2 LAWS CAN'T TURN ! :EELS ( 9DU/RY4 ,DISSATISFACTION1 /RIFE1 & FAM9E CAME UPON ! HEELS ( GOV]NM5T CO]CION & DICTATOR%IP4 ,AGA91 AS ALWAYS1 POLITICS & AU?ORITY PROV$ ! SWAMP 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y FIRES BECAME EXT+UI%$4 

,LET US LE>N ?IS MO/ VITAL LESSON3 ?OR\< UND]/&+ BY ! MASSES ( ! TRUE AIMS ( REVOLUTION MEANS SUCCESS4 ,C>RY+ \T !IR CONSCI\S WILL BY !IR [N EF=TS GU>ANTEES ! RI<T DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW LIFE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 LACK ( ?IS UND]/&+ & ( PREP>ATION MEANS C]TA9 DEFEAT1 EI!R AT ! H&S ( REACTION OR BY ! EXP]IM5TAL !ORIES ( W\LD-BE POLITICAL P>TY FRI5DS4 

,LET US PREP>E1 !N4 

,:AT & H[8 

7,S\RCE3 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 7REPUBLI%$ AS 0,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8071 BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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