,*APT] #c 

#ahigahig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,AYLM] ,MAUDE 

,TEXT 3 

,I BEG9 ) ! F\ND] ( AES!TICS1 ,BAUMG>T5 7#a#g#a#d-#a#g#f#b74 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BAUMG>T51.<#a.> ! OBJECT ( LOGICAL KN[L$GE 
IS ,TRU?1 ! OBJECT ( AES!TIC 7I4E4 S5SU\S7 KN[L$GE 
IS ,BEAUTY4 ,BEAUTY IS ! ,P]FECT 7! ,ABSOLUTE71 RECOGNIZ$ 
?R\< ! S5SES2 ,TRU? IS ! ,P]FECT P]CEIV$ 
?R\< REASON2 ,GOODNESS IS ! ,P]FECT REA*$ BY MORAL 
WILL4 

,BEAUTY IS DEF9$ BY ,BAUMG>T5 AS A CORRESPOND5CE1 I4E4 
AN ORD] ( ! P>TS 9 !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS TO EA* 
O!R & 9 !IR RELATION TO ! :OLE4 ,! AIM ( BEAUTY 
ITSELF IS TO PLEASE & EXCITE A DESIRE1 0,WOHLGEFALL5 UND 
,]REGUNG E9ES ,V]LANG5S40 7,A POSITION PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE 
( ,KANT'S DEF9ITION ( ! NATURE & SIGN ( BEAUTY47 

,) REF]5CE TO ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( BEAUTY1 ,BAUMG>T5 
CONSID]S ?AT ! HI<E/ EMBODIM5T ( BEAUTY 
IS SE5 BY US 9 NATURE1 & HE !RE=E ?9KS ?AT ! 
HI<E/ AIM ( >T IS TO COPY NATURE4 7,?IS POSITION 
ALSO IS DIRECTLY CONTRADICT$ BY ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! 
LATE/ AES!TICIANS47 

,PASS+ OV] ! UNIMPORTANT FOLL[]S ( ,BAUMG>T51--,MAI]1 
,ES*5BURG1 & ,EB]H>D1--:O ONLY SLI<TLY 
MODIFI$ ! DOCTR9E ( !IR TEA*] BY DIVID+ ! 
PLEASANT FROM ! BEAUTIFUL1 ,I WILL QUOTE ! DEF9ITIONS 
GIV5 BY WRIT]S :O CAME IMM$IATELY AFT] ,BAUMG>T51 
& DEF9$ BEAUTY QUITE 9 ANO!R WAY4 ,!SE WRIT]S 
#b#aW]E ,SULZ]1 ,M5DELSSOHN1 & ,MORITZ4 ,!Y1 9 CONTRADICTION 
TO ,BAUMG>T5'S MA9 POSITION1 RECOGNIZE AS ! 
AIM ( >T1 NOT BEAUTY1 BUT GOODNESS4 ,?US ,SULZ] 
7#a#g#b-#a#g#g#g7 SAYS ?AT ONLY ?AT CAN BE CONSID]$ BEAUTIFUL 
:I* CONTA9S GOODNESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY1 ! AIM 
( ! :OLE LIFE ( HUMANITY IS WELF>E 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS 
IS ATTA9$ BY ! $UCATION ( ! MORAL FEEL+S1 TO 
:I* 5D >T %\LD BE SUBS]VI5T4 ,BEAUTY IS ?AT 
:I* EVOKES & $UCATES ?IS FEEL+4 

,BEAUTY IS UND]/OOD ALMO/ 9 ! SAME WAY BY 
,M5DELSSOHN 7#a#g#b#i-#a#g#h#f74 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 >T IS ! 
C>RY+ =W>D ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 OBSCURELY RECOGNIZ$ BY 
FEEL+1 TILL IT BECOMES ! TRUE & GOOD4 ,! AIM ( >T 
IS MORAL P]FECTION4.<#a#a.> 

,= ! AES!TICIANS ( ?IS S*OOL1 ! IDEAL ( BEAUTY 
IS A BEAUTIFUL S\L 9 A BEAUTIFUL BODY4 ,SO ?AT !SE 
AES!TICIANS COMPLETELY WIPE \T ,BAUMG>T5'S DIVISION ( 
! ,P]FECT 7! ,ABSOLUTE71 9TO ! ?REE =MS ( ,TRU?1 
,GOODNESS1 & ,BEAUTY2 & ,BEAUTY IS AGA9 UNIT$ ) ! 
,GOOD & ! ,TRUE4 

,BUT ?IS CONCEPTION IS NOT ONLY NOT MA9TA9$ BY ! LAT] 
AES!TICIANS1 BUT ! AES!TIC DOCTR9E ( ,W9CKELMANN 
>ISES1 AGA9 9 COMPLETE OPPOSITION4 ,?IS DIVIDES ! MISSION 
( >T FROM ! AIM ( GOODNESS 9 ! %>PE/ & MO/ 
POSITIVE MANN]1 MAKES EXT]NAL BEAUTY ! AIM ( >T1 & 
EV5 LIMITS IT TO VISIBLE BEAUTY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! CELEBRAT$ WORK ( ,W9CKELMANN 7#a#g#a#g-#a#g#f#g71 
! LAW & AIM ( ALL >T IS BEAUTY ONLY1 BEAUTY 
QUITE SEP>AT$ FROM & 9DEP5D5T ( GOODNESS4 ,!RE 
>E ?REE K9DS ( BEAUTY3--7#a7 BEAUTY ( =M1 7#b7 BEAUTY 
( IDEA1 EXPRESS+ ITSELF 9 ! POSITION ( ! FIGURE 79 
PLA/IC >T71 7#c7 BEAUTY ( EXPRESSION1 ATTA9ABLE ONLY :5 
! TWO FIR/ CONDITIONS >E PRES5T4 ,?IS BEAUTY ( EXPRESSION 
IS ! HI<E/ AIM ( >T1 & IS ATTA9$ 9 
#b#bANTIQUE >T2 MOD]N >T %\LD !RE=E AIM AT IMITAT+ 
ANCI5T >T4.<#a#b.> 

,>T IS SIMIL>LY UND]/OOD BY ,LESS+1 ,H]D]1 & AFT]W>DS 
BY ,GOE! & BY ALL ! DI/+UI%$ AES!TICIANS 
( ,G]MANY TILL ,KANT1 FROM :OSE DAY1 AGA91 A DIFF]5T 
CONCEPTION ( >T COMM5CES4 

,NATIVE AES!TIC !ORIES >OSE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 9 
,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,HOLL&1 & !Y1 ?\< NOT 
TAK5 FROM ! ,G]MAN1 W]E EQUALLY CL\DY & CONTRADICTORY4 
,& ALL !SE WRIT]S1 JU/ LIKE ! ,G]MAN 
AES!TICIANS1 F\ND$ !IR !ORIES ON A CONCEPTION ( ! 
,BEAUTIFUL1 UND]/&+ BEAUTY 9 ! S5SE ( A SOME?+ 
EXI/+ ABSOLUTELY1 & MORE OR LESS 9T]M+L$ ) 
,GOODNESS OR HAV+ ONE & ! SAME ROOT4 ,9 ,5GL&1 
ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY ) ,BAUMG>T51 EV5 A LITTLE E>LI]1 
,%AFTESBURY1 ,HUT*ESON1 ,HOME1 ,BURKE1 ,HOG>?1 & O!RS1 
WROTE ON >T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,%AFTESBURY 7#a#f#g-#a#g#a#c71 0,?AT :I* IS 
BEAUTIFUL IS H>MONI\S & PROPORTIONABLE1 :AT IS H>MONI\S 
& PROPORTIONABLE IS TRUE1 & :AT IS AT ONCE 
BO? BEAUTIFUL & TRUE IS ( CONSEQU5CE AGREEABLE & 
GOOD40.<#a#c.> ,BEAUTY1 HE TAU<T1 IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! M9D ONLY4 
,GOD IS FUNDAM5TAL BEAUTY2 BEAUTY & GOODNESS PROCE$ 
FROM ! SAME F\NT4 

,SO ?AT1 AL?\< ,%AFTESBURY REG>DS BEAUTY AS BE+ 
SOME?+ SEP>ATE FROM GOODNESS1 !Y AGA9 M]GE 9TO 
SOME?+ 9SEP>ABLE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HUT*ESON 7#a#f#i#d-#a#g#d#g--0,9QUIRY 9TO ! 
,ORIG9AL ( \R ,IDEAS ( ,BEAUTY & ,VIRTUE071 ! AIM ( 
>T IS BEAUTY1 ! ESS5CE ( :I* CONSI/S 9 EVOK+ 9 US 
! P]CEPTION ( UNI=MITY AMID V>IETY4 ,9 ! RECOGNITION 
( :AT IS >T WE >E GUID$ BY 0AN 9T]NAL S5SE40 
,?IS 9T]NAL S5SE MAY BE 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! E?ICAL 
#b#cONE4 ,SO ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,HUT*ESON1 BEAUTY DOES NOT 
ALWAYS CORRESPOND ) GOODNESS1 BUT SEP>ATES FROM IT & 
IS SOMETIMES CONTR>Y TO IT4.<#a#d.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HOME1 ,LORD ,KAMES 7#a#f#i#f-#a#g#h#b71 BEAUTY IS 
?AT :I* IS PLEASANT4 ,!RE=E BEAUTY IS DEF9$ BY TA/E 
ALONE4 ,! /&>D ( TRUE TA/E IS ?AT ! MAXIMUM ( 
RI*NESS1 FULLNESS1 /R5G?1 & V>IETY ( IMPRESSION %\LD 
BE CONTA9$ 9 ! N>R[E/ LIMITS4 ,?AT IS ! IDEAL ( 
A P]FECT WORK ( >T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BURKE 7#a#g#b#i-#a#g#i#g--0,PHILOSOPHICAL ,9QUIRY 
9TO ! ,ORIG9 ( \R ,IDEAS ( ! ,SUBLIME & ,BEAUTIFUL071 
! SUBLIME & BEAUTIFUL1 :I* >E ! AIM ( >T1 HAVE 
!IR ORIG9 9 ! PROMPT+S ( SELF-PRES]VATION & ( 
SOCIETY4 ,!SE FEEL+S1 EXAM9$ 9 !IR S\RCE1 >E MEANS 
= ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! RACE ?R\< ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 
FIR/ 7SELF-PRES]VATION7 IS ATTA9$ BY N\RI%M5T1 DEF5SE1 
& W>2 ! SECOND 7SOCIETY7 BY 9T]C\RSE & PROPAGATION4 
,!RE=E SELF-DEF5SE1 & W>1 :I* IS B\ND UP ) IT1 
IS ! S\RCE ( ! SUBLIME2 SOCIABILITY1 & ! SEX-9/9CT1 
:I* IS B\ND UP ) IT1 IS ! S\RCE ( BEAUTY4.<#a#e.> 

,SU* W]E ! *IEF ,5GLI% DEF9ITIONS ( >T & BEAUTY 
9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 

,DUR+ ?AT P]IOD1 9 ,FRANCE1 ! WRIT]S ON >T W]E ,P]E 
,&RE & ,BATTEUX1 ) ,DID]OT1 ,D',ALEMB]T1 &1 TO SOME 
EXT5T1 ,VOLTAIRE1 FOLL[+ LAT]4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,P]E ,&RE 70,ESSAI SUR LE ,BEAU10 #a#g#d#a71 !RE 
>E ?REE K9DS ( BEAUTY--DIV9E BEAUTY1 NATURAL BEAUTY1 
& >TIFICIAL BEAUTY4.<#a#f.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BATTEUX 7#a#g#a#c-#a#g#h71 >T CONSI/S 9 
IMITAT+ ! BEAUTY ( NATURE1 ITS AIM BE+ 5JOYM5T4.<#a#g.> 
,SU* IS ALSO ,DID]OT'S DEF9ITION ( >T4 

#b#d,! ,FR5* WRIT]S1 LIKE ! ,5GLI%1 CONSID] ?AT IT IS TA/E 
?AT DECIDES :AT IS BEAUTIFUL4 ,& ! LAWS ( TA/E >E NOT 
ONLY NOT LAID D[N1 BUT IT IS GRANT$ ?AT !Y CANNOT BE SETTL$4 
,! SAME VIEW WAS HELD BY ,D',ALEMB]T & ,VOLTAIRE4.<#a#h.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,ITALIAN AES!TICIAN ( ?AT P]IOD1 ,PAGANO1 
>T CONSI/S 9 UNIT+ ! BEAUTIES' DISP]S$ 9 NATURE4 
,! CAPACITY TO P]CEIVE !SE BEAUTIES IS TA/E1 ! CAPACITY 
TO BR+ !M 9TO ONE :OLE IS >TI/IC G5IUS4 ,BEAUTY 
COMM+LES ) GOODNESS1 SO ?AT BEAUTY IS GOODNESS MADE 
VISIBLE1 & GOODNESS IS 9N] BEAUTY4.<#a#i.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ! OP9ION ( O!R ,ITALIANS3 ,MURATORI 7#a#f#g#b-#a#g#e71--0,RIFLESSIONI 
SOPRA IL BUON GU/O 9TORNO LE SCI5CE E 
LE >TI10--& ESPECIALLY ,SPALETTI1.<#b.>--0,SAGGIO SOPRA LA BELLEZZA0 
7#a#g#f#e71-->T AM\NTS TO AN EGOTI/ICAL S5SATION1 F\ND$ 7AS 
) ,BURKE7 ON ! DESIRE = SELF-PRES]VATION & SOCIETY4 

,AMONG ,DUT* WRIT]S1 ,HEM/]HUIS 7#a#g#b-#a#g#i71 :O 
HAD AN 9FLU5CE ON ! ,G]MAN AES!TICIANS & ON ,GOE!1 
IS REM>KABLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 BEAUTY IS ?AT :I* GIVES 
MO/ PLEASURE1 & ?AT GIVES MO/ PLEASURE :I* GIVES US 
! GREATE/ NUMB] ( IDEAS 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME4 ,5JOYM5T 
( ! BEAUTIFUL1 BECAUSE IT GIVES ! GREATE/ QUANTITY 
( P]CEPTIONS 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME1 IS ! HI<E/ NOTION TO 
:I* MAN CAN ATTA94.<#b#a.> 

,SU* W]E ! AES!TIC !ORIES \TSIDE ,G]MANY DUR+ ! 
LA/ C5TURY4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 AFT] ,W9CKELMANN1 !RE AGA9 
>OSE A COMPLETELY NEW AES!TIC !ORY1 ?AT ( ,KANT 7#a#g#b#d-#a#h#d71 
:I* MORE ?AN ALL O!RS CLE>S UP :AT ?IS CONCEPTION 
( BEAUTY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( >T1 REALLY AM\NTS TO4 

,! AES!TIC TEA*+ ( ,KANT IS F\ND$ AS FOLL[S3--,MAN 
HAS A KN[L$GE ( NATURE \TSIDE HIM & ( HIMSELF 
9 NATURE4 ,9 NATURE1 \TSIDE HIMSELF1 HE SEEKS = TRU?2 
9 HIMSELF HE SEEKS = GOODNESS4 ,! FIR/ IS AN AFFAIR ( 
PURE REASON1 ! O!R ( PRACTICAL REASON 7FREE-WILL74 ,BESIDES 
#b#e!SE TWO MEANS ( P]CEPTION1 !RE IS YET ! JUDG+ 
CAPACITY 7,URTEILSKRAFT71 :I* =MS JUDGM5TS )\T 
REASON+S & PRODUCES PLEASURE )\T DESIRE 7,UR!IL 
OHNE ,BEGRIFF UND ,V]GNUG5 OHNE ,BEGEHR574 ,?IS CAPACITY 
IS ! BASIS ( AES!TIC FEEL+4 ,BEAUTY1 ACCORD+ TO ,KANT1 
9 ITS SUBJECTIVE MEAN+ IS ?AT :I*1 9 G5]AL & 
NECESS>ILY1 )\T REASON+S & )\T PRACTICAL 
ADVANTAGE1 PLEASES4 ,9 ITS OBJECTIVE MEAN+ IT IS ! =M 
( A SUITABLE OBJECT 9 SO F> AS ?AT OBJECT IS P]CEIV$ 
)\T ANY CONCEPTION ( ITS UTILITY4.<#b#b.> 

,BEAUTY IS DEF9$ 9 ! SAME WAY BY ! FOLL[]S ( 
,KANT1 AMONG :OM WAS ,S*ILL] 7#a#g#e#i-#a#h#e74 ,ACCORD+ 
TO ,S*ILL]1 :O WROTE MU* ON AES!TICS1 ! AIM ( >T IS1 
AS ) ,KANT1 BEAUTY1 ! S\RCE ( :I* IS PLEASURE )\T 
PRACTICAL ADVANTAGE4 ,SO ?AT >T MAY BE CALL$ A GAME1 
NOT 9 ! S5SE ( AN UNIMPORTANT OCCUPATION1 BUT 9 ! 
S5SE ( A MANIFE/ATION ( ! BEAUTIES ( LIFE ITSELF )\T 
O!R AIM ?AN ?AT ( BEAUTY4.<#b#c.> 

,BESIDES ,S*ILL]1 ! MO/ REM>KABLE ( ,KANT'S FOLL[]S 
9 ! SPH]E ( AES!TICS WAS ,WILHELM ,HUMBOLDT1 :O1 
?\< HE ADD$ NO?+ TO ! DEF9ITION ( BEAUTY1 EXPLA9$ 
V>I\S =MS ( IT1--! DRAMA1 MUSIC1 ! COMIC1 ETC4.<#b#d.> 

,AFT] ,KANT1 BESIDES ! SECOND-RATE PHILOSOPH]S1 ! 
WRIT]S ON AES!TICS W]E ,FI*TE1 ,S*ELL+1 ,HEGEL1 & !IR 
FOLL[]S4 ,FI*TE 7#a#g#f#b-#a#h#a#d7 SAYS ?AT P]CEPTION ( ! 
BEAUTIFUL PROCE$S FROM ?IS3 ! WORLD--I4E4 NATURE--HAS 
TWO SIDES3 IT IS ! SUM ( \R LIMITATIONS1 & IT IS ! 
SUM ( \R FREE IDEALI/IC ACTIVITY4 ,9 ! FIR/ ASPECT ! 
WORLD IS LIMIT$1 9 ! SECOND ASPECT IT IS FREE4 ,9 ! FIR/ 
ASPECT EV]Y OBJECT IS LIMIT$1 DI/ORT$1 COMPRESS$1 CONF9$--& 
WE SEE DE=MITY2 9 ! SECOND WE P]CEIVE ITS 9N] 
COMPLET5ESS1 VITALITY1 REG5]ATION--& WE SEE BEAUTY4 ,SO 
?AT ! DE=MITY OR BEAUTY ( AN OBJECT1 ACCORD+ TO 
#b#f,FI*TE1 DEP5DS ON ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! OBS]V]4 
,BEAUTY !RE=E EXI/S1 NOT 9 ! WORLD1 BUT 9 ! BEAUTIFUL 
S\L 7S*ON] ,GEI/74 ,>T IS ! MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS 
BEAUTIFUL S\L1 & ITS AIM IS ! $UCATION1 NOT ONLY ( ! 
M9D--?AT IS ! BUS9ESS ( ! SAVANT2 NOT ONLY ( ! 
HE>T--?AT IS ! AFFAIR ( ! MORAL PREA*]2 BUT ( ! 
:OLE MAN4 ,& SO ! *>ACT]I/IC ( BEAUTY LIES1 NOT 
9 ANY?+ EXT]NAL1 BUT 9 ! PRES5CE ( A BEAUTIFUL S\L 
9 ! >TI/4.<#b#e.> 

,FOLL[+ ,FI*TE1 & 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 ,FRI$RI* 
,S*LEGEL & ,ADAM ,MULL] ALSO DEF9$ BEAUTY4 ,ACCORD+ 
TO ,S*LEGEL 7#a#g#g#b--#a#h#b#i71 BEAUTY 9 >T IS UND]/OOD TOO 
9COMPLETELY1 ONE-SID$LY1 & DISCONNECT$LY4 ,BEAUTY EXI/S 
NOT ONLY 9 >T1 BUT ALSO 9 NATURE & 9 LOVE2 SO ?AT ! 
TRULY BEAUTIFUL IS EXPRESS$ BY ! UNION ( >T1 NATURE1 & 
LOVE4 ,!RE=E1 AS 9SEP>ABLY ONE ) ES!TIC >T1 
,S*LEGEL ACKN[L$GES MORAL & PHILOSOPHIC >T4.<#b#f.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ADAM ,MULL] 7#a#g#g#i-#a#h#b#i71 !RE >E TWO 
K9DS ( BEAUTY2 ! ONE1 G5]AL BEAUTY1 :I* ATTRACTS 
PEOPLE AS ! SUN ATTRACTS ! PLANET--?IS IS F\ND *IEFLY 9 
ANTIQUE >T--& ! O!R1 9DIVIDUAL BEAUTY1 :I* RESULTS 
FROM ! OBS]V] HIMSELF BECOM+ A SUN ATTRACT+ BEAUTY1--?IS 
IS ! BEAUTY ( MOD]N >T4 ,A WORLD 9 :I* ALL 
CONTRADICTIONS >E H>MONIZ$ IS ! HI<E/ BEAUTY4 ,EV]Y 
WORK ( >T IS A REPRODUCTION ( ?IS UNIV]SAL H>MONY4.<#b#g.> 
,! HI<E/ >T IS ! >T ( LIFE4.<#b#h.> 

,NEXT AFT] ,FI*TE & HIS FOLL[]S CAME A CONTEMPOR>Y 
( HIS1 ! PHILOSOPH] ,S*ELL+ 7#a#g#g#e-#a#h#e#d71 :O HAS HAD 
A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! AES!TIC CONCEPTIONS ( \R TIMES4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,S*ELL+'S PHILOSOPHY1 >T IS ! PRODUCTION 
OR RESULT ( ?AT CONCEPTION ( ?+S BY :I* ! SUBJECT 
BECOMES ITS [N OBJECT1 OR ! OBJECT ITS [N SUBJECT4 
,BEAUTY IS ! P]CEPTION ( ! 9F9ITE 9 ! F9ITE4 ,& 
#b#g! *IEF *>ACT]I/IC ( WORKS ( >T IS UNCONSCI\S 9F9ITY4 
,>T IS ! UNIT+ ( ! SUBJECTIVE ) ! OBJECTIVE1 ( 
NATURE ) REASON1 ( ! UNCONSCI\S ) ! CONSCI\S1 
& !RE=E >T IS ! HI<E/ MEANS ( KN[L$GE4 
,BEAUTY IS ! CONTEMPLATION ( ?+S 9 !MSELVES AS !Y 
EXI/ 9 ! PROTOTYPE 7,9 D5 ,URBILD]N74 ,IT IS NOT ! 
>TI/ :O BY HIS KN[L$GE OR SKILL PRODUCES ! BEAUTIFUL1 
BUT ! IDEA ( BEAUTY 9 HIM ITSELF PRODUCES IT4.<#b#i.> 

,( ,S*ELL+'S FOLL[]S ! MO/ NOTICEABLE WAS ,SOLG] 
7#a#g#h-#a#h#a#i--,VORLESUNG5 UB] ,AES!TIK74 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 
! IDEA ( BEAUTY IS ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( EV]Y?+4 
,9 ! WORLD WE SEE ONLY DI/ORTIONS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL 
IDEA1 BUT >T1 BY IMAG9ATION1 MAY LIFT ITSELF TO ! HEI<T ( 
?IS IDEA4 ,>T IS !RE=E AK9 TO CREATION4.<#c.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ANO!R FOLL[] ( ,S*ELL+1 ,KRAUSE 
7#a#g#h#a-#a#h#c#b71 TRUE1 POSITIVE BEAUTY IS ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! 
,IDEA 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL =M2 >T IS ! ACTUALIZATION ( ! 
BEAUTY EXI/+ 9 ! SPH]E ( MAN'S FREE SPIRIT4 ,! 
HI<E/ /AGE ( >T IS ! >T ( LIFE1 :I* DIRECTS ITS ACTIVITY 
T[>DS ! ADORNM5T ( LIFE SO ?AT IT MAY BE A BEAUTIFUL 
ABODE = A BEAUTIFUL MAN4.<#c#a.> 

,AFT] ,S*ELL+ & HIS FOLL[]S CAME ! NEW AES!TIC 
DOCTR9E ( ,HEGEL1 :I* IS HELD TO ?IS DAY1 CONSCI\SLY BY 
MANY1 BUT BY ! MAJORITY UNCONSCI\SLY4 ,?IS TEA*+ IS 
NOT ONLY NO CLE>] OR BETT] DEF9$ ?AN ! PREC$+ 
ONES1 BUT IS1 IF POSSIBLE1 EV5 MORE CL\DY & MY/ICAL4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL 7#a#g#g-#a#h#c#a71 ,GOD MANIFE/S HIMSELF 
9 NATURE & 9 >T 9 ! =M ( BEAUTY4 ,GOD EXPRESSES 
HIMSELF 9 TWO WAYS3 9 ! OBJECT & 9 ! SUBJECT1 9 
NATURE & 9 SPIRIT4 ,BEAUTY IS ! %9+ ( ! ,IDEA 
?R\< MATT]4 ,ONLY ! S\L1 & :AT P]TA9S TO 
IT1 IS TRULY BEAUTIFUL2 & !RE=E ! BEAUTY ( NATURE IS 
ONLY ! REFLECTION ( ! NATURAL BEAUTY ( ! SPIRIT--! 
#b#hBEAUTIFUL HAS ONLY A SPIRITUAL CONT5T4 ,BUT ! SPIRITUAL 
MU/ APPE> 9 S5SU\S =M4 ,! S5SU\S MANIFE/ATION 
( SPIRIT IS ONLY APPE>ANCE 7S*E971 & ?IS APPE>ANCE 
IS ! ONLY REALITY ( ! BEAUTIFUL4 ,>T IS ?US ! PRODUCTION 
( ?IS APPE>ANCE ( ! ,IDEA1 & IS A MEANS1 TOGE!R ) 
RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY1 ( BR++ TO CONSCI\SNESS & 
( EXPRESS+ ! DEEPE/ PROBLEMS ( HUMANITY & ! 
HI<E/ TRU?S ( ! SPIRIT4 

,TRU? & BEAUTY1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 >E ONE & ! 
SAME ?+2 ! DIFF]5CE BE+ ONLY ?AT TRU? IS ! 
,IDEA ITSELF AS IT EXI/S 9 ITSELF1 & IS ?9KABLE4 ,! 
,IDEA1 MANIFE/$ EXT]NALLY1 BECOMES TO ! APPREH5SION 
NOT ONLY TRUE BUT BEAUTIFUL4 ,! BEAUTIFUL IS ! MANIFE/ATION 
( ! ,IDEA4.<#c#b.> 

,FOLL[+ ,HEGEL CAME HIS MANY ADH]5TS1 ,WEISSE1 
,>NOLD ,RUGE1 ,ROS5KRANTZ1 ,!ODOR ,VIS*] & O!RS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,WEISSE 7#a#h#a-#a#h#f#g71 >T IS ! 9TRODUCTION 
7,E9BILDUNG7 ( ! ABSOLUTE SPIRITUAL REALITY ( BEAUTY 
9TO EXT]NAL1 DEAD1 9DIFF]5T MATT]1 ! P]CEPTION ( 
:I* LATT] AP>T FROM ! BEAUTY BR\<T 9TO IT PRES5TS 
! NEGATION ( ALL EXI/5CE 9 ITSELF 7,NEGATION ALLES 
,FURSI*SE9S74 

,9 ! IDEA ( TRU?1 ,WEISSE EXPLA9S1 LIES A CONTRADICTION 
BETWE5 ! SUBJECTIVE & ! OBJECTIVE SIDES ( 
KN[L$GE1 9 ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL ,I DISC]NS ! ,UNIV]SAL4 
,?IS CONTRADICTION CAN BE REMOV$ BY A CONCEPTION ?AT 
%\LD UNITE 9TO ONE ! UNIV]SAL & ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* 
FALL ASUND] 9 \R CONCEPTIONS ( TRU?4 ,SU* A CONCEPTION 
W\LD BE RECONCIL$ 7AUFGEHOB57 TRU?4 ,BEAUTY IS SU* A 
RECONCIL$ TRU?4.<#c#c.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,RUGE 7#a#h#b-#a#h#h71 A /RICT FOLL[] ( 
,HEGEL1 BEAUTY IS ! ,IDEA EXPRESS+ ITSELF4 ,! SPIRIT1 
CONTEMPLAT+ ITSELF1 EI!R F9DS ITSELF EXPRESS$ COMPLETELY1 
#b#i& !N ?AT FULL EXPRESSION ( ITSELF IS BEAUTY2 OR 9COMPLETELY1 
& !N IT FEELS ! NE$ TO ALT] ?IS IMP]FECT 
EXPRESSION ( ITSELF1 & BECOMES CREATIVE >T4.<#c#d.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,VIS*] 7#a#h#g-#a#h#h#g71 BEAUTY IS ! ,IDEA 9 
! =M ( A F9ITE PH5OM5ON4 ,! ,IDEA ITSELF IS NOT 
9DIVISIBLE1 BUT =MS A SY/EM ( IDEAS1 :I* MAY BE 
REPRES5T$ BY ASC5D+ & DESC5D+ L9ES4 ,! 
HI<] ! IDEA ! MORE BEAUTY IT CONTA9S2 BUT EV5 
! L[E/ CONTA9S BEAUTY1 BECAUSE IT =MS AN ESS5TIAL 
L9K ( ! SY/EM4 ,! HI<E/ =M ( ! ,IDEA IS 
P]SONALITY1 & !RE=E ! HI<E/ >T IS ?AT :I* HAS 
= ITS SUBJECT-MATT] ! HI<E/ P]SONALITY4.<#c#e.> 

,SU* W]E ! !ORIES ( ! ,G]MAN AES!TICIANS 9 ! 
,HEGELIAN DIRECTION1 BUT !Y DID NOT MONOPOLIZE AES!TIC 
DISS]TATIONS4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 SIDE BY SIDE & SIMULTANE\SLY 
) ! ,HEGELIAN !ORIES1 !RE APPE>$ !ORIES ( 
BEAUTY NOT ONLY 9DEP5D5T ( ,HEGEL'S POSITION 7?AT 
BEAUTY IS ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! ,IDEA71 BUT DIRECTLY CONTR>Y 
TO ?IS VIEW1 D5Y+ & RIDICUL+ IT4 ,SU* WAS 
! L9E TAK5 BY ,H]B>T &1 MORE P>TICUL>LY1 BY 
,S*OP5HAU]4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,H]B>T 7#a#g#g#f-#a#h#d#a71 !RE IS NOT1 & 
CANNOT BE1 ANY SU* ?+ AS BEAUTY EXI/+ 9 ITSELF4 
,:AT DOES EXI/ IS ONLY \R OP9ION1 & IT IS NECESS>Y TO 
F9D ! BASE ( ?IS OP9ION 7,AS!TIS*ES ,ELEM5T>UR!IL74 
,SU* BASES >E CONNECT$ ) \R IMPRESSIONS4 
,!RE >E C]TA9 RELATIONS :I* WE T]M BEAUTIFUL2 
& >T CONSI/S 9 F9D+ !SE RELATIONS1 :I* 
>E SIMULTANE\S 9 PA9T+1 ! PLA/IC >T1 & 
>*ITECTURE1 SUCCESSIVE & SIMULTANE\S 9 MUSIC1 
& PURELY SUCCESSIVE 9 POETRY4 ,9 CONTRADICTION TO ! 
=M] AES!TICIANS1 ,H]B>T HOLDS ?AT OBJECTS >E (T5 
BEAUTIFUL :I* EXPRESS NO?+ AT ALL1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! 
RA9B[1 :I* IS BEAUTIFUL = ITS L9ES & COLORS1 & 
#cNOT = ITS MY?OLOGICAL CONNECTION ) ,IRIS OR ,NOAH'S 
RA9B[4.<#c#f.> 

,ANO!R OPPON5T ( ,HEGEL WAS ,S*OP5HAU]1 :O 
D5I$ ,HEGEL'S :OLE SY/EM1 HIS AES!TICS 9CLUD$4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,S*OP5HAU] 7#a#g#h#h-#a#h#f71 ,WILL OBJECTIVIZES 
ITSELF 9 ! WORLD ON V>I\S PLANES2 & AL?\< ! 
HI<] ! PLANE ON :I* IT IS OBJECTIVIZ$ ! MORE 
BEAUTIFUL IT IS1 YET EA* PLANE HAS ITS [N BEAUTY4 ,R5UNCIATION 
( ONE'S 9DIVIDUALITY & CONTEMPLATION ( ONE 
( !SE PLANES ( MANIFE/ATION ( ,WILL GIVES US A P]CEPTION 
( BEAUTY4 ,ALL M51 SAYS ,S*OP5HAU]1 POSSESS 
! CAPACITY TO OBJECTIVIZE ! ,IDEA ON DIFF]5T PLANES4 
,! G5IUS ( ! >TI/ HAS ?IS CAPACITY 9 A HI<] DEGREE1 
& !RE=E MAKES A HI<] BEAUTY MANIFE/4.<#c#g.> 

,AFT] !SE MORE EM95T WRIT]S !RE FOLL[$1 9 
,G]MANY1 LESS ORIG9AL & LESS 9FLU5TIAL ONES1 SU* AS 
,H>TMANN1 ,KIRKMANN1 ,S*NASSE1 &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 
,HELMHOLTZ 7AS AN AES!TICIAN71 ,B]GMANN1 ,JUNGMANN1 & AN 
9NUM]ABLE HO/ ( O!RS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,H>TMANN 7#a#h#d#b71 BEAUTY LIES1 NOT 9 ! 
EXT]NAL WORLD1 NOR 9 0! ?+ 9 ITSELF10 NEI!R DOES IT 
RESIDE 9 ! S\L ( MAN1 BUT IT LIES 9 ! 0SEEM+0 
7,S*E97 PRODUC$ BY ! >TI/4 ,! ?+ 9 ITSELF IS NOT 
BEAUTIFUL1 BUT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO BEAUTY BY ! >TI/4.<#c#h.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,S*NASSE 7#a#g#i#h-#a#h#g#e71 !RE IS NO P]FECT 
BEAUTY 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 NATURE !RE IS ONLY AN APPROA* 
T[>DS IT4 ,>T GIVES :AT NATURE CANNOT GIVE4 ,9 ! 
5]GY ( ! FREE EGO1 CONSCI\S ( H>MONY NOT F\ND 9 
NATURE1 BEAUTY IS DISCLOS$4.<#c#i.> 

,KIRKMANN WROTE ON EXP]IM5TAL ES!TICS4 ,ALL ASPECTS 
( HI/ORY 9 HIS SY/EM >E JO9$ BY PURE *ANCE4 ,?US1 
ACCORD+ TO ,KIRKMANN 7#a#h#b-#a#h#h#d71 !RE >E SIX REALMS 
( HI/ORY3--,! REALM ( ,KN[L$GE1 ( ,WEAL?1 ( 
#c#a,MORALITY1 ( ,FAI?1 ( ,POLITICS1 & ( ,BEAUTY2 & ACTIVITY 
9 ! LA/-NAM$ REALM IS >T4.<#d.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HELMHOLTZ 7#a#h#b#a71 :O WROTE ON BEAUTY AS 
IT RELATES TO MUSIC1 BEAUTY 9 MUSICAL PRODUCTIONS IS ATTA9$ 
ONLY BY FOLL[+ UNALT]ABLE LAWS4 ,!SE LAWS >E NOT 
KN[N TO ! >TI/2 SO ?AT BEAUTY IS MANIFE/$ BY ! 
>TI/ UNCONSCI\SLY1 & CANNOT BE SUBJECT$ TO ANALYSIS4.<#d#a.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,B]GMANN 7#a#h#d7 7,UEB] DAS ,S*ONE1 #a#h#h#g71 
TO DEF9E BEAUTY OBJECTIVELY IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BEAUTY IS ONLY 
P]CEIV$ SUBJECTIVELY1 & !RE=E ! PROBLEM ( AES!TICS 
IS TO DEF9E :AT PLEASES :OM4.<#d#b.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,JUNGMANN 7D4 #a#h#h#e71 FIR/LY1 BEAUTY IS A 
SUPRAS5SIBLE QUALITY ( ?+S2 SECONDLY1 BEAUTY PRODUCES 
9 US PLEASURE BY M]ELY BE+ CONTEMPLAT$2 &1 ?IRDLY1 
BEAUTY IS ! F\NDATION ( LOVE4.<#d#c.> 

,! AES!TIC !ORIES ( ! *IEF REPRES5TATIVES ( ,FRANCE1 
,5GL&1 & O!R NATIONS 9 REC5T TIMES HAVE BE5 ! 
FOLL[+3-- 

,9 ,FRANCE1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! PROM95T WRIT]S ON 
AES!TICS W]E ,C\S91 ,J\FFROY1 ,PICTET1 ,RAVAISSON1 ,LEVEQUE4 

,C\S9 7#a#g#i#b-#a#h#f#g7 WAS AN ECLECTIC1 & A FOLL[] ( ! 
,G]MAN IDEALI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY1 BEAUTY ALWAYS 
HAS A MORAL F\NDATION4 ,HE DISPUTES ! DOCTR9E ?AT >T 
IS IMITATION & ?AT ! BEAUTIFUL IS :AT PLEASES4 ,HE 
AFFIRMS ?AT BEAUTY MAY BE DEF9$ OBJECTIVELY1 & ?AT IT 
ESS5TIALLY CONSI/S 9 V>IETY 9 UNITY4.<#d#d.> 

,AFT] ,C\S9 CAME ,J\FFROY 7#a#g#i#f-#a#h#d#b71 :O WAS A PUPIL 
( ,C\S9'S & ALSO A FOLL[] ( ! ,G]MAN AES!TICIANS4 
,ACCORD+ TO HIS DEF9ITION1 BEAUTY IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! 
9VISIBLE BY ?OSE NATURAL SIGNS :I* MANIFE/ IT4 ,! 
VISIBLE WORLD IS ! G>M5T BY MEANS ( :I* WE SEE BEAUTY4.<#d#e.> 

,! ,SWISS WRIT] ,PICTET REPEAT$ ,HEGEL & ,PLATO1 
#c#bSUPPOS+ BEAUTY TO EXI/ 9 ! DIRECT & FREE MANIFE/ATION 
( ! DIV9E ,IDEA REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 S5SE =MS4.<#d#f.> 

,LEVEQUE WAS A FOLL[] ( ,S*ELL+ & ,HEGEL4 ,HE 
HOLDS ?AT BEAUTY IS SOME?+ 9VISIBLE BEH9D NATURE--A 
=CE OR SPIRIT REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 ORD]$ 5]GY4.<#d#g.> 

,SIMIL> VAGUE OP9IONS AB\T ! NATURE ( BEAUTY W]E 
EXPRESS$ BY ! ,FR5* METAPHYSICIAN ,RAVAISSON1 :O 
CONSID]$ BEAUTY TO BE ! ULTIMATE AIM & PURPOSE ( ! 
WORLD4 0,LA BEAUTE LA PLUS DIV9E ET PR9CIPALEM5T LA PLUS 
P>FAITE CONTI5T LE SECRET DU MONDE40.<#d#h.> ,& AGA93--0,LE 
MONDE 5TI] E/ L'OEUVRE D'UNE BEAUTE ABSOLUE1 QUI N'E/ LA 
CAUSE DES *OSES QUE P> L'AM\R QU'ELLE MET 5 ELLES40 

,I PURPOSELY AB/A9 FROM TRANSLAT+ !SE METAPHYSICAL 
EXPRESSIONS1 BECAUSE1 H[EV] CL\DY ! ,G]MANS MAY BE1 
! ,FR5*1 ONCE !Y ABSORB ! !ORIES ( ! ,G]MANS 
& TAKE TO IMITAT+ !M1 F> SURPASS !M 9 UNIT+ 
HET]OG5E\S CONCEPTIONS 9TO ONE EXPRESSION1 & PUTT+ 
=W>D ONE MEAN+ OR ANO!R 9DISCRIM9ATELY4 ,= 
9/ANCE1 ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPH] ,R5\VI]1 :5 DISCUSS+ 
BEAUTY1 SAYS3--0,NE CRAIGNONS PAS DE DIRE QU'UNE V]ITE QUI 
NE S]AIT PAS BELLE1 NE S]AIT QU'UN JEU LOGIQUE DE NOT] ESPRIT 
ET QUE LA SEULE V]ITE SOLIDE ET DIGNE DE CE NOM C'E/ LA BEAUTE40.<#d#i.> 

,BESIDES ! AES!TIC IDEALI/S :O WROTE & /ILL WRITE 
UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 ! FOLL[+ 
REC5T WRIT]S HAVE ALSO 9FLU5C$ ! COMPREH5SION ( >T 
& BEAUTY 9 ,FRANCE3 ,TA9E1 ,GUYAU1 ,*]BULIEZ1 ,CO/]1 
& ,V]ON4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,TA9E 7#a#h#b#h-#a#h#i#c71 BEAUTY IS ! MANIFE/ATION 
( ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ANY IMPORTANT IDEA 
MORE COMPLETELY ?AN IT IS EXPRESS$ 9 REALITY4.<#e.> 

,GUYAU 7#a#h#e#d-#a#h#h#h7 TAU<T ?AT BEAUTY IS NOT SOME?+ 
EXT]IOR TO ! OBJECT ITSELF1--IS NOT1 AS IT W]E1 A P>ASITIC 
#c#cGR[? ON IT1--BUT IS ITSELF ! V]Y BLOSSOM+ =? ( ?AT 
ON :I* IT APPE>S4 ,>T IS ! EXPRESSION ( REASONABLE & 
CONSCI\S LIFE1 EVOK+ 9 US BO? ! DEEPE/ CONSCI\SNESS 
( EXI/5CE & ! HI<E/ FEEL+S & L(TIE/ ?\<TS4 
,>T LIFTS MAN FROM HIS P]SONAL LIFE 9TO ! UNIV]SAL LIFE1 
BY MEANS1 NOT ONLY ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! SAME IDEAS & 
BELIEFS1 BUT ALSO BY MEANS ( SIMIL>ITY 9 FEEL+4.<#e#a.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,*]BULIEZ1 >T IS AN ACTIVITY1 7#a7 SATISFY+ 
\R 9NATE LOVE ( =MS 7APP>5CES71 7#b7 5D[+ !SE 
=MS ) IDEAS1 7#c7 AF=D+ PLEASURE ALIKE TO \R S5SES1 
HE>T1 & REASON4 ,BEAUTY IS NOT 9H]5T 9 OBJECTS1 BUT IS 
AN ACT ( \R S\LS4 ,BEAUTY IS AN ILLUSION2 !RE IS NO 
ABSOLUTE BEAUTY4 ,BUT :AT WE CONSID] *>ACT]I/IC & 
H>MONI\S APPE>S BEAUTIFUL TO US4 

,CO/] HELD ?AT ! IDEAS ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 ! GOOD1 & 
! TRUE >E 9NATE4 ,!SE IDEAS ILLUM9ATE \R M9DS & 
>E ID5TICAL ) ,GOD1 :O IS ,GOODNESS1 ,TRU?1 & ,BEAUTY4 
,! IDEA ( ,BEAUTY 9CLUDES UNITY ( ESS5CE1 V>IETY ( 
CON/ITUTIVE ELEM5TS1 & ORD]1 :I* BR+S UNITY 9TO 
! V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS ( LIFE4.<#e#b.> 

,= ! SAKE ( COMPLET5ESS1 ,I WILL FUR!R CITE SOME ( 
! V]Y LATE/ WRIT+S UPON >T4 

,LA PSY*OLOGIE DU ,BEAU ET DE L',>T1 P> ,M>IO ,PILO 7#a#h#i#e71 
SAYS ?AT BEAUTY IS A PRODUCT ( \R PHYSICAL FEEL+S4 ,! 
AIM ( >T IS PLEASURE1 BUT ?IS PLEASURE 7= SOME REASON7 HE 
CONSID]S TO BE NECESS>ILY HI<LY MORAL4 

,! ,ESSAI SUR L'>T CONTEMPORA91 P> ,FI]5S ,GEVA]T 
7#a#h#i#g71 SAYS ?AT >T RE/S ON ITS CONNECTION ) ! PA/1 
& ON ! RELIGI\S IDEAL ( ! PRES5T :I* ! >TI/ 
HOLDS :5 GIV+ TO HIS WORK ! =M ( HIS 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,!N AGA91 ,S> ,PELADAN'S ,L'>T IDEALI/E ET MY/IQUE 7#a#h#i#d7 
SAYS ?AT BEAUTY IS ONE ( ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ,GOD4 0,IL N'Y 
A PAS D'AUTRE ,REALITE QUE ,DIEU1 N'Y A PAS D'AUTRE ,V]ITE 
QUE ,DIEU1 IL N'Y A PAS D'AUTRE ,BEAUTE1 QUE ,DIEU0 7P4 #c#c74 
#c#d,?IS BOOK IS V]Y FANTA/IC & V]Y ILLIT]ATE1 BUT IS 
*>ACT]I/IC 9 ! POSITIONS IT TAKES UP1 & NOTICEABLE ON 
ACC\NT ( A C]TA9 SUCCESS IT IS HAV+ ) ! Y\NG] 
G5]ATION 9 ,FRANCE4 

,ALL ! AES!TICS DIFFUS$ 9 ,FRANCE UP TO ! PRES5T TIME 
>E SIMIL> 9 K9D1 BUT AMONG !M ,V]ON'S ,L'ES!TIQUE 7#a#h#g#h7 
=MS AN EXCEPTION1 BE+ REASONABLE & CLE>4 ,?AT WORK1 
?\< IT DOES NOT GIVE AN EXACT DEF9ITION ( >T1 AT LEA/ 
RIDS AES!TICS ( ! CL\DY CONCEPTION ( AN ABSOLUTE BEAUTY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,V]ON 7#a#h#b#e-#a#h#h#i71 >T IS ! MANIFE/ATION 
( EMOTION TRANSMITT$ EXT]NALLY BY A COMB9ATION ( L9ES1 
=MS1 COLORS1 OR BY A SUCCESSION ( MOVEM5TS1 S\NDS1 OR 
WORDS SUBJECT$ TO C]TA9 RHY?MS4.<#e#c.> 

,9 ,5GL&1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! WRIT]S ON AES!TICS 
DEF9E BEAUTY MORE & MORE FREQU5TLY1 NOT BY ITS [N 
QUALITIES1 BUT BY TA/E1 & ! DISCUSSION AB\T BEAUTY IS 
SUP]S$$ BY A DISCUSSION ON TA/E4 

,AFT] ,REID 7#a#g#d-#a#g#i#f71 :O ACKN[L$G$ BEAUTY AS 
BE+ 5TIRELY DEP5D5T ON ! SPECTATOR1 ,ALISON1 9 HIS 
,ESSAY ON ! ,NATURE & ,PR9CIPLES ( ,TA/E 7#a#g#i71 PROV$ 
! SAME ?+4 ,FROM ANO!R SIDE ?IS WAS ALSO ASS]T$ 
BY ,]ASMUS ,D>W9 7#a#g#c#a-#a#h#b71 ! GR&FA!R ( ! 
CELEBRAT$ ,*>LES ,D>W94 

,HE SAYS ?AT WE CONSID] BEAUTIFUL ?AT :I* IS CONNECT$ 
9 \R CONCEPTION ) :AT WE LOVE4 ,RI*>D 
,KNI<T'S WORK1 ,AN ,ANALYTICAL ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,PR9CIPLES ( 
,TA/E1 ALSO T5DS 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 

,MO/ ( ! ,5GLI% !ORIES ( AES!TICS >E ON ! SAME 
L9ES4 ,! PROM95T WRIT]S ON AES!TICS 9 ,5GL& 
DUR+ ! PRES5T C5TURY HAVE BE5 ,*>LES ,D>W91 7TO 
SOME EXT5T71 ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 ,GRANT ,ALL51 ,K]1 & 
,KNI<T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,*>LES ,D>W9 7#a#h#i-#a#h#h#b--,DESC5T ( 
,MAN1 #a#h#g#a71 BEAUTY IS A FEEL+ NATURAL NOT ONLY TO MAN 
#c#eBUT ALSO TO ANIMALS1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO ! ANCE/ORS ( 
MAN4 ,BIRDS ADORN !IR NE/S & E/EEM BEAUTY 9 !IR 
MATES4 ,BEAUTY HAS AN 9FLU5CE ON M>RIAGES4 ,BEAUTY 
9CLUDES A V>IETY ( DIV]SE CONCEPTIONS4 ,! ORIG9 ( 
! >T ( MUSIC IS ! CALL ( ! MALES TO ! FEMALES4.<#e#d.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,H]B]T ,SP5C] 7B4 #a#h#b71 ! ORIG9 ( 
>T IS PLAY1 A ?\<T PREVI\SLY EXPRESS$ BY ,S*ILL]4 ,9 
! L[] ANIMALS ALL ! 5]GY ( LIFE IS EXP5D$ 9 LIFE-MA9T5ANCE 
& RACE-MA9T5ANCE2 9 MAN1 H[EV]1 !RE 
REMA9S1 AFT] !SE NE$S >E SATISFI$1 SOME SUP]FLU\S 
/R5G?4 ,?IS EXCESS IS US$ 9 PLAY1 :I* PASSES OV] 
9TO >T4 ,PLAY IS AN IMITATION ( REAL ACTIVITY1 SO IS >T4 
,! S\RCES ( AES!TIC PLEASURE >E ?REEFOLD3--7#a7 ,?AT 
0:I* EX]CISES ! FACULTIES AFFECT$ 9 ! MO/ COMPLETE 
WAYS1 ) ! FEWE/ DRAWBACKS FROM EXCESS ( EX]CISE10 
7#b7 0! DIFF]5CE ( A /IMULUS 9 L>GE AM\NT1 :I* 
AWAK5S A GL[ ( AGREEABLE FEEL+10 7#c7 ! P>TIAL REVIVAL 
( ! SAME1 ) SPECIAL COMB9ATIONS4.<#e#e.> 

,9 ,TODHUNT]'S ,!ORY ( ! ,BEAUTIFUL 7#a#h#g#b71 BEAUTY IS 
9F9ITE LOVEL9ESS1 :I* WE APPREH5D BO? BY REASON & 
BY ! 5?USIASM ( LOVE4 ,! RECOGNITION ( BEAUTY AS 
BE+ SU* DEP5DS ON TA/E2 !RE CAN BE NO CRIT]ION = 
IT4 ,! ONLY APPROA* TO A DEF9ITION IS F\ND 9 CULTURE4 
7,:AT CULTURE IS1 IS NOT DEF9$47 ,9TR9SICALLY1 >T--?AT 
:I* AFFECTS US ?R\< L9ES1 COLORS1 S\NDS1 OR WORDS--IS 
NOT ! PRODUCT ( BL9D =CES1 BUT ( REASONABLE ONES1 
WORK+1 ) MUTUAL HELPFULNESS1 T[>DS A REASONABLE 
AIM4 ,BEAUTY IS ! RECONCILIATION ( CONTRADICTIONS4.<#e#f.> 

,GRANT ,ALL5 IS A FOLL[] ( ,SP5C]1 & 9 HIS 
,PHYSIOLOGICAL ,A,ES!TICS 7#a#h#g#g7 HE SAYS ?AT BEAUTY HAS A 
PHYSICAL ORIG94 ,A,ES!TIC PLEASURES COME FROM ! CONTEMPLATION 
( ! BEAUTIFUL1 BUT ! CONCEPTION ( BEAUTY IS 
OBTA9$ BY A PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS4 ,! ORIG9 ( >T IS 
#c#fPLAY2 :5 !RE IS A SUP]FLUITY ( PHYSICAL /R5G? MAN 
GIVES HIMSELF TO PLAY2 :5 !RE IS A SUP]FLUITY ( RECEPTIVE 
P[] MAN GIVES HIMSELF TO >T4 ,! BEAUTIFUL IS ?AT :I* 
AF=DS ! MAXIMUM ( /IMULATION ) ! M9IMUM ( 
WA/E4 ,DIFF]5CES 9 ! E/IMATION ( BEAUTY PROCE$ FROM 
TA/E4 ,TA/E CAN BE $UCAT$4 ,WE MU/ HAVE FAI? 9 ! 
JUDGM5TS 0( ! F9E/-NURTUR$ & MO/ DISCRIM9ATIVE0 
M54 ,!SE PEOPLE =M ! TA/E ( ! NEXT G5]ATION4.<#e#g.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,K]'S ,ESSAY ON ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,>T 
7#a#h#h#c71 BEAUTY 5ABLES US TO MAKE P>T ( ! OBJECTIVE 
WORLD 9TELLIGIBLE TO \RSELVES )\T BE+ TR\BL$ BY 
REF]5CE TO O!R P>TS ( IT1 AS IS 9EVITABLE = SCI5CE4 
,SO ?AT >T DE/ROYS ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ONE & 
! MANY1 BETWE5 ! LAW & ITS MANIFE/ATION1 BETWE5 
! SUBJECT & ITS OBJECT1 BY UNIT+ !M4 ,>T IS ! 
REVELATION & V9DICATION ( FRE$OM1 BECAUSE IT IS FREE 
FROM ! D>KNESS & 9COMPREH5SIBILITY ( F9ITE ?+S4.<#e#h.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,KNI<T'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,BEAUTIFUL1 
,P>T ,I,I4 7#a#h#i#c71 BEAUTY IS 7AS ) ,S*ELL+7 ! UNION ( 
OBJECT & SUBJECT1 ! DRAW+ =? FROM NATURE ( ?AT 
:I* IS COGNATE TO MAN1 & ! RECOGNITION 9 ONESELF ( 
?AT :I* IS COMMON TO ALL NATURE4 

,! OP9IONS ON BEAUTY & ON ,>T H]E M5TION$ >E F> 
FROM EXHAU/+ :AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 ON ! SUBJECT4 ,& 
EV]Y DAY FRE% WRIT]S ON AES!TICS >ISE1 9 :OSE DISQUISITIONS 
APPE> ! SAME 5*ANT$ CONFUSION & CONTRADICTOR9ESS 
9 DEF9+ BEAUTY4 ,SOME1 BY 9]TIA1 CONT9UE ! 
MY/ICAL AES!TICS ( ,BAUMG>T5 & ,HEGEL ) SUNDRY 
V>IATIONS2 O!RS TRANSF] ! QUE/ION TO ! REGION ( 
SUBJECTIVITY1 & SEEK = ! F\NDATION ( ! BEAUTIFUL 9 
QUE/IONS ( TA/E2 O!RS--! AES!TICIANS ( ! V]Y LATE/ 
=MATION--SEEK ! ORIG9 ( BEAUTY 9 ! LAWS ( PHYSIOLOGY2 
& F9ALLY1 O!RS AGA9 9VE/IGATE ! QUE/ION 
QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! CONCEPTION ( BEAUTY4 ,?US1 
#c#g,SULLY 9 HIS ,S5SATION & ,9TUITION3 ,/UDIES 9 ,PSY*OLOGY 
& ,A,ES!TICS 7#a#h#g#d71 DISMISSES ! CONCEPTION ( BEAUTY 
ALTOGE!R1 >T1 BY HIS DEF9ITION1 BE+ ! PRODUCTION ( 
SOME P]MAN5T OBJECT OR PASS+ ACTION FITT$ TO SUPPLY 
ACTIVE 5JOYM5T TO ! PRODUC]1 & A PLEASURABLE IMPRESSION 
TO A NUMB] ( SPECTATORS OR LI/5]S1 QUITE AP>T 
FROM ANY P]SONAL ADVANTAGE D]IV$ FROM IT4.<#e#i.> 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahif 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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