,*APT] #e 

#ahigahig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,AYLM] ,MAUDE 

,TEXT 3 

,:AT IS >T1 IF WE PUT ASIDE ! CONCEPTION ( BEAUTY1 
:I* CONFUSES ! :OLE MATT]8 ,! LATE/ & MO/ COMPREH5SIBLE 
DEF9ITIONS ( >T1 AP>T FROM ! CONCEPTION ( 
BEAUTY1 >E ! FOLL[+3--7#a A7 ,>T IS AN ACTIVITY >IS+ 
EV5 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM1 & SPR++ FROM SEXUAL 
DESIRE & ! PROP5SITY TO PLAY 7,S*ILL]1 ,D>W91 ,SP5C]71 
& 7#a B7 ACCOMPANI$ BY A PLEASURABLE EXCITEM5T ( ! 
N]V\S SY/EM 7,GRANT ,ALL574 ,?IS IS ! PHYSIOLOGICAL-EVOLUTION>Y 
DEF9ITION4 7#b7 ,>T IS ! EXT]NAL MANIFE/ATION1 
BY MEANS ( L9ES1 COLORS1 MOVEM5TS1 S\NDS1 OR WORDS1 
( EMOTIONS FELT BY MAN 7,V]ON74 ,?IS IS ! EXP]IM5TAL 
DEF9ITION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! V]Y LATE/ DEF9ITION 7,SULLY71 
7#c7 ,>T IS 0! PRODUCTION ( SOME P]MAN5T OBJECT1 OR 
PASS+ ACTION1 :I* IS FITT$ NOT ONLY TO SUPPLY AN ACTIVE 
5JOYM5T TO ! PRODUC]1 BUT TO CONVEY A PLEASURABLE 
IMPRESSION TO A NUMB] ( SPECTATORS OR LI/5]S1 QUITE AP>T 
FROM ANY P]SONAL ADVANTAGE TO BE D]IV$ FROM IT40 

,NOT)/&+ ! SUP]IORITY ( !SE DEF9ITIONS TO ! 
METAPHYSICAL DEF9ITIONS :I* DEP5D$ ON ! CONCEPTION 
( BEAUTY1 !Y >E YET F> FROM EXACT4 7#a A7 ,! FIR/1 ! 
PHYSIOLOGICAL-EVOLUTION>Y DEF9ITION1 IS 9EXACT1 BECAUSE1 
9/EAD ( SPEAK+ AB\T ! >TI/IC ACTIVITY ITSELF1 :I* 
IS ! REAL MATT] 9 H&1 IT TREATS ( ! D]IVATION ( >T4 
,! MODIFICATION ( IT 7#a B71 BAS$ ON ! PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 
ON ! HUMAN ORGANISM1 IS 9EXACT1 BECAUSE )9 ! LIMITS 
( SU* DEF9ITION MANY O!R HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAN BE 
9CLUD$1 AS HAS OCCURR$ 9 ! NEO-AES!TIC !ORIES1 :I* 
#d#gRECKON AS >T ! PREP>ATION ( H&SOME CLO!S1 PLEASANT 
SC5TS1 & EV5 ( VICTUALS4 

,! EXP]IM5TAL DEF9ITION 7#b71 :I* MAKES >T CONSI/ 
9 ! EXPRESSION ( EMOTIONS1 IS 9EXACT1 BECAUSE A MAN MAY 
EXPRESS HIS EMOTIONS BY MEANS ( L9ES1 COLORS1 S\NDS1 OR 
WORDS1 & YET MAY NOT ACT ON O!RS BY SU* EXPRESSION2 
& !N ! MANIFE/ATION ( HIS EMOTIONS IS NOT >T4 

,! ?IRD DEF9ITION 7?AT ( ,SULLY7 IS 9EXACT1 BECAUSE 
9 ! PRODUCTION ( OBJECTS OR ACTIONS AF=D+ PLEASURE 
TO ! PRODUC] & A PLEASANT EMOTION TO ! SPECTATORS 
OR HE>]S AP>T FROM P]SONAL ADVANTAGE1 MAY BE 9CLUD$ 
! %[+ ( CONJUR+ TRICKS OR GYMNA/IC EX]CISES1 
& O!R ACTIVITIES :I* >E NOT >T4 ,&1 FUR!R1 
MANY ?+S1 ! PRODUCTION ( :I* DOES NOT AF=D 
PLEASURE TO ! PRODUC]1 & ! S5SATION RECEIV$ FROM 
:I* IS UNPLEASANT1 SU* AS GLOOMY1 HE>T-R5D+ SC5ES 
9 A POETIC DESCRIPTION OR A PLAY1 MAY NEV]!LESS BE 
UND\BT$ WORKS ( >T4 

,! 9ACCURACY ( ALL !SE DEF9ITIONS >ISES FROM ! FACT 
?AT 9 !M ALL 7AS ALSO 9 ! METAPHYSICAL DEF9ITIONS7 ! 
OBJECT CONSID]$ IS ! PLEASURE >T MAY GIVE1 & NOT ! 
PURPOSE IT MAY S]VE 9 ! LIFE ( MAN & ( HUMANITY4 

,9 ORD] CORRECTLY TO DEF9E >T1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 FIR/ ( ALL1 
TO CEASE TO CONSID] IT AS A MEANS TO PLEASURE1 & TO CONSID] 
IT AS ONE ( ! CONDITIONS ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,VIEW+ IT 9 
?IS WAY1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO OBS]VE ?AT >T IS ONE ( ! 
MEANS ( 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 

,EV]Y WORK ( >T CAUSES ! RECEIV] TO 5T] 9TO A 
C]TA9 K9D ( RELATION%IP BO? ) HIM :O PRODUC$1 
OR IS PRODUC+1 ! >T1 & ) ALL ?OSE :O1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 
PREVI\SLY OR SUBSEQU5TLY1 RECEIVE ! SAME 
>TI/IC IMPRESSION4 

,SPEE*1 TRANSMITT+ ! ?\<TS & EXP]I5CES ( 
M51 S]VES AS A MEANS ( UNION AMONG !M1 & >T ACTS 
9 A SIMIL> MANN]4 ,! PECULI>ITY ( ?IS LATT] MEANS 
#d#h( 9T]C\RSE1 DI/+UI%+ IT FROM 9T]C\RSE BY MEANS 
( WORDS1 CONSI/S 9 ?IS1 ?AT :]EAS BY WORDS A MAN 
TRANSMITS HIS ?\<TS TO ANO!R1 BY MEANS ( >T HE 
TRANSMITS HIS FEEL+S4 

,! ACTIVITY ( >T IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT A MAN1 
RECEIV+ ?R\< HIS S5SE ( HE>+ OR SI<T ANO!R 
MAN'S EXPRESSION ( FEEL+1 IS CAPABLE ( EXP]I5C+ ! 
EMOTION :I* MOV$ ! MAN :O EXPRESS$ IT4 ,TO TAKE 
! SIMPLE/ EXAMPLE3 ONE MAN LAU<S1 & ANO!R1 :O 
HE>S1 BECOMES M]RY2 OR A MAN WEEPS1 & ANO!R1 :O 
HE>S1 FEELS SORR[4 ,A MAN IS EXCIT$ OR IRRITAT$1 & 
ANO!R MAN1 SEE+ HIM1 COMES TO A SIMIL> /ATE ( M9D4 
,BY HIS MOVEM5TS1 OR BY ! S\NDS ( HIS VOICE1 A MAN 
EXPRESSES C\RAGE & DET]M9ATION1 OR SADNESS & CALMNESS1 
& ?IS /ATE ( M9D PASSES ON TO O!RS4 ,A MAN 
SUFF]S1 EXPRESS+ HIS SUFF]+S BY GROANS & SPASMS1 
& ?IS SUFF]+ TRANSMITS ITSELF TO O!R PEOPLE2 A MAN 
EXPRESSES HIS FEEL+ ( ADMIRATION1 DEVOTION1 FE>1 RESPECT1 OR 
LOVE TO C]TA9 OBJECTS1 P]SONS1 OR PH5OM5A1 & O!RS 
>E 9FECT$ BY ! SAME FEEL+S ( ADMIRATION1 DEVOTION1 
FE>1 RESPECT1 OR LOVE TO ! SAME OBJECTS1 P]SONS1 & 
PH5OM5A4 

,& IT IS ON ?IS CAPACITY ( MAN TO RECEIVE ANO!R MAN'S 
EXPRESSION ( FEEL+1 & EXP]I5CE ?OSE FEEL+S HIMSELF1 
?AT ! ACTIVITY ( >T IS BAS$4 

,IF A MAN 9FECTS ANO!R OR O!RS1 DIRECTLY1 IMM$IATELY1 BY 
HIS APPE>ANCE1 OR BY ! S\NDS HE GIVES V5T TO AT ! V]Y 
TIME HE EXP]I5CES ! FEEL+2 IF HE CAUSES ANO!R MAN 
TO YAWN :5 HE HIMSELF CANNOT HELP YAWN+1 OR TO LAU< 
OR CRY :5 HE HIMSELF IS OBLIG$ TO LAU< OR CRY1 OR TO SUFF] 
:5 HE HIMSELF IS SUFF]+--?AT DOES NOT AM\NT TO >T4 

,>T BEG9S :5 ONE P]SON1 ) ! OBJECT ( JO9+ 
ANO!R OR O!RS TO HIMSELF 9 ONE & ! SAME FEEL+1 
EXPRESSES ?AT FEEL+ BY C]TA9 EXT]NAL 9DICATIONS4 ,TO 
TAKE ! SIMPLE/ EXAMPLE3 A BOY1 HAV+ EXP]I5C$1 LET US 
#d#iSAY1 FE> ON 5C\NT]+ A WOLF1 RELATES ?AT 5C\NT]2 &1 
9 ORD] TO EVOKE 9 O!RS ! FEEL+ HE HAS EXP]I5C$1 
DESCRIBES HIMSELF1 HIS CONDITION BE=E ! 5C\NT]1 ! 
SURR\ND+S1 ! WOOD1 HIS [N LI<!>T$NESS1 & !N 
! WOLF'S APPE>ANCE1 ITS MOVEM5TS1 ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 
HIMSELF & ! WOLF1 ETC4 ,ALL ?IS1 IF ONLY ! BOY :5 
TELL+ ! /ORY1 AGA9 EXP]I5CES ! FEEL+S HE HAD LIV$ 
?R\< & 9FECTS ! HE>]S & COMPELS !M TO FEEL 
:AT ! N>RATOR HAD EXP]I5C$1 IS >T4 ,IF EV5 ! 
BOY HAD NOT SE5 A WOLF BUT HAD FREQU5TLY BE5 AFRAID ( 
ONE1 & IF1 WI%+ TO EVOKE 9 O!RS ! FE> HE HAD FELT1 
HE 9V5T$ AN 5C\NT] ) A WOLF1 & REC\NT$ IT SO 
AS TO MAKE HIS HE>]S %>E ! FEEL+S HE EXP]I5C$ 
:5 HE FE>$ ! WOLF1 ?AT ALSO W\LD BE >T4 ,& 
JU/ 9 ! SAME WAY IT IS >T IF A MAN1 HAV+ EXP]I5C$ 
EI!R ! FE> ( SUFF]+ OR ! ATTRACTION ( 5JOYM5T 
7:E!R 9 REALITY OR 9 IMAG9ATION71 EXPRESSES !SE 
FEEL+S ON CANVAS OR 9 M>BLE SO ?AT O!RS >E 9FECT$ 
BY !M4 ,& IT IS ALSO >T IF A MAN FEELS OR IMAG9ES 
TO HIMSELF FEEL+S ( DELI<T1 GLADNESS1 SORR[1 DESPAIR1 
C\RAGE1 OR DESPOND5CY1 & ! TRANSITION FROM ONE TO 
ANO!R ( !SE FEEL+S1 & EXPRESSES !SE FEEL+S BY 
S\NDS1 SO ?AT ! HE>]S >E 9FECT$ BY !M1 & 
EXP]I5CE !M AS !Y W]E EXP]I5C$ BY ! COMPOS]4 

,! FEEL+S ) :I* ! >TI/ 9FECTS O!RS MAY BE 
MO/ V>I\S--V]Y /RONG OR V]Y WEAK1 V]Y IMPORTANT OR 
V]Y 9SIGNIFICANT1 V]Y BAD OR V]Y GOOD3 FEEL+S ( LOVE 
= NATIVE L&1 SELF-DEVOTION & SUBMISSION TO FATE OR TO 
,GOD EXPRESS$ 9 A DRAMA1 RAPTURES ( LOV]S DESCRIB$ 9 
A NOVEL1 FEEL+S ( VOLUPTU\SNESS EXPRESS$ 9 A PICTURE1 
C\RAGE EXPRESS$ 9 A TRIUMPHAL M>*1 M]RIM5T EVOK$ 
BY A DANCE1 HUMOR EVOK$ BY A FUNNY /ORY1 ! FEEL+ 
( QUIETNESS TRANSMITT$ BY AN EV5+ L&SCAPE OR BY A 
LULLABY1 OR ! FEEL+ ( ADMIRATION EVOK$ BY A BEAUTIFUL 
>ABESQUE--IT IS ALL >T4 

#e,IF ONLY ! SPECTATORS OR AUDITORS >E 9FECT$ BY ! 
FEEL+S :I* ! AU?OR HAS FELT1 IT IS >T4 

,TO EVOKE 9 ONESELF A FEEL+ ONE HAS ONCE EXP]I5C$1 & 
HAV+ EVOK$ IT 9 ONESELF !N1 BY MEANS ( MOVEM5TS1 L9ES1 
COLORS1 S\NDS1 OR =MS EXPRESS$ 9 WORDS1 SO TO TRANSMIT 
?AT FEEL+ ?AT O!RS MAY EXP]I5CE ! SAME FEEL+--?IS 
IS ! ACTIVITY ( >T4 

,>T IS A HUMAN ACTIVITY1 CONSI/+ 9 ?IS1 ?AT ONE MAN 
CONSCI\SLY1 BY MEANS ( C]TA9 EXT]NAL SIGNS1 H&S ON TO 
O!RS FEEL+S HE HAS LIV$ ?R\<1 & ?AT O!R PEOPLE 
>E 9FECT$ BY !SE FEEL+S1 & ALSO EXP]I5CE !M4 

,>T IS NOT1 AS ! METAPHYSICIANS SAY1 ! MANIFE/ATION 
( SOME MY/]I\S ,IDEA ( BEAUTY1 OR ,GOD2 IT IS NOT1 AS ! 
AES!TICAL PHYSIOLOGI/S SAY1 A GAME 9 :I* MAN LETS (F HIS 
EXCESS ( /OR$-UP 5]GY2 IT IS NOT ! EXPRESSION ( MAN'S 
EMOTIONS BY EXT]NAL SIGNS2 IT IS NOT ! PRODUCTION ( 
PLEAS+ OBJECTS2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 IT IS NOT PLEASURE2 BUT IT IS 
A MEANS ( UNION AMONG M51 JO9+ !M TOGE!R 9 ! 
SAME FEEL+S1 & 9DISP5SABLE = ! LIFE & PROGRESS 
T[>DS WELL-BE+ ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( HUMANITY4 

,AS1 ?ANKS TO MAN'S CAPACITY TO EXPRESS ?\<TS BY WORDS1 
EV]Y MAN MAY KN[ ALL ?AT HAS BE5 DONE = HIM 9 ! 
REALMS ( ?\<T BY ALL HUMANITY BE=E HIS DAY1 & CAN1 9 
! PRES5T1 ?ANKS TO ?IS CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! ?\<TS 
( O!RS1 BECOME A %>] 9 !IR ACTIVITY1 & CAN HIMSELF 
H& ON TO HIS CONTEMPOR>IES & DESC5DANTS ! ?\<TS 
HE HAS ASSIMILAT$ FROM O!RS1 AS WELL AS ?OSE :I* HAVE 
>IS5 )9 HIMSELF2 SO1 ?ANKS TO MAN'S CAPACITY TO BE 
9FECT$ ) ! FEEL+S ( O!RS BY MEANS ( >T1 ALL ?AT 
IS BE+ LIV$ ?R\< BY HIS CONTEMPOR>IES IS ACCESSIBLE TO 
HIM1 AS WELL AS ! FEEL+S EXP]I5C$ BY M5 ?\S&S ( 
YE>S AGO1 & HE HAS ALSO ! POSSIBILITY ( TRANSMITT+ HIS 
[N FEEL+S TO O!RS4 

,IF PEOPLE LACK$ ?IS CAPACITY TO RECEIVE ! ?\<TS 
CONCEIV$ BY ! M5 :O PREC$$ !M1 & TO PASS ON TO 
#e#aO!RS !IR [N ?\<TS1 M5 W\LD BE LIKE WILD BEA/S1 OR 
LIKE ,KASP> ,HAUS]4.<#f.> 

,& IF M5 LACK$ ?IS O!R CAPACITY ( BE+ 9FECT$ BY 
>T1 PEOPLE MI<T BE ALMO/ MORE SAVAGE /ILL1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 
MORE SEP>AT$ FROM1 & MORE HO/ILE TO1 ONE ANO!R4 

,& !RE=E ! ACTIVITY ( >T IS A MO/ IMPORTANT ONE1 
AS IMPORTANT AS ! ACTIVITY ( SPEE* ITSELF1 & AS G5]ALLY 
DIFFUS$4 

,WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO UND]/& >T TO BE ONLY :AT WE 
HE> & SEE 9 !AT]S1 CONC]TS1 & EXHIBITIONS2 TOGE!R 
) BUILD+S1 /ATUES1 POEMS1 NOVELS4444 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS BUT 
! SMALLE/ P>T ( ! >T BY :I* WE COMMUNICATE ) 
EA* O!R 9 LIFE4 ,ALL HUMAN LIFE IS FILL$ ) WORKS ( 
>T ( EV]Y K9D--FROM CRADLESONG1 JE/1 MIMICRY1 ! 
ORNAM5TATION ( H\SES1 DRESS & UT5SILS1 UP TO *UR* 
S]VICES1 BUILD+S1 MONUM5TS1 & TRIUMPHAL PROCESSIONS4 
,IT IS ALL >TI/IC ACTIVITY4 ,SO ?AT BY >T1 9 ! LIMIT$ 
S5SE ( ! WORD1 WE DO NOT MEAN ALL HUMAN ACTIVITY 
TRANSMITT+ FEEL+S1 BUT ONLY ?AT P>T :I* WE = 
SOME REASON SELECT FROM IT & TO :I* WE ATTA* SPECIAL 
IMPORTANCE4 

,?IS SPECIAL IMPORTANCE HAS ALWAYS BE5 GIV5 BY ALL 
M5 TO ?AT P>T ( ?IS ACTIVITY :I* TRANSMITS FEEL+S 
FL[+ FROM !IR RELIGI\S P]CEPTION1 & ?IS SMALL P>T 
( >T !Y HAVE SPECIFICALLY CALL$ >T1 ATTA*+ TO IT ! 
FULL MEAN+ ( ! WORD4 

,?AT WAS H[ M5 ( OLD--,SOCRATES1 ,PLATO1 & ,>I/OTLE--LOOK$ 
ON >T4 ,?US DID ! ,HEBREW PROPHETS & ! 
ANCI5T ,*RI/IANS REG>D >T2 ?US IT WAS1 & /ILL IS1 
#e#bUND]/OOD BY ! ,MAHOMM$ANS1 & ?US IS IT /ILL UND]/OOD 
BY RELIGI\S FOLK AMONG \R [N PEASANTRY4 

,SOME TEA*]S ( MANK9D--AS ,PLATO 9 HIS ,REPUBLIC1 
& PEOPLE SU* AS ! PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANS1 ! /RICT 
,MAHOMM$ANS1 & ! ,BUDDHI/S--HAVE GONE SO F> AS TO 
REPUDIATE ALL >T4 

,PEOPLE VIEW+ >T 9 ?IS WAY 79 CONTRADICTION TO ! 
PREVAL5T VIEW ( TO-DAY1 :I* REG>DS ANY >T AS GOOD IF 
ONLY IT AF=DS PLEASURE7 CONSID]$1 & CONSID]1 ?AT >T 
7AS CONTRA/$ ) SPEE*1 :I* NE$ NOT BE LI/5$ TO7 IS SO 
HI<LY DANG]\S 9 ITS P[] TO 9FECT PEOPLE AGA9/ !IR 
WILLS1 ?AT MANK9D WILL LOSE F> LESS BY BANI%+ ALL >T 
?AN BY TOL]AT+ EA* & EV]Y >T4 

,EVID5TLY SU* PEOPLE W]E WRONG 9 REPUDIAT+ ALL 
>T1 = !Y D5I$ ?AT :I* CANNOT BE D5I$--ONE ( 
! 9DISP5SABLE MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 )\T :I* 
MANK9D C\LD NOT EXI/4 ,BUT NOT LESS WRONG >E ! PEOPLE 
( CIVILIZ$ ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY ( \R CLASS & DAY1 9 
FAVOR+ ANY >T IF IT BUT S]VES BEAUTY1 I4E4 GIVES PEOPLE 
PLEASURE4 

,=M]LY1 PEOPLE FE>$ LE/ AMONG ! WORKS ( >T 
!RE MI<T *ANCE TO BE SOME CAUS+ CORRUPTION1 & !Y 
PROHIBIT$ >T ALTOGE!R4 ,N[1 !Y ONLY FE> LE/ !Y 
%\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( ANY 5JOYM5T >T CAN AF=D1 & 
PATRONIZE ANY >T4 ,& ,I ?9K ! LA/ ]ROR IS MU* 
GROSS] ?AN ! FIR/1 & ?AT ITS CONSEQU5CES >E F> 
MORE H>MFUL4 

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