,*APT] #af 
,! ,BOL%EVIKI 

#aibiaibi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,:O W]E ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 & :AT DID !Y WANT8 

,UP TO ! YE> #a#i#c1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY2 ?AT IS1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 FOLL[]S ( ,K>L ,M>X & HIS TEA*+S4 ,9 ?AT YE> ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA SPLIT ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION & O!R M9OR MATT]S4 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,L59 ! OPPOSITION =M$ A NEW P>TY1 :I* CALL$ ITSELF ,BOL%EVIK4 ,! OLD P>TY BECAME KN[N AS ,M5%EVIK4"9 

,! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! MO!R P>TY FROM :I* !Y SEC$$4 ,:5 ! WORLD W> BROKE \T !Y DID NOT BETRAY ! CAUSE ( ! WORK]S & JO9 ! PATRIOTIC J+OES1 AS DID ! MAJORITY ( ! O!R ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,TO !IR CR$IT BE IT SAID ?AT1 LIKE MO/ ( ! ,AN>*I/S & ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI OPPOS$ ! W> ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! PROLET>IAT HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 ! QU>RELS ( CONFLICT+ CAPITALI/ GR\PS4 ,:5 ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION BEGAN ! ,BOL%EVIKI REALIZ$ ?AT POLITICAL *ANGES ALONE W\LD DO NO GOOD1 W\LD NOT SOLVE ! LABOR & SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT PUTT+ ONE GOV]NM5T 9 PLACE ( ANO!R W\LD NOT HELP MATT]S4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS A RADICAL1 FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 

,?\< ,M>XI/S LIKE !IR ,M5%EVIK /EP-BRO!RS 7BELIEV]S 9 ! !ORIES ( ,K>L ,M>X71 ! ,BOL%EVIKI DID NOT AGREE ) ! ,M5%EVIKI 9 !IR ATTITUDE TO ! GREAT UPHEAVAL4 ,!Y SCORN$ ! IDEA ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT HAVE A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BECAUSE CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY HAD NOT DEVELOP$ !RE TO ITS FULLE/ POSSIBILITIES4 ,!Y REALIZ$ ?AT IT WAS NOT M]ELY A B\RGEOIS POLITICAL *ANGE ?AT WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT ! PEOPLE W]E NOT SATISFI$ ) ! ABOLITION ( ! ,CZ> & NOT CONT5T ) A CON/ITUTION4 ,!Y SAW ?AT ?+S W]E DEVELOP+ FUR!R4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT ! TAK+ ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTRY & ! GR[+ EXPROPRIATION ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 DID NOT SIGNIFY 0RE=M40 ,CLOS] TO ! MASSES ?AN ! ,M5%EVIKI1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI FELT ! POPUL> PULSE & MORE CORRECTLY JUDG$ ! SPIRIT & PURPOSE ( ! TREM5D\S EV5TS4 ,IT WAS =EMO/ ( ALL ,L591 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! TIME WAS APPROA*+ :5 HE & HIS ,P>TY MI<T GRASP ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI% ,SOCIALISM ON ! ,BOL%EVIK PLAN4 

,BOL%EVIK ,SOCIALISM MEANT ! SEIZ+ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y AGRE$ ) ! ,AN>*I/S ?AT ,COMMUNISM W\LD BE ! BE/ ECONOMIC SY/EM2 ?AT IS1 ! L&1 ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 & ALL PUBLIC UTILITIES %\LD BE [N$ 9 COMMON1 EXCLUD+ PRIVATE POSSESSION 9 ?OSE ?+S4 ,BUT :ILE ! ,AN>*I/S WANT$ ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE TO BE ! [N]S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI HELD ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* MEANT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD NOT ONLY BE ! POLITICAL RUL] ( ! C\NTRY BUT ALSO ITS 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC MA/]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI AS ,M>XI/S BELIEV$ 9 A /RONG GOV]NM5T TO RUN ! C\NTRY1 ) ABSOLUTE P[] OV] ! LIVES & =TUNES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA WAS A DICTATOR%IP1 ?AT DICTATOR%IP TO BE 9 ! H&S ( !MSELVES1 ( !IR POLITICAL ,P>TY4 

,!Y CALL$ SU* AN >RANGEM5T ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 BECAUSE !IR ,P>TY1 !Y SAID1 REPRES5T$ ! BE/ & =EMO/ ELEM5T1 ! ADVANCE GU>D ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & !IR ,P>TY %\LD !RE=E BE DICTATOR 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,AN>*I/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKI WAS ?AT ! ,AN>*I/S WANT$ ! MASSES TO DECIDE & MANAGE !IR AFFAIRS = !MSELVES1 ?R\< !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS1 )\T ORD]S FROM ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,!Y WANT$ REAL LIB]TY & VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION 9 JO9T [N]%IP4 ,! ,AN>*I/S !RE=E CALL$ !MSELVES FREE ,COMMUNI/S1 OR ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*I/S1 :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E COMPULSORY1 GOV]NM5TAL OR ,/ATE ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! ,AN>*I/S DIDN'T WANT ANY ,/ATE TO DICTATE TO ! PEOPLE1 BECAUSE SU* DICTATION1 !Y >GU$1 ALWAYS MEANS TYRANNY & OPPRESSION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI1 ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE REPUDIAT+ ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE & B\RGEOIS DICTATOR%IP1 WANT$ ! ,/ATE & ! DICTATOR%IP TO BE !IRS1 ( !IR ,P>TY4 

,Y\ CAN !RE=E SEE ?AT !RE IS ALL ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! WORLD BETWE5 ! ,AN>*I/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,! ,AN>*I/S >E OPPOS$ TO ALL GOV]NM5T2 ! ,BOL%EVIKI >E /RONG = GOV]NM5T ON CONDITION ?AT IT IS 9 !IR H&S4 ^*,!Y >E NOT AGA9/ ! BIG /ICK10 AS A CLEV] FRI5D ( M9E IS WONT TO SAY2 0!Y ONLY WANT TO BE AT ! RI<T 5D ( IT40 

,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKI REALIZ$ ?AT ! VIEWS & ME?ODS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S W]E S\ND & PRACTICAL1 & ?AT ONLY SU* ME?ODS C\LD ASSURE ! SUCCESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y DECID$ TO MAKE USE ( ,AN>*I/ IDEAS = !IR [N PURPOSES4 ,SO IT HAPP5$ ?AT AL?\< ! ,AN>*I/S W]E !MSELVES TOO WEAK 9 NUMB]S TO REA* ! MASSES1 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 9FLU5C+ ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 :O PRES5TLY BEGAN TO ADVOCATE ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS & TACTICS1 PRET5D+ ( C\RSE ?AT !Y W]E !IR [N4 

,BUT !Y W]E NOT !IR [N4 ,Y\ MI<T SAY ?AT IT DOES NOT MATT] :O ADVOCATES OR HELPS TO C>RY \T AN IDEA ?AT WILL B5EFIT ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT IF Y\ ?9K IT OV] A BIT Y\ WILL REALIZE ?AT IT MATT]S V]Y MU*1 AS ALL HI/ORY & P>TICUL>LY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PROVES4 

,IT MATT]S BECAUSE EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! MOTIVES1 ON ! PURPOSE & SPIRIT 9 :I* A ?+ IS C>RI$ \T4 ,EV5 ! BE/ IDEA CAN BE APPLI$ 9 SU* A MANN] AS TO BR+ MU* H>M4 ,BECAUSE ! MASSES1 FIR$ BY ! GREAT IDEA1 MAY FAIL TO NOTICE H[1 9 :AT MANN]1 & BY :AT MEANS IT IS BE+ C>RI$ \T4 ,BUT IF C>RI$ \T 9 ! WRONG SPIRIT OR BY FALSE MEANS1 EV5 ! NOBLE/ & F9E/ IDEA CAN BE TURN$ TO ! RU9 ( ! C\NTRY & ITS PEOPLE4 

,?AT IS JU/ :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI ADVOCAT$ & P>TLY C>RI$ \T ,AN>*I/ IDEAS1 BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E NOT ,AN>*I/S & !Y DID NOT AT HE>T BELIEVE 9 ?OSE IDEAS4 ,!Y US$ !M = !IR [N PURPOSES--PURPOSES ?AT W]E NOT ,AN>*I/IC1 ?AT W]E REALLY ANTI- ,AN>*I/IC1 AGA9/ ! ,AN>*I/ IDEA4 ,:AT W]E ?OSE ,BOL%EVIK PURPOSES8 

,! ,AN>*I/ IDEA WAS TO DO AWAY ) OPPRESSION ( EV]Y K9D1 TO ABOLI% ! RULE ( ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R1 TO SUB/ITUTE ! MANAGEM5T ( ?+S = ! MA/]Y ( MAN OV] MAN1 TO SECURE LIB]TY & WELL-BE+ = ALL4 ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS W]E CALCULAT$ TO BR+ AB\T SU* A RESULT4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKI US$ ! ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS = AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PURPOSE4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO ABOLI% POLITICAL DOM9ATION & GOV]NM5T3 !Y ONLY MEANT TO GET IT 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,!IR OBJECT WAS1 AS ALREADY EXPLA9$1 TO GA9 CONTROL ( POLITICAL P[] BY !IR ,P>TY & E/ABLI% A ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO GET ?IS V]Y CLE>LY 9 ORD] TO UND]/& :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & :Y 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 QUICKLY BECAME A ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 

,IT WAS SOON AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKI BEGAN TO PROCLAIM ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & TACTICS4 ,AMONG !SE W]E 0DIRECT ACTION10 0! G5]AL /RIKE10 0EXPROPRIATION10 & SIMIL> MODES ( ACTION BY ! MASSES4 ,AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI AS ,M>XI/S DID NOT BELIEVE 9 SU* ME?ODS4 ,AT LEA/ !Y HAD NOT BELIEV$ 9 !M UNTIL ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,= YE>S PREVI\SLY ,SOCIALI/S EV]Y:]E1 9CLUD+ ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 HAD RIDICUL$ ! ,AN>*I/ ADVOCACY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE AS ! /RONGE/ WEAPON ( ! WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & GOV]NM5T OPPRESSION4 0,! G5]AL /RIKE IS G5]AL NONS5SE10 WAS ! W> CRY ( ,SOCIALI/S AGA9/ ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,SOCIALI/S DID NOT WANT ! WORK]S TO RESORT TO DIRECT MASS ACTION & ! G5]AL /RIKE1 BECAUSE IT MI<T LEAD TO REVOLUTION & ! TAK+ ( ?+S 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S WANT$ NO 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y ACTION BY ! MASSES4 ,!Y ADVOCAT$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,!Y WANT$ ! WORK]S TO PUT !M1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 9 P[]1 SO !Y C\LD DO ! REVOLUTIONIZ+4 

,IF Y\ GLANCE OV] ! ,SOCIALI/ WRIT+S = ! PA/ =TY YE>S1 Y\ WILL BE CONV9C$ ?AT ,SOCIALI/S W]E ALWAYS AGA9/ ! G5]AL /RIKE & DIRECT ACTION1 AS !Y W]E ALSO OPPOS$ TO EXPROPRIATION & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS ANO!R NAME = WORK]S' SOVIETS4 ,SOCIALI/ CONGRESSES PASS$ DRA/IC RESOLUTIONS AGA9/1 & ,SOCIALI/ AGITATORS FI]CELY D5\NC$1 ALL SU* REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS4 

,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKI ACCEPT$ !SE ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS & BEGAN ADVOCAT+ !M ) NEW-BORN CONVICTION4 ,NOT1 ( C\RSE1 AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g4 ,!Y DID IT MU* LAT]1 :5 !Y SAW ?AT ! MASSES W]E NOT CONT5T ) M]E POLITICAL *ANGES & W]E DEM&+ BREAD 9/EAD ( A CON/ITUTION4 ,! SWIFTLY MOV+ EV5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION COMPELL$ ! ,BOL%EVIKI TO FALL 9 L9E ) ! MO/ RADICAL POPUL> ASPIRATIONS 9 ORD] NOT TO BE LEFT BEH9D BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 AS HAPP5$ TO ! ,M5%EVIKI1 TO ! ,RI<T ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATS1 & TO O!R RE=M]S4 

,V]Y SUDD5 WAS ?IS ,BOL%EVIK ACCEPTANCE ( ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS1 BECAUSE ONLY A %ORT TIME BE=E !Y HAD BE5 9SI/5TLY CALL+ = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,= MON?S FOLL[+ ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION !Y W]E DEM&+ ! CONVOCATION ( A REPRES5TATIVE BODY TO DET]M9E ! =M ( GOV]NM5T ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS TO HAVE4 ,IT WAS RI<T = ! ,BOL%EVIKI TO FAVOR ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 S9CE !Y W]E ,M>XI/S & PRET5D$ TO BELIEVE 9 MAJORITY RULE4 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WAS TO BE ELECT$ BY ! 5TIRE PEOPLE1 & ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS TO DECIDE MATT]S4 ,BUT ! REAL REASON :Y ! ,BOL%EVIKI AGITAT$ = ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS ?AT !Y BELIEV$ ! MASSES W]E ) !M & ?AT !Y1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 W\LD HE SURE ( A MAJORITY 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,PRES5TLY1 H[EV]1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT !Y W\LD PROVE AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY 9 ?AT BODY4 ,!IR HOPE TO DOM9ATE IT VANI%$4 ,AS GOOD GOV]NM5TALI/S & BELIEV]S 9 MAJORITY RULE !Y %\LD HAVE B[$ TO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ?AT DID NOT SUIT ! PLANS ( ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS4 ,!Y LOOK$ AB\T = O!R WAYS ( GETT+ CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & !IR FIR/ /EP WAS TO BEG9 A VEHEM5T AGITATION AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ,ASSEMBLY C\LD GIVE NO?+ ( VALUE TO ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS A M]E TALK+ MA*9E1 LACK+ ALL VITALITY1 & UNABLE TO ACCOMPLI% ANY CON/RUCTIVE WORK4 ,! ,REVOLUTION WAS A FACT \TSIDE & 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 9DEP5D5T ( ANY LEGISLATIVE OR GOV]NM5TAL BODY4 ,IT BEGAN & WAS DEVELOP+ 9 SPITE ( GOV]NM5T & CON/ITUTION1 9 SPITE ( ALL OPPOSITION1 9 DEFIANCE ( LAW4 ,9 ITS 5TIRE *>ACT] IT WAS UNLAWFUL1 NON-GOV]NM5TAL1 EV5 ANTI- GOV]NM5TAL4 ,! ,REVOLUTION FOLL[$ ! HEAL?Y NATURAL IMPULSES ( ! PEOPLE1 !IR NE$S & ASPIRATIONS4 ,9 ! TRUE/ S5SE IT WAS ,AN>*I/IC 9 SPIRIT & DE$4 ,ONLY ! ,AN>*I/S1 ?OSE GOV]NM5TAL H]ETICS :O BELIEVE 9 LIB]TY & POPUL> 9ITIATIVE AS ! CURE = SOCIAL ILLS1 WELCOM$ ! ,REVOLUTION AS IT WAS & WORK$ = ITS FUR!R GR[? & DEEP5+1 SO AS TO BR+ ! 5TIRE LIFE ( ! C\NTRY )9 ! SPH]E ( ITS 9FLU5CE4 

,ALL ! O!R P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 HAD ! SOLE OBJECT ( LASSO+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & TY+ IT TO !IR P>TICUL> B&-WAGON4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI NE$$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES TO WRE/ POLITICAL P[] = !IR ,P>TY & TO PROCLAIM ! ,COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,SEE+ ?AT !RE WAS NO HOPE ( ACCOMPLI%+ ?IS ?R\< ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 !Y TURN$ AGA9/ IT1 JO9$ ! ,AN>*I/S 9 CONDEMN+ IT1 & LAT] =CIBLY DISP]S$ IT4 ,BUT Y\ CAN SEE ?AT :ILE ! ,AN>*I/S C\LD DO ?IS HONE/LY1 9 KEEP+ ) !IR NO-GOV]NM5T IDEAS1 SIMIL> ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI WAS RANK HYPOCRISY & POLITICAL TRICK]Y4 

,TOGE!R ) !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ! ,BOL%EVIKI BORR[$ FROM ! ,AN>*I/ >S5AL A NUMB] ( O!R MILITANT TACTICS4 ,?US !Y PROCLAIM$ ! GREAT W> CRY1 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS10 ADVIS$ ! WORK]S TO IGNORE & EV5 DEFY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & TO RESORT TO DIRECT MASS ACTION TO C>RY \T !IR DEM&S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y ALSO ADOPT$ ! ,AN>*I/ ME?ODS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & 5]GETICALLY AGITAT$ = ! 0EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS40 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP 9 M9D ?AT !SE TACTICS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E NOT1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( !IR IDEAS1 BUT ONLY A MEANS ( GA9+ ! CONFID5CE ( ! MASSES ) ! OBJECT ( A*IEV+ POLITICAL DOM9ATION4 ,9DE$1 ?OSE ME?ODS W]E REALLY OPPOS$ TO ,M>XI/ !ORIES & W]E NOT BELIEV$ 9 BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,IT WAS !RE=E NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT1 ONCE 9 P[]1 !Y REPUDIAT$ ALL ?OSE ANTI-,M>XI/ IDEAS & TACTICS4 

,! ,AN>*I/ MOTTOES PROCLAIM$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI DID NOT FAIL TO BR+ RESULTS4 ,! MASSES RALLI$ TO !IR FLAG4 ,FROM A ,P>TY ) ALMO/ NO 9FLU5CE1 ) ITS MA9 LEAD]S1 ,L59 & ,Z9OVIEV1 DISCR$IT$ "9 & HID+1 ) ,TROTSKY & O!RS 9 PRISON1 !Y QUICKLY BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4"9,BECAUSE ( ! WIDELY BELIEV$ BUT FALSE *>GE AGA9/ ,L59 ( BE+ 9 ! PAY ( ,G]MANY4 

,ATT5TIVE TO ! DEM&S ( ! MASSES1 P>TICUL>LY ( ! SOLDI]S & WORK]S1 VOIC+ !IR NE$S ) 5]GY & P]SI/5CE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI CON/ANTLY GA9$ GREAT] 9FLU5CE AMONG ! PEOPLE & 9 ! ,SOVIETS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE ( ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,! 9ACTIVITY ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & ITS FAILURE TO UND]TAKE ANY IMPORTANT *ANGES AGGRAVAT$ ! G5]AL DISSATISFACTION & RES5TM5T1 :I* W]E SOON TO BREAK 9TO FURY4 ,! PUSILLANIM\S *>ACT] ( ! ,K]5SKY REGIME S]V$ TO /R5G!N ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI 9 ! ,SOVIETS4 ,DAILY ! RUPTURE BETWE5 ! LATT] & ! ,GOV]NM5T GREW1 PRES5TLY DEVELOP+ 9TO OP5 ANTAGONISM & /RUGGLE4 

,! EVID5T HELPLESSNESS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! DECISION ( ,K]5SKY TO R5EW AN AGGRESSIVE MOVEM5T AT ! FRONT1 TOGE!R ) ! RE9TRODUCTION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY = MILIT>Y DES]TION1 ! P]SECUTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS & ! >RE/ ( !IR LEAD]S1 ALL HA/5$ ! CRISIS4 ,ON ,JULY #c1 #a#i#a#g1#a ?\S&S ( >M$ WORK]S1 SOLDI]S1 & SAILORS DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! /REETS ( ,PETROGRAD 9 SPITE ( GOV]NM5T PROHIBITION1 DEM&+ 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS40 ,K]5SKY S\<T TO SUPPRESS ! POPUL> MOVEM5T4 ,HE EV5 RECALL$ 0TRU/$0 REGIM5TS FROM ! FRONT TO TEA* ! PROLET>IAT ( ,PETROGRAD A 0SALUT>Y LESSON40 ,BUT 9 VA9 W]E ALL ! EF=TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 REPRES5T$ BY ,K]5SKY1 BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S & ,RI<T ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 TO /EM ! RIS+ TIDE4 ,! ,JULY DEMON/RATIONS W]E SUPPRESS$1 BUT )9 A %ORT TIME ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T SWEPT ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T AWAY4 ,! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET ( SOLDI]S & WORK]S DECL>$ ! GOV]NM5T ABOLI%$1 & ,K]5SKY SAV$ HIS LIFE ONLY BY FLEE+ 9 DISGUISE4 

,! MASSES BACK$ ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ! CAPITAL WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ,MOSC[1 !NCE SPREAD+ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 

,IT WAS ON ,OCTOB] #b#e?#b ?AT ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS DECL>$ ABOLI%$1 ITS MEMB]S >RE/$1 & ! ,W9T] ,PALACE TAK5 BY ! MILIT>Y-REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET4 ,ON ! SAME DAY ! ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS OP5$ ITS SESSIONS4 ,POLITICAL GOV]NM5T WAS PRACTICALLY ABOLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ALL P[] WAS N[ 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 SOLDI]S1 & PEASANTS REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! LATT] IMM$IATELY BEGAN TO CONSID] /EPS TO C>RY \T ! WILL ( ! MASSES3 TO T]M9ATE ! W>1 SECURE L& = ! PEASANTS1 ! 9DU/RIES = ! WORK]S1 & E/ABLI% LIB]TY & WELF>E = ALL4 

,?IS WAS ! /ATUS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! ABOLITION ( ! ,CZ>1 IT GRADUALLY WID5$ & DEVELOP$ 9TO A ?OR\< 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC REORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE & !IR NE$S M>K$ \T ! FUR!R PROGRESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION T[>D ! REBUILD+ ( LIFE ON ! F\NDATION ( POLITICAL FRE$OM1 ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,?IS C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY AS ! PREVI\S GREAT *ANGES1 FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,OCTOB]1 HAD BE52 BY ! JO9T EF=T & FREE COOP]ATION ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ! LATT] N[ JO9$ BY ! BULK ( ! >MY4 

,BUT SU* A DEVELOPM5T DID NOT COME )9 ! S*EME ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,AS ALREADY EXPLA9$1 !IR AIM WAS TO E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP WIELD$ BY !IR ,P>TY4 ,BUT A DICTATOR%IP MEANS DICTATION1 ! IMPOS+ ( ! RUL]'S WILL UPON ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI N[ FELT !MSELVES /RONG 5\< TO C>RY \T !IR REAL OBJECT4 ,!Y DROPP$ ! REVOLUTION>Y & ,AN>*I/ MOTTOES4 ,!RE MU/ BE A VIGOR\S POLITICAL P[]1 !Y DECL>$1 TO C>RY ON ! WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( PROTECT+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! MON>*I/S & ! B\RGEOISIE !Y BEGAN TO USE REPRESSIVE MEASURES4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 !RE W]E NO ,CZ>I/ SUPPORT]S OR MON>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA WOR? M5TION+4 ,! PEOPLE HAD GR[N \T ( ,CZ>ISM1 & !RE WAS NO MORE *ANCE :ATEV]1 = A MON>*Y 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 !RE HAD NEV] BE5 ANY ORGANIZ$ CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ,RUSSIA1 SU* AS WE HAVE 9 HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES-9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ,G]MANY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS SMALL 9 NUMB]S & WEAK4 ,IT CONT9U$ TO EXI/ AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ONLY BY ! PROTECTION ( ! ,K]5SKY ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! MOM5T ! LATT] WAS ABOLI%$1 ! B\RGEOISIE W5T TO PIECES4 ,IT HAD NEI!R /R5G? NOR MEANS TO /OP ! CONFISCATION ( ITS L&S & FACTORIES BY ! PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,/RANGE AS IT MAY SEEM1 IT IS A FACT ?AT ?R\<\T ?IS :OLE P]IOD ( ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE DID NOT MAKE ANY ORGANIZ$ & EFFECTUAL ATTEMPT TO REGA9 ITS POSSESSIONS4#c 

,CONSID] H[ DIFF]5T IT W\LD HAVE BE5 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE ! CAPITALI/S1 :O >E /RONG & WELL4 ORGANIZ$1 W\LD HAVE (F]$ ! GREATE/ RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE =M$ DEF5SE BODIES TO PROTECT !MSELVES & !IR 9T]E/S BY =CE ( >MS4 #a HAVE NO D\BT !Y WILL DO SO :5 ?+S BEG9 TO HAPP5 !RE AS !Y DID 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,NOT ?AT !Y WILL SUCCE$1 H[EV]4 ,BUT AS ,I SAY1 ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA DID NOT PRODUCE ANY ORGANIZ$ & EFFECTIVE B\RGEOIS RESI/ANCE4 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !RE WAS NO REAL B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,MILIT>Y ATTEMPTS !RE W]E 9DE$1 SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,CZ>I/ ,G5]AL ,KORNILOV TO ATTACK ,PETROGRAD ) ,COSSACKS BR\<T FROM ! FRONT1 BUT SO H>MLESS WAS ?AT ADV5TURE ?AT ,KORNILOV'S >MY MELT$ AWAY EV5 BE=E HE C\LD REA* ! CAPITAL4 ,HIS M5 W5T OV] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y G>RISON ( ,PETROGRAD ALMO/ )\T FIR+ A GUN4#d 

,! PO9T IS ?AT :5 ! MASSES >E ) ! ,REVOLUTION1 !RE CAN BE NO ?\<T ( SUCCESSFUL RESI/ANCE BY ANY 5EMY1 NO *ANCE ( SUPPRESS+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?AT WAS ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ,OCTOB]1#a#i#a#g1 :5 ! ,SOVIETS TOOK ! P[] 9TO !IR H&S4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK PLAN WAS TO GA9 5TIRE & EXCLUSIVE CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T = !IR ,P>TY4 ,IT DID NOT FIT 9TO !IR S*EME TO P]MIT ! PEOPLE !MSELVES TO MANAGE ?+S1 ?R\< !IR ,SOVIET ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS LONG AS ! ,SOVIETS HAD ! :OLE SAY ! ,BOL%EVIKI C\LD NOT A*IEVE !IR PURPOSE4 ,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y EI!R TO ABOLI% ! ,SOVIETS OR TO GA9 CONTROL ( !M4 

,TO ABOLI% ! ,SOVIETS WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y REPRES5T$ ! TOIL+ MASSES2 ! ,SOVIET IDEA HAD BE5 A *]I%$ DREAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE = C5TURIES4 ,EV5 9 ! F> PA/ ,RUSSIA HAD SOVIETS ( V>I\S K9DS1 & ! 5TIRE VILLAGE LIFE WAS BUILT ON ! SOVIET PR9CIPLE2 ?AT IS1 ON ! EQUAL RI<T & REPRES5TATION ( ALL MEMB]S ALIKE4 ,! ANCI5T ,RUSSIAN MIR1 ! PUBLIC ASSEMBLY TO TRANSACT ! BUS9ESS ( ! VILLAGE OR T[N1 WAS ONE ( ! =MS ( ! SOVIET IDEA4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKI KNEW ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS1 AS WELL AS ! SOLDI]S 7:O W]E WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 UNI=M71 W\LD NOT /& = ! ABOLITION ( !IR SOVIETS4 ,!RE REMA9$ ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE ( GETT+ CONTROL ( !M4 ,HOLD+ TO ! ,L59 PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 05D JU/IFIES ! MEANS10 ! ,BOL%EVIKI DID NOT %R9K FROM ANY ME?ODS :ATEV] TO DISCR$IT & ELIM9ATE ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS FROM ! ,SOVIETS4 ,!Y C>RI$ ON A P]SI/5T CAMPAIGN ( V5OM & DETRACTION = ! PURPOSE ( DELUD+ ! MASSES & TURN+ !M AGA9/ ! O!R P>TIES1 P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,SY/EMATICALLY & BY ! MO/ ,JESUITIC MEANS !Y S\<T TO BECOME ! SOLE P[]1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO C>RY \T ,L59'S S*EME ( 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP40 

,BY SU* TACTICS ! ,BOL%EVIKI F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+ A ,SOVIET ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 :I* 9 REALITY BECAME ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,ALL ITS MEMB]S W]E ,BOL%EVIKI1 ) TWO M9OR EXCEPTIONS3 ! ,COMMISS>IATS ( JU/ICE & ( ,AGRICULTURE W]E HEAD$ BY ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,BE=E LONG !SE W]E ALSO ELIM9AT$ & REPLAC$ BY ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,! ,SOVIET ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S WAS ! POLITICAL MA*9E ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 :I* WAS N[ RE*RI/5$ 9TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA4 

,:AT ?IS ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY /OOD =1 :AT ITS OBJECTS & PURPOSES W]E1 WE ALREADY KN[4 ,IT OP5LY AV[$ ITS DET]M9ATION TO SECURE EXCLUSIVE ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ATION UND] ! LABEL ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,?IS WAS FATAL TO ! ,REVOLUTION & ITS GREAT AIM ( A DEEP SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION1 AS ! SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA HAS PROV54 ,:Y8 

,FOOTNOTES 

"9 ,FROM ! ,RUSSIAN WORD BOL%E1 MEAN+ 0MORE0 OR MAJORITY2 M5%E SIGNIFY+ LESS0 

#a ,JULY #a#f1 NEW /YLE4 

#b ,NOVEMB] #g1 NEW /YLE4 

#c ,9 ! ,S\? ( ,RUSSIA 7! ,UKRA9E7 ! B\RGEOISIE DID (F] SOME RESI/ANCE1 BUT ONLY DUR+ ! RULE ( ! ,HETM5 ,SKOROPADSKY & ,PETLURA1 AID$ BY ! ,ALLI$ >MIES4 ,AS SOON AS =EIGN AID WAS )DRAWN1 ! ,UKRA9IAN B\RGEOISIE ALSO BECAME HELPLESS4 

#d ,REAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION BEGAN MU* LAT]1 :5 ,BOL%EVIK T]ROR & DICTATOR%IP W]E 9 FULL SWAY1 :I* ALI5AT$ ! MASSES & RESULT$ 9 9SURRECTIONS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 7REPUBLI%$ AS 0,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8071 BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i4 

7,S\RCE3 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 7REPUBLI%$ AS 0,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8071 BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibh 3 ,*APT] #af -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #af -- ,ADD$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/