,*APT] #ad 
,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 

#aibiaibi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,RUSSIA ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 KN[N AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 >E 9 CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]1#a#i#a#g1 PUT !M 9 P[]4"9 

,?AT ,REVOLUTION WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT EV5T 9 ! WORLD S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#g#h#i- #a#g#i#c4 ,IT WAS EV5 GREAT] ?AN ! LATT]1 BECAUSE IT W5T MU* DEEP] TO ! ROCK BOTTOM ( SOCIETY4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION S\<T TO E/ABLI% POLITICAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 BELIEV+ ?AT IT W\LD !REBY ALSO SECURE BRO!RHOOD & WELF>E = ALL4 ,IT WAS A MI<TY /EP 9 ADVANCE ON ! ROAD ( PROGRESS & IT ULTIMATELY *ANG$ ! 5TIRE POLITICAL FACE ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT ABOLI%$ ! MON>*Y 9 ,FRANCE1 E/ABLI%$ A REPUBLIC1 & GAVE ! DEA? BL[ TO FEUDALISM1 TO ! ABSOLUTE RULE ( ! *UR* & ! NOBILITY4 ,IT 9FLU5C$ EV]Y C\NTRY ON ! ,CONT95T ALONG PROGRESSIVE L9ES1 & HELP$ TO FUR!R DEMOCRATIC S5TIM5T ?R\<\T ,EUROPE4 

,BUT FUNDAM5TALLY IT ALT]$ NO?+4 ,IT WAS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 TO SECURE POLITICAL RI<TS & LIB]TIES4 ,IT DID SECURE !M4 ,FRANCE IS A 0DEMOCRACY0 TO-DAY & ! MOTTO1 0,LIB]TY1 ,BRO!RHOOD1 ,EQUALITY10 IS WRITT5 EV5 ON EV]Y PRISON BUILD+4 ,BUT IT DID NOT FREE MAN FROM EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION2 & ?AT IS1 AFT] ALL1 ! ?+ :I* IS NE$$ MO/4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION PUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 9TO ! GOV]NM5T1 9 PLACE ( ! >I/OCRACY & NOBILITY4 ,IT GAVE C]TA9 CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS TO ! F>M] & WORK]1 :O UNTIL !N W]E M]E S]FS4 ,BUT ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ITS 9DU/RIAL MA/]Y1 MADE ! F>M] ITS ABJECT DEP5D5T & TURN$ ! CITY WORK] 9TO A WAGE SLAVE4 

,IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE1 BECAUSE LIB]TY IS AN EMPTY S\ND AS LONG AS Y\ >E KEPT 9 BONDAGE ECONOMICALLY4 ,AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T BE=E1 FRE$OM MEANS ?AT Y\ HAVE ! RI<T TO DO A C]TA9 ?+2 BUT IF Y\ HAVE NO OPPORTUNITY TO DO IT1 ?AT RI<T IS %E] MOCK]Y4 ,! OPPORTUNITY LIES 9 Y\R ECONOMIC CONDITION1 :ATEV] ! POLITICAL SITUATION MAY BE4 ,NO POLITICAL RI<TS CAN BE ( ! LEA/ USE TO ! MAN :O IS COMPELL$ TO SLAVE ALL HIS LIFE TO KEEP HIMSELF & FAMILY FROM />VATION4 

,GREAT AS ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS AS A /EP T[>D EMANCIPATION FROM ! DESPOTISM ( K+ & NOBLE1 IT C\LD ACCOMPLI% NO?+ = ! REAL FRE$OM ( MAN BECAUSE IT DID NOT SECURE = HIM ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY & 9DEP5D5CE4 

,IT IS = ?AT REASON ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A F> MORE SIGNIFICANT EV5T ?AN ALL ! PREVI\S UPHEAVALS4 ,IT NOT ONLY ABOLI%$ ! ,CZ> & HIS ABSOLUTE SWAY2 IT DID SOME?+ MORE IMPORTANT3 IT DE/ROY$ !ECONOMIC P[] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 ( ! L& B>ONS & 9DU/RIAL K+S4 ,= ?AT REASON IT IS ! GREATE/ HAPP5+ 9 ALL HI/ORY1 ! FIR/ & ONLY TIME ?AT SU* A ?+ HAS BE5 TRI$4 

,?IS C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DONE BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE ! PEOPLE !N /ILL BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICAL EMANCIPATION W\LD BE 5\< TO MAKE M5 FREE & EQUAL4 ,!Y DID NOT REALIZE ?AT ! BASIS ( ALL LIB]TY IS ECONOMIC4 ,BUT ?AT IS BY NO MEANS TO ! DISCR$IT ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 ! TIMES W]E NOT RIPE = A FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC *ANGE4 

,COM+ A HUNDR$ & TW5TY-EI<T YE>S LAT]1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS MORE 5LI<T5$4 ,IT W5T TO ! ROOT ( ! TR\BLE4 ,IT KNEW ?AT NO POLITICAL FRE$OM W\LD DO 4ANY GOOD UNLESS ! PEASANTS GOT ! SOIL & ! WORK]S ! FACTORIES 9 !IR POSSESSION1 SO4 ?AT !Y %\LD NOT REMA9 AT ! M]CY ( ! L& MONOPOLI/S & ! CAPITALI/IC [N]S ( ! 9DU/RIES4 

,( C\RSE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION DID NOT ACCOMPLI% ?IS GREAT WORK OV] NI<T4 ,REVOLUTIONS1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE1 GR[3 !Y BEG9 SMALL1 ACCUMULATE /R5G?4 DEVELOP1 & BROAD54 

,IT WAS DUR+ ! W> ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION />T$1 BECAUSE ( ! DISSATISFACTION ( ! PEOPLE AT HOME & ! >MY AT ! FRONT4 ,! C\NTRY WAS TIR$ ( FI<T+2 IT WAS WORN \T BY HUNG] & MIS]Y4 ,! SOLDI]S HAD HAD 5\< ( SLAU<T]2 !Y BEGAN TO ASK :Y !Y MU/ KILL OR BE KILL$-& :5 SOLDI]S BEG9 ASK+ QUE/IONS1 NO W> CAN CONT9UE MU* LONG]4 

,! DESPOTISM & CORRUPTION ( ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T ADD$ OIL TO ! FIRE4 ,! C\RT HAD BECOME A PUBLIC SC&AL1 ) ! PRIE/ ,RASPUT9 DEBAU*+ ! ,EMPRESS & ?R\< HIS 9FLU5CE OV] H] & ! ,CZ> CONTROLL+ ! AFFAIRS ( ,/ATE4 ,9TRIGUES1 BRIB]Y1 & EV]Y =M ( V5ALITY W]E RAMPANT4 ,! >MY FUNDS W]E /OL5 BY HI< (FICIALS1 & ! SOLDI]S W]E (T5 =C$ TO GO 9TO BATTLE )\T 5\< AMMUNITION & SUPPLIES4 ,!IR BOOTS W]E PAP]-SOL$1 & MANY HAD NO FOOTGE> AT ALL4 ,SOME REGIM5TS REVOLT$2 O!RS REFUS$ TO FI<T4 ,MORE & MORE FREQU5TLY ! SOLDI]S FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! 05EMY0---Y\NG M5 LIKE !MSELVES4 :O HAD ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ BORN 9 A DIFF]5T C\NTRY2 & :O1 LIKE ! ,RUSSIANS4 HAD BE5 ORD]$ TO W> )\T KN[+ :Y !Y MU/ %OOT OR BE %OT4 ,GREAT NUMB]S DROPP$ !IR GUNS & RETURN$ HOME4 ,!RE !Y TOLD ! FOLKS AB\T ! FE>FUL CONDITIONS AT ! FRONT1 ! USELESS C>NAGE1 ! WRET*$NESS1 & DISA/]4 ,?AT HELP$ TO 9CREASE ! DISCONT5T ( ! MASSES1 & PRES5TLY VOICES BEGAN TO BE BE>D AGA9/ ! ,CZ> & HIS REGIME4 

,DAY BY DAY ?IS S5TIM5T GREW2 IT WAS FANN$ 9TO FLAME BY 9CREAS$ TAXES & GREAT WANT1 BY ! %ORTAGE ( FOOD & PROVISIONS4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,REVOLUTION BROKE \T4 ,AS USUAL 9 SU* CASES1 ! P[]S ?AT BE W]E /RICK5 ) BL9DNESS4 

,! AUTOCRAT & HIS M9I/]S1 ! >I/OCRATS & !IR ADVIS]S ALL BELIEV$ ?AT IT WAS JU/ A MATT] ( SOME /REET DISORD]S1 ( /RIKES1 & BREAD RIOTS4 ,!Y IMAG9$ !MSELVES SAFE 9 ! SADDLE4 ,BUT ! 0DISORD]0 CONT9U$4 SPREAD+ OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY1 & PRES5TLY ! ,CZ> SAW HIMSELF =C$ TO QUIT ! ?RONE4 ,BE=E LONG ! ONCE MI<TY MON>* WAS >RE/$ & EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA1 :]E HE HIMSELF HAD =M]LY S5T ?\S&S TO !IR DEA?1 & :]E HE & HIS :OLE FAMILY LAT] MET !IR DOOM4"9 ,! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY WAS ABOLI%$4 ,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! MO/ P[]FUL GOV]NM5T 9 ,EUROPE WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ALMO/ )\T FIR+ A GUN4"9,EXECUT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI 9 ,EKAT]9BURG1 ,SIB]IA1 9 #a#i#a#h4 

0,H[ C\LD IT BE DONE SO EASILY80 Y\ WOND]4 

,! ,ROMANOV REGIME WAS AN ABSOLUTISM2 ,RUSSIA UND] ! ,CZ>S WAS ! MO/ 5SLAV$ C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! PEOPLE PRACTICALLY HAD NO RI<TS4 ,! :IM ( ! AUTOCRAT WAS SUPREME1 ! ORD] ( ! POLICE ! HI<E/ LAW4 ,! MASSES LIV$ 9 POV]TY & SUFF]$ ! GREATE/ OPPRESSION4 ,!Y LONG$ = FRE$OM4 

,= OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S LIB]T>IANS & REVOLUTIONI/S 9 ,RUSSIA WORK$ TO UND]M9E ! REGIME ( TYRANNY1 TO 5LI<T5 ! PEOPLE & R\SE !M TO REBELLION AGA9/ !IR SUBJECTION4 ,! HI/ORY ( ?AT MOVEM5T IS REPLETE ) ! CONSECRATION & DEVOTION ( ! F9E/ M5 & WOM54 ,?\S&S1 EV5 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( !M1 L9$ ! ROAD ( ,GOLGO?A1 FILL+ ! PRISONS1 TORTUR$ & DONE TO DEA? 9 ! FROZ5 WILDS ( ,SIB]IA4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! ,DECEMBRI/ ATTEMPT TO SECURE A CON/ITUTION1 OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ALL ?R\< ! C5TURY1 ! FIRES ( LIB]TY W]E KEPT BURN+ BY ! H]OIC SELF-SACRIFICE ( ! NIHILI/S & REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,! /ORY ( ?AT GREAT M>TYRDOM HAS NO EQUAL 9 ! ANNALS ( MAN4 

,APP>5TLY IT WAS A LOS+ /RUGGLE1 = ! COMPLETE D5IAL ( FRE$OM MADE IT PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE = ! PIONE]S ( LIB]TY TO REA* ! PEOPLE1 TO 5LI<T5 ! MASSES4 ,CZ>DOM WAS WELL PROTECT$ BY ITS NUM]\S POLICE & SECRET S]VICE1 AS WELL AS BY ! (FICIAL *UR*1 PRESS1 & S*OOL :I* TRA9$ ! PEOPLE 9 ABJECT S]VILITY TO ! ,CZ> & UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE TO 0LAW & ORD]40 ,DIRE PUNI%M5T WAS VISIT$ UPON ANYONE D>+ TO VOICE A LIB]AL S5TIM5T2 ! MO/ SEV]E LAWS PUNI%$ EV5 ! ATTEMPT TO TEA* ! PEASANTS TO READ & WRITE4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 ! NOBILITY1 ! CL]GY1 & ! B\RGEOISIE ALL COMB9$1 AS USUAL1 TO /AMP \T & CRU% ! LEA/ EF=T TO 5LI<T5 ! MASSES4 ,DEPRIV$ ( EV]Y MEANS ( SPREAD+ !IR IDEAS1 ! LIB]AL ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA W]E DRIV5 TO ! NECESSITY ( EMPLOY+ VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! B>B>\S TYRANNY1 ( RESORT+ TO ACTS ( T]ROR 9 ORD] BY SU* MEANS TO MITIGATE1 EV5 TO A SMALL EXT5T1 ! RULE ( DESPOTISM1 & AT ! SAME TIME TO COMPEL ! ATT5TION ( !IR C\NTRY & ( ! WORLD AT L>GE TO ! UNBE>ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS TRAGIC NECESSITY ?AT GAVE RISE 9 ,RUSSIA TO T]RORI/IC ACTIVITIES1 TURN+ IDEALI/S4 TO :OM HUMAN LIFE WAS SACR$1 9TO EXECUTION]S ( TYRANTS4 ,NATURE'S NOBLEM5 !Y W]E1 ?OSE M5 & WOM5 :O WILL+LY1 EV5 EAG]LY1 GAVE !IR LIVES TO LIFT ! FE>FUL YOKE FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,LIKE BRI<T />S ON ! FIRMAM5T ( ! AGE-LONG W>F>E BETWE5 OPPRESSION & LIB]TY /& \T ! NAMES ( ,SOPHIE ,P]OVSKAYA1 ,KIBALT*IT*1 ,GR9EVITSKY1 ,SASONOV1 & C\NTLESS O!R M>TYRS1 KN[N & UNKN[N1 ( D>KE/ ,RUSSIA4 

,IT WAS A MO/ UNEV5 /RUGGLE1 APP>5TLY A HOPELESS FI<T4 ,= ! REVOLUTIONI/S W]E BUT A H&FUL AS AGA9/ ! ALMO/ LIMITLESS P[] ( ,CZ>DOM ) ITS L>GE >MIES1 NUM]\S POLICE1 SPECIAL BUREAUS ( POLITICAL SPIES1 ITS NOTORI\S ,?IRD ,DEP>TM5T1 ! SECRET ,OKHRANA1 ITS UNIV]SAL SY/EM ( H\SE JANITORS AS POLICE AIDS1 & ) ALL ! O!R GREAT RES\RCES ( A VA/ C\NTRY ( OV] A HUNDR$ MILLION POPULATION4 

,A LOS+ FI<T4 ,& YET1 ! SPL5DID IDEALISM ( ! ,RUSSIAN Y\?-P>TICUL>LY ( ! /UD5T ELEM5T-!IR UNQU5*ABLE 5?USIASM & DEVOTION TO LIB]TY W]E NOT 9 VA94 ,! PEOPLE CAME \T ! VICTOR1 AS !Y ULTIMATELY ALWAYS DO 9 ! /RUGGLE ( LI<T AGA9/ D>KNESS4 ,:AT A LESSON TO ! WORLD1 :AT 5C\RAGEM5T TO ! WEAK 9 SPIRIT1 :AT HOPE IT HOLDS = ! FUR!R NEV]-CEAS+ ADVANCE ( MANK9D 9 SPITE ( ALL TYRANNY & P]SECUTION6 

,9 #aie BROKE \T ! FIR/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,/ILL /RONG WAS ! AUTOCRACY1 & ! UPRIS+ ( ! MASSES WAS CRU%$4 ?\< NOT )\T ITS HAV+ COMPELL$ ! ,CZ> TO GRANT C]TA9 CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS4 ,BUT FE>FULLY DID ! GOV]NM5T AV5GE EV5 ?OSE SMALL CONCESSIONS4 ,HUNDR$S ( REVOLUTIONI/S PAID = !M ) !IR LIVES1 ?\S&S W]E IMPRISON$1 & MANY O!R ?\S&S DOOM$ TO ,SIB]IA4 

,AGA9 DESPOTISM DREW A FRE% BREA? & FELT ITSELF SECURE AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT NOT = LONG4 ,! HUNG] = LIB]TY MAY HE SUPPRESS$ = A TIME2 YET NEV] EXT]M9AT$4 ,MAN'S NATURAL 9/9CT IS = FRE$OM1 & NO P[] ON E>? CAN SUCCE$ 9 CRU%+ IT = V]Y LONG4 

,TWELVE YE>S LAT]--A V]Y %ORT TIME 9 ! LIFE ( A PEOPLE-CAME ANO!R REVOLUTION1 ?AT ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g4 ,IT PROV$ ?AT ! SPIRIT ( #aie WAS NOT DEAD1 ?AT ! PRICE PAID = IT 9 HUMAN LIVES HAD NOT BE5 9 VA94 ,TRULY HAS IT BE5 SAID ?AT ! BLOOD ( ! M>TYRS N\RI%ES ! TREE ( LIB]TY4 ,! WORK & SELF-SACRIFICE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S HAD BORNE FRUIT4 ,RUSSIA HAD LE>N$ MU* FROM PA/ EXP]I5CE1 AS SUCCE$+ EV5TS PROV$4 

,! PEOPLE HAD LE>N$4 ,9 #aie !Y HAD DEM&$ ONLY SOME MITIGATION ( ! DESPOTISM1 SOME SMALL POLITICAL LIB]TIES2 N[ !Y DEM&$ ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! TYRANNICAL RULE4 

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION S\ND$ ! DEA?-KNELL ( ,CZ>DOM4 ,IT WAS ! LEA/ BLOODY REVOLUTION 9 ALL HI/ORY4 ,AS ,I HAVE EXPLA9$ BE=E1 ! P[] ( EV5 ! /RONGE/ GOV]NM5T EVAPORATES LIKE SMOKE ! MOM5T ! PEOPLE REFUSE TO ACKN[L$GE ITS AU?ORITY1 TO B[ TO IT1 & )HOLD !IR SUPPORT4 ,! ,ROMANOV REGIME WAS CONQU]$ ALMO/ )\T A FI<T1--NATURALLY 5\<1 S9CE ! 5TIRE PEOPLE HAD BECOME TIR$ ( ITS RULE & HAD DECID$ ?AT IT WAS H>MFUL & UNNECESS>Y1 & ?AT ! C\NTRY W\LD BE BETT] (F )\T IT4 ,! CEASELESS AGITATION & $UCATIONAL WORK C>RI$ ON BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 7! ,SOCIALI/S ( V>I\S GR\PS1 9CLUD+ ! ,AN>*I/S7 HAD TAU<T ! MASSES TO UND]/& ?AT ,CZ>DOM MU/ BE DONE AWAY )4 ,SO WIDESPREAD HAD ?IS S5TIM5T BECOME ?AT EV5 ! >MY -! MO/ UN5LI<T5$ GR\P 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS 9 EV]Y L& HAD LO/ FAI? 9 ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,! PEOPLE HAD \TGR[N ! DESPOTISM1 HAD FRE$ !MSELVES 9 M9D & SPIRIT FROM IT1 & !REBY GA9$ ! /R5G? & POSSIBILITY ( FREE+ !MSELVES ACTUALLY1 PHYSICALLY4 

,?AT IS :Y ! ALL-P[]FUL AUTOCRAT C\LD F9D NO MORE SUPPORT 9 ,RUSSIA2 NO1 NOT EV5 A S+LE REGIM5T TO PROTECT HIM4 ,! MI<TIE/ GOV]NM5T 9 ,EUROPE BROKE D[N LIKE A H\SE ( C>DS4 

,A TEMPOR>Y1 ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 TOOK ! PLACE ( ! ,CZ>4 ,RUSSIA WAS FREE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

"9,ACCORD+ TO ! OLD ,RUSSIAN CAL5D>1 9 ,NOVEMB]4 

7,S\RCE3 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 7REPUBLI%$ AS 0,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8071 BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibh 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,ADD$4 

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