,*APT] #ae 
,BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] 

#aibiaibi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,I REMEMB] ATT5D+ A V]Y L>GE MASS-MEET+ 9 ,MADISON ,SQU>E ,G>D51 ,NEW ,YORK1 CALL$ TO CELEBRATE ! DE?RONEM5T ( ! ,CZ>4 ,! HUGE HALL WAS CR[D$ ) TW5TY ?\S& PEOPLE WR\<T UP TO ! HI<E/ PIT* ( 5?USIASM4 0,RUSSIA IS FREE60 ! LEAD+ SPEAK] BEGAN4 ,A V]ITABLE HURRICANE ( APPLAUSE1 %\TS1 & HURRAHS GREET$ ! DECL>ATION4 ,IT CONT9U$ = MANY M9UTES1 BREAK+ \T AGA9 & AGA94 ,BUT :5 ! AUDI5CE BECAME QUIET & ! ORATOR WAS AB\T TO PROCE$1 !RE CAME A VOICE FROM ! CR[D3 

0,FREE = :AT80 

,!RE WAS NO REPLY4 ,! SPEAK] CONT9U$ HIS H>ANGUE4 

,! ,RUSSIANS >E A SIMPLE & NAIVE PEOPLE4 ,NEV] HAV+ HAD ANY CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS1 !Y HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS & W]E NOT CORRUPT$ BY IT4 ,!Y KNEW LITTLE ( CONGRESSES & P>LIAM5TS1 & C>$ LESS AB\T !M4 

0,FREE = :AT80 !Y WOND]$4 

0,Y\ >E FREE FROM ! ,CZ> & HIS TYRANNY10 !Y W]E TOLD4 

,?AT WAS V]Y F9E1 !Y ?\<T4 0,BUT H[ AB\T ! W>80 ! SOLDI] ASK$4 0,H[ AB\T ! L&80 ! PEASANT DEM&$4 0,H[ AB\T A DEC5T EXI/5CE80 ! PROLET>IAN URG$4 ,Y\ SEE1 MY FRI5D1 ?OSE ,RUSSIANS W]E SO 0UN$UCAT$0!Y W]E NOT SATISFI$ JU/ TO BE FREE FROM SOME?+2 !Y WANT$ TO BE FREE = SOME?+1 FREE TO DO :AT !Y WANT$4 ,& :AT !Y WANT$ WAS A *ANCE TO LIVE1 TO WORK & 5JOY ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR4 ,?AT IS1 !Y WANT$ ACCESS TO ! L&1 SO !Y C\LD RAISE FOOD = !MSELVES2 ACCESS TO ! M9ES1 %OPS1 & FACTORIES1 SO AS TO PRODUCE :AT !Y NE$$4 ,BUT UND] ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 JU/ AS UND] ! ,ROMANOYS1 ?OSE ?+S BELONG$ TO ! WEAL?Y2 !Y REMA9$ 0PRIVATE PROP]TY40 

,AS ,I SAY1 ! SIMPLE ,RUSSIAN KNEW NO?+ AB\T POLITICS1 BUT HE KNEW EXACTLY :AT HE WANT$4 ,HE LO/ NO TIME 9 MAK+ HIS WANTS KN[N1 & HE WAS DET]M9$ TO GET !M4 ,! SOLDI]S & SAILORS *OSE SPOKESM5 FROM !IR [N MID/ TO PRES5T TO ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T !IR DEM& TO T]M9ATE ! W>4 ,!IR REPRES5TATIVES ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES AS SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 CALL$ SOVIETS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PEASANTS & ! CITY WORK]S DID ! SAME4 ,9 ?IS MANN] EV]Y BRAN* ( ! >MY & NAVY1 EV]Y AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 EV]Y FACTORY EV51 E/ABLI%$ ITS [N SOVIETS4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( TIME ! V>I\S SOVIETS =M$ ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S'1 ,SOLDI]S'1 & ,PEASANTS' ,DEPUTIES1 :I* HELD ITS SESSIONS 9 ,PETROGRAD4 

,?R\< ! ,SOVIETS ! PEOPLE PRES5TLY BEGAN TO VOICE !IR DEM&S4 

,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! NEW 0LIB]AL0 REGIME UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,MILIUKOV1 PAID NO ATT5TION4 ,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL POLITICAL4 P>TIES ALIKE ?AT1 ONCE 9 P[]1 !Y TURN A DEAF E> TO ! NE$S & WANTS ( ! MASSES4 ,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS NO DIFF]5T 9 ?IS ?AN ! ,CZ>I/ AUTOCRACY4 ,IT FAIL$ TO UND]/& ! SPIRIT ( ! TIME1 & IT /UPIDLY BELIEV$ ?AT A FEW M9OR RE=MS W\LD SATISFY ! C\NTRY4 ,IT KEPT BUSY TALK+ & DISCUSS+1 PROPOS+ NEW BILLS & 5ACT+ MORE LEGISLATION4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT LAWS ! PEOPLE WANT$4 ,!Y WANT$ PEACE1 :ILE ! GOV]NM5T 9SI/$ ON CONT9U+ ! W>4 ,!Y CRI$ = L& & BREAD1 BUT :AT !Y GOT WAS MORE LAWS4 

,IF HI/ORY TEA*ES ANY?+ AT ALL ITS CLE>E/ LESSON IS ?AT Y\ CAN'T DEFY OR RESI/ ! WILL ( A :OLE PEOPLE4 ,Y\ CAN SUPPRESS IT = A :ILE1 /EM ! TIDE ( POPUL> PROTE/1 BUT ! MORE VIOL5TLY WILL ! /ORM RAGE :5 IT COMES4 ,!N IT WILL BREAK D[N EV]Y OB/ACLE1 SWEEP AWAY ALL OPPOSITION1 & ITS MOM5TUM WILL C>RY IT EV5 FUR!R ?AN ITS ORIG9AL 9T5TION4 

,?AT HAS BE5 ! /ORY ( EV]Y GREAT CONFLICT1 ( EV]Y REVOLUTION4 

,RECALL ! ,AM]ICAN ,W> = ,9DEP5D5CE1 = 9/ANCE4 ,! REBELLION ( ! COLONIES AGA9/ ,GREAT ,BRITA9 BEGAN ) ! REFUSAL TO PAY ! TEA TAX EXACT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,GEORGE ,I,I,I4 ,! COMP>ATIVELY UNIMPORTANT OBJECTION TO 0TAXATION )\T REPRES5TATION10 MEET+ ) ! ,K+'S OPPOSITION1 RESULT$ 9 W> & 5D$ 9 COMPLETELY FREE+ ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES FROM ,5GLI% RULE4 ,?US WAS BORN ! ,REPUBLIC ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION SIMIL>LY BEGAN ) ! DEM& = SMALL IMPROVEM5TS & RE=MS4 ,! REFUSAL ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I TO L5D E> TO ! POPUL> VOICE CO/ HIM NOT ONLY HIS ?RONE BUT ALSO HIS HEAD1 & BR\<T AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5TIRE FEUDAL SY/EM 9 ,FRANCE4 

,JU/ SO DID ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS ,I,I BELIEVE ?AT A FEW 9SIGNIFICANT CONCESSIONS W\LD /OP ! REVOLUTION4 ,HE ALSO PAID = HIS /UPIDITY ) HIS CR[N & LIFE4 ,! SAME FATE OV]TOOK ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?AT IS :Y A WISE MAN SAID ?AT 0HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF40 ,IT ALWAYS DOES ) GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T CONSI/$ MO/LY ( CONS]VATIVE M5 :O DID NOT UND]/& ! PEOPLE & :O W]E F> REMOV$ FROM !IR NE$S4 ,! MASSES DEM&$ PEACE FIR/ ( ALL4 ,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,MILIUKOV & LAT] UND] ,K]5SKY1 WAS DET]M9$ TO CONT9UE ! W> EV5 9 ! FACE ( ! G5]AL DISSATISFACTION & ! S]I\S BREAKD[N ( ! 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! RIS+ WAVES ( ! ,REVOLUTION W]E SOON TO SWEEP IT AWAY3 ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES WAS PREP>+ TO TAKE MATT]S 9TO ITS [N H&S4 

,MEAN:ILE ! PEOPLE DID NOT WAIT4 ,! SOLDI]S AT ! FRONT HAD ALREADY !MSELVES DECID$ TO QUIT ! W> AS UNNECESS>Y & USELESS SLAU<T]4 ,BY ! HUNDR$ ?\S&S !Y W]E LEAV+ ! FIELDS ( BATTLE & RETURN+ HOME TO !IR F>MS & FACTORIES4 ,!RE !Y BEGAN C>RY+ 9TO EFFECT ! REAL OBJECTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,= TO !M ! ,REVOLUTION DID NOT MEAN PR9T$ CON/ITUTIONS & PAP] RI<TS1 BUT ! L& & ! WORK%OP4 ,BETWE5 ,JUNE & ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 :ILE ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T KEPT ON 5DLESSLY DISCUSS+ 0RE=MS10 ! PEASANTS />T$ CONFISCAT+ ! E/ATES ( ! L>GE L&HOLD]S & ! WORK]S TOOK POSSESSION ( ! 9DU/RIES4 

,?IS WAS CALL$ EXPROPRIAT+ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS3 ?AT IS1 DEPRIV+ ! MA/]S ( ! ?+S !Y HAD NO RI<T TO MONOPOLIZE1 ! ?+S !Y HAD APPROPRIAT$ FROM ! LABOR+ CLASSES1 FROM ! PEOPLE4 

,9 ?IS MANN] ! SOIL WAS EXPROPRIAT$ FROM ! L&LORDS1 ! M9ES & MILLS FROM !IR 0[N]S10 ! W>EH\SES FROM ! SPECULATORS4 ,! WORK]S & F>M]S TOOK EV]Y?+ 9 *>GE ?R\< !IR LABOR UNIONS & AGR>IAN ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! 0LIB]AL0 ,GOV]NM5T ( ,MILIUKOV HAD 9SI/$ ON KEEP+ UP ! W> BECAUSE ! ,ALLIES WANT$ IT4 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ,GOV]NM5T ( ,K]5SKY ALSO REMA9$ DEAF TO ! POPUL> DEM&S4 ,IT PASS$ DRA/IC LAWS AGA9/ ! 0UNAU?ORIZ$0 TAK+ ( L& BY ! PEASANTRY4 ,K]5SKY DID EV]Y?+ 9 HIS P[] TO KEEP ! >MY AT ! FRONT & EV5 RE9TRODUC$ ! DEA? P5ALTY = 0DES]TION40 ,BUT ! PEOPLE N[ IGNOR$ ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! SITUATION AGA9 PROV$ ?AT ! REAL P[] ( A C\NTRY LIES 9 ! H&S ( ! MASSES1 ( ?OSE :O FI<T1 TOIL1 & PRODUCE1 & NOT 9 ANY P>LIAM5T OR GOV]NM5T4 ,K]5SKY AT ONE TIME WAS ! ADOR$ IDOL ( ,RUSSIA1 MORE P[]FUL ?AN ANY ,CZ>4 ,YET HIS AU?ORITY WAS LO/7 HIS GOV]NM5T FELL1 & HE HIMSELF HAD TO FLEE = HIS LIFE :5 ! PEOPLE REALIZ$ ?AT HE WAS NOT S]V+ !IR CAUSE4 ,:ILE HE WAS /ILL ! HEAD ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ACTUAL P[] BEGAN TO GO OV] TO ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET1 MO/ ( :OSE MEMB]S W]E REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & SOLDI]S4 

,V>I\S & EV5 OPPOS+ VIEWS W]E REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,SOVIET1 AS IS 9EVITABLE 9 BODIES COMPOS$ ( DIFF]5T CLASSES ( ! POPULATION ) !IR P>TICUL> 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES IS ALWAYS EX]T$ BY ?OSE :O VOICE ! DEEPE/ FEEL+S & NE$S ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,!RE=E1 ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ! ,SOVIET GRADUALLY GA9$ ! MA/]Y1 = !Y EXPRESS$ ! TRUE WANTS & ASPIRATIONS ( ! MASSES4 

,!RE W]E ?OSE 9 ! ,SOVIET :O HELD ?AT A CON/ITUTION1 SOME?+ LIKE ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WAS ALL ?AT ,RUSSIA NE$$ TO ATTA9 FRE$OM & WELL-BE+4 ,!Y ASS]T$ ?AT CAPITALISM WAS ALL RI<T3 !RE MU/ BE MA/]S & S]VANTS1 RI* & POOR2 ! PEOPLE %\LD BE SATISFI$ ) ! RI<TS & LIB]TIES :I* A DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T W\LD GRANT !M4 ,!SE W]E ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,DEMOCRATS1 CALL$ = %ORT ,CADETS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y QUICKLY LO/ !IR 9FLU5CE1 BECAUSE ! 0NAIVE0 ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS KNEW ?AT IT WAS NOT RI<TS & LIB]TIES ON PAP] !Y WANT$1 BUT A *ANCE TO WORK & 5JOY ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR4 ,!Y PO9T$ TO ,AM]ICA ) ITS ,CON/ITUTION & ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 & SAID ?AT !Y DID NOT C>E = ! 9JU/ICE1 CORRUPTION1 & WAGE SLAV]Y :I* CON/ITUTIONALLY EXI/$ 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 

,! NEXT MORE LIB]AL ELEM5T W]E ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 KN[N AS ,M5%EVIKI4 ,AS ,SOCIALI/S !Y BELIEV$ 9 ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM1 BUT !Y DECL>$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT ! TIME TO DO IT4 ,:Y NOT8 ,BECAUSE IT WAS NOT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 !Y CLAIM$1 EV5 IF IT LOOK$ LIKE ONE4 ,!Y MA9TA9$ ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION & !RE=E IT %\LD NOT ALT] ! FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M IT WAS ONLY A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 A POLITICAL ONE1 & AS SU* IT %\LD MAKE ONLY POLITICAL *ANGES4 ,IT C\LD NOT BE ANY?+ MORE ?AN A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! ,M5%EVIKI >GU$1 BECAUSE HAD NOT ! GREAT ,K>L ,M>X TAU<T ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION C\LD TAKE PLACE ONLY 9 A C\NTRY :]E CAPITALISM HAD REA*$ ITS HI<E/ /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T8 ,RUSSIA WAS V]Y BACKW>D 9DU/RIALLY1 & !RE=E IT W\LD BE AGA9/ ! TEA*+S ( ,M>X TO CONSID] ! ,REVOLUTION PROLET>IAN4 ,= ?AT REASON CAPITALISM MU/ REMA9 9 ,RUSSIA & BE GIV5 A *ANCE TO RIP5 BE=E ! PEOPLE C\LD ?9K ( ABOLI%+ WAGE SLAV]Y4 

,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS HAD A L>GE FOLL[+ AMONG ! WORK]S ( ,RUSSIA1 MANY LABOR UNIONS BE+ ,M5%EVIK4 ,BUT ! >GUM5T ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT PROLET>IAN ONLY BECAUSE ,M>X HAD FIFTY YE>S BE=E SAID ?AT IT C\LDN'T BE1 DID NOT APPEAL TO ! TOIL]S4 ,!Y HAD MADE ! ,REVOLUTION4 !Y HAD F\<T & BL$ = IT4 ,!Y HAD DRIV5 \T ! ,CZ> & HIS CLIQUE1 & !Y W]E N[ DRIV+ \T !IR 9DU/RIAL MA/]S1 ?US ABOLI%+ WAGE SLAV]Y & CAPITALISM4 ,!Y C\LD NOT SEE :Y !Y C\LD NOT DO :AT !Y W]E ACTUALLY DO+ ONLY BECAUSE SOME ONE :O WAS DEAD LONG AGO HAD BELIEV$ ?AT IT C\LDN'T BE DONE4 ,! REASON+ ( ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S WAS TOO 0SCI5TIFIC0 = !M4 ,!IR COMMON S5SE TOLD !M ?AT IT WAS PURE NONS5SE1 & ! ,M5%EVIKI LO/ MO/ ( !IR FOLL[+ AMONG ! WORK]S4 

,ANO!R POLITICAL P>TY WAS CALL$ ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,TO ?IS P>TY BELONG$ MANY ( ! T]RORI/S :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE AGA9/ ,CZ>DOM 9 ! PA/4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S HAD NUM]\S ADH]5TS1 MA9LY AMONG ! F>M+ POPULATION4 ,BUT !Y ALI5AT$ !M BY TAK+ A /& = ! CONT9UATION ( ! W> :5 ! C\NTRY WAS AGA9/ IT4 ,?IS ATTITUDE ALSO CAUS$ A SPLIT 9 ! P>TY1 ! CONS]VATIVE ELEM5T BECOM+ KN[N AS ! ,RI<T ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 :ILE ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y FACTION CALL$ ITSELF ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S ,REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,! LATT]1 L$ BY ,M>IA ,SPIRIDONOVA1 :O HAD SUFF]$ MANY YE>S ( ,SIB]IAN IMPRISONM5T UND] ! ,CZ>1 ADVOCAT$ ! T]M9ATION ( ! W> & SECUR$ A V]Y CONSID]ABLE FOLL[+1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! POOR] AGRICULTURAL CLASSES4 

,! MO/ RADICAL ELEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA W]E ! ,AN>*I/S1 :O DEM&$ IMM$IATE PEACE1 FREE L& = ! PEASANT1 & ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,!Y WANT$ ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM & WAGE SLAV]Y1 EQUAL RI<TS = ALL & SPECIAL PRIVILEGES TO NONE4 ,! L&1 ! FACTORIES & MILLS1 ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION & ! MEANS ( DI/RIBUTION W]E TO BECOME ! POSSESSION ( ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,EA* ABLE P]SON WAS TO WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY & RECEIVE ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 ,!RE WAS TO BE FULL LIB]TY = EV]Y ONE & JO9T USE ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL 9T]E/S4 ,! ,AN>*I/S W>N$ ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ DELEGAT+ P[] TO ANY GOV]NM5T OR PLAC+ A POLITICAL P>TY 9 AU?ORITY4 ,GOV]NM5T ( ANY K9D1 !Y SAID1 W\LD /IFLE ! ,REVOLUTION & ROB ! WORK]S ( ! RESULTS ALREADY A*IEV$4 ,! LIFE & WELF>E ( A C\NTRY DEP5D$ ON ECONOMICS1 NOT ON POLITICS1 !Y >GU$4 ,?AT IS1 :AT PEOPLE WANT IS TO LIVE1 TO WORK & SATISFY !IR NE$S4 ,= ?IS1 S5SIBLE MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY IS NECESS>Y1 NOT POLITICS4 ,POLITICS1 !Y 9SI/$1 IS A GAME TO RULE & GOV]N M51 NOT TO HELP !M LIVE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,AN>*I/S ADVIS$ ! TOIL]S TO P]MIT NO ONE TO BECOME !IR MA/] AGA91 TO ABOLI% POLITICAL GOV]NM5T1 & TO MANAGE !IR AGR>IAN1 9DU/RIAL1 & SOCIAL AFFAIRS = ! GOOD ( ALL 9/EAD ( = ! B5EFIT ( RUL]S & EXPLOIT]S4 ,!Y CALL$ UPON ! MASSES TO /& BY !IR ,SOVIETS & LOOK AFT] !IR 9T]E/S BY MEANS ( !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! ,AN>*I/S W]E1 H[EV]1 COMP>ATIVELY SMALL 9 NUMB]S4 ,AS ! MO/ ADVANC$ & REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T !Y HAD BE5 P]SECUT$ BY ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME EV5 WORSE ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,MANY ( !M HAD BE5 EXECUT$1 O!RS IMPRISON$ & !IR ORGANIZATIONS SUPPRESS$ AS ILLEGAL4 ,IT WAS MO/ DANG]\S TO BELONG TO ! ,AN>*I/S1 & !IR WORK ( $UCATION WAS EXCE$+LY DIFFICULT4 ,!RE=E1 ! ,AN>*I/S W]E NOT /RONG & C\LD NOT EX]T MU* 9FLU5CE UPON ! PEOPLE AT L>GE 9 A VA/ C\NTRY ( #ab ,MILLIONS ( POPULATION4 

,BUT !Y HAD A GREAT ADVANTAGE 9 ?AT !IR IDEA APPEAL$ TO ! HEAL?Y 9/9CTS & S\ND S5SE ( ! MASSES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ( !IR ABILITY & LIMIT$ P[] ! ,AN>*I/S 5C\RAG$ ! DEM& = PEACE1 L&1 & BREAD1 & ACTIVELY HELP$ C>RY \T ?OSE DEM&S BY DIRECT EXPROPRIATION & ! =MATION ( A FREE COMMUNAL LIFE4 

,!RE WAS ANO!R POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,RUSSIA :I* WAS F> MORE NUM]\S & BETT] ORGANIZ$ ?AN ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,?AT P>TY REALIZ$ ! VALUE ( ! ,AN>*I/ IDEAS & SET TO WORK TO C>RY !M \T4 

,IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 

7,S\RCE3 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 7REPUBLI%$ AS 0,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8071 BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibh 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

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