,:AT ,GEOGRAPHY ,\<T ,TO ,BE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 PLANTS & ANIMALS1 SY/EM ( $UCATION1 ROMAN & GREEK1 ME?ODS ( TEA*+1 DI/RIBUTION ( PLANTS1 PHYSICS & *EMI/RY1 CU/OMS & MANN]S1 =CES ( NATURE1 TASK ( GEOGRAPHY1 PH5OM5A ( NATURE4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ALEX&] ,HUS+1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,IT WAS EASY TO =ESEE ?AT ! GREAT REVIVAL ( ,NATURAL ,SCI5CE :I* \R G5]ATION HAS HAD ! HAPP9ESS TO WITNESS = ?IRTY YE>S1 AS ALSO ! NEW DIRECTION GIV5 TO SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE BY A PHALANX ( PROM95T M5 :O D>$ TO BR+ UP ! RESULTS ( ! MO/ COMPLICAT$ SCI5TIFIC RESE>* 9 A %APE ACCESSIBLE TO ! G5]AL READ]1 W\LD NECESS>ILY BR+ AB\T A LIKE REVIVAL ( ,GEOGRAPHY4 ,?IS SCI5CE1 :I* TAKES UP ! LAWS DISCOV]$ BY ITS SI/] SCI5CES1 & %[S !IR MUTUAL ACTION & CONSEQU5CES ) REG>D TO ! SURFACES ( ! GLOBE1 C\LD NOT REMA9 AN \TSID] TO ! G5]AL SCI5TIFIC MOVEM5T2 & WE SEE N[ AN 9T]E/ AWAK5$ 9 ,GEOGRAPHY :I* V]Y MU* RECALLS ! G5]AL 9T]E/ TAK5 9 IT BY A PROCE$+ G5]ATION DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( \R C5TURY4 ,WE HAVE NOT HAD AMONG US SO GIFT$ A TRAVEL] & PHILOSOPH] AS ,HUMBOLDT WAS2 BUT ! REC5T ,>CTIC VOYAGES & DEEP-SEA EXPLORATIONS1 & /ILL MORE ! SUDD5 PROGRESS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ,BIOLOGY1 ,CLIMATOLOGY1 ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 & ,COMP>ATIVE ,E?NOGRAPHY1 HAVE GIV5 TO GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS SO GREAT AN ATTRACTION & SO DEEP A MEAN+ ?AT ! ME?OD1 !MSELVES ( DESCRIB+ ! E>?BALL HAVE UND]GONE ( LATE A DEEP MODIFICATION4 ,! SAME HI< /&>D ( SCI5TIFIC REASON+ & PHILOSOPHICAL G5]ALIZATIONS :I* ,HUMBOLDT & ,RITT] HAD ACCU/OM$ US TO1 REAPPE> AGA9 9 GEOGRAPHICAL LIT]ATURE4 ,NO WOND]1 !RE=E1 IF WORKS BO? ( TRAVEL & ( G5]AL GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION >E BECOM+ AGA9 ! MO/ POPUL> K9D ( READ+4  

,IT WAS QUITE NATURAL ALSO ?AT ! REVIVAL ( TA/E = GEOGRAPHY %\LD DIRECT ! PUBLIC ATT5TION T[>DS GEOGRAPHY 9 S*OOLS4 ,9QUIRIES W]E MADE1 & WE DISCOV]$ ) AMAZEM5T ?AT ( ?IS SCI5CE -- ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE & SUGGE/IVE = PEOPLE ( ALL AGES -- WE HAVE MANAG$ TO MAKE 9 \R S*OOLS ONE ( ! MO/ >ID & UNMEAN+ SUBJECTS4 ,NO?+ 9T]E/S *ILDR5 LIKE TRAVELS2 & NO?+ IS DRY] & LESS ATTRACTIVE 9 MO/ S*OOLS ?AN :AT IS *RI/5$ !RE ) ! NAME ( ,GEOGRAPHY4 ,TRUE ?AT ! SAME C\LD BE SAID1 ) ALMO/ ! SAME WORDS1 & ) BUT A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ) REG>D TO ,PHYSICS & ,*EMI/RY1 TO ,BOTANY & ,GEOLOGY1 TO ,HI/ORY & ,MA!MATICS4 ,A ?OR\< RE=M ( TEA*+ 9 ALL SCI5CES IS AS NE$FUL AS A RE=M ( GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION4 ,BUT :ILE PUBLIC OP9ION HAS REMA9$ RA!R DEAF ) REG>D TO ! G5]AL RE=M ( \R SCI5TIFIC $UCATION -- NOT)/&+ ITS HAV+ BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY ! MO/ PROM95T M5 ( \R C5TURY -- IT SEEMS TO HAVE UND]/OOD AT ONCE ! NECESSITY ( RE=M+ GEOGRAPHICAL TEA*+3 ! AGITATION REC5TLY />T$ BY ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,REPORT ( ITS ,SPECIAL ,COMMISSION]1 IT'S EXHIBITION1 HAVE MET ) G5]AL SYMPA?IES 9 ! ,PRESS4 ,\R M]CANTILE C5TURY SEEMS BETT] TO HAVE UND]/OOD ! NECESSITY ( A RE=M AS SOON AS ! SO-CALL$ 'PRACTICAL' 9T]E/S ( COLONIZATION & W>F>E W]E BR\<T TO ! FRONT4 ,WELL1 !N1 LET US DISCUSS ! RE=M ( GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION4 ,AN E>NE/ DISCUSSION WILL NECESS>ILY %[ ?AT NO?+ S]I\S CAN BE A*IEV$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION UNLESS WE UND]TAKE A CORRESPOND+1 BUT MU* WID]1 G5]AL RE=M ( ALL \R SY/EM ( $UCATION4  

,SURELY !RE IS SC>CELY ANO!R SCI5CE :I* MI<T BE R5D]$ AS ATTRACTIVE = ! *ILD AS GEOGRAPHY1 & AS P[]FUL AN 9/RUM5T = ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! M9D1 = FAMILI>IZ+ ! S*OL> ) ! TRUE ME?OD ( SCI5TIFIC REASON+1 & = AWAK5+ ! TA/E = NATURAL SCI5CE ALTOGE!R4 ,*ILDR5 >E NOT GREAT ADMIR]S ( ,NATURE ITSELF AS LONG AS IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ,MAN4 ,! >TI/IC FEEL+ :I* PLAYS SO GREAT A P>T 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL 5JOYM5TS ( A NATURALI/ IS YET V]Y FEEBLE 9 ! *ILD4 ,! H>MONIES ( NATURE1 ! BEAUTY ( ITS =M1 ! ADMIRABLE ADAPTATION4 ,( ORGANISMS1 ! SATISFACTION D]IV$ BY ! M9D FROM ! /UDY ( PHYSICAL LAWS1 -- ALL !SE MAY COME LAT]1 BUT NOT 9 E>LY *ILDHOOD4 ,! *ILD SE>*ES EV]Y:]E = MAN1 = HIS /RUGGLES AGA9/ OB/ACLES1 = HIS ACTIVITY4 ,M9]ALS & PLANTS LEAVE IT COLD2 IT IS PASS+ ?R\< A P]IOD :5 IMAG9ATION IS PREVAIL+4 ,IT WANTS HUMAN DRAMAS1 & !RE=E TALES ( HUNT+ & FI%+1 ( SEA TRAVELS1 ( /RUGGLES AGA9/ DANG]S1 ( CU/OMS & MANN]S1 ( TRADITIONS & MIGRATIONS1 >E OBVI\SLY ONE ( ! BE/ MEANS ( DEVELOP+ 9 A *ILD ! DESIRE ( /UDY+ NATURE4 ,SOME MOD]N 'P$AGOGUES' HAVE TRI$ TO KILL IMAG9ATION 9 *ILDR54 ,BETT] ONES WILL UND]/& :AT A PRECI\S AUXILI>Y IMAG9ATION IS TO SCI5TIFIC REASON+4 ,!Y WILL UND]/& :AT ,MR4 ,TYNDALL TRI$ ONCE TO IMPRESS ON HIS HE>]S NAMELY1 ?AT NO DEEPLY-GO+ SCI5TIFIC REASON+ IS POSSIBLE )\T ! HELP ( A GREATLY-DEVELOP$ IMAG9ATIVE P[]2 & !Y WILL UTILIZE ! *ILD'S IMAG9ATION1 NOT = /UFF+ IT ) SUP]/ITION BUT = AWAK5+ ! LOVE ( SCI5TIFIC /UDIES4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( ! ,E>? & ITS 9HABITANTS SURELY WILL BE ONE ( ! BE/ MEANS = REA*+ ?AT AIM4 ,TALES ( MAN /RUGGL+ AGA9/ HO/ILE =CES ( NATURE -- :AT CAN BE BETT] *OS5 = 9SPIR+ A *ILD ) ! DESIRE ( P5ETRAT+ 9TO ! SECRETS ( !SE =CES8 ,Y\ MAY V]Y EASILY 9SPIRE *ILDR5 ) A 'COLLECT+' PASSION & TRANS=M !IR ROOMS 9TO CURIOSITY-%OPS1 BUT1 AT AN E>LY AGE1 IT IS NOT EASY TO 9SPIRE !M ) A DESIRE ( P5ETRAT+ ! LAWS ( NATURE2 :ILE NO?+ IS EASI] ?AN TO AWAK5 ! COMP>ATIVE P[]S ( A Y\NG M9D BY TELL+ IT TALES ( F> C\NTRIES1 ( !IR PLANTS & ANIMALS1 ( !IR SC5]Y & PH5OM5A1 AS SOON AS PLANTS & ANIMALS1 :IRLW9DS & ?UND]/ORMS1 VOLCANIC ]UPTIONS & /ORMS >E CONNECT$ ) MAN4 ,?IS IS ! TASK ( GEOGRAPHY 9 E>LY *ILDHOOD3 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( MAN1 TO 9T]E/ ! *ILD 9 ! GREAT PH5OM5A ( NATURE1 TO AWAK5 ! DESIRE ( KN[+ & EXPLA9+ !M4  

,GEOGRAPHY MU/ R5D]1 MOREOV]1 ANO!R F> MORE IMPORTANT S]VICE4 ,IT MU/ TEA* US1 FROM \R E>LIE/ *ILDHOOD1 ?AT WE >E ALL BRE?R51 :ATEV] \R NATIONALITY4 ,9 \R TIME ( W>S1 ( NATIONAL SELF-CONCEIT1 ( NATIONAL JEAL\SIES & HATR$S ABLY N\RI%$ BY PEOPLE :O PURSUE !IR [N EGOTI/IC1 P]SONAL OR CLASS 9T]E/S1 GEOGRAPHY MU/ BE -- 9 SO F> AS ! S*OOL MAY DO ANY?+ TO C\NT]BALANCE HO/ILE 9FLU5CES -- A MEANS ( DISSIPAT+ !SE PREJUDICES & ( CREAT+ O!R FEEL+S MORE WOR?Y ( HUMANITY4 ,IT MU/ %[ ?AT EA* NATIONALITY BR+S ITS [N PRECI\S BUILD+ /ONE = ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! COMMONWEAL?1 & ?AT ONLY SMALL P>TS ( EA* NATION >E 9T]E/$ 9 MA9TA9+ NATIONAL HATR$S & JEAL\SIES4 ,IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT AP>T FROM O!R CAUSES :I* N\RI% NATIONAL JEAL\SIES1 DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES DO NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY KN[ ONE ANO!R2 ! /RANGE QUE/IONS :I* EA* =EIGN] IS ASK$ AB\T HIS [N C\NTRY2 ! ABSURD PREJUDICES ) REG>D TO ONE ANO!R :I* >E SPREAD ON BO? EXTREMITIES ( A CONT95T -- NAY1 ON BO? BANKS ( A *ANNEL AMPLY PROVE ?AT EV5 AMONG :OM WE DESCRIBE AS $UCAT$ PEOPLE GEOGRAPHY IS M]ELY KN[N BY ITS NAME4 ,! SMALL DIFF]5CES WE NOTICE 9 ! CU/OMS & MANN]S ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES1 AS ALSO ! DIFF]5CES ( NATIONAL *>ACT]S :I* APPE> ESPECIALLY AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 MAKE US OV]LOOK ! IMM5SE LIK5ESS1 :I* EXI/S AMONG ! LABOR+ CLASSES ( ALL NATIONALITIES -- A LIK5ESS :I* BECOMES ! MORE /RIK+ AT A CLOS] ACQUA9TANCE4 ,IT IS ! TASK ( GEOGRAPHY TO BR+ ?IS TRU?1 9 ITS FULL LI<T1 9TO ! MID/ ( ! LIES ACCUMULAT$ BY IGNORANCE1 PRESUMPTION1 & EGOTISM4 ,IT HAS TO 5=CE ON ! M9DS ( *ILDR5 ?AT ALL NATIONALITIES >E VALUABLE TO ONE ANO!R2 ?AT :ATEV] ! W>S !Y HAVE F\<T1 M]E %ORT-SI<T$ EGOTISM WAS AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL ( !M4 ,IT MU/ %[ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( EA* NATIONALITY WAS ! CONSEQU5CE ( SEV]AL GREAT NATURAL LAWS1 IMPOS$ BY ! PHYSICAL & E?NICAL *>ACT]S ( ! REGION IT 9HABIT$2 ?AT ! EF=TS MADE BY O!R NATIONALITIES TO *ECK ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T HAVE BE5 M]E MI/AKES2 ?AT POLITICAL FRONTI]S >E RELICS ( A B>B>\S PA/2 & ?AT ! 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 !IR RELATIONS & MUTUAL 9FLU5CE1 >E SUBMITT$ TO LAWS AS LITTLE DEP5D5T ON ! WILL ( SEP>ATE M5 AS ! LAWS ( ! MOTION ( PLANETS4  

,?IS SECOND TASK IS GREAT 5\<2 BUT !RE IS A ?IRD ONE1 P]HAPS /ILL GREAT]2 ?AT ( DISSIPAT+ ! PREJUDICES 9 :I* WE >E RE>$ ) REG>D TO ! SO-CALL$ 'L[] RACES' -- & ?IS PRECISELY AT AN EPO* :5 EV]Y?+ MAKES US =ESEE ?AT WE SOON %ALL BE BR\<T 9TO A MU* CLOS] CONTACT ) !M ?AN EV]4 ,:5 A ,FR5* /ATESMAN PROCLAIM$ REC5TLY ?AT ! MISSION ( ! ,EUROPEANS IS TO CIVILIZE ! L[] RACES BY ! MEANS HE HAD RESORT$ TO = CIVILIZ+ SOME ( !M -- ?AT IS1 BY BAYONETS & ,BAC-LEH MASSACRES -- HE M]ELY RAIS$ TO ! HEI<T ( A !ORY ! %AMEFUL DE$S :I* ,EUROPEANS >E DO+ EV]Y DAY4 ,& H[ C\LD !Y DO O!RWISE :5 FROM !IR T5D]E/ *ILDHOOD !Y >E TAU<T TO DESPISE '! SAVAGES1' TO CONSID] ! V]Y VIRTUES ( PAGANS AS DISGUIS$ CRIME1 & TO LOOK UPON ! 'L[] RACES' AS UPON A M]E NUISANCE ON ! GLOBE -- A NUISANCE :I* IS ONLY TO BE TOL]AT$ AS LONG AS MONEY CAN BE MADE \T ( IT4 ,ONE ( ! GREATE/ S]VICES R5D]$ ( LATE BY E?NOGRAPHY HAS BE5 TO DEMON/RATE ?AT !SE 'SAVAGES' HAVE UND]/OOD H[ TO DEVELOP HI<LY 9 !IR SOCIETIES ! SAME HUMANE SOCIABLE FEEL+S :I* WE ,EUROPEANS >E SO PR\D TO PR(ESS1 BUT TO SELDOM PRACTICE2 ?AT !' B>B>\S CU/OMS' :I* WE READILY SC(F AT1 OR HE> ( ) DISGU/1 >E EI!R RESULTS ( A R\< NECESSITY 7AN ,ESQUIMAUX MO!R KILLS H] NEW-BORN *ILD1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO N\RI% ! O!RS1 :OM %E *]I%ES & NURSES BETT] ?AN MILLIONS ( \R ,EUROPEAN MO!RS DO71 OR !Y >E =MS ( LIFE :I* WE1 ! PR\D ,EUROPEANS1 >E /ILL LIV+ ?R\<1 AFT] HAV+ SL[LY MODIFI$ !M2 & ?AT ! SUP]/ITIONS WE F9D SO AMUS+ :5 WE SEE !M AMID SAVAGES1 >E AS ALIVE ) US AS ) !M1 ! NAMES ALONE HAV+ BE5 *ANG$4 ,UNTIL N[ ! ,EUROPEANS HAVE 'CIVILIZ$ ! SAVAGES' ) :ISKEY1 TOBACCO1 & KIDNAPP+2 !Y HAVE 9OCULAT$ !M ) !IR [N VICES2 !Y HAVE 5SLAV$ !M4 ,BUT ! TIME IS COM+ :5 WE %ALL CONSID] \RSELVES B\ND TO BR+ !M SOME?+ BETT] -- NAMELY1 ! KN[L$GE ( ! =CES (  NATURE1 ! MEANS ( UTILIZ+ !M1 & HI<] =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ALL ?IS1 & MANY O!R ?+S HAVE TO BE TAU<T BY GEOGRAPHY IF IT REALLY 9T5DS BECOM+ A MEANS ( $UCATION4  

,! TEA*+ ( GEOGRAPHY MU/ ?US PURSUE A TREBLE AIM3 IT MU/ AWAK5 9 \R *ILDR5 ! TA/E = NATURAL SCI5CE ALTOGE!R1 IT MU/ TEA* !M ?AT ALL M5 >E BRE?R51 :ATEV] BE !IR NATIONALITY2 & IT MU/ TEA* !M TO RESPECT ! 'L[] RACES'4 ,?US UND]/OOD1 ! RE=M ( GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION IS IMM5SE3 IT IS NO?+ LESS ?AN A COMPLETE RE=M ( ! :OLE SY/EM ( TEA*+ 9 \R S*OOLS4  

,IT IMPLIES1 FIR/1 A COMPLETE RE=M 9 ! TEA*+ ( ALL EXACT SCI5CES4 ,!SE LA/1 9/EAD ( ! DEAD LANGUAGES1 MU/ BE MADE ! BASIS ( $UCATION 9 \R S*OOLS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY TOO LONG PAID \R TRIBUTE TO ! M$IEVAL S*OLA/IC SY/EM ( $UCATION4 ,IT IS TIME TO 9AUGURATE A NEW ]A ( SCI5TIFIC $UCATION4 ,IT IS OBVI\S1 9DE$1 ?AT SO LONG AS \R *ILDR5 SP5D ?REE-QU>T]S ( !IR S*OOL-TIME 9 ! /UDY ( ,LAT9 & ,GREEK1 !RE CAN REMA9 NO TIME = A S]I\S /UDY ( NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,A MIX$ SY/EM W\LD BE NECESS>ILY A FAILURE4 ,! REQUIREM5TS ( A SCI5TIFIC $UCATION >E SO L>GE ?AT A S]I\S /UDY ( ! EXACT SCI5CES ALONE W\LD ABSORB ALL ! TIME ( ! S*OL>1 NOT TO M5TION ! NE$S ( TE*NICAL $UCATION1 OR RA!R ( ! $UCATION ( A NE> FUTURE -- ! SO-CALL$ 9/RUCTION 9T]GRALE .<,9TEGRAL ,9/RUCTION.>4 ,IF A BA/>D SY/EM1 COMB9+ ! CLASSICAL $UCATION ) ! SCI5TIFIC ONE1 W]E ADOPT$1 \R BOYS & GIRLS W\LD RECEIVE AN $UCATION MU* WORSE ?AN ?AT !Y >E RECEIV+ N[ 9 CLASSICAL LYCEUMS4  

,)\T1 H[EV]1 5T]+ 9TO ! 5DLESS DEBATE BETWE5 ! TWO SY/EMS ( $UCATION1 TWO REM>KS MU/ BE MADE1 AS !Y DIRECTLY CONC]N GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S N[ ! TWO *IEF >GUM5TS ( ! DEF5D]S ( CLASSICAL /UDIES1 & SURELY NO NATURALI/ WILL UND]E/IMATE !M4 ,WE >E TOLD1 FIR/1 ?AT ! /UDY ( DEAD LANGUAGES IS A P[]FUL 9/RUM5T = LEAD+ ! PUPIL TO SELF-?\<T1 TO SELF-9QUIRY1 TO SELF-REASON+1 & ?AT ! /UDY ( NATURAL SCI5CES DOES NOT AF=D A LIKE MEANS ( $UCATION2 &1 SECONDLY1 IT IS ALLEG$ ?AT ! /UDY ( ,ROMAN & ,GREEK ANTIQUITY GIVES 9/RUCTION A HUMANIT>IAN *>ACT] :I* CANNOT BE GIV5 BY NATURAL SCI5CES ALONE4  

,! FIR/ ( !SE TWO OBJECTIONS HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ A BRILLIANT ANSW] FROM ! NATURALI/S -- NOT ONLY ON PAP]1 BUT 9 ! S*OOL4 ,!Y >E ALREADY RE=M+ !IR ME?ODS ( TEA*+ SO AS TO R5D] NATURAL SCI5CE ! MO/ P[]FUL 9/RUM5T ( SELF-/UDIES4 ,( C\RSE1 IF WE GIVE A PUPIL ! BOOK ( ,EUCLID -- :I* IS A SUMM>Y ( A PA9FULLY ELABORATE KN[L$GE1 FROM :I* ALL PRELIM9>Y WORK ( SE>*+1 ( 9QUIRY1 HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$ -- IT IS ! SAME AS IF WE GAVE \R *ILDR5 A TRANSLATION ( ,CIC]O1 & ASK$ !M TO LE>N IT BY HE>T1 )\T 9DUC+ !M TO DISCOV] = !MSELVES ! MEAN+ ( EA* SEP>ATE S5T5CE4 ,BUT !RE IS ALREADY ANO!R GEOMETRY -- ?AT BY MEANS ( :I* ,MR4 ,TYNDALL ONCE 9T]E/$ HIS PUPILS ?AT :I* IS ALREADY 9 P>TIAL USE 9 ,G]MANY & ELSE:]E3 ! GEOMETRY :I* CONSI/S 9 /AT+ ONLY GRADUAL PROBLEMS & :I* LEADS ! S*OL> TO DISCOV] ! DEMON/RATIONS ( ALL !OREMS1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO COMMIT TO MEMORY ! DEMON/RATIONS DISCOV]$ BY O!R PEOPLE ?AN HIMSELF4 ,I HAVE TRI$ ?IS ME?OD SEV]AL TIMES & OBTA9$ QUITE UNEXPECT$ RESULTS1 BO? = ! S]I\SNESS ( KN[L$GE & ! RAPIDITY ( TEA*+1 ESPECIALLY IF ,I WAS HAPPY 5\< TO F9D A BOY OR A GIRL :O NEV] HAD LE>N$ GEOMETRY ON ! USUAL MNEMONIC ME?OD4 ,! RAPIDITY ( TEA*+ ON ! 'PROBLEMS' ME?OD IS SOME?+ REALLY A/ONI%+4 ,IF Y\ HAVE NOT PRESS$ Y\R PUPIL AT ! BEG9N+2 IF Y\ HAVE HAD ! PATI5CE TO WAIT UNTIL HE HAS DISCOV]$ = HIMSELF ! SOLUTION ( A FEW SIMPL] PROBLEMS 7EA* !OREM OBVI\SLY MAY BE TREAT$ AS A PROBLEM71 Y\ SEE HIM MA/] ! REMA9D] ( GEOMETRY 7ON ! PLANE & 9 ! SPACE7 9 A V]Y FEW MON?S1 & RESOLVE ! MO/ COMPLICAT$ PROBLEMS RELATIVE TO ! CIRCLES & TANG5TS ) AN EASE :I* MAKES Y\ REGRET HAV+ BE5 EV] TAU<T O!RWISE4 ,:AT HAS BE5 DONE = GEOMETRY IS ALREADY BE+ DONE = NATURAL SCI5CE ALTOGE!R4 ,! TIME IS NOT F> (F :5 9 PHYSICS & *EMI/RY1 9 BOTANY & ZOOLOGY1 ! S*OL> WILL NO MORE LE>N FROM MEMORY1 BUT WILL BE BR\<T TO DISCOV] HIMSELF ! PHYSICAL LAWS & ! FUNCTIONS ( ORGANS1 AS HE ALREADY DISCOV]S ! RELATIONS :I* EXI/ BETWE5 ! SIDES ( A TRIANGLE & ! P]P5DICUL> DRAWN FROM ONE ( ITS SUMMITS TO ! BASE4  

,SO F> -- 9 !SE PRELIM9>Y /EPS -- NATURAL SCI5CES SURELY >E NOT BEH9D ! /UDY ( LANGUAGES AS A MEANS ( ACCU/OM+ ! *ILDR5 TO SELF-REASON+ & SELF-9QUIRY4 ,BUT :]E !Y >E 9F9ITELY 9 ADVANCE1 IS 9 OP5+ TO \R Y\?S AN IMM5SE FIELD ( NEW RESE>*ES1 ( NEW 9QUIRIES4 ,H[EV] LIMIT$ ! KN[L$GE ACQUIR$ 9 NATURAL SCI5CE -- PROVID$ ONLY IT BE A S]I\S KN[L$GE -- Y\NG M51 AT EV]Y /AGE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 >E 5ABL$ TO MAKE NEW 9QUIRIES1 TO COLLECT NEW DATA1 TO DISCOV]1 OR TO PREP>E ! MAT]IALS = ! DISCOV]Y ( NEW VALUABLE FACTS4 ,PR(ESSOR ,P>TS*AT ,BRESLAU HAS ALREADY A*IEV$ ) HIS /UD5TS A MO/ VALUABLE WORK1 C]TA9LY WOR? BE+ PUBLI%$4#b ,BUT ! SAME C\LD BE DONE EV]Y:]E1 EV5 9 ! BE/-EXPLOR$ C\NTRIES1 EV5 ) S*OL>S F> LESS ADVANC$ ?AN ,PR(ESSOR ,P>TS*'S /UD5TS4  

,AS TO ! SUDD5 PROGRESS MADE BY A Y\NG MAN OR GIRL 9 !IR 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS SOON AS !Y HAVE MADE !IR FIR/ 9DEP5D5T 9QUIRY -- ,:O HAS NOT OBS]V$ IT ON SOME BODY1 OR ON HIMSELF8 ,! REASON+ DEEP5S ) A /RIK+ RAPIDITY2 IT BECOMES WID] & SUR] -- & MORE CAUTI\S AT ! SAME TIME4 ,I %ALL NEV] =GET ! CASE ( A Y\NG MAN ( TW5TY1 :O HAD MADE1 HAMM] & B>OMET] 9 H&1 HIS FIR/ 9DEP5D5T GEOLOGICAL 9QUIRY4 ,HIS ELD] BRO!R1 :O CLOSELY WAT*$ HIS DEVELOPM5T1 SEE+ HIS 9TELLECT SUDD5LY TAK+ A NEW /RA91 C\LD NOT HELP EXCLAIM+ ONE DAY3-- ',H[ RAPIDLY Y\ >E 9CREAS+ 9 9TELLIG5CE1 EV5 9 A FEW MON?S6 ,Y\ MU/ HAVE /UDI$ H>D ! ,G]MAN RESUME ( ,MILL'S ,LOGIC :I* ,I GAVE Y\6' -- ,YES1 HE HAD2 BUT 9 ! FIELD1 AMID ! COMPLICAT$ /RATIFICATION ( ROCKS4  

,! SECOND ( ! TWO ABOVE M5TION$ OBJECTIONS /&S1 H[EV]1 UNT\*$4 ,! HUMANIT>IAN *>ACT] ( ! /UDY ( ANTIQUITY2 ITS /IMULAT+ 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANIT>IAN FEEL+S & ( >TI/IC TA/E 7?IS LA/ BE+ A P[]FUL MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =M]72 ITS IMPORTANCE 9 MAK+ ! S*OL>S REASON' AB\T HUMAN SOCIETIES & HUMAN RELATIONS -- ALL !SE1 WE >E TOLD1 >E NOT GIV5 BY NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,( C\RSE1 NEI!R PHYSICS NOR M9]ALOGY T\* !SE IMPORTANT FACTORS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT SURELY !RE IS NOT A S+LE NATURALI/ :O W\LD ASK ! EXCLUSION FROM ! S*OOL ( ALL SCI5CES DEAL+ ) MAN1 = ! B5EFIT ( ?OSE :I* DEAL ) ! REMA9D] ( ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC MATT]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE W\LD ASK A F> MORE IMPORTANT P>T TO BE GIV5 TO ! /UDY ( HI/ORY & LIT]ATURE ( ALL NATIONALITIES ?AN !Y HAVE HAD HI!RTO4 ,HE W\LD REQUIRE ! EXT5SION ( NATURAL SCI5CE TO MAN & HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,HE W\LD ASK A FAIR PLACE 9 $UCATION = A COMP>ATIVE DESCRIPTION ( ALL HUMAN 9HABITANTS ( ! ,E>?4 ,9 SU* AN $UCATION1 GEOGRAPHY W\LD TAKE ITS RI<T PLACE4 ,REMA9+ A NATURAL SCI5CE1 IT W\LD ASSUME1 TOGE!R ) HI/ORY 7HI/ORY ( >T AS WELL AS ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS71 ! IMM5SE TASK ( C>+ AB\T ! HUMANIT>IAN SIDE ( \R $UCATION -- AS F> AS ! S*OOL IS ABLE TO =W>D IT4  

,NO MORE1 ( C\RSE2 = HUMANIT>IAN FEEL+S CANNOT BE DEVELOP$ FROM BOOKS1 IF ALL ! LIFE \TSIDE S*OOL ACTS 9 AN OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,TO BE REAL & TO BECOME ACTIVE QUALITIES1 ! HUMANIT>IAN FEEL+S MU/ >ISE FROM ! DAILY PRACTICE ( ! *ILD4 ,! ROLE ( TEA*+ PROP] IS V]Y LIMIT$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,BUT1 H[EV] LIMIT$1 NOBODY W\LD RECKLESSLY REFUSE EV5 ?IS MODE/ HELP4 ,WE HAVE SO MU* TO A*IEVE 9 RAIS+ ! MORAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAJORITY TO ! HI< LEVEL REA*$ BY A FEW1 ?AT NO MEANS CAN BE NEGLECT$1 & SURELY WE WILL NOT D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( ! MY?ICAL ELEM5T ( \R $UCATION = APPROA*+ ?IS AIM4 ,BUT :Y LIMIT1 !N1 ?IS ELEM5T TO ,ROMAN & ,GREEK TALES8 ,HAVE WE NOT TALES TO TELL & RETELL FROM \R [N LIFE-TALES ( SELF-DEVOTION1 ( LOVE = HUMANITY1 NOT 9V5T$ BUT REAL1 NOT DI/ANT BUT NE> AT H&1 :I* WE MAY SEE EV]Y DAY >\ND US8 ,&1 IF IT BE E/ABLI%$ ?AT FOLKLORE BETT] IMPRESSES ! *ILDI% M9D ?AN ! /ORIES ( \R DAILY LIFE1 :Y >E WE B\ND TO LIMIT \RSELVES TO ,ROMAN & ,GREEK TRADITIONS8 ,AS A MEANS ( $UCATION1 NO ,GREEK MY? -- ALMO/ ALWAYS TOO S5SUAL -- WILL SUP]S$E ! F9ELY >TI/ICAL1 ! *A/E1 ! HI<LY HUMANIT>IAN MY?S & SONGS (1 SAY1 ! ,LI?UANIANS OR ! ,F9NS2 :ILE 9 ! FOLK-LORE ( ! ,TURCO-,MONGOLS1 ! ,9DIANS1 ! ,RUSSIANS1 ! ,G]MANS -- 9 %ORT1 ( ALL NATIONALITIES -- WE F9D SU* >TI/IC1 SU* VIGOR\S1 SU* BROADLY HUMAN TALES1 ?AT ONE CANNOT SEE )\T REGRET \R *ILDR5 F$ ON ,GREEK & ,ROMAN TRADITIONS1 9/EAD ( MAK+ !M FAMILI>1 ) ! TREASURES CONCEAL$ 9 ! FOLK-LORE ( O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,9 FACT1 RI<TLY UND]/OOD1 E?NOGRAPHY H>DLY C\LD BE COMP>$ ) ANY?+ ELSE1 AS AN 9/RUM5T = DEVELOP+ 9 *ILDR5 & Y\?S ! LOVE TO MANK9D AS A :OLE1 ! FEEL+S ( SOCIABILITY & SOLID>ITY ) EV]Y HUMAN CREATURE1 AS WELL AS SELF-DEVOTION1 C\RAGE1 & P]SEV]ANCE -- 9 A WORD1 ALL ! BE/ SIDES ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT REMOVES1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! LA/ OBJECTION ?AT MI<T BE PRODUC$ 9 FAVOR ( AN $UCATION BAS$ ON ! /UDY ( ,GREEK & ,LAT9 ANTIQUITIES4 ,IT 9TRODUCES $UCATION BY ! NATURAL SCI5CES ! NECESS>Y 9TO HUMANIT>IAN ELEM5T4  

,IF SU* A MEAN+ BE GIV5 TO GEOGRAPHY1 IT WILL COV]1 BO? 9 ! 9F]IOR S*OOLS & 9 ! UNIV]SITIES F\R GREAT BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 SUFFICI5TLY WIDE TO CON/ITUTE 9 ! HI<] 9/RUCTION F\R SEP>ATE SPECIALTIES1 OR EV5 MORE1 BUT ALL CLOSELY CONNECT$ TOGE!R4 ,?REE ( !SE BRAN*ES -- OROG5Y1 CLIMATOLOGY1 & ! ZOO-& PHYTO-GEOGRAPHY -- W\LD CORRESPOND1 BROADLY SPEAK+4 TO :AT IS DESCRIB$ N[ AS PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY2 :ILE ! F\R?1 EMBODY+ SOME P>TS ( E?NOLOGY1 W\LD CORRESPOND TO :AT IS P>TLY TAU<T N[ UND] ! HEAD ( POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY2 BUT !Y W\LD SO WIDELY DIFF] FROM :AT IS AT PRES5T TAU<T UND] !SE TWO HEADS1 BO? AS TO !IR CONT5TS & !IR ME?ODS1 ?AT ! V]Y NAMES W\LD SOON BE REPLAC$ BY O!R & MORE SUITABLE ONES4  

,! V]Y RI<T ( GEOGRAPHY TO BE CONSID]$ A SEP>ATE SCI5CE HAS BE5 (T5 CONTE/$1 & ,MR4 ,J4 ,S4 ,KELTIE'S ,REPORT M5TIONS SOME ( ! OBJECTIONS RAIS$4 ,EV5 ?OSE1 H[EV]1 :O MAKE !SE OBJECTIONS WILL C]TA9LY RECOGNIZE ?AT !RE IS A SEP>ATE BRAN* ( KN[L$GE -- ?AT :I* ! SY/EMATIC ,FR5* M9D DESCRIBES AS ,PHYSIQUE DU ,GLOBE .<,GLOBE ,PHYSICS.>1 & :I*1 ?\< EMBODY+ A V>IETY ( SUBJECTS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) O!R SCI5CES1 MU/ BE CULTIVAT$ & TAU<T SEP>ATELY = ! MUTUAL ADVANTAGE ( ITSELF & ( ! O!R SI/]-SCI5CES4 ,IT PROSECUTES A DEF9ITE AIM3 ?AT ( DISCLOS+ ! LAWS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! GLOBE4 ,& IT IS NOT A M]E DESCRIPTIVE SCI5CE -- NOT A M]E GRAPHY1 AS IT HAS BE5 SAID BY ONE WELL-KN[N GEOLOGI/1#c BUT ALOGY2 = IT DISCOV]S ! LAWS ( A C]TA9 CLASS ( PH5OM5A1 AFT] HAV+ DESCRIB$ & SY/EMATIZ$ !M4  

,GEOGRAPHY %\LD BE1 FIR/1 A /UDY ( ! LAWS TO :I* ! MODIFICATIONS ( ! ,E>?'S SURFACE >E SUBMITT$3 ! LAWS -- = !RE >E SU* LAWS1 H[EV] IMP]FECT \R PRES5T KN[L$GE ( !M -- :I* DET]M9E ! GR[? & DISAPPE>ANCE ( CONT95TS2 !IR PRES5T & PA/ CONFIGURATIONS2 ! DIRECTIONS ( DIFF]5T UPHEAVALS -- ALL SUBMITT$ TO SOME TELLURIC LAWS1 AS ! DI/RIBUTION ( PLANETS & SOL> SY/EMS IS SUBMITT$ TO COSMICAL LAWS4 ,TO TAKE BUT ONE 9/ANCE \T ( HUNDR$S3 :5 WE CONSID] ! TWO GREAT CONT95TS ( ,ASIA & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! P>T PLAY$ 9 !IR /RUCTURE BY COLOSSAL TABLE-L&S1 ! ANTIQUITY ( !SE TABLE-L&S1 ! S]IES ( AGES DUR+ :I* !Y REMA9$ CONT95TS1 & ! DIRECTION (1 !IR AXES & N>R[ EXTREMITIES PO9T$ T[>DS A REGION 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,BEHR+ ,/RAIT2 :51 MOREOV]1 WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! P>ALLELISM ( ! *A9S ( M\NTA9S & ! P]SEV]ANCE ) :I* TWO *IEF DIRECTIONS ( UPHEAVALS 7! NOR?-WE/]N & NOR?-EA/]N7 >E REPEAT$ 9 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA ?R\<\T A S]IES ( GEOLOGICAL AGES2 :5 WE REM>K ! PRES5T CONFIGURATION ( ! CONT95TS HAV+ !IR N>R[ EXTREMITIES PO9T$ T[>DS ! ,S\? ,POLE -- WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT SOME TELLURIC LAWS HAVE PRESID$ AT ! =MATION ( ! GREAT SWELL+S & PLAIT+S ( ! ,E>?'S CRU/4 ,!SE LAWS HAVE NOT YET BE5 DISCOV]$3 ! OROGRAPHY ITSELF ( F\R GREAT CONT95TS IS 9 AN EMBRYONIC /ATE2 BUT WE ALREADY P]CEIVE A C]TA9 H>MONY 9 ! GREAT /RUCTURAL L9ES ( ! ,E>?1 & WE MAY ALREADY GUESS AB\T ITS CAUSES4 ,?IS WIDE SUBJECT T\*ES1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT P>T ( GEOLOGY :I* HAS RECEIV$ ( LATE ! NAME ( DYNAMIC GEOLOGY2 BUT ! TWO DO NOT COALESCE3 ! OROG5Y WILL REMA9 A SEP>ATE BRAN*1 TOO WIDELY DIFF]5T FROM ! =M] NOT TO BE DEALT ) SEP>ATELY4 ,WE MAY EV5 SAY1 )\T HURT+ EI!R GEOGRAPH]S OR GEOLOGI/S1 ?AT ! BACKW>D /ATE ( OROG5Y IS DUE PRECISELY TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT GEOGRAPH]S TOO MU* RELI$ ON GEOLOGI/S = TREAT+ IT1 & ?AT IT HAS NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY TREAT$ BY A SEP>ATE K9D ( SPECIALI/ -- BY GEOGRAPH]S QUITE FAMILI> ) GEOLOGY2 :ILE ! BACKW>D /ATE ( DYNAMIC GEOLOGY PROP] 7! UNSETTL$ /ATE ( ! ,QUAT]N>Y P]IOD GIVES A SUFFICI5T RI<T TO MAKE ?IS ASS]TION7 IS DUE TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! NUMB] ( GEOLOGI/S :O W]E ALSO GEOGRAPH]S HAS NEV] BE5 SUFFICI5TLY GREAT1 & ?AT TOO MANY GEOLOGI/S NEGLECT$ ?IS BRAN*1 AB&ON+ IT TO GEOGRAPH]S4 ,GEOGRAPH]S HAVE ?US TO TAKE OV] ! :OLE ( ! WORK1 SUPPLY+ GEOLOGY ) ! DATA :I* IT MAY BE 9 NE$ (4  

,GEOGRAPHY HAS SECONDLY1 TO /UDY ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( CONT95TS & SEAS1 ( ALTITUDES & DEPRESSIONS1 ( 9D5TATIONS & GREAT MASSES ( WAT] ON CLIMATE4 ,:ILE METEOROLOGY DISCOV]S1 ) ! HELP ( PHYSICS1 ! LAWS ( OCEANIC & A]IAL CURR5TS1 ?AT P>T ( GEOGRAPHY :I* C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS CLIMATOLOGY HAS TO DET]M9E ! 9FLU5CE ( LOCAL TOPOGRAPHICAL CAUSES ON CLIMATE4 ,9 ITS G5]AL P>TS1 METEOROLOGY HAS REC5TLY MADE AN IMM5SE PROGRESS2 BUT ! /UDY ( LOCAL CLIMATES & ( A V>IETY ( SECOND>Y GEOGRAPHICAL & TOPOGRAPHICAL CAUSES 9FLU5C+ CLIMATE -- CLIMATOLOGY PROP] -- REMA9S TO BE MADE4 ,?IS BRAN* ALSO REQUIRES ITS [N SPECIALI/S1 ?AT IS1 METEOROLOGI/-GEOGRAPH]S1 & ! WORK ALREADY DONE A FEW YE>S AGO BY ,M4,M4 ,BU*AN1 ,MOHN1 ,HAHN1 ,WOYEIK(F1 & MANY O!RS1 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 %[S WELL :AT REMA9S TO BE DONE4  

,A ?IRD BRAN*1 ALSO REQUIR+ ITS [N SPECIALI/S1 IS ?AT1 ( ZOO- & PHYTO-GEOGRAPHY4 ,AS LONG AS BOTANY & ZOOLOGY W]E CONSID]$ AS M]E DESCRIPTIVE SCI5CES1 !Y C\LD 9CID5TALLY T\* ! DI/RIBUTION ( PLANTS & ANIMALS ON ! SURFACE ( ! E>?4 ,BUT NEW FIELDS ( RESE>* HAVE BE5 OP5$4 ,! ORIG9 ( SPECIES W\LD REMA9 UNEXPLA9$ IF ! GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS ( !IR DI/RIBUTION >E NOT TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,! ADAPTATION ( SPECIES TO ! M$IUM !Y 9HABIT2 !IR MODIFICATIONS2 !IR MUTUAL DEP5D5CE2 !IR SL[ DISAPPE>ANCE & ! APPE>ANCE ( NEW ONES -- ! /UDY ( ALL !SE PH5OM5A MEETS EV]Y DAY ) 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLES PRECISELY ON ACC\NT ( ! SUBJECT NOT HAV+ BE5 TREAT$ FROM A SUFFICI5TLY GEOGRAPHICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,WALLACE1 ,HOOK]1 ,GRIESBA*1 ,PES*EL1 & SO MANY O!RS1 HAVE 9DICAT$ ! L9ES TO BE FOLL[$ 9 ?AT BRAN*4 ,BUT TO DO IT1 WE MU/ HAVE AGA9 A SPECIAL COMB9ATION ( CAPACITIES1 9 M5 :O UNITE A WIDE GEOGRAPHICAL ) BOTANICAL & ZOOLOGICAL KN[L$GE4 ,F> FROM D\BT+ ! NECESSITY ( SPECIAL SCI5CE = /UDY+ ! LAWS ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! GLOBE & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ORGANIC LIFE ON ITS SURFACE1 WE >E ?US BR\<T TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !RE IS ROOM = ?REE SEP>ATE SCI5CES1 :I* HAVE SPECIAL AIMS TO PURSUE1 BUT MU/ REMA9 MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ TOGE!R ?AN ) ANY O!R SCI5CE4 ,! PHYSICS ( ! GLOBE MU/ BE1 & WILL BE1 RAIS$ TO ! HEI<T ( A SCI5CE4  

,& N[ !RE REMA9S ! F\R? GREAT BRAN* ( GEOGRAPHICAL KN[L$GE -- ?AT :I* DEALS ) HUMAN FAMILIES ON ! E>?'S SURFACE4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( HUMAN FAMILIES2 !IR DI/9CTIVE FEATURES & ! MODIFICATIONS UND]GONE BY !SE FEATURES UND] V>I\S CLIMATES2 ! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/RIBUTION ( RACES1 BELIEFS1 CU/OMS1 & =MS ( PROP]TY1 & !IR CLOSE DEP5D5CE UPON GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS2 ! ACCOMMODATION ( MAN TO ! NATURE ?AT SURR\NDS HIM1 & ! MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( BO? ! MIGRATIONS ( /EMS1 9 SO F> AS !Y >E DEP5D5T UPON GEOLOGICAL CAUSES2 ! ASPIRATIONS & DREAMS ( V>I\S RACES1 9 SO F> AS !Y >E 9FLU5C$ BY ! PH5OM5A ( NATURE2 ! LAWS ( DI/RIBUTION ( HUMAN SETTLEM5TS 9 EA* C\NTRY1 DISPLAY$ BY ! P]SI/5CY ( SETTLEM5T AT ! V]Y SAME PLACE S9CE ! ,/ONE ,AGE UNTIL \R [N TIMES2 ! RAIS+ ( CITIES & ! CONDITIONS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T2 ! GEOGRAPHICAL SUBDIVISION ( T]RITORIES 9TO NATURAL MANUFACTUR+ BAS9S1 NOT)/&+ ! OB/ACLES OPPOS$ BY POLITICAL FRONTI]S3 ALL !SE >E A WIDE S]IES ( PROBLEMS :I* HAVE REC5TLY GR[N UP BE=E US4 ,IF WE CONSULT ! WORKS ( \R BE/ E?NOLOGI/S1 IF WE REMEMB]1 ! ATTEMPT ( ,RIEHL & ,BUCKLE1 AS ALSO ?OSE ( SEV]AL ( F\R BE/ GEOGRAPH]S2 IF WE REALIZE ! DATA ACCUMULAT$ & ! H9TS SCATT]$ 9 E?NOGRAPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 & GEOGRAPHICAL LIT]ATURE = ! SOLUTION ( !SE PROBLEMS -- WE SURELY %ALL NOT HESITATE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT H]E ALSO !RE IS A BROAD PLACE = A SEP>ATE1 MO/ IMPORTANT SCI5CE1 & NOT M]ELY = A GRAPHY1 BUT = AN OLOGY4 ,( C\RSE1 H]E ALSO ! GEOGRAPH] WILL TAX MANY K9DR$ SCI5CES 9 COLLECT+ HIS DATA4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 PHILOLOGY WILL BE CALL$ UPON4 ,MANY SPECIALTIES WILL >ISE1 SOME ( !M MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) HI/ORY1 & O!RS ) PHYSICAL SCI5CES2 BUT IT IS ! TRUE DUTY ( GEOGRAPHY TO COV] ALL ?IS FIELD AT ONCE & TO COMB9E 9 ONE VIVID PICTURE ALL SEP>ATE ELEM5TS ( ?IS KN[L$GE3 TO REPRES5T IT AS AN H>MONI\S :OLE1 ALL P>TS ( :I* >E CONSEQU5CES ( A FEW G5]AL PR9CIPLES & >E HELD TOGE!R BY !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS4  

,AS TO ! TE*NICAL P>T ( ! 9/RUCTION TO BE GIV5 9 GEOGRAPHY -- ! P$AGOGIC ME?ODS (1 & ! APPLIANCE =1 TEA*+ GEOGRAPHY -- ,I %ALL LIMIT MYSELF TO A FEW REM>KS4 ,H[EV] L[ ! LEVEL ( GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION 9 MO/ ( \R S*OOLS1 !RE >E ISOLAT$ TEA*]S & 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAVE ALREADY ELABORAT$ EXCELL5T ME?ODS ( TEA*+ & HI<LY P]FECT APPLIANCES = USE 9 S*OOL4 ,A M]E SELECTION HAS TO BE MADE ( ! BE/ ( !M1 & ! BE/ WAY TO ?AT IS ! WAY *OS5 BY ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY2 AN EXHIBITION ( GEOGRAPHICAL APPLIANCES1 & A CONGRESS ( TEA*]S HELD 9 CONNECTION ) IT4 ,MOD]N P$AGOGY IS ALREADY 9 AN EXCELL5T WAY = ELABORAT+ ! EASIE/ ME?ODS ( TEA*+1 & IF 9SPIR$ ) ! HI< AIMS ( GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION JU/ M5TION$1 IT WILL NOT FAIL TO DISCOV] ! BE/ MEANS = REA*+ !SE AIMS4 ,!RE IS N[ 9 P$AGOGY -- WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT -- A T5D5CY T[>DS TAK+ TOO M9UTE A C>E ( ! *ILD'S M9D1 SO AS TO *ECK 9DEP5D5T ?\<T & RE/RA9 ORIG9ALITY & !RE IS ALSO A T5D5CY T[>DS TOO MU* SWEET5+ ! LE>N+1 SO AS TO DISACCU/OM ! M9D FROM 9TELLECTUAL /RA91 9/EAD ( ACCU/OM+ IT GRADUALLY TO 9TELLECTUAL EF=TS4 ,BO? !SE T5D5CIES EXI/2 BUT !Y MU/ BE CONSID]$ RA!R AS A REACTION AGA9/ ME?ODS =M]LY 9 USE1 & SURELY !Y WILL BE BUT TRANSITORY4 ,MORE FRE$OM = ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! *ILD6 ,MORE ROOM LEFT = 9DEP5D5T WORK1 ) NO MORE HELP ON BEHALF ( ! TEA*] ?AN ! /RICTLY NECESS>Y6 ,FEW] S*OOL-BOOKS1 & MORE BOOKS ( TRAVEL2 MORE DESCRIPTIONS ( C\NTRIES WRITT5 9 ALL LANGUAGES BY \R BE/ AU?ORS1 PA/ & PRES5T1 PUT 9 ! H&S ( \R S*OL>S -- !SE *IEF PO9TS NEV] \<T TO BE LO/ SI<T (4  

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT GEOGRAPHY1 LIKE O!R SCI5CES1 MU/ BE TAU<T 9 A S]IES ( CONC5TRIC C\RSES1 & ?AT 9 EA* ( !M MO/ /RESS MU/ BE LAID ON ?OSE DEP>TM5TS :I* >E MO/ COMPREH5SIBLE AT DIFF]5T AGES4 ,TO SUBDIVIDE GEOGRAPHY 9TO ,HEIMATSEKUNDE .<,SECOND HOME.> = ! E>LIE/ AGE1 & 9TO GEOGRAPHY PROP] = AN ADVANC$ AGE IS NEI!R DESIRABLE NOR POSSIBLE4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ?+S A *ILD ASKS HIS MO!R IS3 ',:AT BECOMES ( ! SUN :5 IT GOES D[N8 -- & AS SOON AS HE HAS READ TWO DESCRIPTIONS ( TRAVEL1 9 POL> & 9 TROPICAL C\NTRIES1 NECESS>ILY HE WILL ASK :Y PALMS DO NOT GR[ 9 ,GRE5L&4' ,WE >E B\ND !N TO GIVE NOTIONS ( COSMOGRAPHY & PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY FROM ! E>LIE/ *ILDHOOD4 ,( C\RSE1 WE CANNOT EXPLA9 TO A *ILD :AT ! OCEAN IS IF WE DO NOT %[ IT A POND OR A LAKE CLOSE BY2 & :AT A GULF IS1 IF WE DO NOT PO9T \T TO IT A CREEK ON ! BANKS ( A RIV]4 ,IT IS ONLY ON M9OR 9EQUALITIES ( GR\ND >\ND US ?AT WE CAN GIVE *ILDR5 AN IDEA ( M\NTA9S & TABLE-L&S1 ( PEAKS & GLACI]S2 & IT IS ONLY ON ! MAP ( ITS [N VILLAGE1 OR T[N1 ?AT ! *ILD CAN BE BR\<T TO UND]/& ! CONV5TIONAL HI]OGLYPHS ( \R MAPS4 ,BUT ! FAVORITE READ+ ( A *ILD WILL ALWAYS BE A BOOK ( DI/ANT TRAVEL1 OR ! TALE ( ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE4 ,! CREEK ( A POND1 ! RAPIDS ( A /REAMLET WILL ACQUIRE 9T]E/ 9 A *ILD'S IMAG9ATION ONLY :5 IT CAN IMAG9E 9 ! CREEK A WIDE GULF1 ) %IPS AT AN*OR & M5 L&+ UPON AN UNKN[N COA/2 & 9 ! RAPIDS ( ! /REAMLET1 ! RAPIDS ( A ,CANADIAN FJ>D5 .<BAY.> ) ! EMACIAT$ ,DR4 ,RI*>DSON :O ?R[S HIMSELF 9 ! FJ>D5 TO L& A ROPE ON ! O!R BANK4  

,?+S NE> AT H& >E V]Y (T5 LESS COMPREH5SIBLE = ! *ILD ?AN ?+S F> AWAY4 ,! TRAFFIC ON \R [N RIV]S & RAILWAYS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R [N MANUFACTURES & \R %IPP+ TRADE >E1 )\T COMP>ISON1 LESS COMPREH5SIBLE & LESS ATTRACTIVE AT A C]TA9 AGE ?AN ! HUNT+ P>TIES & CU/OMS ( DI/ANT PRIMITIVE /EMS4 ,:5 ,I REV]T TO MY BOYHOOD1 ,I DISCOV] ?AT :AT MADE ME A GEOGRAPH] & 9DUC$ ME AT ! AGE ( EI<TE5 TO 9SCRIBE MYSELF 9 A REGIM5T ( ,COSSACKS ( ! ,AMUR1 9/EAD ( ! ,HORSE ,GU>D1 WAS NOT ! IMPRESSION LEFT BY ! EXCELL5T LESSONS ( \R EXCELL5T TEA*] 9 ,RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHY1 :OSE TEXTBOOK ,I FULLY APPRECIATE ONLY N[1 BUT MU* MORE ! GREAT WORK ( ,DEFOE 9 MY E>LI] YE>S1 & LAT] ON -- FIR/ ( ALL1 ABOVE ALL -- ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,HUMBOLDT'S ,COSMOS1 HIS ,TABLEAUX DE LA ,NATURE .<,PICTURES ( ,NATURE.>1 & ,K>L ,RITT]'S FASC9AT+ MONOGRAPHS ON ! TEA-TREE1 ! CAMEL1 & SO ON4  

,ANO!R REM>K :I* \<T TO BE IMPRESS$ ON ! M9D ( ALL ?OSE :O MAKE S*EMES ( RE=M = GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION IS1 ?AT NO S\ND 9/RUCTION CAN BE GIV5 9 GEOGRAPHY AS LONG AS ! 9/RUCTION GIV5 9 MA!MATICAL & PHYSICAL SCI5CES REMA9S :AT IT IS N[ 9 MO/ ( \R S*OOLS4 ,:AT IS ! USE ( GIV+ BRILLIANT LESSONS 9 ADVANC$ CLIMATOLOGY IF ! PUPILS NEV] HAVE HAD A CONCRETE CONCEPTION ( SURFACES & ANGLES ( 9CID5CE1 IF !Y NEV] HAVE MADE !MSELVES SURFACES & HAVE NOT DRAWN L9ES TO MEET !M AT DIFF]5T ANGLES8 ,CAN WE MAKE \R HE>]S UND]/& ! MOTION1 ( MASSES ( AIR1 ( CURR5TS & :IRLW9DS1 AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT QUITE FAMILI> ) ! PR9CIPAL LAWS ( ME*ANICS8 ,TO DO ?IS W\LD SIMPLY MEAN TO SPREAD ?AT K9D ( 9/RUCTION :I* UNHAPPILY SPREADS TOO SPE$ILY1 ! KN[L$GE ( M]E WORDS & TE*NICAL T]MS1 )\T ANY S]I\S KN[L$GE B5EA?4 ,! 9/RUCTION GIV5 9 EXACT SCI5CES MU/ BE F> WID] ?AN IT IS N[1 & GO DEEP]4 ,& IT MU/ BE ALSO R5D]$ MORE CONCRETE4 ,CAN WE EXPECT TO F9D 9 \R PUPILS M9DFUL HE>]S1 :5 SPEAK+ ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( PLANTS & ANIMALS ON ! ,E>?'S SURFACE1 ( HUMAN SETTLEM5TS & SO ON1 IF !Y HAVE NOT BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO MAKE = !MSELVES A COMPLETE GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION ( SOME LIMIT$ REGION1 TO MAP IT1 TO DESCRIBE ITS GEOLOGICAL /RUCTURE1 TO %[ ! DI/RIBUTION ( PLANTS & ANIMALS ON ITS SURFACE1 TO EXPLA9 :Y ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGES HAVE SETTL$ !RE & NOT HI<] UP ! VALLEY1 &1 ABOVE ALL TO COMP>E !IR [N DESCRIPTION ) LIKE ONES MADE ( O!R REGIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES8 ,H[EV] EXCELL5T ! RELIEF-MAPS ( CONT95TS :I* WE PUT 9TO ! H&S ( \R *ILDR51 WE %ALL NEV] ACCU/OM !M TO A CONCRETE COMPREH5SION & A LOVE = MAPS1 IF !Y HAVE NOT MADE MAPS !MSELVES -- ?AT IS1 AS LONG AS WE HAVE NOT PUT A COMPASS 9TO !IR H&S1 BR\<T !M TO AN OP5 C\NTRY & SAID3 ',!RE IS A L&SCAPE2 9 Y\R COMPASS & 9 Y\R PA? Y\ HAVE ALL Y\ NE$ = MAPP+ IT2 GO & MAP IT4' ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO SAY :AT A PLEASURE IT IS = A BOY ( FIFTE5 TO W&] ?US ALONE 9 ! WOODS1 ON ! ROADS1 & ON ! BANKS ( RIV]S1 & TO HAVE !M ALL -- =E/S1 ROADS1 & RIV]S -- DRAWN ON HIS %EET ( PAP]2 OR TO SAY H[ EASILY !SE RESULTS >E OBTA9$ 7,I KN[ IT FROM MY [N S*OOL EXP]I5CE7 IF GEOMETRICAL KN[L$GE HAS BE5 R5D]$ CONCRETE BY APPLY+ IT TO MEASUREM5TS 9 ! FIELD8  

,ANO!R FEATURE TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9 \R S*OOLS \<T TO BE M5TION$ H]E4 ,I MEAN ! EX*ANGE1 BETWE5 S*OOLS1 ( CORRESPOND5CE ON GEOGRAPHICAL SUBJECT1 & ( !IR NATURAL SCI5CE COLLECTIONS4 ,?IS FEATURE1 ALREADY 9TRODUC$ 9 SEV]AL S*OOLS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY ! ',AGASSIZ ,ASSOCIATION1' CANNOT BE TOO W>MLY ADVOCAT$4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO COLLECT SPECIM5S ( ROCKS1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS1 FROM ITS [N LIMIT$ REGIONS4 ,EA* VILLAGE S*OOL AU<T TO HAVE COLLECTIONS FROM EV]Y:]E3 NOT ONLY FROM ALL P>TS ( ITS [N C\NTRY1 BUT FROM ,AU/RALIA & ,JAVA1 FROM ,SIB]IA & ! ,>G5T9E ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT CANNOT PUR*ASE !M3 BUT IT MAY HAVE1 IT CAN HAVE1 !M 9 EX*ANGE = ITS [N COLLECTIONS1 FROM S*OOLS SCATT]$ EV]Y:]E ON ! SURFACE ( ! GLOBE4  

,SU* IS ! GREAT IDEA :I* PRESID$ AT ! CREATION ( ! ',AGASSIZ ,ASSOCIATION' -- AN ASSOCIATION ( S*OOLS :I* HAS ALREADY SEV5 ?\S& MEMB]S & SIX HUNDR$ ',*APT]S1' OR SECTIONS4#d ,! *ILDR5 ( ?IS ,ASSOCIATION >E ACCU/OM$ TO /UDY NATURAL SCI5CES 9 ! FIELD1 AMID NATURE ITSELF2 BUT !Y DO NOT KEEP !IR TREASURIES TO !MSELVES4 ,!Y WRITE TO O!R BRAN*ES ( ! ,ASSOCIATION3 !Y EX*ANGE ) !M !IR OBS]VATION1 !IR IDEAS1 !IR SPECIM5S ( M9]ALS1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS4 ,!Y WRITE AB\T ! SC5]Y ( ,CANADA TO FRI5DS 9 ,TEXAS4 ,!IR ,SWISS FRI5DS 7= SOME?+ SIMIL> EXI/S ALSO 9 ,SWITZ]L&7 S5D !M ! ,$ELWEISS ( ! ,ALPS1 & !IR ,5GLI% FRI5DS 9/RUCT !M 9 ! GEOLOGY ( ,5GL&4 ,%ALL ,I ADD ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,ASSOCIATION BECOMES KN[N1 SPECIALI/S1 PR(ESSORS & AMATEUR NATURALI/S1 HA/5 TO (F] !IR S]VICES TO !IR Y\NG FRI5DS = LECTUR+ BE=E !M1 = DET]M9+ !IR SPECIM5S1 OR = CLIMB+ ) !M ON ! HILLS 9 GEOLOGICAL & BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS8 ,NO NE$ TO SAY ?AT3 !RE IS 'PL5TY ( GOOD-WILL AMONG ?OSE' :O HAVE 9/RUCTION 9 ANY?+2 IT IS ONLY ! SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE :I* IS WANT+ = UTILIZ+ !IR S]VICES4 ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO 9SI/ ON ! B5EFITS ( !' ,AGASSIZ ,ASSOCIATION1' OR TO %[ H[ IT \<T TO BE EXT5D$8 ,! GREATNESS ( ! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ A LIVELY CONNECTION BETWE5 ALL S*OOLS ( ! ,E>? IS TOO CLE>4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT IT IS SUFFICI5T TO HAVE A FRI5D 9 A =EIGN C\NTRY -- BE IT ,MOSC[ OR ,JAVA -- TO BEG9 TO TAKE HOME 9T]E/ 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,A NEWSPAP] P>AGRAPH 5TITL$ ',MOSC[' OR ',JAVA' WILL H5CE=? ATTRACT HIS ATT5TION4 ,! MORE SO IF HE IS 9 A LIVELY 9T]C\RSE ) HIS FRI5D1 IF BO? PURSUE ! SAME WORK & COMMUNICATE TO ONE ANO!R ! RESULTS ( !IR EXPLORATIONS4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT LET ,5GLI% *ILDR5 BE 9 A CONT9U\S EX*ANGE ( CORRESPOND5CE1 COLLECTIONS1 & ?\<TS ) ,RUSSIAN *ILDR52 & BE SURE ?AT AFT] SOME TIME NEI!R ,5GLI% NOR ,RUSSIANS WILL SO READILY GRASP AT GUNS = SETTL+ !IR MISUND]/&+S4 ,! ',AGASSIZ ,ASSOCIATION' HAS A BRILLIANT FUTURE2 SIMIL> ONES WILL SURELY EXT5D ALL OV] ! WORLD4  

,YET ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,EV5 IF ALL \R $UCATION W]E BAS$ ON NATURAL SCI5CES1 ! RESULTS A*IEV$ W\LD BE /ILL V]Y POOR IF ! G5]AL 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( \R *ILDR5 W]E NEGLECT$4 ,! F9AL AIM ( ALL \R EF=TS 9 $UCATION \<T TO BE PRECISELY ?IS G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( 9TELLECT2 &1 NOT)/&+ ?AT1 IT IS ! LA/ ?+ :I* IS ?\<T (4 ,WE MAY SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 REAL PALACES = %ELT]+ S*OOLS2 WE CAN F9D !RE ! *OICE/ EXHIBITIONS ( P$AGOGICAL APPLIANCES2 ! *ILDR5 >E V]Y ADVANC$ 9 DRAW+2 !Y P]FECTLY KN[ HI/ORICAL DATA2 !Y PO9T \T1 )\T HESITATION1 ON ! MAP1 ANY T[N ( IMPORTANCE2 !Y EASILY DET]M9E ! SPECIES ( MANY FL[]S2 !Y KN[ BY HE>T SOME MAXIMS DE ,JEAN  ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU .<MAXIMS ( ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU.>1 & REPEAT SOME CRITICISMS ( ! '!ORIES ( ,LA,SALLE2' & AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E UTT]LY DEVOID ( 'G5]AL DEVELOPM5T2' 9 ?AT RESPECT ! GREAT BULK >E BEH9D V]Y MANY PUPILS ( ! MO/ BACKW>D OLD-SY/EM S*OOLS4 

 ,SO LITTLE ATT5TION IS GIV5 TO ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! S*OL> ?AT ,I AM NOT EV5 SURE ( BE+ RI<TLY UND]/OOD 9 :AT ,I SAY1 & HAD BETT] REF] !RE=E TO AN EXAMPLE4 ,GO = 9/ANCE1 TO ,P>IS1 ,G5EVA1 OR ,B]N2 5T] A CAFE1 OR A BRASS]IE1 :]E /UD5TS >E 9 ! HABIT ( MEET+ TOGE!R1 & JO9 9 !IR CONV]SATION4 ,AB\T :AT SUBJECTS WILL IT BE8 ,AB\T WOM51 AB\T DOGS1 AB\T SOME PECULI>ITY ( SOME PR(ESSOR1 P]HAPS AB\T R[+2 OR -- AT ,P>IS -- AB\T SOME POLITICAL EV5T ( ! DAY1 A FEW S5T5CES TAK5 FROM LEAD+ NEWSPAP]S BE+ EX*ANG$4 ,& GO N[ TO A /UD5TS' ROOM 9 ! ,VASSILI ,O/ROV AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 OR 9 ! FAM\S ',SIVTSEFF'S ,RAV9E' AT ,MOSC[4 ,! SC5]Y WILL BE *ANG$1 & /ILL MORE ! SUBJECTS ( CONV]SATION4 ,! QUE/IONS DISCUSS$ !RE WILL BE1 FIR/1 ! ,WELTANS*AUUNG -- ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,UNIV]SE -- PA9FULLY ELABORAT$ BY EA* /UD5T SEP>ATELY & BY ALL TOGE!R4 ,= A ,RUSSIAN /UD5T MAY HAVE NO BOOTS 9 :I* TO GO TO ! ,UNIV]SITY1 BUT HE MU/ HAVE HIS [N ,WELTANS*AUUNG4 ,KANT1 ,COMTE1 & ,SP5C] >E QUITE FAMILI> TO !M1 & :ILE 9NUM]ABLE GLASSES ( TEA1 OR RA!R ( TEA-WAT]1 >E CONSUM$1 ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( !SE PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS IS C>EFULLY DISCUSS$4 ,! ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL ,ANS*AUUNG5 MAY DIFF] AT ,VASSILI ,O/RAV & 9 ! ,SIVTSEFF'S ,RAV9E1 BUT H]E & !RE ,RODB]TUS1 ,M>X1 ,MILL1 & ,T*]NY%EVSKI WILL BE DISCUSS$ & BOLDLY CRITICIZ$4 ,BE SURE ?AT ,SP5C]'S ',EVOLUTIONI/ ,MORAL' IS ALREADY A QUITE FAMILI> BOOK 9 ,SIVTSEFF'S ,RAV9E1 & ?AT IT IS CONSID]$ !RE A %AME NOT TO BE ACQUA9T$ ) IT4 ,?IS EXAMPLE %[S :AT ,I MEAN BY' G5]AL DEVELOPM5T3' ! CAPACITY & ! TA/E = REASON+ AB\T SUBJECTS F> ABOVE ! MEANNESSES ( \R DAILY LIFE2 ! BROAD] DEVELOPM5T ( M9D2 ! CAPACITY ( P]CEIV+ ! CAUSES ( PH5OM5A1 ( REASON+ !REON4  

,:]E=E ! DIFF]5CE8 ,>E WE BETT] TAU<T 9 \R ,RUSSIAN S*OOLS8 ,C]TA9LY NOT6 ,PU%K9'S WORDS3 ',WE ALL HAVE LE>N$ NOT TOO MU*1 & 9 A HAPHAZ>D WAY1' >E AS TRUE ) REG>D TO ! ,VASSILI ,O/ROV /UD5TS AS TO ?OSE ( ! ,B\LEV>D ,/4 ,MI*EL & ,LAKE ,LEMAN4 ,BUT ,RUSSIA IS LIV+ 9 A PHASE ( ITS LIFE :5 MU* /RESS IS LAID UPON ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( A Y\NG MAN4 ,A /UD5T ( ! UNIV]SITY1 OR ( ! HI<] CLASSES ( A LYCEUM1 :O W\LD LIMIT HIS READ+S ONLY TO CLASS-BOOKS1 W\LD BE DESPIS$ BY HIS COMRADES & F9D NO RESPECT 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( A PECULI> PHASE ( 9TELLECTUAL AWAK5+ :I* WE >E N[ GO+ ?R\<1 ! LIFE \TSIDE ! S*OOL IMPOSES ?IS CONDITION4 ,WE HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO REVISE ALL =MS ( \R PREVI\S LIFE2 & ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A BE+ CLOSELY CONNECT$ TOGE!R1 WE CANNOT DO IT )\T LOOK+ AT ALL ( !M FROM A HI<] PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! S*OOL1 9 ITS TURN1 HAS RESPOND$ TO ?IS NE$ BY ELABORAT+ A SPECIAL TYPE ( TEA*] -- ! TEA*] 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,! 'UT*ITEL SLOVESNO/I' IS A QUITE PECULI> & A MO/ SYMPA!TIC TYPE ( ! ,RUSSIAN S*OOL4 ,TO HIM NE>LY ALL ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S >E 9DEBT$ = ! IMPULSE GIV5 TO !IR 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE GIVES ! S*OL>S :AT NONE ( ! O!R TEA*]S CAN GIVE 9 HIS SPECIAL CLASSES3 HE SUMS UP ! KN[L$GE ACQUIR$2 HE ?R[S A PHILOSOPHICAL GLANCE ON IT2 HE MAKES HIS PUPILS REASON AB\T SU* SUBJECTS AS >E NOT TAU<T 9 S*OOL4 ,?US1 :5 SPEAK+1 = 9/ANCE1 ( ! ,RUSSIAN FOLK-LORE1 HE WILL NOT SP5D ALL HIS TIME 9 ANALYZ+ ! =M ( ! POPUL> POETRY1 BUT HE WILL MAKE AN EXCURSION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( AES!TICS 9 G5]AL2 HE WILL SPEAK ( EPIC POETRY AS A :OLE1 ( ITS MEAN+1 & ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ,GREEK POETRY ON ! G5]AL 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE2 ,DRAP]'S !ORIES & ,QU9ET'S ,M]L9 L',5*ANTEUR WILL BE M5TION$2 ! E?ICS ( ,RUSSIAN FOLKLORE1 & E?ICS 9 G5]AL1 ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES1 WILL BE DISCUSS$2 & SO ON1 )\T LIMIT+ HIMSELF BY AN (FICIAL PROGRAM1 & ALWAYS SPEAK+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS [N 9SPIRATION1 HIS [N TA/ES4 ,& SO ON EA* OCCASION ?R\<\T HIS 'C\RSE4' ,ONE EASILY UND]/&S :AT AN 9FLU5CE A S9C]E & 9SPIR$ TEA*] CAN EX]CISE ON Y\NG M5 :5 HE SPEAKS ( !SE & LIKE SUBJECTS1 & :AT AN IMPULSE IS GIV5 TO ?\<T BY !SE LECTURES ON ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 DELIV]$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,NO MATT] ?AT MANY PO9TS ( ! LECTURE WILL NOT BE UND]/OOD 9 !IR FULLNESS BY BOYS ( F\RTE5 TO SIXTE54 ,! *>M ( IT IS P]HAPS YET GREAT] !RE=E2 & ONE MU/ HAVE SE5 A CLASS ( TURBUL5T BOYS HANG+ ON ! LIPS ( !IR TEA*]1 :OSE 9SPIR$ VOICE ALONE IS HE>D AMID AN ABSOLUTE SIL5CE TO UND]/& ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY SU* M54  

 ,AS TO ! NECESSITY ( SU* LECTURES = ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE1 IT IS OBVI\S4 ,AT EA* P]IOD ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! Y\NG MAN SOMEBODY MU/ HELP HIM TO SUM UP ! KN[L$GE ACQUIR$1 TO %[ ! CONNECTION EXI/+ BETWE5 ALL V>I\S CATEGORIES ( PH5OM5A :I* >E /UDI$ SEP>ATELY1 TO DEVELOP BROAD] HORIZONS BE=E HIS EYES1 & TO ACCU/OM HIM TO SCI5TIFIC G5]ALIZATIONS4  

,BUT ! TEA*] ( LIT]ATURE P]=CE DEALS ) ONLY ONE CATEGORY ( PHILOSOPHICAL 9/RUCTION -- ! PSY*OLOGICAL WORLD2 :ILE ! SAME G5]ALIZATIONS1 ! SAME PHILOSOPHICAL 9SI<T MU/ BE GIV5 9 RESPECT ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES ALTOGE!R4 ,! NATURAL SCI5CES MU/ HAVE !IR [N UT*ITEL SLOVESNO/I :O W\LD ALSO %[ ! RELATIONS :I* EXI/ BETWE5 ALL ! PH5OM5A ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD1 & DEVELOP BE=E ! EYES ( HIS HE>]S ! BEAUTY & H>MONY ( ! ,COSMOS4 ,! PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE WILL SURELY BE CONSID]$ ONE DAY AS A NECESS>Y P>T ( $UCATION2 BUT 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( \R S*OOLS1 :O C\LD BETT] UND]TAKE ?IS TASK ?AN ! TEA*] ( GEOGRAPHY8 ,IT IS NOT 9 VA9 ?AT ! ,COSMOS WAS WRITT5 BY A GEOGRAPH]4 ,:ILE DESCRIB+ ! GLOBE -- ?IS SMALL SPOT LO/ AMID AN IMMEASURABLE SPACE -- :ILE %[+ ! V>IETY ( ME*ANICAL1 PHYSICAL1 & *EMICAL AG5TS AT WORK MODIFY+ ITS SURFACE1 SETT+ 9 MOTION A]IAL & AQUE\S OCEANS1 RAIS+ CONT95TS & DIGG+ ABYSSES2 :ILE SPEAK+ ( ! WOND]FUL V>IETY ( ORGANIC =MS1 ( !IR COOP]ATION & /RUGGLES1 ( !IR ADMIRABLE ADAPTATIONS2 :ILE DESCRIB+ ,MAN 9 9T]C\RSE ) ,NATURE -- ,:O C\LD BETT] BR+ ! Y\NG M9D TO EXCLAIM ) ! POET --  

    
             ,DU HA/ MIR NI*T UMSON/        
          ,DE9 ,ANGESI*T IM ,FEU] ZUGEW5DET1       
          ,GAB/ MIR DIE H]RLI*E ,NATUR ZUM ,KONIGREI*1      
          ,KRAFT SIC ZU FUHL51 ZU G5IESS54 ,NI*B ,KALT /AUN5D5    
          ,BESU*]LNUB/ DU NUR1        
          ,V]GONNE/ MIR 9 IHRE TIEFE ,BRU/1         
          ,WIE 9 D5 ,BUS5 E9ES ,FREUNDS1 ZU S*AU54  

    .<,Y\ DO NOT HAVE ME 9 VA9 

           ,Y\R FACE TURN$ 9 ! FIRE1 

           ,GAVE ME BEAUTIFUL NATURE TO ! ,K+DOM1 

           ,P[] TO FEEL1 TO 5JOY4 ,NI*B COLD A/ONI%$ 

           ,VISITORS ONLY Y\1 

           ,PAMP] ME 9 H] DEEP BREA/1 

           ,AS 9 ! BOSOM ( A FRI5D1 TO LOOK4.> 

,:]E TO F9D TEA*]S = P]=M+ ! IMM5SE TASK ( $UCATION8 ,?AT IS1 WE >E TOLD1 ! GREAT DIFFICULTY :I* LIES ACROSS ALL ATTEMPTS AT S*OOL-RE=M4 ,:]E TO F9D1 9 FACT1 SOME HUNDR$ ?\S& ( ,PE/ALOZZIS & ,FROBELS1 :O MI<T GIVE A REALLY S\ND 9/RUCTION TO \R *ILDR58 ,SURELY NOT 9 ! RANKS ( ?AT POOR >MY ( S*OOLMA/]S :OM WE CONDEMN TO TEA* ALL !IR LIFE1 FROM !IR Y\? TO ! GRAVE2 :O >E S5T TO A VILLAGE1 DEPRIV$ !RE ( ALL 9TELLECTUAL 9T]C\RSE ) $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 & SOON ACCU/OM$ TO CONSID] !IR TASK AS A CURSE4 ,SURELY NOT 9 ! RANKS ( ?OSE :O SEE 9 TEA*+ A SAL>I$ PR(ESSION & NO?+ MORE4 ,ONLY EXCEPTIONAL *>ACT]S CAN REMA9 GOOD TEA*]S ?R\<\T !IR LIFE1 UNTIL AN ADVANC$ AGE4 ,!SE PRECI\S M5 & WOM5 MU/ !RE=E CON/ITUTE1 SO TO SAY1 ! ELD] BRE?R5 ( ! TEA*+ >MY1 ! RANKS & FILES ( :I* MU/ BE FILL$ ) VOLUNTE]S :O >E GUID$ 9 !IR WORK BY ?OSE :O HAVE CONSECRAT$ ALL !IR LIFE TO ! NOBLE TASK ( P$AGOGY4 ,Y\NG M5 & WOM5 CONSECRAT+ A FEW YE>S ( !IR LIFE TO TEA*+ -- NOT BECAUSE !Y SEE 9 TEA*+ A PR(ESSION1 BUT BECAUSE ( !IR BE+ 9SPIR$ ) ! DESIRE TO HELP !IR Y\NG] FRI5DS 9 !IR 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T2 PEOPLE 9 MORE ADVANC$ AGE :O >E READY TO GIVE A NUMB] ( H\RS TO TEA*+ 9 ! SUBJECTS !Y BE/ LIKE -- SU* WILL BE PROBABLY ! TEA*]S' >MY 9 A BETT] ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( $UCATION4 ,AT ANY RATE1 IT IS NOT BY MAK+ TEA*+ A SAL>I$ PR(ESSION ?AT WE CAN OBTA9 A GOOD $UCATION = \R *ILDR51 & MA9TA9 AMONG P$AGOGUES ! FRE%NESS & OP5NESS ( M9D :I* >E NECESS>Y = KEEP+ PACE ) ! EV]-GR[+ NE$S ( SCI5CE4 ,! TEA*] WILL BE A REAL TEA*] ONLY :5 9SPIR$ ) A REAL LOVE BO? = *ILDR5 & = ! SUBJECT HE TEA*ES1 & ?IS 9SPIRATION CANNOT BE MA9TA9$ = YE>S IF TEA*+ IS A M]E PR(ESSION4 ,PEOPLE READY TO CONSECRATE !IR P[]S TO TEA*+1 & QUITE ABLE TO DO SO1 >E NOT WANT+ EV5 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,LET US ONLY UND]/& H[ TO DISCOV] !M1 TO 9T]E/ !M 9 $UCATION1 & TO COMB9E !IR EF=TS2 & 9 !IR H&S1 ) ! AID ( MORE EXP]I5C$ PEOPLE1 \R S*OOLS WILL V]Y SOON BECOME QUITE DIFF]5T FROM :AT !Y >E N[4 ,!Y WILL BE PLACES :]E ! Y\NG G5]ATION WILL ASSIMILATE ! KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE ( ! ELD] ONE1 & ! ELD] ONE WILL BORR[ FROM ! Y\NG] NEW 5]GY = A COMMON WORK = ! B5EFIT ( HUMANITY4  

,P4 ,KROPOTK9 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

 ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,$UCATION4 ,REPORT TO ! C\NCIL ( ! ,ROYAL ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 BY ,J4 ,SCOTT ,KELTIE4 ,LONDON #ahhe 

,GEOGRAPHICAL ,$UCATION4 ,APP5DIX ,P P4#a#c#e 

,GEOGRAPHICAL ,$UCATION1 P4#b#e 

,H&BOOK ( ! ,AGASSIZ ,ASSOCIATION1 BY ,H>LAM ,H4 ,BALL>D4 ,L5OX1 ,MASS #ahhd 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,V4#a#h1 PP4 #i#d-#e#f47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhd 3 ,:AT ,GEOGRAPHY ,\<T ,TO ,BE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,:AT ,GEOGRAPHY ,\<T ,TO ,BE -- ,ADD$4 
,MAY #a1 #bba 3 ,:AT ,GEOGRAPHY ,\<T ,TO ,BE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/