,*APT] #ad 
',! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,?IRTY' 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

#a#d3 ',! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,?IRTY' 

  

,! BITT] CONFLICTS BETWE5 UNIONI/S & REVOLUTION>IES F9ALLY EXPLOD$ 9 LATE ,AUGU/ #aica ) ! PUBLICATION ( :AT WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ! ,TRE9TI/A ,MANIFE/O4 ,:ILE UNIONI/ 9FLU5CE HAD BE5 /EADILY ]OD$ OV] ! PREVI\S YE> BY ! POL>IZ$ POLITICAL SITUATION & ! FAILURE ( ! RE=MI/ LEAD]%IP TO DEF5D WORK+-CLASS 9T]E/S1 AN 9CREAS+LY RADICALIZ$ RANK & FILE HAD ADOPT$ ! ,F,A,I AS ITS VOICE4 ,! VIOL5CE ( ! /RIKES ?AT SUMM] & ! 9CREAS+LY REVOLUTION>Y ATMOSPH]E APPE>$ TO PRESAGE DISA/] = ! UNION LEAD]S4 ,?IRTY ,C,N,T MEMB]S1 FROM ! $ITORIAL GR\P ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & ! ,NATIONAL & ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 MANY ( !M MEMB]S ( ! ,SOLID>IDAD GR\P1 .<#a#b#d.> MET DUR+ ,AUGU/ TO DRAW UP A MANIFE/O2 IT WAS A F9AL GAMBLE TO =CE ! ISSUE TO A HEAD & ISOLATE ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ',) IT'1 SAID ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 '!Y NAIL$ !IR COLORS TO ! MA/1 & AWAIT$ ! HO/ILITIES !Y PROVOK$4'.<#a#b#e.> ,AT /AKE WAS !IR FACTION'S CR$IBILITY & CONT9U$ CONTROL ( ! POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY )9 ! UNION3  
  

',TO ! COMRADES1 TO ! UNIONS1 TO EV]YBODY3 ,A SUP]FICIAL ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION 9 :I* \R C\NTRY F9DS ITSELF WILL LEAD US TO PRON\NCE ?AT ,SPA9 F9DS H]SELF 9 CIRCUM/ANCES ( 9T5SE REVOLUTION>Y PROP5SITIES FROM :I* DEEP-SEAT$ COLLECTIVE EXCITEM5T IS GO+ TO D]IVE4 ,!RE IS NO D5Y+ ! MAGNITUDE ( ! MOM5T1 NOR ! DANG]S IMPLICIT 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 BECAUSE1 :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT1 ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCE ALONE MU/ 5SURE ?AT WE ALL SUFF] ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! UPHEAVAL4 ,! ADV5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC HAS OP5$ A P>5!SIS 9 ! NORMAL HI/ORY ( \R C\NTRY4 ,) ! MON>*Y TOPPL$1 ! K+ DRIV5 (F HIS ?RONE1 ! ,REPUBLIC PROCLAIM$ BY ! TACIT CONC]T$ EF=TS ( GR\PS1 P>TIES1 ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS :O HAD SUFF]$ ! ATTACKS ( ! DICTATOR%IP & ( ! P]IOD ( REPRESSION UND] ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO & ,>LEGUI1 IT WILL BE READILY APPRECIAT$ ?AT ?IS :OLE SUCCESSION ( EV5TS HAD TO BR+ US TO A NEW SITUATION1 TO A /ATE ( AFFAIRS DIFF]5T FROM :AT ! NATION'S LIFE HAD HI!RTO BE5 OV] ! PA/ #e YE>S1 FROM ! ,RE/ORATION ONW>DS4 ,BUT IF ! A=EM5TION$ FACTS W]E ! MOBILIZ+ FACTOR :I* 9DUC$ US TO DE/ROY ONE POLITICAL SITUATION & TO TRY TO U%] 9 A P]IOD DIFF]5T FROM ! PA/1 :AT HAS COME TO PASS S9CE HAS BORNE \T \R ASS]TION ?AT ,SPA9 IS LIV+ 9 TRULY REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 ,) ! WAY MADE EASY = ! FLI<T ( ! K+ & ) ! EXPATRIATION ( ! :OLE GILD$ & 0BLUE-BLOOD$0 RABBLE1 CAPITAL HAS BE5 EXPORT$ ON A HUGE SCALE & ! C\NTRY HAS BE5 IMPOV]I%$ EV5 BEYOND :AT IT WAS4 ,! FLI<T ( ! PLUTOCRATS1 BANK]S1 F9ANCI]S & ! G5TLEMAN /OCK & BONDHOLD]S ( ! ,/ATE HAS BE5 FOLL[$ BY %AMEFUL & BRAZ5 SPECULATION :I* HAS GIV5 RISE TO =MIDABLE DEPRECIATION 9 ! VALUE ( ! PESETA & A #e P] C5T DEVALUATION 9 ! NATION'S ASSETS4 

',?IS ASSAULT UPON ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 CALCULAT$ TO PRODUCE HUNG] & MIS]Y = ! MAJORITY ( ,SPANI>DS1 HAS BE5 FOLL[$ UP BY ! COV]T HYPOCRITICAL CONSPIRACY ( ALL ! C[L & S\TANE WE>]S1 ( ALL :O1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE !IR VICTORY1 DO NOT %R9K FROM LI<T+ ONE C&LE TO ,GOD & ANO!R TO ! DEVIL4 ,! P[] TO DOM9ATE1 SUBJUGATE & LIVE UPON ! EXPLOITATION ( AN 5TIRE PEOPLE ?AT IS R$UC$ TO ITS KNEES IS BE+ GIV5 PRIMACY OV] EV]Y?+4 ,! UP%OT ( ?IS CONSPIRACY ( CRIM9AL PROC$URES IS A DEEP-SEAT$ & 9T5SE BLOCKAGE ( PUBLIC CR$ITS1 & CONSEQU5T COLLAPSE ( ALL 9DU/RIES1 LEAD+ TO A FE>FUL CRISIS SU* AS \R C\NTRY HAS1 P]HAPS1 NEV] BE=E KN[N4 ,WORK%OPS >E %UTT+ D[N2 FACTORIES >E LAY+ (F !IR WORK]S2 PROJECTS >E COM+ TO A /&/ILL OR NO LONG] BE+ LAUN*$3 9 COMM]CE1 !RE HAS BE5 A FALL 9 ORD]S1 & NO \TLET = NATURAL PRODUCE2 WORK]S GO WEEK AFT] WEEK )\T F9D+ WORK2 C\NTLESS 9DU/RIES HAVE TO CUT BACK TO TWO OR ?REE 7& A V]Y FEW TO F\R7 DAYS WORK+4 ,?OSE WORK]S :O MANAGE TO F9D A :OLE WEEK'S WORK & :O CAN %[ UP AT ! FACTORY OR ! WORK%OP SIX DAYS1 ACC\NT = NO MORE ?AN #c P] C5T ( ! WORK=CE4 ,! PAUP]IZATION ( ! C\NTRY IS ALREADY AN ACCEPT$ FAIT ACCOMPLI4 ,ALONGSIDE ALL ( !SE MISADV5TURES ?AT HAVE BEFALL5 ! PEOPLE1 ONE NOTES ! LE?>GY & EXCE$+LY LEGALI/IC APPROA* ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?\< EV]Y ONE ( ! M9I/]S [ES HIS POSITION TO REVOLUTION1 !Y HAVE R5EG$ UPON IT BY CL++ TO LEGALITY ! WAY A MOLLUSK CL+S TO A ROCK1 & !Y %[ NO SIGNS ( 5]GY EXCEPT :5 IT COMES TO TURN+ ! MA*9E GUNS ON ! PEOPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 IT IS 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REPUBLIC & 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ?AT REPUBLIC ?AT ! 5TIRE REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( ! ,/ATE IS DEPLOY$ & ! WORK]S' BLOOD SPILL$ DAILY4 ,N[ IT IS NO LONG] A CASE ( ?IS OR ?AT VILLAGE1 BUT 9 EV]Y VILLAGE ?AT ! DRY B>K ( ! ,MAUS]S HAS CUT %ORT LU/Y Y\NG LIVES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS DONE NO?+ 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 NOR IS IT GO+ TO DO ANY?+4 ,IT HAS NOT EXPROPRIAT$ ! GREAT L&[N]S1 ! TRUE BOGEYS ( ! ,SPANI% PEASANT2 IT HAS NOT R$UC$1 BY AS MU* AS ONE S+LE C5TIMO1 ! PR(ITS ( ?OSE :O SPECULATE UPON ! PUBLIC 9T]E/3 NO MONOPOLY HAS BE5 DONE AWAY )3 NO?+ HAS BE5 DONE TO LIMIT ! ABUSES ( ?OSE :O EXPLOIT & GR[ FAT ON ! HUNG]1 PA9 & MIS]Y ( ! PEOPLE2 IT HAS /RUCK A CONTEMPLATIVE POSE :5 :AT WAS NE$$ WAS ! CRU%+ ( PRIVILEGE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( 9JU/ICE & ! PREV5TION ( !FTS AS 9FAM\S AS !Y >E VILE4 ,H[ %\LD WE WOND]1 !N AT :AT HAS HAPP5$8 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SUP]CILI\SNESS1 SPECULATION1 T9K]+ ) PUBLIC AFFAIRS & ) COLLECTIVE VALUES1 ) ?AT :I* BELONGS TO ! COMMON MAN1 ) SOCIETY'S VALUES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 L5I5CY1 TOL]ANCE %[N TO OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S :O VICTIMIZE ! PEOPLE1 :]EAS ! PEOPLE >E IMPRISON$ & H>ASS$1 ?REAT5$ & EXT]M9AT$4 

,&1 D[N BEL[1 AS A WOR?Y C\NT]P>T TO ?IS1 ! PEOPLE444 SUFF]+1 LANGUI%+1 UND]GO+ HUNG] & MIS]Y & WAT*+ AS !Y TRIFLE ) ! REVOLUTION ?AT ! PEOPLE HAVE MADE4 ,/ILL 5SCONC$ 9 PUBLIC (FICE1 ON ! JUDICIAL B5*444 FROM :]E !Y MAY BETRAY ! REVOLUTION444 >E ! ONES :O A*IEV$ ?OSE POSITIONS ?R\< ! (FICIAL B\NTY ( ! K+ OR ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS M9I/]S4 ,?IS SITUATION1 AFT] HAV+ BR\<T DE/RUCTION TO ONE REGIME1 DEMON/RATES ?AT ! REVOLUTION LEFT UNMADE IS BECOM+ 9EVITABLE & A NECESSITY4 ,WE ALL ACKN[L$GE ?AT444 ! M9I/]S BY RECOGNIZ+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM444 ! PRESS1 BY RECORD+ ! DISAFFECTION ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! PEOPLE BY REVOLT+ AGA9/ ! (F5SES P]PETRAT$ AGA9/ !M4 ,SO EV]Y?+ APPE>S TO CONFIRM ! IMM95CE ( DECISIONS ?AT ! C\NTRY WILL HAVE TO MAKE 9 ORD] TO SAVE ITSELF BY SAV+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,ONE ,9T]PRETATION 

,! POSITION BE+ ONE ( ?OR\<GO+ COLLECTIVE TRAG$Y1 ! PEOPLE'S WI% BE+ TO %RUG (F ! GRIEF :I* TORM5TS & KILLS !M1 !RE BE+ BUT ONE OPTION1 REVOLUTION444 H[ >E WE TO GO AB\T IT8 ,HI/ORY TELLS US ?AT REVOLUTIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! WORK ( D>+ M9ORITIES ?AT HAVE EXHORT$ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITIES4 ,IS IT 5\< ?AT !SE M9ORITIES %\LD SO DESIRE & SO S*EME1 ?AT1 9 A SIMIL> CONTEXT1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PREVAIL+ REGIME & ( ! DEF5SIVE =CES ?AT UPHOLD IT %\LD BECOME A FACT8 ,LET US SEE4 ,ONE F9E DAY1 P]HAPS AVAIL+ ( ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE1 !SE M9ORITIES1 COMPLETE ) SOME AGGRESSIVE ELEM5TS1 CONFRONT ! SECURITY =CES1 /& UP TO !M & SP>K ! VIOL5T CLA% ?AT MAY LEAD US TO REVOLUTION4 ,A LITTLE RUDIM5T>Y TRA9+ & A FEW %OCK ELEM5TS >E MORE ?AN 5\< TO BEG9 )4 ,!Y 5TRU/ ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION TO ! VALOR ( A H&FUL ( 9DIVIDUALS & TO ! PROBLEMATICAL 9T]V5TION ( ! MULTITUDES :O W\LD RU% TO !IR AID ONCE !Y W]E ON ! /REETS4 

,NO NE$ TO MAKE PROVISION = ANY?+1 NO NE$ TO MAKE CALCULATIONS1 NO NE$ TO ?9K AB\T ANY?+ O!R ?AN TAK+ TO ! /REETS TO R\T ! MA/ODON3 ! ,/ATE4 ,?\<TS AB\T ITS HAV+ =MIDABLE MEANS ( DEF5SE AT ITS DISPOSAL1 OR AB\T ITS BE+ H>D TO DE/ROY AS LONG AS ITS RES\RCES ( P[]1 ITS MORAL SWAY OV] ! PEOPLE1 ITS ECONOMY1 ITS C\RTS1 ITS MORAL & ECONOMIC CR$IT HAVE NOT BE5 SMA%$ BY ITS ?IEV]Y & VIL5ESS1 BY ! IMMORALITY & 9COMPET5CE ( ITS LEAD]S & BY ! UND]M9+ ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS3 IT IS A WA/E ( TIME TO ?9K ?AT ! /ATE CANNOT BE DE/ROY$4 ,?IS IS TO TURN A BL9D EYE TO HI/ORY & TO DISPLAY IGNORANCE ( HUMAN PSY*OLOGY ITSELF4 ,& ?AT BL9D EYE MAY BE TURN$ AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,& SO ?AT ?IS BL9D EYE MAY BE TURN$1 A BL9D EYE IS TURN$ ALSO EV5 TO REVOLUTION>Y MORALITY ITSELF4 ,EV]Y?+ IS TRU/$ TO ! S]5DIPITY FACTOR1 EV]Y?+ IS EXPECT$ ( ! UN=ESE53 !RE IS BELIEF 9 ! MIRACUL\S FEATS ( ! BLESS$ REVOLUTION1 AS IF ! REVOLUTION W]E A CURE-ALL & NOT A PA9FUL1 CRUEL EV5T ?AT HAS TO =GE M5 ) BODILY SUFF]+ & M5TAL DI/RESS4 ,?IS CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION1 ! SPAWN ( ! %E]E/ DEMAGOGY P$DL$ OV] DECADES BY ALL M5 ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES :I* HAVE TRI$1 V]Y (T5 UNSUCCESSFULLY1 TO /ORM 9TO P[]1 HAS -- P>ADOXICALLY ?\< IT MAY SEEM -- ADVOCATES 9 \R [N RANKS & IT HAS REASS]T$ ITSELF 9 C]TA9 GR\PS ( MILITANTS4 ,)\T !IR REALIZ+ ?AT !Y >E FALL+ 9TO ALL ! VICES ( POLITICAL DEMAGOGY -- VICES :I* W\LD 9DUCE US TO H& OV] ! REVOLUTION1 W]E IT TO BE MADE SUCCESSFUL 9 ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ! FIR/ POLITICAL P>TY TO COME ALONG1 OR EV5 TO BECOME ! GOV]NM5T \RSELVES1 TO TAKE P[] SO AS TO GOV]N AS IF WE W]E JU/ ANO!R POLITICAL P>TY4 ,MAY WE1 MU/ WE444 MAY ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 MU/ ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7444 RALLY TO ?IS DISA/R\S CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION1 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y FEAT8 

,OPPOS$ TO ?IS SIMPLI/IC1 CLASSICAL & SOME:AT C9EMATIC CONCEPT ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* AT ! MOM5T W\LD LEAD US TO A REPUBLICAN FASCISM DISGUIS$ UND] ! ,CAP ( ,LIB]TY1 BUT NONE!LESS = ALL ?AT1 /&S ANO!R CONCEPT1 ! TRUE1 ! ONLY PRACTICAL & UNIV]SAL CONCEPT :I* MAY BR+ US1 :I* WILL 9ELUCTABLY BR+ US1 TO ! ATTA9M5T ( \R ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE4 

,! LATT] CONCEPT MEANS ?AT IT IS NOT M]ELY ! AGGRESSIVE1 FI<T+ P]SONNEL :I* HAVE TO BE TRA9$1 BUT !SE PLUS MORAL FACTORS :I* TODAY >E ! /URDIE/1 ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE1 ! H>DE/ TO OV]COME4 ,IT DOES NOT TRU/ ! REVOLUTION SOLELY TO ! D>+ ( ! MORE OR LESS D>+ M9ORITIES1 BUT WANTS !RE TO BE AN ONGO+ MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE 5 MASSE1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS 5 R\TE T[>DS ITS ULTIMATE LIB]ATION1 ) ! UNIONS & ,CONF$]ATION DET]M9+ ! DATE1 TE*NIQUE & PRECISE TIM+ ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT DOES NOT HOLD ?AT REVOLUTION IS ONLY ORD]1 ONLY ME?OD3 ?IS IS A L>GE FACTOR 9 ! TRA9+ & 9 ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 BUT SUFFICI5T SCOPE MU/ ALSO BE LEFT = 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,AGA9/ ! *AOTIC1 9COH]5T CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION 5T]TA9$ BY ! FIR/ GR\P1 /&S ! ORD]$1 PRESCI5T1 COH]5T CONCEPT ( ! SECOND4 ,! =M] IS TANTAM\NT TO PLAY+ AT RIOT1 AMBU%1 & REVOLUTION3 IT AM\NTS 9 FACT TO DELAY+ ! REAL REVOLUTION4 

,SO ! DIFF]5CE IS V]Y CONSID]ABLE4 ,A MOM5T'S DELIB]ATION WILL %[ UP ! ADVANTAGE ( ONE APPROA* OR ! O!R4 ,LET EA* P]SON DECIDE :I* ( ! TWO 9T]PRETATIONS TO MAKE HIS [N4 

,LA/ ,WORDS 

,IT WILL BE READILY UND]/OOD BY ANYONE :O READS ?IS ?AT WE HAVE NOT WRITT5 & PUT \R SIGNATURE TO ! =EGO+ = PLEASURE'S SAKE1 NOR \T ( ANY :IMSICAL DESIRE TO HAVE \R NAMES FEATURE AT ! BOTTOM ( A TEXT :I* IS ( A PUBLIC NATURE & :I* CONC]NS DOCTR9E4 ,\R ATTITUDE IS UNWAV]+3 WE HAVE ESP\S$ A C\RSE :I* WE DEEM NECESS>Y 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,CONF$]ATION & :I* IS REFLECT$ 9 ! SECOND ( ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( REVOLUTION SET \T E>LI]4 

,YES1 WE >E REVOLUTION>IES2 BUT NO1 WE DO NOT CULTIVATE ! MY? ( REVOLUTION4 ,WE SEEK AN 5D TO CAPITALISM & TO ! /ATE1 BE IT R$1 :ITE OR BLACK2 BUT NOT SO ?AT WE MAY ]ECT ANO!R 9 ITS PLACE1 BUT SO ?AT1 ONCE ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION HAS BE5 MADE BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT REVOLUTION MAY ?W>T ! RE9TRODUCTION ( ALL P[] ( :ATEV] P]SUASION4 ,WE SEEK A REVOLUTION SPRUNG FROM ! 9N]MO/ FEEL+S ( ! PEOPLE444 A REVOLUTION ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ONE BE+ =G$ TODAY444 & NOT A REVOLUTION :I* IS (F]$ TO US1 OR :I* A FEW 9DIVIDUALS SEEK TO DELIV] TO US444 9DIVIDUALS :O1 W]E !Y TO SUCCE$ 9 ?IS W\LD TURN 9TO DICTATORS ON ! MORR[ ( ?AT SUCCESS1 REG>DLESS ( H[ !Y CALL !MSELVES4 ,BUT WE SEEK & DESIRE ?AT SUCCESS4 ,IS ?IS :AT ! BULK ( ! ORGANIZATION'S MEMB]%IP ALSO DESIRES8 ,?IS IS SOME?+ WOR? EXPLOR+1 SOME?+ ?AT NE$S CL>IFICATION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,! ,CONF$]ATION IS A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 NOT ONE ?AT HAS A HANK]+ = AMBU% OR RIOT1 NOR ONE :I* MAKES A CULT ( VIOL5CE = ITS [N SAKE1 OR ( REVOLUTION = REVOLUTION'S SAKE4 ,?IS BE+ ! CASE1 WE ADDRESS \RSELVES TO ALL MEMB]S1 TO REM9D !M ?AT !SE >E GRAVE TIMES & WE REM9D EA* ( !M ( ! RESPONSIBILITY HE ASSUMES BY VIRTUE ( HIS ACTION OR 9ACTION4 ,IF TODAY1 TOMORR[1 ! DAY AFT]1 OR :5EV]444 !Y >E URG$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y REVOLT1 LET !M NOT =GET ?AT !Y HAVE OBLIGATIONS T[>DS ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 AN ORGANIZATION :I* HAS A RI<T TO BE ITS [N MA/]1 TO MONITOR ITS [N MOVEM5TS1 ACT UPON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE & DET]M9E ITS [N FATE4 ,& LET !M NOT =GET ?AT ! ,CONF$]ATION ITSELF MU/ BE ! ONE TO DET]M9E1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N RECKON+S1 H[1 :5 & 9 :AT CIRCUM/ANCES IT %\LD ACT2 ?AT IT IS POSSESS$ ( AN ID5TITY ( ITS [N & ! :]E)AL TO DO :AT MU/ BE DONE4 

,LET ALL BE ALIVE TO ! RESPONSIBILITIES IMPOS$ BY ! EXTRAORD9>Y TIMES 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,LET !M NOT =GET ?AT1 ?\< ! ACT ( REVOLUTION MAY BR+ SUCCESS1 ONE %\LD GO UND] ) DIGNITY 9 ! EV5T ( FAILURE TO SUCCE$1 & ?AT ANY RECKLESS ATTEMPT AT REVOLUTION MAY LEAD TO REACTION & TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! DEMAGOGUES4 ,LET EA* ( !M N[ ADOPT :ATEV] /ANCE HE DEEMS MO/ SUITABLE4 ,\RS Y\ ALREADY KN[4 ,/EADFA/ 9 \R PURPOSE1 WE %ALL ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E /& BY \R *OICE1 EV5 ?\< O!RS NOT ( ! SAME M9D MAY OV]:ELM US4 

,B>CELONA1 ,AUGU/ #aica 

7,SIGN$73 ,JUAN ,LOPEZ1 ,AGU/9 ,GIBANEL1 ,RIC>DO ,=NELLS1 ,JOSE ,GIRONA1 ,DANIEL ,NAV>RO1 ,JESUS ,RODRIGUEZ1 ,ANTONIO ,VILLABRIGA1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ,MIGUEL ,PORTOLES1 ,JOAQUIM ,R\RA1 ,JOAQUIM ,LOR5TE1 ,PROGRESO ,ALF>A*E1 ,ANTONIO ,P5>ROYA1 ,CAMILO ,P9ON1 ,JOAQU9 ,CORTES1 ,ISIDORO ,GAB91 ,P$RO ,MASSONI1 ,FRANCESC ,>91 ,JOSE ,CRI/IA1 ,JUAN ,D9>ES1 ,ROLDAN ,CORTADA1 ,SEBA/IA ,CL>A1 ,JOAN ,PEIRO1 ,RAMON ,V9AS1 ,F$]ICO ,UL$A1 ,P$RO ,CANE1 ,M>IANO ,PEAT1 ,ESP>TACO ,PUIG1 ,N>CISO ,M>CO1 ,J5>O ,M+UET4  
  

,JUAN ,LOPEZ ( ! ,SOLID>IDAD GR\P HAS LEFT AN ACC\NT ( ! EV5TS IMM$IATELY LEAD+ UP TO ! ,TRE9TI/A ,MANIFE/O3  
  

',%ORTLY AFT] ! ,CONS]VATORIO ,CONGRESS A ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,SYNDICATES ( ,CATALONIA WAS HELD 9 ! ,CALLE ,CABANA 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,AT ! TIME ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL HAD #e1 AFFILIATES3 

',I TOOK P>T AS A DELEGATE = MY UNION4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,DURRUTI W]E DELEGATES = ! ,FABRIC & ,TEXTILE ,UNION4 ,AT ONE ( ! SESSIONS1 ! ,FABRIC & ,TEXTILE DELEGATION PROPOS$ A SESSION 9 CAM]A4 ,DUR+ ?IS SESSION ,OLIV] & ,DURRUTI PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,PL5UM AGREE TO S5D A REVOLUTION>Y PLAN TO ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE -- CON/ITUT$ BY ! ,F,A,I GR\PS1 )\T ANY CONNECTION ) ! SUP]IOR ORGANS ( ! ,C,N,T444 ! CAMPAIGN = REVOLUTION 7REJECT$ BY ! ,PL5UM7 GA!R$ MOM5TUM AMONG ! LOCAL GR\PS444 ,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS GR[+ ?REAT FROM ! RANK & FILE1 ! GR\P >\ND ,SOLID>IDAD & ! PRO-UNIONI/S .<I4E4 ! PURE PROTECTION-&-PROGRESS UNIONI/S1 ! NON- OR ANTI-REVOLUTIONI/S - ,AU?OR.> :O HELD POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE AT A MEET+ HELD 9 ! ,TRANSPORT ,UNION LOCAL 9 ,B>CELONA4'.<#a#b#f.>  
  

,FRANCISCO ,>9 ( ! ,SOLID>IDAD GR\P HAD PROPOS$ ! MANIFE/O & ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA WAS DELEGAT$ TO WRITE IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LOPEZ & DE ,L]A1 HIS FIR/ DRAFT PROVOK$ A LONG & HEAT$ DISCUSSION4 ,IT WAS VIRUL5TLY ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y & OBSESSIVELY ANTI-,F,A,I4 ,PE/ANA JU/IFI$ HIS SOME:AT HY/]ICAL TONE BY CLAIM+ TO HAVE ACCESS TO SECRET 9=MATION AB\T ! REAL PLANS BEH9D ! ,F,A,I'S REVOLUTION>Y PROPOSALS1 PLANS ?AT CO9CID$ ) RI<TI/ & ANTI-REPUBLICAN CONSPIRACIES4 ,AFT] CRITICISM1 ,PE/ANA MADE A SECOND DRAFT ?AT /RESS$ ! POSITIVE ASPECTS ( ! TRE9TI/A L9E1 BUT EV5 ?IS FAIL$ TO SATISFY ! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y UNIONI/S4 ,AFT] A ?IRD UNSATISFACTORY MEET+1 IT WAS DECID$ TO NOM9ATE A ?REE-MAN COMMISSION :O1 WORK+ ON ,PE/ANA'S LA/ DRAFT1 W\LD DECIDE ON ! F9AL TEXT4 ,!SE W]E ,AGU/9 ,GIBANEL1 ,PROGRESO ,ALF>A*E & ,RIC>DO ,=NELLS4 

,! F9AL DRAFT WAS1 !N1 NEI!R A HA/Y NOR AN IMPROVIS$ DOCUM5T4 ,IT HAD GONE ?R\< AT LEA/ ?REE DETAIL$ READ+S & MU* HEAT$ DISCUSSION AMONG ?OSE 9VOLV$ BE=E PUBLICATION4 .<#a#b#g.> ,IT \TL9$ :AT ! SIGNATORIES SAW AS A SYN!SIS ( CONF$]AL ?\<T1 UPHELD ! '9DEP5D5CE' ( ! ,CONF$]ATION & D5\NC$ AS NAIVE ! IDEA ?AT ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE A*IEV$ BY ! ACTIONS ( AN AUDACI\S M9ORITY -- ?IS C\LD ONLY BE DONE ?R\< ! CON/RUCTIVE & CO-ORD9AT$ LABOR ( ! MASSES4 

,! ATTACKS ON 'ADV5TUR\S EXCESSES' & 0UNREALIZABLE OBJECTIVES' R$\ND$ AGA9/ ! TRE9TI/AS4 ,9 ! HEAT$ POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E ( ! TIME ! MOOD ( ! RANK & FILE WAS HO/ILE TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ATTACK ON ! ,F,A,I WAS SE5 = :AT IT WAS -- AN ATTACK ON ! UNION'S [N MILITANTS1 A POLITICAL MANEUV] TO REASS]T ! WAN+ AU?ORITY ( ! UNION LEAD]%IP4 ,IF SUCCESSFUL1 ! TRE9TI/AS W\LD SUBV]T ! ,C,N,T'S 9DEP5D5CE BY SUBORN+ IT TO AN IRRESOLUTE MIDDLE-CLASS GOV]NM5T4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] LAT] PO9T$ \T3  
  

',9 REALITY IT REFLECT$ NO?+ MORE ?AN ! DISGU/ ( A GR\P ( MILITANTS :O C\LD NOT COME TO T]MS ) ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD LO/1 9 LESS ?AN A YE>1 PRE/IGE & LEAD]%IP )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,IT IS V]Y EASY TO EXPLA9 ! W> ( FAISMO & TRE9TISMO & ! COMPLETE COLLAPSE ( ! LAT]4 ,:5 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ,SPA91 SOME OLD CONF$]AL MILITANTS FELT SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY SATISFI$ ) ! M$IOCRE B\RGEOIS CONT5T ( ! NEW ,REPUBLIC & ADVOCAT$ ! R5UNCIATION ( ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! ,C,N,T & ( ADAPT+ \R ORGANIZATION TO ! REPUBLICAN SITUATION4'.<#a#b#h.>  
  

,! MANIFE/O'S PRES5TATION ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS CONTA9$ NO?+ ?AT DIRECTLY CONFLICT$ ) ! TRADITIONAL APPROA* ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,:]E %>PLY CONFLICT+ DIFF]5CES DID >ISE WAS ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! KEY ISSUE ?AT PROVID$ ! ',?IRTY' OR CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ FACTION ) ! JU/IFICATION IT FELT IT REQUIR$ TO LAUN* ITS OV]T DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,AL?\< ! ,F,A,I WAS NO:]E REF]R$ TO BY NAME 9 ! DOCUM5T IT WAS IMPLICITLY ACCUS$ ( DEVELOP+ A 'SIMPLI/IC1 CLASSICAL & SOME:AT C9EMATIC CONCEPT ( ! REVOLUTION' & ATTACK$ = ATTEMPT+ TO IMPOSE ITS 'NEGATIVE'1 'ADV5TURI/' & 'PUTS*I/' POLICIES ON ! UNION BY POT5TIAL DICTATORS ) A PR$ILECTION = 'AMBU%' & 'RIOT' & 'VIOL5CE = ITS [N SAKE4' ,9 FACT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! PROPOS$ PLANS = AN 9SURRECTION1 :I* ,JUAN ,LOPEZ CLAIMS L$ TO ! BELLIG]5T ATTACK ON ! ,F,A,I1 DID NOT COME FROM ?AT BODY1 OR EV5 ,F,A,I AFFILIATES AS IT LAT] EM]GES1 BUT FROM ! PROP]LY DELEGAT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,FABRIC & ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S UNION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,DURRUTI & ,OLIV]1 :O PROPOS$ ! PLAN1 HAD BE5 SPEAK+ AS UNION1 NOT ,F,A,I1 DELEGATES4 

,! MANIFE/O PROVID$ USEFUL GRI/ = ! MILLS ( ! POLITICAL GR\PS :O WI%$ EI!R TO CONTROL ! ,CONF$]ATION OR NEUTRALIZE IT4 ,! B\RGEOIS PRESS :O OR*E/RAT$ A MASSIVELY HYP$ BLITZKRIEG AGA9/ ! CLASS-W> AN>*I/ POSITION SEIZ$ ON ! HEAT$ PUBLIC DEBATE4 ,! ,/ATE WAS BE+ GIV5 C>TE BLAN*E TO REPRESS & ELIM9ATE :AT W]E DESCRIB$ AS ! 'UNCONTROLLABLE' 79CONTROLADOS7 ELEM5TS )9 ! ,C,N,T1 PRESUMABLY A REF]5CE TO ! ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS_/,NOSOTROS GR\P4 ,! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,CATALONIA1 GAVE ! MANIFE/O MAXIMUM PUBLICITY1 PUBLI%+ ! TEXT 9 FULL ) ACCOMPANY+ $ITORIAL >TICLES EMPHASIZ+ ITS CON/RUCTIVE NATURE & ! POSITIVE 9FLU5CE ( ! MOD]ATE LEAD]%IP4 ,CATALAN POLITICIANS SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO FAN ! SMOLD]+ EMB]S ( S*ISM4 ,MACIA & ,COMPANYS1 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! /ATUTE ( AUTONOMY ?AT WAS TO E/ABLI% ! 9DEP5D5T ,CATALAN ,G5]ALITAT GOV]NM5T1 S5SITIVE TO ! NE$ = A RESPONSIVE LABOR MOVEM5T1 5C\RAG$ :AT !Y DESCRIB$ AS '! LEVEL-HEAD$ PORTION ( ! ,CONF$]ATION'4 .<#a#b#i.> 

,= ! AN>*I/S ! TRE9TI/A DOCUM5T WAS NOT JU/ AN ATTEMPT TO ADAPT ! ,C,N,T UNIONS TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! MOM5T2 IT SIGNIFI$ NOT ONLY ! COMPLETE AB&ONM5T ( ! FUNDAM5TAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS ! ONLY ACCEPTABLE GOAL = LIB]T>IANS1 BUT A *ALL5GE TO ! WI%ES ( ! BASE ( ! UNION4 ,IT DISPLAY$ AN >ROGANT DISREG>D = ! CREATIVE CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI LAUN*$ ! C\NT]-(F5SIVE ) A PUBLIC DEF5SE ( ! POSITION ?AT ! ,F,A,I REPRES5T$ TO ! BROAD MASS ( ! MOVEM5T3  
  

',9 AN 5]GETIC BUT HI<-M9D$ WAY1 WE AN>*I/S %ALL REPLY TO ! ATTACK ON US BY SOME CONF$]AL LEAD]S4 ,I HOPE ?AT NOTE WILL HAVE BE5 TAK5 ( ! FACT ?AT ! ATTACKS W]E AIM$ DIRECTLY AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV>ES .<SIC.> & MYSELF4 ,?IS IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$1 = AS SOON AS ,I >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA ,I CLA%$ ) ! ,CONF$]ATION'S LEAD]S &1 FOLL[+ A DISCUSSION ?AT LA/$ = SEV]AL H\RS1 WE CLE>LY >RIV$ AT ! TWO /ANCES :I* HAVE 9CREAS+LY COME TO PROM95CE4 

',WE M5 ( ! ,F,A,I >E NOT1 BY A LONG *ALK1 :AT MANY FOLK ?9K WE >E4 ,>\ND US !RE HAS GR[N UP A SORT ( UNW>RANT$ AURA ?AT WE MU/ DISPEL AS QUICKLY AS WE CAN4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT :AT MANY TIMID FOLK W\LD SUPPOSE IT TO BE4 ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 \R IDEA IS MU* MORE COMPREH5SIVE ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES ?9K & CON/ITUTES A S]I\S ?REAT TO CAPITAL AS WELL AS TO ?OSE PHONY DEF5D]S ( ! PROLET>IAT :O OCCUPY ! HI<E/ (FICES4 ,( C\RSE1 ! MANIFE/O REC5TLY PUBLI%$ BY ,PE/ANA1 ,PEIRO1 ,>91 ,CL>A1 ,ALF>A*E & O!RS WAS A S\RCE ( MU* SATISFACTION TO ! B\RGEOIS 9 GOV]NM5T & TO ! ,CATALAN UNIONI/S3 BUT NO WAY DOES ! ,F,A,I ASSOCIATE ITSELF ) ! MEA CULPA ( ! A=EM5TION$ G5TLEM51 & IT WILL PRESS ON ALONG ! ROAD UPON :I* IT HAS SET \T1 BELIEV+ IT TO BE ! BE/ ONE4 ,H[ CAN !Y WANT US TO SEE EYE TO EYE ) ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T1 :I* F\R DAYS AGO ALL[$ ! MURD] ( F\R WORK]S 9 ! /REETS ( ,SEVILLE1 LAPS+ BACK 9TO ! 9FAM\S SY/EM DEVIS$ BY ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO & N[ PUT 9TO EFFECT BY ! ,9T]IOR ,M9I/]1 ,S5OR ,MAURA8 ,H[ DO !Y EXPECT US TO SEE EYE TO EYE ) A GOV]NM5T ?AT FI<TS %Y ( IMPOS+ SANCTIONS ON ! /ALW>TS ( ! LATE DICTATOR%IP & LEAVES !M COMPLETELY FREE TO GO ON ) !IR PLOTT+ 9 ,LAS>TE8 ,H[ DO !Y EXPECT US TO SEE EYE-TO-EYE ) A GOV]NM5T P>TLY MADE UP ( ?OSE :O COLLABORAT$ ) ! DICTATOR%IP8 

',WE >E ABSOLUTELY APOLITICAL BECAUSE WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT POLITICS IS AN >TIFICIAL SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T ?AT FLIES 9 ! FACE ( NATURE1 :]E MANY M5 BACK D[N 9 ORD] TO HOLD ON TO !IR POSITIONS1 MAK+ A SACRIFICE ( :ATEV] !Y NE$ TO1 ESPECIALLY ! HUMBLE CLASSES4 

',:AT IS PRES5TLY HAPP5+ IS ONLY :AT NECESS>ILY HAD TO COME TO PASS BY VIRTUE ( ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT C>RI$ ?R\< ON #ad ,APRIL4 ,WE %\LD HAVE GONE A LOT FUR!R ?AN WE DID1 & N[ WE WORK]S >E PAY+ ! PRICE4 ,WE AN>*I/S >E ! ONLY ONES :O DEF5D ! PR9CIPLES ( ! CONF$]ATION1 LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES ?AT O!RS APP>5TLY HAVE =GOTT54 ,PRO( ( ?IS CLAIM IS ! FACT ?AT !Y QUIT ! /RUGGLE PRECISELY :5 !Y %\LD HAVE BEGUN TO ESCALATE IT4 ,IT IS ALL TOO OBVI\S ?AT ,PE/ANA & ,PEIRO HAVE ASSUM$ MORAL COMMITM5TS ?AT H9D] !IR LIB]T>IAN CONDUCT4 

',! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 AS PRES5TLY CON/ITUT$1 IS A GREAT ?REAT TO LIB]T>IAN IDEAS1 & ( NECESSITY1 UNLESS AN>*I/S ACT VIGOR\SLY1 WE WILL 9EVITABLY LAPSE 9TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! REVOLUTION HAS TO BE MADE3 & MADE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 S9CE ?IS ,REPUBLIC HAS (F]$ ! PEOPLE NO GU>ANTEES1 ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL4 ,NO WAY CAN WE WAIT UNTIL ! ,REPUBLIC F9I%ES CONSOLIDAT+ ITSELF 9 ITS PRES5T MAKEUP4 ,EV5 N[1 ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO IS ASK+ = A FUR!R #h1 ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,NATURALLY ! ,REPUBLICANS HAVE HAD ! EXAMPLE ( ,RUSSIA 9 M9D4 ,!Y HAVE SE5 ?AT ( NECESSITY ! SAME ?+ MU/ HAPP5 AS DUR+ ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T1 :I* WAS M]ELY AN 9CUBATION P]IOD = ! MAK+ ( ! REAL REVOLUTION1 & ?IS IS :AT !Y SEEK TO AV]T4 

',! ,REPUBLIC HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO RESOLVE ! QUE/ION ( ! ,*UR*1 = EXAMPLE4 ,! B\RGEOIS HAVE NOT D>$ DO BATTLE ) ! WORK]S3 BUT !Y HAVE TAK5 UP !IR POSITIONS4 ,!RE >E TWO C\RSES TO *OOSE FROM3 EI!R SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 AS 9 ,G]MANY & ,BELGIUM1 OR EXPROPRIATION BY ! ORGANIZ$ MASSES ( LABOR4 ,( C\RSE !Y HAVE OPT$ = ! =M]4 

',MACIA1 A MAN ALL GOODNESS1 A PURE MAN ( 9TEGRITY1 IS ONE ( ?OSE TO BE BLAM$ = ! DIRE /RAITS 9 :I* ! WORK]S F9D !MSELVES TODAY4 ,IF1 9/EAD ( /ATION+ HIMSELF1 AS HE HAS DONE1 BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 HE HAD 9CL9$ ONCE & = ALL TO ! SIDE ( LABOR1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ( ,CATALONIA W\LD HAVE SPREAD ?R\<\T ,SPA9 & ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE & EV5 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA W\LD HAVE HAD ITS ADEPTS4 ,MACIA HAS *OS5 TO BUILD A LITTLE ,CATALONIA W]E WE W\LD HAVE TURN$ ,B>CELONA 9TO ! SPIRITUAL CAPITAL ( ! WORLD4 ,ALL ( ,EUROPE'S WORK]S MONITOR$ ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ( ,CATALONIA1 AWAIT+ ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T :5 !Y TOO MI<T A*IEVE !IR CLAIMS4 ,N[1 AFT] ! FALSE SITUATION CONJUR$ UP BY ,MACIA1 HE FE>S US & DOES NOT KN[ :AT TO DO NEXT4 

',SPANI% 9DU/RY CANNOT COMPETE ) =EIGN CAPITALISM & ON ! O!R H& ! WORK] IS A LOT MORE ADVANC$4 ,9DU/RY BE+ CON/ITUT$ AS IT IS 9 ,SPA91 IF IT W]E BR\<T UP TO DATE & ABLE TO COMPETE ) 9DU/RY ABROAD1 ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE TO TAKE A /EP BACKW>DS & ?IS WE >E NOT DISPOS$ TO DO4 

',IT IS NECESS>Y1 VITAL1 ?AT A SOLUTION BE F\ND TO ! PROBLEM ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S :OSE NUMB]S >E GR[+ DAILY & IT IS WE WORK]S :O HAVE COME UP ) ! SOLUTION4 ,H[8 ,BY MEANS1 NECESS>ILY1 ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! WAY MU/ BE MADE CLE> = ! WORK]S4 ,?\< IT MAY SEEM A P>ADOX1 ,SPA9'S WEAL? HAS TO BE DEF5D$ BY ! WORK]S & ! WORK]S ONLY4 

',TURN+ TO ?AT MANIFE/O AGA91 ,I HAVE TO REPEAT ?AT AT ONE ( \R MEET+S ,I SUGGE/$ TO ,PE/ANA & ,PEIRO ?AT !Y W]E ! !ORI/S1 & WE Y\NG/]S ! DYNAMIC PORTION ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT IS TO SAY !Y FOLL[ 9 \R WAKE1 RECON/RUCT+4 ,WE ( ! ,F,A,I HAVE ONLY #b1 MEMB]S 5ROLL$ 9 ! ,CONF$]ATION2 BUT 9 ALL WE CAN CALL UPON #d1 M5 9 ?AT1 AT ! LA/ MEET+ HELD1 :5 IT CAME TO A VOTE1 WE TOOK #fc VOTES AS AGA9/ #b#b4 ,! ISSUE WAS :E!R OR NOT TO REPLY ) REVOLUTION TO ! FIR/ PROVOCATION (F]$ BY ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T4 

',ON ,SUNDAY1 ! FIR/ MEET+ WILL TAKE PLACE ( ! LOCAL F$]ATION & AT IT WE %ALL REGI/] \R PROTE/ AGA9/ ! DOCUM5T MADE PUBLIC4 ,WE AN>*I/S >E ! ONES :O HAVE 9 \R H&S ! TRUE LEAD]%IP ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATION ( ,CATALONIA & ( MANY ANO!R REGION 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,CATALANI/ DEPUTIES :O PUBLICLY EXPRESS$ !IR FE>S ) REG>D TO ! ,F,A,I'S ORGANIZATION HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ?IS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT \R ORGANIZATION /RIKES A LOT ( FE> 9TO ! B\RGEOIS & PETTY B\RGEOIS ( ,CATALONIA2 BUT WE %ALL NOT TAKE ONE /EP BACKW>DS :]E ! CLAIMS ( LABOR >E CONC]N$4 

',I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ?IS UNITY :I* HAS SEEM+LY COME AB\T 9 ! ,CONF$]ATION BECAUSE ( ! FAILURES ( REC5T TIMES CAN BE A LA/+ ONE4 ,SIMIL> RESPONSES HAVE BE5 =?COM+ 9 O!R TIMES 9 ! BOSOM ( ! ,CONF$]ATION BUT HAVE /ILL1 9 ! FACE ( ! OP9ION ( ! BULK ( ! UNIONS1 HAD TO FOLL[ ! R\TE MAPP$ \T BY ! CONF$]AT$ WORK]S4' .<#a#c.>  
  

,ON #c ,SEPTEMB] ! ,B>CELONA ,C,N,T PAP] ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 FLY+ 9 ! FACE ( ! MEMB]%IP1 PUBLI%$ AN $ITORIAL SUPPORT+ ! TRE9TI/A L9E & D5\NC+ AGGRESSIVE & 9SURG5T TACTICS4 ,IT PROV$ TO BE ILL TIM$ & ILL ADVIS$4 ,! RANK & FILE ( ! ,C,N,T1 SUBJECT$ TO A SU/A9$ CAMPAIGN ( T]ROR & 9TIMIDATION BY ! EMPLOY]S & ! /ATE1 W]E ANGRY TO F9D !IR LEAD]S SEEK+ AN ACCOMMODATION ) !IR TORM5TORS4 ,PE/ANA'S RESPONSE HAD BE5 TO WRITE :AT WAS SE5 AS A S]VILE LETT] TO ,PRESID5T ,AZANA ASK+ HIM TO 9T]V5E AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S4 ,AZANA1 VIEW+ ! PROBLEMS AS A CRISIS ( PUBLIC ORD] RA!R ?AN REFLECT+ G5U9E SOCIAL GRIEVANCES1 IGNOR$ ! UNION LEAD]1 LEAV+ :AT LITTLE CR$IBILITY HE HAD LEFT 9 RU9S4 

,UN=TUNATELY = ! TRE9TI/AS ! DAY ! ,SOLI $ITORIAL APPE>$1 ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA HAD TAK5 TO ! /REETS 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ILL TREATM5T ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES MET !M ) =CE4 ,B>RICADES QUICKLY APPE>$ 9 ! WORK]S' QU>T]S3 %OPS & B>S W]E CLOS$4 ,! POLICE ATTACK$ ! ,CON/RUCTION ,UNION LOCAL ) :AT WAS SE5 AS UNNECESS>Y BRUTALITY4 ,?REE ,C,N,T MEMB]S W]E MURD]$ 9 COLD BLOOD UND] ! 9FAM\S FUGITIVES' LAW DUR+ ?IS ATTACK4 

,AGA9 ! ,REPUBLIC HAD BE5 UNABLE TO DI/+UI% ITSELF AS AN IMPROVEM5T ON ANY O!R ,SPANI% REGIME4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A REF]R$ TO ! DI/URBANCES DISMISSIVELY AS 'AN EXPLOSION ( S5TIM5TALISM' BUT DID NOT GO AS F> AS TO CONDEMN !M \TRI<T4 ,! POSITION ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 9 ! FACE ( ! BLOODY REPRESSION WAS N[ CLE>LY UNT5ABLE4 ,ON #bb ,SEPTEMB] ITS $ITORIAL /AFF1 UND] PRESSURE FROM ! UNION MEMB]%IP1 RESIGN$4 .<#a#c#a.> ,A NEW TEAM REPLAC$ !M ) A FAI/A MAJORITY ?AT 9CLUD$ ,EUSEBIO ,C4 ,C>BO1 ,T4 ,CANO ,RUIZ1 ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS1 ,E4 ,LABRADOR & ,J4 ,ROBU/E4 ,FELIPE ,ALAIZ1 A MEMB] ( ! OLD $ITORIAL /AFF & A ,F,A,I MEMB]1 WAS APPO9T$ $ITOR TO REPLACE ,JOAN ,PEIRO4 ,! ,C,N,T DAILY WAS ONCE AGA9 SOLIDLY UND] AN>*I/ CONTROL4 

,A WIDELY READ & 9FLU5TIAL >TICLE BY ! AN>*I/ WRIT] & TEA*] ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 7AT ! TIME AFFILIAT$ TO NEI!R ! ,C,N,T NOR ! ,F,A,I7 HELP$ PUT ! DISPUTE 9 P]SPECTIVE = ! BROAD MASS ( MILITANTS4 ,! >TICLE1 5TITL$ ',! ,9T]NAL & ,EXT]NAL ,CRISIS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION' -- :I* D5\NC$ ! ANTI-AN>*I/ REPRESSION ( ! ,MADRID & ,CATALAN GOV]NM5TS & ! SECRET 9TRIGUES AIM$ AT SPLITT+ ! MOVEM5T1 AS SUBSEQU5T EV5TS PROV$ -- REFLECT$ ! OP9ION ( ! RANK & FILE4  
  

',( LATE1 ! AGREEM5TS ) ,MACIA1 5T]$ 9TO BY UNION LEAD]S1 ) AN EYE TO SECUR+ APPROVAL ( ! FAM\S /ATUTE .<( AUTONOMY -- ,AU?OR.>1 9DICATE :AT LIE 9 /ORE = US4 ,ONCE ,CATALONIA HAS H] /ATUTE %E WILL PURSUE A POLICY ( TOL]ANCE ) REG>D TO ! 0GOOD LITTLE BOYS0 ( ! ,C,N,T1 BUT 0! SCREWS0 WILL BE PUT ON ! ,F,A,I TYPES 7! PHRASE IS ,COMPANYS'S7 & ! CELEBRAT$ 0EXTREMI/S04 0,EXTREMI/0 WILL BE ! T]M = ALL ?OSE :O REFUSE TO SEE ! ,C,N,T BECOME 9 ,B>CELONA :AT ! ,U,G,T IS 9 ,MADRID1 VIS-A-VIS ! ,G5]ALITAT & ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5TS RESPECTIVELY4 ,A ,CATALANIS$ ,C,N,T1 ) ITS ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE BAS$ H]E = LIFE1 WILL IGNORE ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 JU/ AS IT HAS ALREADY IGNOR$ ! /RIKES 9 ,SEVILLE & ,Z>AGOZA1 :I* W]E LO/ & WON ) MORE HONOR & MORE 9TELLIG5CE ?AN ! /RIKE H]E 9 ,B>CELONA WAS PURSU$ & LO/4'.<#a#c#b.>  
  

,GR[+ UNEMPLOYM5T & G5]AL DISSATISFACTION L$ TO A FUR!R WAVE ( SOCIAL UNRE/4 ,! REPRESSION 5T]$ A NEW1 %>P]1 PHASE4 ,ON #ba ,JULY ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,AZANA 9TRODUC$ ! ,LAW ( ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC 7,LEY DE DEF5SA DE LA ,REPUBLICA74 ,EQUALLY H>% WAS ! ,CRIM9AL ,VAGRANCY ,LAW 7,LEY DE VAGOS Y MALEANTES74 ,! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] W]E ALSO EMP[]$ TO FIRE ON SUSPECTS )\T PRIOR W>N+4 ,= ! NEW AN>*I/ $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A !RE WAS LITTLE D\BT :O !SE LAWS W]E AIM$ AT3 ',! ,LAW ( ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC IS ! PRETEXT TO 9T5SIFY ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,C,N,T & MAKE ! REGUL> FUNCTION+ ( ! UNIONS IMPOSSIBLE4' ,9 ADDITION TO REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION1 ! B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS TURN$ TO MORE SUBTLE & SOPHI/ICAT$ WAYS ( MANIPULAT+ OP9ION AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S4 ,! ,F,A,I1 AS ! RALLY+ PO9T ( UNCOMPROMIS+ CLASS-W> AN>*ISM )9 ! L>GE/ LABOR UNION1 BECAME ! FOCUS ( A MASSIVE DIS9=MATION & HATE CAMPAIGN AT ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOIS M$IA & (FICIALDOM4 

,NOT ALL ITS UNIONI/ OPPON5TS %>$ ! VIEW ( ! ,F,A,I AS A CONSPIRATORIAL1 ELITI/1 MANIPULATIVE BODY4 ,JOSE ,BORRAS ,CASC>OSA1 A MEMB] ( ! ,F$]ACION ,IB]ICA DE ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS 7,F,I,J,L7 & ! ,C,N,T FROM #a#i#c#b1 DISLIK$ ! ,F,A,I1 DESCRIB+ IT AS '! WOR/ PLAGUE' SUFF]$ BY ! UNION1 BUT ADD$3  
  

',ONE HAS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,F,A,I DID NOT 9T]V5E 9 ! ,C,N,T FROM ABOVE OR 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN MANN] AS DID ! O!R POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ! UNIONS4 ,IT DID SO FROM ! BASE ?R\< MILITANTS :O W]E PRIME EXAMPLES ( ABNEGATION & H]OISM4 ,BUT ! DECISIONS :I* DET]M9$ ! C\RSE TAK5 BY ! ,C,N,T W]E TAK5 UND] CON/ANT PRESSURE FROM !SE MILITANTS & LAUN*$ ! UNION 9TO PREMATURE DEFEATS = :I* ! RANK & FILE W]E NOT PREP>$ & HAD LITTLE 5?USIASM4'.<#a#c#c.>  
  

,JOSE ,CAMPOS1 ANO!R ,C,N,T MILITANT :O WAS NOT A ,F,A,I MEMB]1 PO9TS \T ! (T5-OV]LOOK$ FACT ?AT RELATIVELY FEW AN>*I/S 9 ! ,C,N,T W]E AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,F,A,I2 !Y SAW IT ESS5TIALLY AS A SYMBOL4 

',I DID NOT BELONG TO ! ,F,A,I1 AS DID MANY O!RS :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS CON/ITUTIONALLY AN>*I/ BECAUSE AN>*I/S HAD CREAT$ IT444 ,WE CAN SAY ?AT ! ,F,A,I & FAISMO ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 ! ,C,N,T1 EV5 BE=E ITS BIR? 9 #a#i#b#g4 ,IT WAS ! SPIRIT ( ! ,F,A,I :I* SU/A9$ ! CONF$]AL CADRES DUR+ ! T]ROR 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#c1 & :I* EXPELL$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & :I* KEPT ! UNION \TSIDE ,MOSC['S ORBIT4' 

,CAMPOS ADD$ ?AT ! MY? ( ! CONSPIRATORIAL ,F,A,I >OSE ) ! TRE9TI/AS4  
  

',AMONG ! PROMOT]S ( ! ,F,A,I MY? CAN BE F\ND ! RE=MI/S :O1 BORN 9 ! ,C,N,T1 HAVE LITTLE 9 COMMON ) IT TODAY4' 

,ASK$ H[ ,F,A,I MILITANTS OP]AT$ )9 ! UNIONS HE SAID ?AT !Y 'T5D$ TO REJECT CONTROL ( CONF$]AL COMMITTEES & ONLY ACCEPT$ !M ON SPECIFIC OCCASIONS444 ,I WAS 9 ,GRAFICOS & IF SOMEONE PROPOS$ A MOTION 9 AN ASSEMBLY1 ! O!R ,F,A,I MEMB]S W\LD SUPPORT IT1 USUALLY SUCCESSFULLY4 ,IT WAS ! 9DIVIDUAL /&+ ( ! FAI/A 9 OP5 ASSEMBLY444 ,! ATTACK ON ! ,F,A,I WAS1 9 ESS5CE1 A CONSCI\S ATTACK ON ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C,N,T1 9 ITS ANTI-GOV]NM5TALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,! ATTACK BEGAN ) ,PE/ANA & O!RS4 ,! FIR/ IMAG9$ AN ASEPTIC ,C,N,T &1 LAT]1 A UNIT>Y UNION 9 :I* ! WORK]S W\LD LEAVE BEH9D !IR POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,?IS WAS PO/ULAT$ BY ! ,*>T] ( ,AMI5S4'.<#a#c#d.>  
  

,?IS VIEW IS SUPPORT$ BY ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,B>CELONA ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS 9 #a#i#c#c4  
  

',! ,F,A,I WAS A POPUL> WAVE :I* ADOPT$ ! NAME ,F,A,I BECAUSE IT NE$$ A FLAG & !RE WAS A MY?ICAL CONCEPT ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,SOME P]SONALITIES :O SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( ! ,F,A,I WIELD$ GREAT] 9FLU5CE ?AN \RSELVES1 :O REPRES5T$ IT (FICIALLY4 ,!SE HAD !IR [N ,F,A,I 9 ! ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS GR\P ?AT WAS ONLY LOOSELY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION1 AT LEA/ DUR+ MY P]IOD AS SECRET>IES4 ,!RE W]E O!R WELL-KN[N P]SONALITIES :O HAD CONSID]ABLE WEI<T 9 ! BATTLE3 ,FELIPE ,ALAIZ1 ,EUSEBIO ,C>BO1 ,DIONYSIOS & ! V]Y 9FLU5TIAL ,REVI/A ,BLANCA4 ,PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ! ,F,A,I EX]CIS$ 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ?R\< ITS PUBLICATIONS & ITS J\RNAL ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD'4 .<#a#c#e.>  
  

,WELL-KN[N AN>*I/ P]SONALITIES1 SPEAK+ 9 DEF5SE ( ! AN>*I/ OBJECTIVES ( ! UNION1 W]E PRESUM$ TO BE DO+ SO1 EX CA!DRA1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,MANY ( !SE W]E NEV] MEMB]S ( ,F,A,I-AFFILIAT$ GR\PS OR CONTROLL$ 9 ANY WAY BY ! ,F,A,I4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ! CASE ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 :O SUBSEQU5TLY CLAIM$ NEV] TO HAVE BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,9T]VIEW$ BY AN>*I/ J\RNALI/ ,$U>DO DE ,GUZMAN 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#a1 ,OLIV] DESCRIB$ AS 'ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,F,A,I'1 EXPLA9$ ! CONCEPT ( 'REVOLUTION>Y GYMNA/ICS'1 ! CRISIS )9 ! ,C,N,T & ! REASONS BEH9D ! M$IA HO/ILITY T[>DS ! ,F,A,I3 .<#a#c#f.>  
  

',! REASON BEH9D ! ATTACKS ON ! ,F,A,I ESCAPES ?OSE :O DO NOT LIVE 9 \R CIRCLES4 ,! REASON = ! 9DIGNATION1 :I* ! SIGNATORIES ( ! MANIFE/O FEEL ) REG>D TO US1 IS ?AT ! AN>*I/ GR\PS HAVE %RUGG$ (F ! TUTELAGE ?AT !Y MANAG$ TO SADDLE !M ) AT A C]TA9 TIME4 ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! /RUGGLE IS NOT ( REC5T V9TAGE4 ,IT BEGAN 9 #aibc :5 AN>*I/S SAW ?AT ,PE/ANA & ,PEIRO & ! BULK ( ! MANIFE/O'S SIGNATORIES ALIKE DID NOT HAVE ! NECESS>Y CAPACITY TO FACE UP TO ! DIFFICULT TIMES ,SPA9 WAS PASS+ ?R\<1 AN ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* ! POSSIBILITY ( A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP WAS 9 ! AIR4 ,AT ONE CONGRESS WE W5T AS F> AS TO PO9T \T ?AT AN ABSOLUTI/ /YLE C\P D'ETAT W\LD BE M\NT$ BE=E ?REE MON?S W]E UP & 9DE$1 REGRETTABLY1 ! DICTATOR%IP WAS SET UP1 CONFIRM+ \R FE>S4 

',?IS1 ! MI%&L+ ( ! TRANSPORT /RIKE & ! MANIFE/ 9ABILITY TO DISCOV] A SOLUTION TO ! T]RORISM PROBLEM 9DUC$ AN>*I/S TO LAUN* A MOVEM5T :I*1 :ILE NOT DESIGN$ TO SPLIT ! ,C,N,T1 S\<T TO EXTRACT FROM ?AT BODY A REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ) :I* ,SPA9 WAS CONFRONT$1 ',AN>*I/S !N DI/ANC$ !MSELVES1 NOT FROM ! ,CONF$]ATION -- = !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! MO/ ACTIVE ELEM5TS ( ?AT -- BUT FROM ! M5 LIKE ,PE/ANA1 ,PEIRO1 ETC41 :O W]E 9FLU5C+ ! ORGANIZATION ALONG UNREALI/IC L9ES4 

',! SAME ?+ IS HAPP5+ N[ AS HAPP5$ !N4 ,SOME MON?S AGO ,PE/ANA & ,PEIRO W]E 9T]PRET+ ! REALITY ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 9 T]MS ( GIV+ CR$5CE TO ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ,P>LIAM5T 9 RESPECT ( SOCIAL LEGISLATION2 WE AN>*I/S ON ! O!R H&1 CONV9C$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP HAD BE5 TOPPL$1 NOT BY PRESSURE FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 BUT BECAUSE ! ,SPANI% ECONOMY WAS /RET*$ TO BREAK+ PO9T1 DISAGRE$ ) !M1 AFFIRM+ ?AT SOCIAL PROBLEMS C\LD ONLY BE SOLV$ ?R\< A REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL ?AT W\LD TRANS=M ! ECONOMY AS WELL AS DE/ROY+ B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS4' 

',)\T SPECIFY+ A DATE .<,OLIV] CONT9U$.>1 WE ADVOCATE ! ACT ( REVOLUTION1 NOT TRIFL+ AB\T :E!R WE W]E OR W]E NOT PREP>$ TO M\NT ! REVOLUTION & 9TRODUCE ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM1 9 ?AT WE TAKE ! L9E ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS NOT A QUE/ION ( PREP>ATION BUT ( WILL1 A QUE/ION ( WANT+ IT MADE1 :5 CIRCUM/ANCES ( SOCIAL DECOMPOSITION SU* AS ,SPA9 IS GO+ ?R\< PAVE ! WAY = ANY ATTEMPT AT REVOLUTION4 

',)\T 9 ANY WAY BELITTL+ REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION1 WE RELEGATE IT TO A SECOND>Y POSITION BECAUSE1 FOLL[+ ! ,MUSSOL9I PH5OM5ON 9 ,ITALY & ! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,G]MANY1 IT HAS BE5 %[N ?AT ANY O/5SIBLE PREP>ATION & PROPAG&A = ! ACT ( REVOLUTION LEADS TO A P>ALLEL FASCI/ PREP>ATION & ACTION4 

',=M]LY1 ALL REVOLUTION>IES ACCEPT$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION1 :5 IT KNOCKS UPON ! DOORS ( A PEOPLE1 9EVITABLY TRIUMPHS1 :E!R ?OSE ELEM5TS HO/ILE TO ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM LIKE IT OR NOT4 ,?IS C\LD BE BELIEV$ UP UNTIL ! FASCI/ VICTORY ON ,ITALY1 = UP TO ?AT PO9T ! B\RGEOISIE BELIEV$ ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE WAS ITS LA/ L9E ( DEF5SE4 ,BUT AFT] ,MUSSOL9I'S C\P D'ETAT1 CAPITALISM IS CONV9C$ ?AT :5 ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE FAILS IT CAN DISCOV] 9 ITS ORGANIZATION ! =CES TO TOPPLE LIB]ALISM & CRU% ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

',! ,F,A,I HAS BE5 LABEL$ BY ! SIGNATORIES ( ! MANIFE/O AS ASPIR+ TO C>RY \T A ,M>XI/-TYPE REVOLUTION1 9 A DEPLORABLE CONFUSION ( REVOLUTION>Y TE*NIQUES 7! SAME = EV]YONE :O 9T5DS TO M\NT A REVOLT7 ) ! BASIC PR9CIPLES 7SO V]Y DIFF]5T7 ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,! ,F,A,I1 9 !SE TIMES 9 ,SPA91 REPRES5TS ! REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T1 ! FACTOR ( SOCIAL DECOMPOSITION NE$$ BY \R C\NTRY IF %E IS TO >RIVE AT ! REVOLUTION4 

',9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS1 ! ,F,A,I1 :I* IS ! 5%R9EM5T ( AN>*ISM1 ASPIRES TO MAKE A REALITY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT IF1 ONCE ! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 MADE 9 ,SPA91 !RE %\LD BE 9/ALL$ A REGIME ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ONE OR ! DICTATORIAL SYNDICALISM ADVOCAT$ BY ,PEIRO1 ,>9 & ,P9ON1 ! ,F,A,I W\LD 9/ANTLY 5T] ! LI/S AGA9/ ?OSE SORTS ( SOCIETY1 NOT SO AS TO OV]?R[ !M 9 FAVOR ( REACTION BUT 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y PROGRESS BEYOND !M TO 9/ALL ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4' 

',! SIGNATORIES ( ! MANIFE/O HAVE NEV] BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,9 F>-(F DAYS !Y MADE REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A BUT TODAY1 N[ ?AT ! TIME HAS COME1 ! FICTION ?AT !Y P$DL$ HAS FALL5 AP>T 9 !IR HE>TS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! MANIFE/O'S SIGNATORIES1 REALIZ+ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 OV]TAK5 BY EV5TS1 >E N[ MAK+ REVOLUTION>Y ASS]TIONS1 PUTT+ (F ! REALIZATION ( ! ACT TO UTT]LY ABSURD DATES TWO YE>S & MORE H5CE1 AS IF ?IS WAS AN OPTION GIV5 ! G5]AL CRISIS 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY F9DS ITSELF4 ,ALSO1 )9 TWO YE>S ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE NE$$ BY ! WORK]S BECAUSE BETWE5 ,MAURA & ,GAL>ZA1 NOT TO M5TION ! FACT ?AT BY ?AT TIME1 %\LD ANY WORK]S SURVIVE1 !Y W\LD BE GR\ND D[N BY A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP 7MON>*I/ OR REPUBLICAN7 ?AT WILL NECESS>ILY COME AB\T DUE TO ! FAILURE ( ! ,SPANI% P>LIAM5T4'  
  

,ASK$ AB\T ! L9E ! ,CONF$]ATION %\LD TAKE1 ,OLIV] CONT9U$3  
  

',! ,C,N,T NE$ NOT WA/E TIME PREP>+ ! ACT ( REVOLUTION 9 BO? ITS FACETS (1 FIR/1 ORGANIZ+ DE/RUCTION &1 !N1 ORGANIZ+ CON/RUCTION4 ,9 ! COLLECTIVE LIFE ( ,SPA9 ! ,C,N,T IS ! ONLY SOLID PRES5CE1 = 9 A C\NTRY :]E EV]Y?+ IS PULV]IZ$1 IT REPRES5TS A NATIONAL REALITY ?AT ALL POLITICAL ELEM5TS TOGE!R W\LD NOT BE CAPABLE ( OV]TAK+4 ,:5 IT COMES TO REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION ! ,C,N,T %\LD NOT ON ANY PRETEXT PO/PONE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION = ANY?+ ?AT CAN BE PREP>$1 9 FACT ALREADY IS4 ,NOBODY WILL SUPPOSE ?AT AFT] ! REVOLUTION ! FACTORIES HAVE TO OP]ATE 9 REV]SE1 NOR WILL IT BE >GU$ ?AT ! CAMPES9OS WILL HAVE TO OP]ATE ! PL[ BY US+ !IR FEET4 

',AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 ALL WORK]S HAVE TO DO ! SAME AS !Y DID ! DAY BE=E ! UPHEAVAL4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 A REVOLUTION BOILS D[N TO A NEW CONCEPT ( LAW & ! LAW BE+ EFFECTIVE AS SU*4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION ! WORK]S %\LD BE 5TITL$ TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S & SOCIETY 5TITL$ TO MEET !IR NE$S AS F> AS ?IS IS ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE4 

',NONE ( ?IS REQUIRES ANY PREP>ATION4 ,ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$ IS ?AT TODAY'S REVOLUTION>IES BE S9C]E DEF5D]S ( ! TOIL+ CLASS & DO NOT SEEK TO SET !MSELVES UP AS PETTY TYRANTS UND] COV] ( A MORE ( LESS PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4'.<#a#c#g.>  
  

,AS ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SITUATION DET]IORAT$1 DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 ,SEPTEMB] & ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#a1 ,SPA9 WAS SWAMP$ BY A WAVE ( G5]AL SOLID>ITY /RIKES4 ,B>CELONA WAS P>TICUL>LY AFFECT$4 ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ,ANGU]O DE ,SOJO SUSP5D$ A NUMB] ( MEET+S & CLOS$ ! (FICES ( ! ,TRANSPORT ,UNION4 ,9 ,Z>AGOZA AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ SOLID>ITY /RIKE L$ TO A CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE :I* LEFT ONE AN>*I/ DEAD1 A NUMB] W\ND$ & MANY IMPRISON$4 ,IMPORTANT /RIKES ALSO TOOK PLACE 9 ,BILBAO1 ,HUELVA1 ,CADIZ & A NUMB] ( O!R CITIES4 ,9 ,DECEMB]1 ,SECURITY ,GU>DS 9 ,B>CELONA OP5$ FIRE ON A GR\P ( C5ETI/AS ON !IR WAY TO A MEET+ TO COMMEMORATE ! ,JACA UPRIS+ ( ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,& AS ALREADY M5TION$ 9 ,*APT] #a#c1 ! HO/ILE POLICIES BE+ PURSU$ BY ,L>GO ,CABALL]O AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR W]E CLE>LY 9T5D$ TO BOO/ ! HIS [N SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T AT ! ,C,N,T'S EXP5SE4 ',FROM N[ ON WE KN[ ?AT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES >E AGA9/ ! PEOPLE'1 COMM5T$ ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T PAP] ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 ',H5CE=? !RE CAN BE NO PEACE1 NOR ONE M9UTE ( TRUCE BETWE5 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES & ! ,C,N,T4' 

,EL ,LU*ADOR1 A ,F,A,I PAP]1 PUBLI%$ HORRIFY+ PHOTOGRAPHS ( ! VICTIMS ( ! ,REPUBLICAN SECURITY =CES & TOOK ! NATIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO TASK = NOT (F]+ MORE SUPPORT TO ! /RIK]S -- P>TICUL>LY 9 ,>AGON1 ,A/URIAS & ,SEVILLE4 ,! ,PE/ANI/AS1 N[ ON ! DEF5SIVE1 SP5T ! F9AL MON?S ( #aica ATTACK+ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & JU/IFY+ ! TRE9TI/A POSITION4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,DECEMB]1 DUR+ ! ,L]IDA ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM1 ! TRE9TI/AS ANN\NC$ ! PUBLICATION ( !IR [N PAP]1 ,CULTURA ,LIB]T>IA4 

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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,UPDAT$4 

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