,*APT] #ah 
,! ,DICTATOR%IP AT ,WORK 

#aibiaibi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,IT A*IEV$ ! COMPLETE MA/]Y ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI OV] A C\NTRY ( #ad MILLIONS ( POPULATION4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 ONE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BECAME ! ABSOLUTE RUL] ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP WAS NOT DICTATOR%IP BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE CANNOT ALL BE DICTATORS4 ,NOR CAN ?\S&S ( P>TY MEMB]S BE DICTATORS4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE A DICTATOR%IP IS LIMIT$ TO A SMALL NUMB] ( P]SONS4 ,! LESS ( !M1 ! /RONG] & MORE UNIFI$ ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 ACTUAL PRACTICE DICTATOR%IP IS ALWAYS 9 ! H&S ( ONE P]SON1 ! /RONG MAN :OSE WILL COMPELS ! CONS5T ( HIS NOM9AL CO-DICTATORS4 ,IT CANNOT BE O!RWISE1 & SO IT WAS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 

,! REAL DICTATOR WAS NEI!R ! PROLET>IAT NOR EV5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,!ORETICALLY ! P[] WAS HELD BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY1 BUT ACTUALLY IT WAS WIELD$ BY ! 9N] CIRCLE ( ?AT ,COMMITTEE1 CALL$ ! POLITICAL BUREAU OR 0POLITBUREAU40 ,BUT EV5 ! POLITBUREAU WAS NOT ! REAL DICTATOR1 ?\< ITS MEMB]%IP WAS LESS ?AN A SCORE4 ,= 9 ! POLITBUREAU !RE W]E DIFF]+ VIEWS ON EV]Y IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 AS !RE MU/ HE :5 !RE >E MANY BEADS4 ,! REAL DICTATOR WAS ! MAN :OSE 9FLU5CE SECUR$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! POLITBUREAU4 ,?AT MAN WAS ,L591 & IT WAS HE :O WAS ! REAL 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP10 JU/ AS ,MUSSOL9I1 = 9/ANCE1 & NOT ! ,FASCI/ ,P>TY1 IS DICTATOR 9 ,ITALY4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS ! VIEWS & IDEAS ( ,L59 ?AT W]E C>RI$ \T1 FROM ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY TO ! LA/ DAY ( ,L59'S LIFE2 C>RI$ \T :5 ! 5TIRE ,P>TY WAS OPPOS$ TO HIS OP9ION & EV5 :5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE BITT]LY F\<T HIS PROPOSALS4 

,ON !IR FIR/ PRES5TATION4 ,IT WAS ,L59 :O ALWAYS WON1 HIS WILL ?AT PREVAIL$4 ,IT WAS SO 9 EV]Y CRITICAL P]IOD ( ,BOL%EVIK HI/ORY4 ,IT C\LD NOT HELP BE+ SO1 BECAUSE DICTATOR%IP ALWAYS MEANS DOM9ATION BY ! /RONGE/ P]SONALITY1 ! SUPREMACY ( A S+LE WILL4 

,! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 AS ?AT ( EV]Y DICTATOR%IP1 9DISPUTABLY DEMON/RATES ?IS4 ,BOL%EVIK WRIT+S !MSELVES PROVE IT4 ,H]E IT IS SUFFICI5T TO M5TION BUT A FEW ( ! MO/ VITAL EV5TS TO SUB/ANTIATE MY CONT5TION4 

,9 ,M>*1 #a#i#a#g1 :5 ,L59 RETURN$ HOME FROM EXILE 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( HIS ,P>TY 9 ,RUSSIA HAD DECID$ TO 5T] ! ,COALITION ,GOV]NM5T =M$ AFT] ! ABOLITION ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 ,L59 WAS OPPOS$ TO COOP]ATION ) ! B\RGEOIS & ,M5%EVIKI :O W]E 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,YET NOT)/&+ ?AT ! ,P>TY HAD ALREADY DECID$ ! QUE/ION & ?AT ,L59 WAS ALMO/ ALONE 9 HIS OPPOSITION1 HIS 9FLU5CE C>RI$4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE REV]S$ ITSELF & TOOK UP ,L59'S POSITION4 

,LAT]1 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#a#g1 ,L59 ADVOCAT$ AN IMM$IATE REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! ,K]5SKY ,GOV]NM5T4 ,HIS PROPOSAL WAS R\NDLY CONDEMN$ EV5 BY HIS NE>E/ COMRADES & FRI5DS AS FOOLH>DY & CRIM9AL4 ,BUT AGA9 ,L59 WON1 EV5 AT ! CO/ ( ,Z9OVIEV1 ,KAM5EV1 & O!R 9FLU5TIAL ,BOL%EVIKI REFUS+ TO HE P>TIES TO ! S*EME & RESIGN+ FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,9CID5TALLY1 ! ,PUTS* 7! ATTEMPT TO UPSET ,K]5SKY7 PROV$ A FAILURE & CO/ MANY WORK]S' LIVES4 

,! R$ T]ROR 9/ITUT$ BY ,L59 AS SOON AS HE CAME TO P[] AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS BITT]LY D5\NC$ BY HIS C[ORK]S AS 5TIRELY UNCALL$ = & AS A DIRECT BETRAYAL ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ! (FICIAL PROTE/S ( ! MO/ ACTIVE & 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY1 ,L59 HAD HIS WAY4 "9 

,DUR+ ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK4 NEGOTIATIONS IT WAS AGA9 ,L594"9 :O 9SI/$ ?AT 0PEACE ON ANY T]MS0 HE MADE ) ,G]MANY1 :ILE ,TROTSKY1 ,RADEK1 & O!R IMPORTANT ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S OPPOS$ ! ,KAIS]'S CONDITIONS AS HUMILIAT+ & DE/RUCTIVE4 ,ONCE MORE ,L59 SCOR$4 

,! 0NEW ECONOMIC POLICY0 7! 0NEP07 SUBMITT$ BY ,L59 TO HIS ,P>TY DUR+ ! ,KRON/ADT EV5TS "9 WAS F\<T BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE AS NULLIFY+ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS & AS A DEA? BL[ TO ,COMMUNISM4 ,IT WAS 9DE$ A COMPLETE REV]SAL ( EV]Y?+ ! ,REVOLUTION /OOD = & A RETURN TO ! V]Y CONDITIONS ?AT ! GREAT ,OCTOB] *ANGE HAD ABOLI%$4 ,BUT ,L59'S WILL AGA9 PREVAIL$ & HIS RESOLUTION WAS C>RI$ AT ! ,I,X ,COMMUNI/ ,CONGRESS HELD 9 ,MOSC[1 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#b#a4 

,AS Y\ SEE1 ! ALLEG$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS ONLY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,L594 ,HE DICTAT$ TO ! POLITBUREAU1 ! POLITBUREAU TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,P>TY1 ! ,P>TY TO ! PROLET>IAT & ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,RUSSIA C\NT$ A POPULATION ( OV] A HUNDR$ MILLIONS2 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD LESS ?AN FIFTY ?\S& MEMB]S2 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL SCORE2 ! POLITBUREAU NUMB]$ AB\T A DOZ52 & ,L59 WAS ONE4 ,BUT ?AT ONE WAS ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,RUSSIA IS A C\NTRY ( VA/ EXT5T1 SPREAD OV] HALF ( ,EUROPE & A GOODLY P>T ( ,ASIA4 ,IT IS PEOPL$ BY NUM]\S RACES & NATIONALITIES SPEAK+ DIFF]5T LANGUAGES1 ) DIV]SIFI$ PSY*OLOGY1 V>I$ 9T]E/S & \TLOOK UPON LIFE4 ,WE KN[ :AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,CZ>S DID TO ! C\NTRY4 ,LET US N[ SEE :AT ! 0PROLET>IAN0 DICTATOR%IP ACCOMPLI%$4 ,TO-DAY1 AFT] OV] A DECADE ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE 9 ,RUSSIA1 WE CAN =M A FAIR E/IMATE ( ITS EFFECTS & EXAM9E ! RESULTS IT A*IEV$4 ,LET US SUM !M UP4 

,POLITICALLY ! AIM ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5TAL TYRANNY & OPPRESSION & MAKE ! PEOPLE FREE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,GOV]NM5T IS ADMITT$LY ! WOR/ DESPOTISM"9 ,! REVOLT ( ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#b#a4 

,SEE ,! ,KRON/ADT ,REBELLION1 BY ! AU?OR4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ,FASCI/ RULE 9 ,ITALY4 ,! CITIZ5 HAS NO RI<TS :I* ! GOV]NM5T FEELS B\ND TO RESPECT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS A POLITICAL MONOPOLY1 ) ALL ! O!R P>TIES & MOVEM5TS \TLAW$4 ,SECURITY ( P]SON & DOMICILE IS UNKN[N4 ,FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS DOES NOT EXI/4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,P>TY ! LEA/ DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION IS SUPPRESS$ & PUNI%$ BY IMPRISONM5T & EXILE1 AS WITNESS ! FATE ( ,TROTSKY & HIS FOLL[]S ( ! ,OPPOSITION4 ,9DEP5D5T OP9ION IS NOT TOL]AT$4 ,! ,G4,P4,U41 ! SECRET S]VICE =M]LY CALL$ ,T*EKA1 IS A SUP]-GOV]NM5T ) UNLIMIT$ >BITR>Y P[]S OV] ! LIB]TY & LIVES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O >E 5TIRELY ON ! SIDE ( ! DOM9ANT ,P>TY CLIQUE 5JOY FRE$OM & PRIVILEGES4 ,BUT SU*1 0LIB]TY0 IS TO BE HAD UND] ! WOR/ DESPOTISM3 IF Y\ HAVE NO?+ TO SAY Y\ >E P]FECTLY FREE TO SAY IT EV5 9 ! L& ( ,MUSSOL9I4 ,AS A PROM95T MEMB] ( A REC5T ,COMMUNI/ ,CONGRESS PUT IT1 0,!RE IS ROOM = ALL POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ,RUSSIA3 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ! O!RS >E 9 PRISON40 

,ECONOMICALLY IT WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL AIM ( ! ,REVOLUTION TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM & E/ABLI% ,COMMUNISM & EQUALITY4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP BEGAN BY 9/ITUT+ A SY/EM ( UNEQUAL COMP5SATION & DISCRIM9AT+ REW>DS1 & 5D$ BY RE9TRODUC+ CAPITALI/IC [N]%IP AFT] IT HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ BY ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL & AGR>IAN PROLET>IAT4 ,TO-DAY ,RUSSIA IS A C\NTRY P>TLY ,/ATE CAPITALI/IC & P>TLY PRIVATELY CAPITALI/IC4 

,! DICTATOR%IP & ! R$ T]ROR BY :I* IT WAS MA9TA9$ PROV$ ! MA9 FACTORS 9 P>ALYZ+ ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,HI<H&$ ,BOL%EVIK RULE ANTAGONIZ$ ! PEOPLE1 ITS DESPOTISM EMBITT]$ ! MASSES4 ,! REPRESSION ( EV]Y 9DEP5D5T EF=T ALI5AT$ ! BE/ ELEM5TS FROM ! ,REVOLUTION & MADE !M FEEL ?AT IT HAD BECOME ! PRIVATE CONC]N ( ! POLITICAL ,P>TY 9 P[]4 ,FAC+ A NEW TYRANNY 9/EAD ( ! LONG$-= LIB]TY1 ! WORK]S BECAME DISC\RAG$4 ,!Y FELT !IR REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS TAK5 FROM !M & US$ AS A WEAPON AGA9/ !MSELVES & !IR ASPIRATIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAN SAW HIS FACTORY COMMITTEE SUBJECT$ TO ! DICTATES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & MADE HELPLESS TO PROTECT HIS 9T]E/S AS A TOIL]4 ,HIS LABOR UNION BECAME ! M\?PIECE & TRANSMITT] ( ,BOL%EVIK ORD]S1 & HE F\ND HIMSELF DEPRIV$ ( ALL VOICE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY BUT EV5 9 HIS [N FACTORY :]E HE WAS KEPT AT WORK LONG H\RS AT ! POORE/ PAY4 ,! TOIL]S SOON REALIZ$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 TAK5 \T ( !IR H&S1 ?AT !IR SOVIETS HAD BE5 EMASCULAT$ ( ALL P[]1 & ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS BE+ RUL$ BY SOME PEOPLE F> AWAY 9 ! ,KREML91 JU/ AS IT WAS 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,CZ>S4 ,ELIM9AT$ FROM REVOLUTION>Y & CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 LIV+ ONLY TO OBEY ! NEW MA/]S1 CON/ANTLY H>ASS$ BY ,BOL%EVIKI & ,T*EKI/S1 & EV] 9 FE> ( PRISON OR EXECUTION = ! LEA/ EXPRESSION ( PROTE/1 ! WORK] BECAME EMBITT]$ AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE DES]T$ ! FACTORY & S\<T ! VILLAGE :]E HE MI<T BE FUR!/ REMOV$ FROM ! DREAD$ RUL]S & AT LEA/ SECURE ( HIS DAILY BREAD4 ,?US BROKE D[N ! 9DU/RIES ( ! C\NTRY4 

,! PEASANT SAW LEA!R-CLAD & >M$ ,COMMUNI/S DESC5D UPON HIS QUIET VILLAGE1 DESPOIL IT ( ! FRUIT ( HIS H>D LABOR1 & TREAT HIM ) ! BRUTALITY & 9SOL5CE ( ! OLD ,CZ>I/ (FICIALS4 ,HE SAW HIS ,SOVIET DOM9AT$ BY SOME LAZY1 GOOD-=-NO?+ VILLAGE LOAF] CALL+ HIMSELF ,BOL%EVIK & HOLD+ P[] FROM ,MOSC[4 ,HE HAD WILL+LY1 EV5 G5]\SLY1 GIV5 HIS :EAT & CORN TO FE$ ! WORK]S & ! SOLDI]S1 BUT HE SAW HIS PROVISIONS LIE ROTT+ AT ! RAILROAD /ATIONS & 9 ! W>EH\SES1 BECAUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKI C\LD NOT !MSELVES MANAGE ?+S & W\LD LET NO ONE ELSE DO IT4 ,HE KNEW ?AT HIS BRO!RS 9 ! FACTORY & 9 ! >MY SUFF]$ = LACK ( FOOD BECAUSE ( ,COMMUNI/ 9EFFICI5CY1 BUREAUCRACY1 & CORRUPTION4 ,HE UND]/OOD :Y MORE WAS ALWAYS DEM&$ ( HIM4 ,HE SAW HIS FEW POSSESSIONS1 HIS [N FAMILY PROVISIONS1 CONFISCAT$ BY ,T*EKI/S :O (T5 TOOK EV5 HIS LA/ HORSE )\T :I* ! PEASANT C\LD NEI!R WORK NOR LIVE4 ,HE SAW HIS NEI<BOR VILLAGES1 ?AT REBELL$ AGA9/ !SE \TRAGES1 LEVEL$ TO ! GR\ND & ! PEASANTS :IPP$ & %OT1 JU/ AS 9 ! OLD DAYS4 ,HE TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 HIS DESP]ATION HE DET]M9$ TO PLANT & S[ NO MORE ?AN HE NE$$ = HIMSELF & FAMILY & TO HIDE EV5 ?AT 9 ! =E/4 

,SU* W]E ! RESULTS ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 ( ,L59'S MILIT>Y COMMUNISM & ,BOL%EVIK ME?ODS4 ,9DU/RY /OOD /ILL1 & FAM9E OV]:ELM$ ! C\NTRY4 ,! G5]AL SUFF]+1 ! BITT]NESS ( ! WORK]S1 & ! PEASANT UPRIS+S BEGAN TO ?REAT5 ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,TO SAVE ! DICTATOR%IP ,L59 DECID$ TO 9TRODUCE A NEW ECONOMIC POLICY1 KN[N AS ! 0NEP40 

,! PURPOSE ( ! 0NEP0 WAS TO REVIVE ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS TO 5C\RAGE GREAT] PRODUCTION BY ! PEASANTRY BY ALL[+ !M TO SELL !IR SURPLUS 9/EAD ( HAV+ IT =CIBLY CONFISCAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS ALSO TO 5ABLE EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS BY LEGALIZ+ TRADE & REVIV+ ! COOP]ATIVES =M]LY SUPPRESS$ AS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BUT ! DET]M9ATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO HOLD ON TO ITS DICTATOR%IP MADE ALL !SE ECONOMIC RE=MS 9EFFECTUAL1 BECAUSE 9DU/RY CANNOT DEVELOP UND] A DESPOTIC REGIME4 ,ECONOMIC GR[?1 AS WELL AS TRADE & COMM]CE1 REQUIRES SECURITY ( P]SON & PROP]TY1 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FRE$OM & NON9T]F]5CE 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION4 ,BUT DICTATOR%IP DOES NOT P]MIT ?AT FRE$OM2 ITS 0GU>ANTEES0 CANNOT 9SPIRE CONFID5CE4 ,H5CE ! NEW ECONOMIC POLICY HAS NOT PRODUC$ ! RESULTS DESIR$1 & ,RUSSIA REMA9S 9 ! ?ROES ( POV]TY1 CON/ANTLY ON ! BR9K ( ECONOMIC DISA/]4 

,9DU/RIALLY ! DICTATOR%IP HAS EMASCULAT$ ! ,REVOLUTION ( ITS BASIC PURPOSE ( PLAC+ PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & MAK+ ! WORK] 9DEP5D5T ( ECONOMIC MA/]S4 ,! DICTATOR%IP M]ELY *ANG$ MA/]S3 ! GOV]NM5T HAS BECOME ! BOSS 9/EAD ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/1 ?\< ! LATT] IS N[ ALSO DEVELOP+ AS A NEW CLASS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! TOIL] HAS REMA9$ DEP5D5T AS BE=E4 ,9 FACT1 MORE SO4 ,HIS LABOR ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ALL P[]1 & HE HAS LO/ EV5 ! RI<T TO /RIKE AGA9/ HIS GOV]NM5TAL EMPLOY]4 0,S9CE ! WORK]S1 AS A CLASS1 WIELD ! DICTATOR%IP10 ! ,COMMUNI/S >GUE1 0!Y CANNOT /RIKE AGA9/ !MSELVES40 ,ACCORD+LY ! PROLET>IANS 9 ,RUSSIA PAY !MSELVES WAGES ?AT >E NOT SUFFICI5T = B>E EXI/5CE1 LIVE CR[D$ 9 UNHYGI5IC QU>T]S1 WORK UND] MO/ UNSANIT>Y CONDITIONS1 5DANG] !IR HEAL? & LIVES BECAUSE ( LACK ( 9DU/RIAL PRECAUTION & SAFETY1 & >RE/ & IMPRISON !MSELVES = AN EXPRESSION ( DISCONT5T4 

,CULTURALLY ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME IS A TRA9+ S*OOL 9 ,COMMUNISM & P>TY FANATICISM1 ) NO ACCESS TO IDEAS DIFF]+ FROM ! VIEWS ( ! DOM9ANT CLIQUE4 ,IT IS ! RE>+ ( AN 5TIRE PEOPLE 9 ! DOGMAS ( A POLITICAL *UR*1 ) NO OPPORTUNITY TO BROAD5 & CULTIVATE ! M9D \TSIDE ! CIRCLE ( OP9IONS P]MITT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,NO PRESS EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA EXCEPT ! (FICIAL ,COMMUNI/ PUBLICATIONS & SU* O!RS AS >E APPROV$ ( BY ! ,BOL%EVIK C5SOR4 ,NO PUBLIC S5TIM5T CAN F9D EXPRESSION !RE1 S9CE ! GOV]NM5T HAS A MONOPOLY ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 & ASSEMBLY4 

,IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT !RE IS LESS FRE$OM ( OP9ION & OPPORTUNITY TO VOICE IT UND] ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP ?AN !RE HAD BE5 UND] ! ,CZ>S4 ,:5 ,RUSSIA WAS RUL$ BY ! ,ROMANOVS Y\ C\LD AT LEA/ SECRETLY ISSUE PAMPHLETS & BOOKS1 S9CE ! GOV]NM5T !N HAD NO MONOPOLY ( ! PAP] SUPPLY & PR9T+ PRESSES4 ,!SE W]E 9 PRIVATE H&S1 & ! REVOLUTIONI/S C\LD ALWAYS F9D WAYS TO USE !M = !IR PROPAG&A4 

,TO-DAY 9 ,RUSSIA ALL ! MEANS ( PUBLICATION & DI/RIBUTION >E 9 ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & NO P]SON CAN EXPRESS HIS VIEWS TO ! PUBLIC UNLESS HE FIR/ SECURES ,BOL%EVIK P]MISSION4 ,?\S&S ( ILLEGAL PUBLICATIONS HAD BE5 ISSU$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES DUR+ ! AUTOCRATIC ,ROMANOV REGIME4 ,UND] ,COMMUNI/ RULE SU* A HAPP5+ IS MO/ EXCEPTIONAL1 AS WITNESS ! 9DIGNANT AMAZEM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI :5 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT ,TROTSKY HAD SUCCE$$ 9 PUBLI%+ ! PLAT=M ( ! ,OPPOSITION ELEM5T 9 ! ,P>TY4 

,SOCIALLY ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA1 T5 YE>S AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 IS A C\NTRY :]E NO MAN CAN 5JOY POLITICAL SECURITY OR ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 :]E ! HIDD5 H& ( ! ,G4,P4,U4 IS ALWAYS AT WORK1 T]RORIZ+ ! PEOPLE BY SUDD5 NI<T SE>*ES1 >RE/S = NO KN[N CAUSE1 SECRET D5UNCIATION = ALLEG$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION \T ( P]SONAL REV5GE1 IMPRISONM5T )\T BE>+ OR TRIAL1 & YE>- LONG EXILE TO ! FROZ5 ,NOR? ( ,SIB]IA OR ! & WA/ES ( ,WE/]N ,ASIA4 ,A HUGE PRISON1 :]E EQUALITY MEANS ! FE> ( ALL ALIKE1 & 0FRE$OM0 SIGNIFIES UNQUE/ION+ SUBMISSION TO ! P[]S ?AT BE4 

,MORALLY ,RUSSIA REPRES5TS ! /RUGGLE ( ! F9] QUALITIES ( MAN AGA9/ ! DEGRAD+ & CORRUPT+ EFFECTS ( A SY/EM BUILT ON CO]CION & 9TIMIDATION4 ,! ,REVOLUTION BR\<T ! BE/ 9/9CTS ( MAN TO ! =E3 HIS MANHOOD1 HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( HUMAN VALUE1 HIS LOVE ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ATMOSPH]E 9SPIR$ & CULTIVAT$ !SE T5D5CIES LY+ DORMANT 9 ! PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY ! FEEL+ AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 ! HUNG] = FRE$OM1 ! SPIRIT ( MUTUAL HELPFULNESS & COOP]ATION4 ,BUT ! DICTATOR%IP HAS HAD ! EFFECT ( C\NT]ACT+ !SE TRAITS & >\S+ 9/EAD FE> & HATR$1 ! SPIRIT ( 9TOL]ANCE & P]SECUTION4 ,BOL%EVIK ME?ODS HAVE SY/EMATICALLY WEAK5$ ! PEOPLE'S MORALE1 HAVE 5C\RAG$ S]VILITY & HYPOCRISY1 CREAT$ DISILLUSIONM5T & DI/RU/1 & HAVE DEVELOP$ AN ATMOSPH]E ( TIME-S]V+ N[ DOM9ANT 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,SU* IS ! SITUATION TO-DAY 9 ?AT UNHAPPY L&1 SU* ! EFFECTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA ?AT Y\ CAN MAKE A PEOPLE FREE BY COMPULSION1 ! DOGMA ?AT DICTATOR%IP CAN LEAD TO LIB]TY4 0,SO Y\ ?9K ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION FAIL$ BECAUSE ( DICTATOR%IP80 Y\ ASK4 0,WAS NOT ,RUSSIA TOO BACKW>D TO MAKE A SUCCESS ( IT80 ,IT FAIL$ BECAUSE ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEAS & ME?ODS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN MASSES W]E NOT TOO 0BACKW>D0TO ABOLI% ! ,CZ>1 TO DEFEAT ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 TO DE/ROY CAPITALISM & ! WAGE SY/EM1 TO TURN ! L& OV] TO ! PEASANTRY & ! 9DU/RIES TO ! WORK]S4 ,SO F> ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ! GREATE/ SUCCESS1 & ! PEOPLE W]E BEG9N+ TO BUILD !IR NEW LIFE UPON ! F\NDATION ( EQUAL LIB]TY1 OPPORTUNITY1 & JU/ICE4 ,BUT ! MOM5T A POLITICAL P>TY USURP$ ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T & PROCLAIM$ ITS DICTATOR%IP1 DISA/R\S RESULTS W]E 9EVITABLE4 

,REVOLUTION1 :5 IT ,COMES1 MU/ DEAL ) CONDITIONS AS IT F9DS !M4 ,IT IS ! MEANS & ME?ODS US$1 & ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y >E US$1 ?AT >E VITAL4 ,UPON !M DEP5DS ! C\RSE & FATE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,LET US LE>N ?IS LESSON WELL BECAUSE ! FATE ( REVOLUTION DEP5DS ON IT4 0,Y\ %ALL REAP :AT Y\ S[0 IS ! ACME ( ALL HUMAN WISDOM & EXP]I5CE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 7REPUBLI%$ AS 0,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8071 BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,ADD$4 

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