,W> @& ,CIVIL ,RI<TS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,*RI/OPH] ,Z4 ,HOBSON 

,TEXT 3 

,A LITTLE OV] SIXTY YE>S AGO1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS FAC$ ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO RESPOND TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,MO/ FELT !RE W]E /RONG REASONS = SUPPORT+ ! W>2 ! QUE/ION WAS :E!R ONE %\LD CONC5TRATE S+LE M9D$LY ON VICTORY1 PUTT+ ASIDE ALL O!R CONC]NS 0= ! DURATION10 OR %\LD CONT9UE TO FI<T = CIVIL RI<TS DUR+ ! W>4 ,AFT] SOME 9EVITABLE 9ITIAL CONFUSION BROAD SECTIONS ( ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC CAME R\ND TO ! SECOND VIEW1 DESPITE 9CONSI/5T LEAD]%IP ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL & OPPOSITION BY SOME MAJOR LEAD]%IP GR\PS4 ,?IS RESPONSE WAS A /EP T[>D E/ABLI%+ A POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MOVEM5T & T[>D ! EM]G5CE ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#eS4 

,ONE ( ! PUBLICATIONS SUPPORT+ ?IS CRITICAL1 PRO-CIVIL RI<TS RESPONSE TO ! W> WAS ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY1 A MAGAZ9E ?AT APPE>$ = ONLY F\R ISSUES 9 #aidb & #aidc ) ! WELL KN[N ACTIVI/ ,ANGELO ,H]NDON AS $ITOR & ,RALPH ,ELLISON1 ! FUTURE AU?OR ( ,9VISIBLE ,MAN1 !N JU/ />T+ A C>E] AS ESSAYI/ & %ORT /ORY WRIT]1 AS MANAG+ $ITOR4 ,MY 9T]E/ 9 ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY GR[S \T ( WORK ,I AM DO+ ON ,ELLISON1 BO? ON ! BROAD ISSUE ( ! SOCIAL-POLITICAL BACKGR\ND ( ,9VISIBLE ,MAN & ON ! SPECIFIC TOPIC ( ,ELLISON'S--& MANY O!R ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS'--RELATIONS TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! ISSUE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,C,P7 IS C5TRAL TO ! L>G] TOPIC ( RADICAL ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' RESPONSES TO ! W> BECAUSE = MANY19CLUD+ ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON1 ! ,C,P HAD BE5 ! FOCUS ( !IR HOPES = SOCIAL JU/ICE & !IR EF=T TO CONT9UE TO WORK = CIVIL RI<TS 9 W>TIME NECESSITAT$ SEP>AT+ !M-SELVES FROM ! ITS 9FLU5CE4 

,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ! ,W> TO #aidb 

  

,DUR+ ! ,DEPRESSION YE>S ( ! #a#i#cS1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS 9 CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S HAD JO9$ ! ,C,P4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#h1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BLACK MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,H>LEM BRAN*ES ( ! P>TY WAS AB\T #a1 ?\< MANY /AY$ ONLY = A FEW MON?S4.<#a.> ,BLACK ,BOY1 ! AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,RI*>D ,WRI<T1 WRITT5 P>TLY AS AN EXPOSE AFT] HE LEFT ! P>TY1 NONE!LESS PROVIDES TE/IMONY TO ! ,C,P'S P[] TO ATTRACT Y\NG ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS--?R\< NEI<BORHOOD WORK ON ,*ICAGO'S ,BLACK ,S\? ,SIDE1 & 9 ,WRI<T'S CASE ?R\< ! ,JOHN ,RE$ ,CLUBS1A LIT]>Y CIRCLE ?AT WELCOM$ HIM & PROVID$ HIS FIR/ *ANCES = PR(ESSIONAL PUBLICATION 9 ,C,P-FRI5DLY MAGAZ9ES4.<#b.> ,9 ! YE> OR SO JU/ BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,C,P SEEM$ POIS$ TO BECOME A MASS =CE ) A MAJOR SEGM5T ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MEMB]S4 

,= MANY 9TELLECTUALS 9 & >\ND ! ,C,P1 ! ,/AL9-,HITL] NON-AGGRESSION TREATY ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#i1 :I* FRE$ ,HITL] TO ATTACK ,POL& & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & :I* ALL ,C,PS SUPPORT$1 WAS A BREAK+ PO9T2 !Y HAD ORI5T$ TO ! P>TY 9 L>GE P>T BECAUSE IT PROMOT$ A 0,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT0 AGA9/ FASCISM ?AT IT HAD N[ AB&ON$4 ,BUT = MANY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S1 #aici WAS NOT A CRISIS YE>4 ,MANY HAD COME TO ! P>TY PRIM>ILY >\ND ISSUES ( WORK]S' & CIVIL RI<TS1 & AFT] ! ,EUROPEAN W> BEGAN ! ,C,P 9T5SIFI$ WORK ON !SE ISSUES4 ,?\< ! P>TY'S TWI/S & TURNS DID CO/ IT SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC1 MANY MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S--NOTABLY ,WRI<T & ! Y\NG ,ELLISON--CEM5T$ !IR TIES TO ! P>TY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( EXCEPTIONAL MILITANCY4.<#c.> ,!IR CRISIS CAME LAT]1PROVOK$ BY ! P>TY'S SWIT* TO A PRO-W> POSITION & D[NGRAD+ ( CIVIL RI<TS WORK FOLL[+ ,HITL]'S ATTACK ON ! ,U,S,S,R1 BY ! ,U4,S4 5TRY 9TO ! W>1 &--:ILE ALL ?IS WAS HAPP5+--BY ,A4,PHILIP ,R&OLPH'S ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON MOVEM5T = FAIR EMPLOYM5T 7#a#i#d#a-#d#c74 

,:5 ! ,G]MAN 9VASION BR\<T ,RUSSIA 9TO ! W>1 ! ,U4,S4 & O!R ,C,PS SWIT*$ FROM A MILITANTLY ANTIW> /ANCE TO A F]V5TLY 9T]V5TIONI/ PO/URE4 ,! P>TY'S MA9 TASK N[ WAS TO GET ! ,U4,S4 9TO ! W> &1 AFT] ,PE>L ,H>BOR1TO W9 ! W>4 ,TO ?IS 5D IT FOCUS$ ON :AT IT CALL$ 0! ,BATTLE ( ,PRODUCTION10 SUPPORT$ & C>RI$ \T ,PRESID5T ,ROOSEVELT'S NO-/RIKE POLICY1 & D[NPLAY$ ! SAME ISSUES ( ,BLACK CIVIL RI<TS IT HAD HI<LI<T$ A FEW MON?S BE=E4 ,( C\RSE ALL !SE %IFTS TOOK SOME TIME TO EXECUTE4,NONE!LESS1 ,MAURICE ,ISS]MAN'S G5]ALLY PRO-,C,P ACC\NT SUMM>IZES1 0,BY ! FALL ( #a#i#d#a1 ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E >GU+ ?AT A TOO MILITANT DEF5SE ( BLACK RI<TS AT HOME W\LD 9T]F]E ) ! W> EF=T0 7#a#a#i74 ,:ILE ! P>TY DID TRY TO KEEP UP WORK AMONG ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 IT MA9LY DID SO BY EMPHASIZ+ !IR ROLE 9 ! W>4 

,JAMES ,W4 ,=D1 ,C,P NATIONAL COMMITTEE MEMB] & ?REE-TIME VICE-PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE1 EXPRESS$ ! NEW POSITION 9 TWO PAMPHLETS 9 ,AUGU/ #aida & ,JANU>Y #a#i#d#b4 ,! FIR/1 ,! ,NEGRO ,PEOPLE & ! ,NEW ,WORLD ,SITUATION1 WRITT5 JU/ AFT] ! ,U,S,S,R 5T]$ ! W>1 DEVOT$ ITS FIR/ HALF TO ,HITL]'S ATTACK & >GU$1 0,! OPPRESS$ ,NEGRO PEOPLE >E NOT1 CAN-NOT BE1 9DIFF]5T TO ! ?REAT TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION0 7#g74 ,! SECOND HALF1 ON ,NEGRO POSITIONS & DEM&S1 9CLUD$ A SECTION ON 0,JIM-,CR[ISM0 9 ! >M$ =CES :I*1 9 ! MIDDLE ( A P>AGRAPH1 CALL$ = 0AN 5D TO ! SEGREGATION ( ,NEGRO FROM :ITE TROOPS0 7#a#b74 ,H[EV]1 ! SUMM>Y ( ! P>TY'S TASKS 9CLUD$ ONLY A G5]AL =MULATION3 0! RI<T (! ,NEGROES TO BE> >MS ON ! BASIS ( EQUALITY0 7#a#d74 ,A HI/ORICAL REF]5CE TO ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS ADD$ APP>5T SUP-PORT = ?IS S(T] POSITION3 DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,=D WROTE1,D\GLASS HAD 0DEM&$ ( ,L9COLN ?AT ,NEGRO TROOPS BE PLAC$ 9 ! ,UNION >MY ON ! BASIS ( RECEIV+ EQUAL TREATM5T ) :ITE TROOPS0 7#a#a-#a#b74 ,HI/ORICALLY KN[L$GABLE READ]S W\LD KN[ !SE HAD BE5 ALL-,BLACK UNITS ) :ITE (FIC]S1 AS 9 ! SEGREGAT$ >MY ( #a#i#d#a4 ,OV]ALL1,=D GAVE MO/ ATT5TION TO SOLIDIFY+ ,NEGRO SUPPORT = ! W> & DID NOT URGE ACTIVE /RUGGLE = ,NEGRO CIVIL RI<TS 9 ANY FIELD4 

,! SECOND PAMPHLET1 ,! ,W> & ! ,NEGRO ,PEOPLE1 PUBLI%$ ! MON? AFT] ,PE>L ,H>BOR1 WAS EV5 VAGU]4 ,=D >GU$10 ,NO 9DIVIDUAL1 NO ORGANIZATION1 MU/ /& 9 ! WAY ( ,NEGRO UNITY BEH9D ! W> EF=T0 7#i74 ,9 TWO P>AGRAPHS ?AT CONTA9$ ! PAMPHLET'S ONLY DISCUSSION ( CIVIL RI<TS1 HE URG$ ?AT ! 0B>RI]S ( DISCRIM9ATION0 BE 0DONE AWAY ) SO ?AT ! 5TIRE MANP[] ( ! NATION BE PUT 9TO W9N+ ! W>02 HE ADD$1 9 ITALICS1 0,NEGRO ,AM]ICANS MU/ BE FULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO EV]Y PHASE ( ! W> EF=T1 9 ! >M$ =CES1 9 9DU/RY1 9 CIVILIAN DEF5SE1 ,ALLI$ & ,RUSSIAN W> RELIEF0 7#i74 ,?AT S5T5CE LEFT IT UNCLE> :E!R ,NEGROES %\LD BE 09TEGRAT$0 9 ! S5SE ( 5D+ SEGREGATION OR SIMPLY 9 ! S5SE1 0MADE P>T ( 02 ,=D DEFTLY BLURR$ OV] ! ISSUE ( SEGREGAT$ UNITS1 & DID NOT REPEAT ! SPECIFIC PO9T ON ?IS ISSUE FROM ! E>LI] PAMPHLET4 ,?\< HE ADMITT$ ?AT ,NEGRO OP9ION WAS 0NOT YET UNIT$0 9 FAVOR ( ! W>1 ,=D 9SI/$ ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY 0/& READY TO GIVE !IR LA/ DROP ( BLOOD TO DEF5D !IR C\NTRY10& HE >GU$1 0SUCCESSFUL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,NAZI 5SLAVEM5T IS A DEF5SE ( ! LIB]ATION & FRE$OM ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE0 7#g74 ,H]E TOO1 ,=D1 AN EXP]I5C$ POLITICAL OP]ATIVE1*OSE HIS WORDS C>EFULLY3 SAY+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS0IS0 A DEF5SE ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE MEANS NO SPECIFIC DEF5SE ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS IS NE$$4 

,:ILE ! ,C,P WAS SUBORD9AT+ A MILITANT DEF5SE ( ,BLACK RI<TS TO ITS 0W9 ! W>0 /ANCE1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ANG] OV] ! BLATANT CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ,U4,S4 SEGREGATION & :AT MANY ACCEPT$ AS ! W>'S DEMOCRATIC AIMS WAS GR[+4 ,ONE E>LY EXPRESSION ( ?IS ANG] WAS ,A4 ,PHILIP ,R&OLPH'S ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON MOVEM5T = EQUAL EMPLOYM5T 9 DEF5SE 9DU/RIES1 :I* BEGAN 9 #aida & REMA9$ A MAJOR =CE ?R\< #aidb BE=E DECL9+ AS ITS E>LY VICTORIES PROV$ HOLL[4 ,9 E>LY #aida ! ,U4,S4 WAS ALREADY GE>+ UP W> PRODUCTION BO? TO 9CREASE ,U4,S4 PREP>$NESS & TO SUPPLY ,BRITA9 UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,L5D-,LEASE ,ACT1 PASS$ 9 ,M>*4 ,DEF5SE 9DU/RIES W]E SEGREGAT$ S\? & NOR?1EI!R NOT EMPLOY+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN SAT ALL OR DO+ SO ONLY AS JANITORS & ! LIKE4 ,9 ,JANU>Y#a#i#d#a1,R&OLPH1 LONGTIME HEAD ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,SLEEP+ ,C> ,PORT]S & A LEAD] 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 CALL$ = A ,NEGRO M>* ON ,WA%+TON ,JULY #a = EQUAL EMPLOYM5T 9 DEF5SE 9DU/RIES4 ,?\< ,R&OLPH'S PROMISE TO MOBILIZE #a1 M>*]S WAS PROBABLY A BLUFF1 HE HELD ! BLUFF D[N ! L9E & 9 A FACE-TO-FACE MEET+ WON ,ROOSEVELT'S PL$GE TO E/ABLI% A ,FAIR ,EMPLOYM5T ,PRACTICES ,COMMISSION ) AU?ORITY OV] DEF5SE 9DU/RIES4 ,AS P>T ( ! AGREEM5T1 ,R&OLPH CALL$ (F ! M>*1 BUT ! NEXT YE>1 ) ! ,U4,S4 9 ! W> & ! ,F,E,P,C FL\ND]+1 H]E ACTIVAT$ ! MOVEM5T1 ?IS TIME ORGANIZ+ MASS RALLIES 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,*ICAGO1 & ,/4 ,L\IS4 ,NEW ,YORK'S RALLY AT ,MADISON ,SQU>E ,G>D51 ,JUNE #a#f1 ATTRACT$ #a#f1 ANGRY1 VOCAL PEOPLE4,! HI<LI<T ( A V]Y LONG EV5+1 ALL AGRE$1 WAS A DRAMATIC SKET* 9 :I* ! WELL-KN[N ACTOR ,CANADA ,LEE1 AS A ,NEGRO DRAFTEE1 R\S$ *E]S & YELLS BY DECL>+1 0,I'LL FI<T ,HITL]1 ,MUSSOL9I1 & ! ,JAPS ALL AT ! SAME TIME1 BUT ,I'M TELL+ Y\1,I'LL GIVE ?OSE CRACK]S D[N ,S\? ! SAME DAMN M$IC9E60.<#d.> 

,AS ?IS RESPONSE 9DICAT$1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ANG] AB\T DISCRIM9ATION WAS SEE?+4 ,COMMON GRIEVANCES 9CLUD$ ! >MY'S SEGREGATION ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN TROOPS & ! NAVY'S REFUSAL TO RECRUIT ,BLACKS 9 COMBAT POSITIONS AT ALL4 ,ONCE ,NEGROES W]E DRAFT$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 ! SEGREGAT$ TRA9+ CAMPS 9 ! S\?1 9 :I* ,BLACK DRAFTEES W]E R\T9ELY BEAT5 & SOMETIMES KILL$1 W]E ADD$ TO ! LI/4 ,9 ! NOR?1 :ITE ,M,PS & CIVILIAN COPS H>ASS$ ,BLACK ,G,IS1 ,BLACK DEF5SE WORK]S W]E =C$ 9TO SUB/&>D H\S+1 & ,ROOSEVELT'S [N ,EXECUTIVE ,ORD] #hhb ON FAIR EMPLOYM5T WAS MO/LY IGNOR$4 ,9 ! ,PACIFIC1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS SEGREGAT$ 9TO ! ,>MY ,CORPS ( ,5G9E]S UND] :ITE (FIC]S F\<T 9 HALF-CON/RUCTION1 HALF-COMBAT ROLES 9 ! ,NEW ,GU9EA CAMPAIGN1 !N W]E =C$ 9TO SEGREGAT$ FACILITIES :5 ON LEAVE 9 ,AU/RALIA--BY ! ,>MY1 NOT ! ,AU/RALIANS--& 9 SEV]AL CASES W]E KILL$ 9 PROTE/S & RIOTS4.<#e.> ,EV5 ! BLOOD SUPPLY WAS SEGREGAT$4 

,RA!R ?AN UNCRITICALLY SUPPORT+ ! W> EF=T1 AS URG$ BY ! ,C,P1 OR OPPOS+ IT ON PACIFI/1 REVOLUTION>Y1 OR PRO-,JAPANESE GR\NDS--EA* ( :I* HAD SOME SUPPORT 9 ! COMMUNITY--MO/ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS HAD DECID$LY MIX$ RESPONSES4 ,!Y W]E READY TO SUPPORT ! W> AS A /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY AGA9/ FASCISM BUT !Y FL>$ UP AT SEGREGATION 9 ! >M$ =CES & SOCIETY AT L>GE & BACK$ ANY EF=TS AGA9/ !M4 ,SOME (F]$ TO ACCEPT 9DUCTION 9TO ANY BRAN* ( ! S]VICES ?AT W\LD TAKE !M ON AN 9TEGRAT$ BASIS--!N REFUS$ 9DUCTION S9CE NO SU* BRAN*EXI/$4 ,SOME S]V$ 9 ! M]*ANT M>9E1 :I* C>RI$ DRAFT EXEMPTION1P>TLY BECAUSE M]*ANT %IP S]VICE WAS LESS DANG]\S BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! M]*ANT M>9E WAS NOT AS SEGREGAT$ AS ! NAVY4 ,! ZOOT SUIT1 A S>TORIAL /YLE ?AT ORIG9AT$ AMONG ,BLACKS & SPREAD TO ,MEXICAN ,AM]ICANS AS WELL AS :ITE HIP/]S1 BECAME A BADGE ( REBELLI\S ATTITUDES4.<#f.> ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS 9 G5]AL REMA9$ ANGRY1 BITT]1 & READY TO FI<T IF PU%$ BY :ITES--AS !Y ULTIMATELY DID 9 ,DETROIT & ,H>LEM 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#d#c4 ,) ALL !SE RESPONSES 9 M9D1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aidb ! ,PITTSBUR< ,C\RI]1 !N ONE ( ! C\NTRY'S LEAD+ ,BLACK NEWSPAP]S1 LAUN*$ ! SLOGAN 0,D\BLE ,V0--VICTORY AGA9/ FASCISM AT HOME & ABROAD--TO CRY/ALLIZE ! /ANCE ( SUPPORT+ ! W> :ILE FI<T+ = CIVIL RI<TS4 

,ALL !SE DEVELOPM5TS--! RIS+ ANG] AMONG ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS AT ! SEGREGATIONI/ CONDUCT ( ! W>1 !IR [N P>TY'S VIRTUAL 9ACTION ON ,BLACK RI<TS1 ! PRES5CE ( SUPPORTABLE MASS ACTIONS = CIVIL RI<TS & ( AN ALT]NATIVE WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! W>--F$ ! MISGIV+S ( SOME ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,C,P MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,! P>TY'S REV]SALS OV] ! ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON MOVEM5T W]E P>TICUL>LY VIVID4 ,9 E>LY #a#i#d#a1 ) ! ,/AL9-,HITL] PACT /ILL 9 =CE & ! P>TY /ICK+ H>D TO AN ANTIW> L9E1 ! ,DAILY ,WORK] IGNOR$ ! M>* MOVEM5T AS LONG AS POSSIBLE & !N TEPIDLY 5DORS$ IT %ORTLY BE=E ! M>* DATE1 :ILE ATTACK+ ,R&OLPH & O!R LEAD]S = BETRAY+ 0! JU/ AIMS ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE0 BY FAVOR+ ,U4,S4 5TRY 9TO ! W>4 ,A YE> LAT]1 ON ! EVE ( ! R5EW$ ACTIONS1 ! ,DAILY ,WORK] AGA9 KEPT SIL5T UNTIL JU/ BE=E ! RALLY DATES1 AGA9 5DORS$ HALFHE>T$LY1 & AGA9 LA%$ \T AT ,R&OLPH--?IS TIME BECAUSE HE & ! 0DEFEATI/0 ,S,P W\LD TURN ,NEGROES 0AGA9/ ! W>0 7,JUNE #a1 #a#i#d#a2 ,JUNE #a#f1 #a#i#d#b74 ,COV]+ ! ,NEW ,YORK RALLY A DAY LATE--P]HAPS A SIGN ( UNC]TA9TY AB\T H[ TO RESPOND--,B5 ,DAVIS1 ,JR41 A LEAD+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MEMB]1 PRAIS$ SEV]AL SPEAK]S' 0SPL5DID W9-!-W> ADDRESSES0 BUT ATTACK$ ,CANADA ,LEE'S SKIT AS 09SIDI\S POISON0 7,JUNE #a#h1 #a#i#d#b74 

,SU* REV]SALS1 & GR[+ UNWILL+NESS TO FI<T = ,BLACK DEM&S1 W]E A SIGN ( ! ,C,P'S BANKRUPTCY = AT LEA/ ONE PROM95T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MEMB]1 ,RI*>D ,WRI<T4,CON/ANCE ,WEBB'S E>LY BIOGRAPHY ( ,WRI<T REC\NTS A MEET+ BETWE5 HIM1 ,B5 ,DAVIS1 & ,JAMES ,=D4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,WEBB1 AFT] HE>+ ( ! PROJECT$ ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON1,WRI<T MET ) ,DAVIS TO PROPOSE SUPPORT+ ! M>*4  
  

,BE=E ,DAVIS C\LD SPEAK1 ,=D ANGRILY /RODE OV] TO ,RI*>D & SAID3 0,! ALT]NATIVE TO SUPPORT ( ! W> & ( ,ROOSEVELT IS ! SUPPORT ( REACTION6 ,Y\'RE AN OB/9ATE1 SUBJECTIVE FOOL60 ,ANG] 5GULF$ ,RI*>D2 A %ADE MORE & HE W\LD HAVE SMA%$ ,=D 9 ! FACE4,9/EAD1TREMBL+ 9SIDE FROM ! EF=T AT CONTROL1 HE LOOK$ AT ,DAVIS & IGNOR$ ,=D4 .<,AFT] ,=D LEFT1.> ,DAVIS CLAPP$ HIM ON ! %\LD] 9 A FRI5DLY MANN] & COMM&$3 0,GO BACK TO Y\R WRIT+1 ,DICK1 & LEAVE ! POLITICS TO ! ,P>TY40  
  

,A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 ACCORD+ TO ,WEBB1 ,WRI<T MADE HIS M9D UP3 0,HE WAS HOLD+ A TA9T$ 9/RUM5T 9 HIS H&S & HE W\LD DROP IT40.<#g.> 

,?\< ! DETAILS >E G>BL$--:5 ! M>* WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 #a#i#d#a1 ! ,C,P WAS /ILL ANTIW>1 & SO ,WEBB MU/ BE REF]R+ TO ! #aidb ,M,[ RALLIES--,WEBB IS UND\BT$LY WRIT+ SOME V]SION ( :AT %E HE>D FROM ,WRI<T1 :OMS HE MET >\ND ?IS TIME4 ,WRI<T LEFT ! P>TY SIL5TLY 9 #a#i#d#b& MADE HIS BREAK PUBLIC TWO YE>S LAT]4 ,O!RS 9 ! P>TY'S MEMB]%IP & P]IPH]Y1 AT FIR/ /ILL LOYAL TO IT &_/OR SEE+ NO ALT]NATIVE TO IT AS A FULCRUM = *ANGE1 /ILLMOV$ TO A MORE CRITICAL & 9DEP5D5T /ANCE DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD4 ,!SE W]E ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY WAS LAUN*$ 9 E>LY #a#i#d#b4 

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY1 ! ,W>1 & ,CIVIL ,RI<TS 7#a#i#d#b7 

  

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY BEGAN ) ! SPR+ #aidb ISSUE1 UND] ,ANGELO ,H]NDON'S $ITOR%IP4 ,H]NDON1 :O HAD BE5 S5T5C$ TO A *A9 GANG 9 ,GEORGIA 9 #aicb = ORGANIZ+ UNEMPLOY$ C\NCILS1 & SUCCESSFULLY DEF5D$ BY ! ,C,P1REMA9$ CLOSE TO ! P>TY ON HIS RELEASE4 ,HE WROTE AN AUTO-BIOGRAPHY1 ,LET ,ME ,LIVE 7#a#i#c#g74 ,HE IS LESS WELL KN[N TODAY ?AN HE MI<T BE BECAUSE HE LEFT POLITICS AFT] ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY FAIL$ & LIV$ MO/ ( ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE 9 DELIB]ATE OBSCURITY4 ,ELLISON1 CLOSELY 9VOLV$ ) ,N,Q FROM ! />T1 WAS LI/$ AS MANAG+ $ITOR />T+ ) ! SECOND ISSUE4 ,!N 9 HIS LATE TW5TIES1 HE HAD BE5 CLOSE TO ! ,C,P S9CE BE+ 9TRODUC$ TO IT 9 #aicg BY ,WRI<T1 HIS CLOSE/ FRI5D AT ?IS TIME1 BUT HE NEV] JO9$4 ,ELLISON WAS KN[N AS A PROMIS+ WRIT] :O HAD PUBLI%$ A FEW /ORIES & A L>GE NUMB] ( REVIEWS & CULTURAL >TICLES 9 ! ,C,P-RUN ,NEW ,MASSES & O!R PRO-P>TY MAGAZ9ES4.<#h.> 

,H]NDON & ,ELLISON F\ND$ ,N,Q ) HELP FROM ! ,C,P2 ITS FIR/ ISSUE 9CLUD$ >TICLES & REVIEWS BY PROM95T WRIT]S 9 & CLOSE TO ! P>TY1 9CLUD+ ,H]B]T ,AP!K]1 ,DOXEY ,A4 ,WILK]SON1 & ,H5RIETTA ,BUCKMA/]1 :O W\LD NOT HAVE CONTRIBUT$ IF ! ,C,P HAD OPPOS$ ! PROJECT4 ,O!R WELL-KN[N NAMES1 SU* AS ,/]L+ ,A4 ,BR[N ( ,H[>D ,UNIV]SITY1 AU?OR ( ,S\!RN ,ROAD & AN $ITOR ( ! REC5T AN?OLOGY ,NEGRO ,C>AVAN1 & ,L4,D4 ,R$DICK1 CURATOR ( ! ,S*OMBURG ,COLLECTION ( ,NEGRO ,LIT]ATURE 7N[ ! ,S*OMBURG ,DIVISION7 AT ! ,NEW ,YORK ,PUBLIC ,LIBR>Y1 W]E NOT AS CLOSE TO ! ,C,P BUT W]E PROBABLY ATTRACT$ AS MU* BY ! IDEA ( A =UM = LIB]AL-,C,P DIALOGUE AS BY ! CR$5TIALS ( ! $ITORIAL TEAM4 ,& ! 0,/ATEM5T ( ,POLICY0 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE1 DISCUSS$ BEL[1 /UCK CLOSE TO ! ,C,P CONCEPTION ( ! W>4 ,BUT ! 0,/ATEM5T0 ALSO BEGAN ) AN IMPLI$ /EP T[>D 9DEP5D5CE3  
  

,! RAPID *ANGE 9TRODUC$ BY ! W> MAKES APP>5T ! NE$ ( REFLECT+ UPON ! G5U9E ATTITUDES1?\<TS & OP9IONS ( ,NEGROES.<4444.> 7#c7.<#i.>  
  

,?IS1 9 REALITY1 IS :AT ! ,C,P WAS NOT DO+4 ,9 SUBSEQU5T ISSUES1 ?\< NEV] CRITICIZ+ ! ,C,P BY NAME1 ,N,Q DEVELOP$ MORE & MORE 9DEP5D5TLY1 LAY+ \T POLICIES ?AT KN[+ READ]S W\LD UND]/& AS MOV+ AWAY FROM ?OSE ( ! P>TY4 ,IT DID SO ON TWO KEY1 RELAT$ ISSUES1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN CIVIL RI<TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9T]NATIONAL ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE4 

,9 ITS 0,/ATEM5T ( ,POLICY10 9 ! SPR+ #aidb ISSUE1 ,N,Q HAD CALL$ = EXP&+ ,NEGRO RI<TS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! W> EF=T1 9 T]MS SIMIL> TO ! ,C,P'S3 0,BECAUSE \R C\NTRY IS N[ 5GAG$ 9 AN ALL-\T W> ) ! ,AXIS =CES1 ! FULL CAPACITY ( ITS MAN P[] MU/ BE ?R[N 9TO ! BATTLE 9 ORD] TO 9SURE F9AL VICTORY4 ,?IS CAN BE DONE MORE EFFECTIVELY :5 ! B>RI]S ( ,JIM ,CR[ 9 ! ,>MY1 ,NAVY1 ,AIR ,=CE1& O!R NATIONAL DEF5SE BODIES >E REMOV$0 7#c74 ,?IS TACK WAS CLOSE TO ,DOXEY ,WILK]SON'S 9 HIS >TICLE 0,NEGRO ,$UCATION & ! ,W>0 9 ! SAME ISSUE4 ,FOCUS+ ON ! 0ALL-IMPORTANT ,BATTLE ( ,PRODUCTION10 ,WILK]SON CALL$ = DISMANTL+0RACIAL B>RI]S TO ! QUICK & EFFECTIVE PROVISION ( ADEQUATE & TRA9$ P]SONNEL = ! >M$ =CES10 & HE NOT$1 0'HI/ORY IS ON \R SIDE' 9 ! CREATION ( JOB OPPORTUNITIES0 = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS BECAUSE LABOR %ORTAGES W]E CREAT+ OP5+S 7#b#d1 #b#e74 ,WILK]SON DID NOT CALL = ANY ORGANIZ$ ACTION = ANY CIVIL RI<TS DEM&1 OR = 5D+ SEGREGAT$ $UCATION1 EV5 AS A DI/ANT GOAL4 ,9 ESS5CE1 :ILE FAVOR+ CIVIL RI<TS1 HE WAS PRESS+ = !M ONLY SO F> AS W\LD FULFILL ! GOV]NM5T'S W> NE$S4 

,! $ITORS' & ,WILK]SON'S /ATEM5TS W]E ACTUALLY F> MORE CONS]VATIVE ?AN SOME BY O!R CONTRIBUTORS4 0,IF Y\ READ ! ,AFRO .<! ,BALTIMORE ,AFRO-,AM]ICAN.> IF Y\ READ ! ,AM/]DAM ,NEWS10 ,W>+ ,CUNEY WROTE 9 ! FIR/ ( TWO POEMS 9 IMITATION BLUES /ANZAS1 0,!N Y\ KN[ :AT MAKES ! COLOR$ FOLKS ALWAYS HAVE ! BLUES40 ,ONE /ANZA FOCUS$ ON ,GEORGIA GOV]NOR ,EUG5E ,TALMADGE3  
  

,HE'S ALL PUFF$ UP ) :ITE SUP]IORITY PRIDE  

 ,PUFF$ UP ) :AT !Y CALL :ITE SUP]IORITY PRIDE  

 ,SAYS BLACK *ILDR5 & :ITE CAN'T SIT 9 S*OOL SIDE BY SIDE4 7#d7  
  

,?IS WAS /RAI<T PRE-,JUNE #aida ,C,P POLITICS & ES!TICS1D[N TO ! FAKE-FOLK /YLE1 BUT ,CUNEY WAS SAY+ :AT ,WILK]SON W\LDN'T 9 #a#i#d#b4 ,9 A SECOND POEM ,CUNEY 9VOK$ ,CRISPUS ,ATTUCKS1 ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS1 & ,H>RIET ,TUBMAN--,C,P ICONS--BUT HE WAS READ+ ! ,BLACK PRESS & HIS CLOS+ /ANZA MADE ! ESS5TIAL PO9T3  
  

,IF \R DEAD H]OES C\LD SEE US 9 '#d#b  

 ,IF \R DEAD H]OES C\LD SEE US 9 '#d#b  

 ,!Y'D SAY WE DID \R P>T :AT Y\ GO+ TO DO8 7#d#a7#a  
  

,IT IS UNCLE> :E!R ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON W]E EMB>RASS$ BY POEMS LIKE ,CUNEY'S1 :I* W\LD HAVE REM9D$ !M ( !IR [N UND]LY+ POLITICS1 OR IF1 POSSIBLY1 !Y DELIB]ATELY PR9T$ SU* WORK TO (FSET VIEWS LIKE ,WILK]SON'S 7& !IR [N74 ,9 EI!R CASE1 !IR TONE & APPROA* *ANG$ %>PLY 9 LAT] ISSUES4,! 0,$ITORIAL ,COMM5T0 9 ! SECOND ISSUE7SUMM] #a#i#d#b7 DECL>$ BLUNTLY1 0,NEGROES DO NOT SUPPORT ! W> :OLEHE>T$LY1 & ALL /ATEM5TS ?AT ,NEGROES '>E OV]-:ELM+LY' 9 BACK ( ! EF=TS ( ! ,ALLIES >E NOT ONLY NOT TRUE1 BUT >E MISLEAD+0 7II74.<#a#a.> ,?IS WAS A TACIT REBUKE TO CLAIMS LIKE ,JAMES ,=D'S1 QUOT$ E>LI]1 ?AT ,NEGROES W]E READY TO 0GIVE !IR LA/ DROP ( BLOOD0 = W> VICTORY4 ,! $ITORS W5T ON TO TAKE AIM AT ! RATIONALE (F]$ BY ,=D & ,WILK]SON 7& ,N,Q ITSELF 9 ! PREVI\S ISSUE7 = ! CIVIL RI<TS !Y DID SUPPORT3 ,NEGRO LEAD]S & !IR :ITE ALLIES1 !Y WROTE1 %\LD WORK 0NOT M]ELY ) ! IDEA ( SECUR+ MORE JOBS 9 ! PRES5T SITUATION1 OR ( 5LI/+ ,NEGRO AID 9 FI<T+ = !IR [N OBJECTIVES BUT ) ! AIM ( OBTA9+ A REAL REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T :I* 9CLUDES ,NEGRO MEMB]S ( ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ! ,S5ATE1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 ! ,PRESID5T'S ,CAB9ET & ALL O!R P[]FUL GOV]NM5TAL COMMITTEES0 7V74 ,FUR!R1REPEAT+ ! COMMON ,C,P DEF9ITION ( ! W> AS A 0PEOPLE'S W> = NATIONAL LIB]ATION10 !Y DECL>$ ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS W]E 0A NATION0 )9 ! ,U4,S4--A LONG-HELD ,C,P POSITION ?AT ! P>TY ITSELF WAS DE-EMPHASIZ+4 ,! IMPLICATION WAS ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN LIB]ATION %\LD BE A FUNDAM5TAL W> GOAL1 ESS5TIALLY ! 0D\BLE ,V0 POSITION RE/AT$ 9 ,M>XI/ LANGUAGE 7I1 IV74 

,MOREOV]1 9 AN AUDACI\S CLAIM ?AT IMPLICITLY REJECT$ ! ,C,P BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( ITS [N LEAD]%IP1 ! $ITORS DECL>$ ?AT WORK+ CLASS ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 9 P>TICUL>1MU/ DEF9E !IR [N SOCIAL-POLITICAL GOALS3  
  

.<,I.>N ! NEW LI<T ( ! ,F\R ,FRE$OMS3 :Y %\LD NOT DECISIONS RELATIVE TO ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( ,AM]ICAN ,NEGROES RE/ ) !MSELVES RA!R ?AN ) ?OSE \T-SIDE !IR [N GR\P8 .<444.> .<,W.>HILE ! ,NEGRO MIDDLE CLASS1 = ! MO/ P>T1 /RIVES TO ADAPT ITSELF TO PROGRAMS \TL9$ = IT FROM ABOVE1 ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE SEEK TO DEF9E ! WORLD 9 !IR [N T]MS1 REJECT+ OR ACCEPT+ ! VALUES ( \R SOCIETY AS BE/ SUIT !IR [N NE$S47III7  
  

,! BASIS = DO+ ?IS1 !Y WROTE EV5 MORE EXPLOSIVELY1 LAY 9 ! COMMON \TLOOK ( ORD9>Y ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS & O!R D>K-SK9N$ PEOPLE3 ,NEGROES1 TOGE!R ) ! WORLD'S0D>K] PEOPLES0 9 G5]AL1 0HAVE CREAT$ A CULTURE & ! BASIC \TL9ES ( A TRULY DEMOCRATIC VISION ( LIFE0 7V74 ,! IMPLICATION WAS ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS !MSELVES ALREADY POSSESS$1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY POLITICAL P>TY1 ! CAPACITY TO MOVE T[>D GREAT] DEMOCRACY = !MSELVES & O!RS4 

,BESIDES ! $ITORS' [N VIEWS1 ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY NO4 #b 9CLUD$ PAIR$ ESSAYS ON 0,ANTI-,NEGROISM ,AMONG ,JEWS10 BY ,L\IS ,H>AP1 MANAG+ $ITOR ( ,! ,JEWI% ,SURVEY1 & 0,ANTI-,SEMITISM ,AMONG ,NEGROES10 BY ,L4,D4 ,R$DICK2 AN EXC]PT FROM ,WRI<T'S REC5TLY PUBLI%$ ,TWELVE ,MILLION ,BLACK ,VOICES2 >TICLES ON H\S+ DISCRIM9ATION 9 ,DETROIT1 RACIAL DIVISIONS 9 ,CUBA1 & ! MOVEM5T = ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE2 A LIT]>Y ESSAY1 0,:AT ,%\LD ,WE ,DEM& FROM ,HI/ORICAL ,FICTION10 BY ,H5RIETTA ,BUCKMA/]--:I* >GU$ ?AT HI/ORICAL FICTION %\LD BE OBJECTIVE & NON-PROPAG&I/ & ?AT ?IS C\LD ONLY HAPP5 :5 IT WAS WRITT5 FROM A ,M>XI/ VIEWPO9T--& POEMS & FICTION BY WRIT]S BO? CLOSE TO & 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C,P1 9CLUD+ A REM>KABLE %ORT V]SE DRAMA ON ,SAMSON AS AN EMBLEM ( SLAVES' LIB]ATION1 0,SOMDAY ,WE'RE ,GONNA ,TE> ,? ,PILL>S ,D[N10 BY ,[5 ,DODSON1 !N A Y\NG TEA*] AT ,HAMPTON ,9/ITUTE & LAT] HEAD ( DRAMA AT ,H[>D ,UNIV]SITY4.<#a#b.> ,AS A GR\P--REG>DLESS ( 9DIVIDUAL QUALITY--!SE CONTRIBUTIONS EMBODI$ ! $ITORS' IDEA ?AT ,NEGROES MU/ DEF9E !IR [N GOALS & CULTURE1 & SPECIFI$ ! MAGAZ9E'S SCOPE AS ALL NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ISSUES ( 9T]E/ TO ,NEGROES RA!R ?AN JU/ 0,NEGRO ISSUES40 

,H]NDON & ,ELLISON MOV$ F>!R T[>D AN 9DEP5D5T VIEWPO9T1 & T[>D SUPPORT = AN 9DEP5D5T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MASS MOVEM5T = CIVIL RI<TS1 9 !IR ?IRD ISSUE4 ,AT A TIME--AUTUMN #a#i#d#b--:5 ! ,DAILY ,WORK] WAS URG+ ALL-\T SUPPORT = ,ROOSEVELT ,DEMOCRATS 9 ! CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS1 ! $ITORS LAID ! BLAME = ! ,S5ATE'S DEFEAT ( AN ANTI-POLL TAX BILL SQU>ELY ON ,ROOSEVELT'S %\LD]S1 & W5T ON TO DECL>E1 0.<,T.>HE KEY TO A WORLD VICTORY = DEMOCRACY LIES 9 ! VICTORY ( FULL DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,U4 ,S4 & 9 ,BRITI% T]RITORIES0 7#a#i#e74 ,ELLISON & ,H]NDON PICTUR$ ,ROOSEVELT & ,*UR*ILL AS DIVID$ M51 0MOCK$ BY ! VISION ( A WORLD !Y FLIRT ) BUT FE> TO EMBRACE10 & ASK$1 0,:AT >E WE FI<T+ =80 7#a#i#f74 ,DEM&+ A COMMITM5T TO FULL CIVIL RI<TS1 ,N,Q PROMIS$10,AM]ICAN ,NEGROES %ALL CONT9UE TO SEEK DEMOCRATIC FRE$OM REG>DLESS ( :]E IT LIES1 & ! 'COMMON MAN' ( ! WORLD WILL BE ) !M0 7#b#d74 

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY & ,9T]NATIONALISM 7#a#i#d#b7 

  

,!SE REM>KS1 ESPECIALLY ON ,BRITA91 PO9T TO ANO!R ASPECT ( ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S REORI5TATION1 ITS 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,N,Q DEVOT$ CONSID]ABLE SPACE TO 9T]NATIONAL >TICLES & LIT]ATURE 9 EA* ( ITS F\R ISSUES4 ,MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S ( ! ,C,P1 ( C\RSE1 W]E BR$ UP AS 9T]NATIONALI/S3 !Y 0KNEW0 ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R WAS LEAD+ A 0PEOPLE'S W>0 7,=D1 ,! ,NEGRO ,PEOPLE & ! ,NEW ,WORLD ,SITUATION1 #g 2 ,N,Q #b1 #a#c#f71 ?AT ,*9A'S ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE 7L$ BY ,COMMUNI/S1 ?\< ?IS WAS NOT SAID AL\D7 WAS A POSITIVE MODEL = O!R OPPRESS$ PEOPLES 7,KUM> ,GO%AL1 0,9DIA & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,W>10 ,N,Q #b1 #a#c#f71 ETC41 & !Y 0KNEW0 A GREAT DEAL AB\T POLITICS 9 A GREAT MANY C\NTRIES !Y DIDN'T REALLY KN[ MU* AB\T4 ,BUT ,N,Q MADE 9T]NATIONAL ISSUES P>T ( ITS MOVE AWAY FROM ,C,P VIEWS ON ! W>1 & >GU$ ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS %\LD SEE !MSELVES AS P>T ( AN 9T]-NATIONAL ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEM5T CONT9U+ DUR+ ! W>4 

,ALREADY 9 !IR SECOND ISSUE 7SUMM] #a#i#d#b7 ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON HAD PROJECT$ A FUTURE >TICLE 7NEV] COMPLET$7 ?AT W\LD 0EXAM9E1 9 ! LI<T ( ! TRUE ASPIRATIONS ( ,AM]ICAN ,NEGROES .<444.> !IR UNITY ( 9T]E/ ) ,9DIA1,*9A1 ,AFRICA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ALL O!R D>K] PEOPLES ( ! WORLD0 7V74 ,9 ADDITION1 ,N,Q DI/ANC$ ITSELF FROM ,COMMUNI/ POSITIONS )\T SAY+ SO EXPLICITLY ON AT LEA/ TWO MAJOR ISSUES ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS4 

,! FIR/ WAS ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE1 & 9 P>TICUL>1 CRITICAL EV5TS 9 ,9DIA ?AT OCCURR$ DUR+ #a#i#d#b4 ,9DIA1 !N P>T ( ! ,BRITI% EMPIRE1 HAD A L>GE1 ACTIVE MASS MOVEM5T ?AT WAS PRESS+ = IMM$IATE SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ,M>* #aidb A ,BRITI% ,CAB9ET (FICIAL1 ,SIR ,/AF=D ,CRIPPS1 CAME TO ! C\NTRY ) GOV]NM5T PROPOSALS ?AT AM\NT$ TO FREEZ+ ! CURR5T P[] SETUP 9 RETURN = A PROMISE ( SLI<T REVISIONS AFT] ! W>4 ,! MAJOR NATIONALI/ GR\P1 ! ,9DIAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS L$ BY ,MOH&AS ,K4 ,G&HI & ,JAWAH>LAL ,NEHRU1 REJECT$ ! PROPOSALS1 ,CRIPPS W5T HOME1 & ON ,AUGU/ #g-#h1 #a#i#d#b1 A SPECIAL SESSION ( ! ,CONGRESS EXECUTIVE PASS$ :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ ! 0,QUIT ,9DIA0 RESOLUTION4 ,?IS ASK$ ,BRITA9 TO E/ABLI% A ,PROVISIONAL ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD 5T] ! W> ) ,BRITA9 0AS ALLIES10 & W>N$ ?AT IF ?IS W]E NOT DONE ,CONGRESS W\LD MOBILIZE A MASS NONVIOL5T /RUGGLE 0= ! V9DICATION ( ,9DIA'S 9ALI5ABLE POLITICAL RI<T TO FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE40 ,9 RESPONSE ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T >RE/$ ,G&HI1 ,NEHRU1 & O!R ,CONGRESS LEAD]S & HELD !M PRISON] UNTIL LATE 9 ! W>4.<#a#c.> 

,( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ TO ME1 ! ,9DIAN ,C,P MEMB]S ON ! ,CONGRESS EXECUTIVE VOT$ AGA9/ ! ,QUIT ,9DIA RESOLUTION4 ,9 COMMON ) O!R ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 S9CE ,JUNE #aidb ! ,9DIAN P>TY HAD BE5 MILITANTLY 9 FAVOR ( ! W> & ,BRITI% OR 0,ALLI$0 VICTORY4 ,9 L9E ) ?IS POLICY MU* ( ! WORLD'S ,COMMUNI/ PRESS1 LIKE ! LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE PRESS1 BLAM$ ,CRIPPS'S FAILURE ON ,9DIAN 9FLEXIBILITY & REG>D$ ,CONGRESS'S DEM& = IMM$IATE SELF-GOV]NM5T AS PREMATURE AT BE/4 

,KUM> ,GO%AL1 AN ,9DIAN WRIT] & ACTOR LIV+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 REPORT$ ON ! ,CRIPPS MISSION 9 ! SUMM] #aidb ISSUE ( ,N,Q & ON ! ,QUIT ,9DIA RESOLUTION 9 ! AUTUMN ISSUE4 ,9 ! FIR/ >TICLE1 HE MA9LY FILL$ 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ,9DIAN CONDITIONS1 ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T'S HI/ORY1 ETC41 BUT ALSO /AT$ DIRECTLY1 0,! REAL REASON = ! FAILURE ( ! ,CRIPPS MISSION WAS ! REFUSAL TO MAKE ANY *ANGES 9 ! PRES5T GOV]NM5TAL SET-UP0 7#a#c#f74 ,HE DID NOT COMM5T AT ALL ON ! ,COMMUNI/S' /ANCE4 ,NEI!R DID ! ,N,Q $ITORS4 ,BUT !Y DID PR9T1 )\T ANY EXPLANATION1 AN UNTITL$ /ATEM5T BY ,RI*>D ,WRI<T 9 ! EMPTY HALF-PAGE AT ! >TICLE'S 5D3  
  

,ONE ( ! MO/ DISGRACEFUL EPISODES ( ! W> WAS ! WIDESPREAD EXPRESSION ( DISGU/ BY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS OV] ! FAILURE ( ! NATIVE LEAD]S ( ,9DIA TO ACCEPT ! PROPOSALS ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T AS \TL9$ BY ,SIR ,/AF=D ,CRIPPS.<4444.> ,IT SEEMS NOT TO HAVE OCCURR$ TO EV5 PEOPLE ( GOOD WILL ?AT ! SPIRIT ( ?IS W> MAKES IT IMP]ATIVE ?AT WE NOT ATTEMPT TO DEF9E :AT ,9DIA %\LD DO1 BUT RA!R ?AT WE SUP-PORT ! NATIONAL WILL ( ! NATIVES ( ,9DIA4 7#a#d7  
  

,& ! $ITORS !MSELVES CRITICIZ$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( 0PAT]NALISM0 ! 0DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES' HA/E 9 BLAM+ ! ,9DIAN LEAD]S = ! FAILURE ( ! ,CRIPPS MISSION BE=E ! CONT5T ( ! PROPOSALS HAD BE5 REVEAL$0 7V74 ,NEI!R COMM5T M5TION$ ,COMMUNI/ POSITIONS DIRECTLY4 ,BUT 0MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS0 & 0! DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES0W]E POLITICAL =MULAS ?AT ANYONE 9 ! ,C,P ORBIT UND]-/OOD TO 9CLUDE ,RUSSIA & ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! 9CLUSION ( ?IS CRITICISM 9 ! 0,$ITORIAL ,COMM5T0 & ! PLAC+ ( ,WRI<T'S /ATEM5T 9 UNUS$ PAGE SPACE MAKE IT LIKELY ?AT BO? W]E LATE DECISIONS MADE BECAUSE ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON CONCLUD$ ?AT SOME AT LEA/ 9DIRECT REBUTTAL ( ,C,P POSITIONS WAS NE$$4 ,& BO? COMM5TS /R5G!N$ ,N,Q'S SUPPORT = ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE4 

,9 HIS SECOND >TICLE1 ,GO%AL TOOK ! LID (F CONC]N+ ,C,P POLITICS1 ?\< ONLY 9 A HALF S5T5CE1 M5TION+ )\T COMM5T ?AT ! RESOLUTION HAD BE5 PASS$ 0) ?IRTE5 ,COMMUNI/ MEMB]S DISS5T+0 7#b#b74 ,& HE /RONGLY 5DORS$ ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T & ! ,QUIT ,9DIA RESOLUTION1 5D+ ) ! CALL = A 0,PROVISIONAL ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T N[0 7#b#b#f74 ,9 H[EV] G+]LY A WAY1 ,GO%AL& ,N,Q W]E REPUDIAT+ ! ,C,P POSITION & SAY+ ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE C\LD & MU/ GO ON 9 W>TIME4.<#a#d.> 

,ON A SECOND 9T]NATIONAL TOPIC1 ,AFRICA1 ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY #c 7AUTUMN #a#i#d#b7 RAN A TRULY WRET*$ >TICLE1 0,AFRICA ,AGA9/ ! ,AXIS10 BY ,JOHN ,PITTMAN1 =EIGN $ITOR ( ! ,LOS ,ANGELES ,PEOPLE'S ,WORLD1 ! ,C,P'S WE/ COA/ NEWSPAP]4 ,MO/ ( ! >TICLE CONC5TRAT$ ON ! MAT]IAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! W> BY ,AFRICAN COLONIES3 9 ! LA/ YE>1 ,PITTMAN BOA/$1 0! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ,AFRICA AS A S\RCE ( VITAL FOOD /UFFS & ! S9EWS ( W>0--9 O!R WORDS1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! COLONIAL EXPLOITATION SY/EM--0HAS LEAP$ 9CALCULABLY0 7#b#g74 ,AB\T HALF ! >TICLE FOCUS$ ON H[ COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS W]E SUPPLY+ FOOD1 /RATEGIC MAT]IALS1 & TROOPS TO ! ,ALLIES4 ,! SECOND HALF EXPLOR$ POLITICAL 0B>RI]S TO ,AFRICA'S FULL 9TEGRATION 9 ! W> EF=T0 & DID CRITICIZE ! COLONIAL SY/EM1 ?\< IT W5T NO FUR!R ?AN 5DORS+ ! CALL ( ,5GLI% 0TRADE UNIONS1 LIB]ALS1 LEFTI/S1 & *UR*M51 = ! EXT5SION ( DEMOCRACY AMONG ! NATIVE SUBJECTS ( ! ,EMPIRE0 7#b#a#c1 #b#a#g74 ,PITTMAN DID NOT M5TION ,AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AT ALL4 

,?\< ITS BASIC APPROA* CONTRADICT$ ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON'S [N CRITICISMS ( 0PAT]NALISM0 & EMPHASIS ON OPPRESS$ PEOPLE DET]M9+ !IR [N DEM&S1 ! $ITORS APP5D$ A NOTE SAY+ ?AT ?\< WRITT5 0BE=E ! PRES5T ,AFRICAN (F5SIVE10 MO/ ( ! >TICLE'S 0FACTS & CONCLUSIONS >E /ILL VALID07#b#g74 ,?IS 5DORSEM5T1 H[EV]1 MAY HAVE BE5 MEANT ONLY TO REASSURE READ]S AB\T ! >TICLE'S TIMEL9ESS4,9 ANY CASE1 ,N,Q'S NEXT ISSUE FEATUR$ A FOLL[UP1 0,AFRICAN ,OP9ION & ,WORLD ,PEACE10 BY A ,<ANAIAN NEWLY >RIV$ 9 ! ,U4,S41 ,KWEKU ,ATTAH ,G>D9]4 ,G>D9]'S >TICLE TOOK NO DEF9ITE POSITION ON ,AFRICAN 9DEP5D5CE & IS BE/ UND]-/OOD AS AN IMPLI$ CORRECTIVE TO ,PITTMAN'S4 ,G>D9]'S FOCUS WAS ON ,AFRICAN POLITICAL ACTIVITY & LEAD]%IP1 9CLUD+ ! PRES5CE ( ,AFRICAN LEAD]S 9 ! LEGISLATURES ( SOME COLONIES1 & ON ! POT5TIAL = ,AFRICANS' DEVELOPM5T ( !IR [N ECONOMIES--ALL TOPICS UNM5TION$ 9 ! E>LI] >TICLE4 ,:ILE NOT REF]R+ TO ! SEV]AL ,PAN-,AFRICAN ,CONGRESSES HELD 9 ,EUROPE S9CE #a#i1 ,G>D9] M5TION$ A S]IES ( ,AFRICAN LEAD]S :O W]E1 9 FACT1 GIANTS 9 ! PRE-9DEP5D5CE 7& SOMETIMES PO/ 9DEP5D5CE7 HI/ORIES ( !IR C\NTRIES--,CASELY ,HAY=D & ,NANA ,(ORI ,ATTA 9 ! ,GOLD ,COA/ 7,<ANA71 ,H]B]T ,MACAULAY & ,NNAMDI ,AZIKIWE9 ,NIG]IA1 ,JOMO ,K5YATTA 9 ,K5YA1 & O!RS4 ,HE GAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ,AFRICANS W]E FULLY CAPABLE ( TAK+ RAPID /EPS T[>D GREAT] CONTROL ( !IR C\NTRIES4 ,OV]ALL1,G>D9] REJECT$ ! NE$ = 0$UCATION & TRA9+ .<( ,AFRICANS.> = LEAD]%IP10 AS /AT$ 9 A LIB]AL ,U4,S4 /UDY HE CIT$ 7#c#d#e-#d#f74 ,HE 9SI/$1 9/EAD1 ?AT ,AFRICANS W]E READY TO ASSUME LEAD]%IP4 ,HE EMPHASIZ$ ! 0POLITICAL MATURITY ( .<,AFRICAN.> PEOPLES10 !IR 0ABILITY TO P>TICIPATE 9TELLIG5TLY 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( !IR C\NTRY10& ! NE$ 0TO CONSULT ,AFRICAN OP9ION0 9 ALL MATT]S 7#c#d#e1#c#e#c1 #c#e#i74 ,:ILE QUITE MOD]ATE 9 ITS POLITICS1 ,G>D9]'S >TICLE BO? EMBODI$ & ADVOCAT$1 9 REG>D TO ,AFRICANS1 ! PO9T ,N,Q'S $ITORS HAD MADE AB\T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 0,:Y %\LD NOT DECISIONS RELATIVE TO ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS0 ( ,AFRICANS 0RE/ ) !MSELVES.<8.>0 7SUMM] #a#i#d#b3 III74.<#a#e.> 

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY & ! ,FUTURE3 ,! ,F9AL ,ISSUE 

  

,H]NDON & ,ELLISON SUMM$ UP :AT !Y HAD LE>N$ SO F> 9 ! ,$ITORIAL ,COMM5T 9 ,N,Q #d1 ! ISSUE ?AT ALSO 9CLUD$ ,G>D9]'S >TICLE4 ,BY N[ ,N,Q WAS 9 S]I\S TR\BLE4 ,!RE W]E FEW] CONTRIBUTIONS--! $ITORS MA9TA9$ ! MAGAZ9E'S #e-BY-#h 9* #i#f-PAGE =MAT BUT SWIT*$ TO A L>G] TYPEFACE--& ! ISSUE WAS DELAY$2 ANN\NC$ 9 A 0H\SE AD0 9 ,N,Q #c AS ! W9T] #aidb ISSUE1 IT APPE>$ DAT$ W9T]-SPR+ #a#i#d#c4 ,( ! ?REE ESSAYS 7!RE HAD BE5 AN AV]AGE ( SIX 9 ISSUES #a-#c71 ONE WAS BY AN $ITOR1 ,H]NDON4 ,IT'S FAIRLY PLA9 ?AT ! ,C,P HAD PULL$ ! PLUG2 :ILE ,H5RIETTA ,BUCKMA/] /ILL CONTRIBUT$ A REVIEW1 GONE W]E ! >TICLES BY ,WILK]SON1 ,AP!K]1 ,H>RY ,SLO*[]1& O!R PROM95T WRIT]S 9 & CLOSE TO ! P>TY ?AT HELP$ BULK UP PREVI\S ISSUES4 ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON MAY HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS W\LD BE ! LA/ ISSUE1 ?\< ?IS CAN'T BE KN[N = SURE4 

0,BY WAY ( GR\P SELF-EXAM9ATION10 ! ,$ITORIAL ,COMM5T BEGAN1 0IT MI<T BE PR(ITABLE TO LI/ A FEW ( ! G5]AL ATTITUDES HELD BY ,NEGROES T[>D !IR W>-TIME EXP]I5CES40 ,!RE W]E ?REE4 ,FIR/1 ! $ITORS LI/$ 0UNQUALIFI$ ACCEPTANCE ( ! LIMIT$ OPPORTUNITIES = ,NEGRO P>TICIPATION 9 ! CONFLICT40 ,?IS ATTITUDE1 !Y *>G$1 W5T TOGE!R )0ACCEPTANCE ( ! VIOL5CE & DISCRIM9ATION :I* SO CONTRADICTS A W> = ! ,F\R ,FRE$OMS0 & WAS 0JU/IFI$ BY ! !ORY ?AT = ,NEGROES TO SPEAK \T 9 !IR [N SELF-9T]E/ W\LD BE TO FOLL[ A 'N>R[ ,NEGRO APPROA*' & TO DISRUPT W>-UNITY40 ,?\< GRANT+ ?AT ?IS ATTITUDE WAS0SOMETIMES HONE/LY HELD10 ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON FELT IT >OSE 0\T ( A LACK ( GR\P SELF-CONSCI\SNESS0 & L$ TO 0! MO/ DISGU/+ =MS ( SELF-ABASEM5T0 7#b#i#e74 ,?\< NOT SAY+ SO DIRECTLY1 ! $ITORS W]E TAK+ AIM AT /ATEM5TS LIKE ,WILK]SON'S ON 0! ALL-IMPORTANT ,BATTLE ( ,PRODUCTION10 ,PITTMAN'S COMM5TS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( COLONIAL PRODUCTION1 & ,B5 ,DAVIS'S VIEW ?AT ! MILITANT SKET* AT ! ,JUNE#a#i#d#b ,M,[ RALLY WAS 09SIDI\S POISON40 ,OPPOSITE TO ?IS APPROA*1 ! $ITORS CONT9U$1 WAS AN ATTITUDE ( 0UNQUALIFI$ REJECTION0( ! W>1 ,ALLI$ W> AIMS1 & ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN P>TICIPATION4 ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON TREAT$ ?IS VIEW AT GREAT] L5G? & ) MU* MORE SYMPA?Y4,H[EV]1 !Y FELT IT DID NOT RECOGNIZE 0?AT ,NEGROES HAVE !IR [N /AKE 9 ! DEFEAT ( FASCISM0 &1 9 ADDITION1 ?AT 9 FI<T+ = 0A FREE ,AM]ICA & A FREE WORLD10 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS 0>E ALSO CREAT+ !MSELVES AS A FREE PEOPLE & AS A NATION0 7#b#i#f-#i#h74 

,F9ALLY1 ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON DEF9$ !IR [N /& AS ONE ( 0CRITICAL P>TICIPATION1 BAS$ UPON A %>P S5SE ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE'S GR\P P]SONALITY40 ,?IS ATTITUDE1 0:ILE AFFIRM+ ! JU/ICE ( ! ,ALLIES' CAUSE1 .<444.> NEV] LOSES SI<T ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE'S /AKE 9 ! /RUGGLE40 ,OV]ALL1 ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON FELT ?AT 0! MA9 TASK ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE IS TO WORK UNCEAS+LY T[>D CREAT+ ?OSE DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS 9 :I* IT CAN LIVE & RECREATE ITSELF40 ,& !Y FUR!R-MORE DEF9$ 0! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ,NEGROES TO BE ?AT ( 9TEGRAT+ ! L>G] ,AM]ICAN NATION & COMPELL+ IT UNTIR+LY T[>D TRUE FRE$OM10 A BELIEF ,ELLISON W\LD LAT] ADVOCATE 9 HIS NOVELS & ESSAYS 7#b#i#h74 

,FROM !SE ASSUMPTIONS ,H]NDON & ,ELLISON D]IV$ SEV]AL RELAT$ POLITICAL & CULTURAL IDEAS4 ,FIR/1 !Y ADVOCAT$ FI<T+ UNEQUIVOCALLY = CIVIL RI<TS DUR+ ! W>3 0.<P.>ROGRAMS :I* W\LD SACRIFICE ! ,NEGRO OR ANY O!R PEOPLE >E .<I4E41%\LD BE.> CONSID]$ DANG]\S = ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS2 & ! ONLY HONORABLE C\RSE = ,NEGROES TO TAKE IS FIR/ TO PROTE/ & !N TO FI<T AGA9/ !M40 ,SECOND1 !Y HOP$ = 0C5TRALIZATION ( .<,NEGROES'.> POLITICAL P[]10 BUILD+ AN 9DEP5D5T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN LEAD]%IP1 MAXIMIZ+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' ECONOMIC LEV]AGE BY GA9+ SKILL$ POSITIONS ?AT W\LD ALL[ !M TO 0GIVE LEAD]%IP TO ! WORK+ CLASS10 & 0P>TICIPAT+ ALONG ) LABOR & O!R PROGRESSIVE GR\PS AS EQUALS0 SO ?AT 0ALL POLICIES >E =MULAT$ & COORD9AT$ ) FULL CONSID]ATION ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! ,NEGRO SITUATION0 7#b#i#h1 #b#i#i1 #c#a-#b74 ,F9ALLY1 & P]HAPS MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 !Y PRESS$ = 0LE>N+ ! MEAN+ ( ! MY?S & SYMBOLS :I* AB\ND AMONG ! ,NEGRO MASSES40,9 WORDS (T5 QUOT$ BECAUSE ( ,ELLISON'S LAT] USE ( ! ZOOT SUIT 9 ,9VISIBLE ,MAN1 !Y NOT$1 0,MU* 9 ,NEGRO LIFE REMA9S A MY/]Y2 P]HAPS ! ZOOT SUIT CONCEALS PR(\ND POLITICAL MEAN+2 P]HAPS ! SYMMETRICAL FR5ZY ( ! ,L9DY-HOP CONCEALS CLUES TO GREAT POT5TIAL P[]--IF ONLY ,NEGRO LEAD]S W\LD SOLVE ?IS RIDDLE0 7#c#a74 ,9 SUM1 !Y WI%$ TO BUILD A WORK+-CLASS BAS$ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MOVEM5T ?AT C\LD ACT AS A COMPON5T =CE = RE=M OR REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN BE+ AN APP5DAGE ( ! :ITE LABOR MOVEM5T OR ! ,C,P1 & !Y WI%$ IT TO BE BAS$ ON A GREAT] AW>5ESS ( ! BELIEFS & CULTURE ( POOR & WORK+ CLASS ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS ?AN E>LI] MOVEM5TS4 

,H]NDON EXP&$ ON ! 0CRITICAL P>TICIPATION0 IDEA 9 A L5G?Y >TICLE ?AT WAS ALSO AN UN/AT$ POLEMIC AGA9/ ! ,C,P1 0,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS3 ,NEGRO ,LEAD]%IP & ,W>40 ,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ,C,P LEAD]S SU* AS ,JAMES ,=DHAD US$ ,D\GLASS'S SUPPORT ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> TO JU/IFY ! P>TY'S POSITIONS4 ,H]NDON1 APP>5TLY1 WANT$ P>TLY TO CORRECT ! ,C,P'S CURR5T IMAGE ( ,D\GLASS--& MORE BROADLY TO RECLAIM ,D\GLASS AS A ,NEGRO FIGURE :OSE LEGACY WAS NOT TO BE TRAD$ BACK & =? BY A L>GELY :ITE ORGANIZATION--& P>TLY TO ILLU/RATE & ELABORATE ! IDEAS 9 ! ,$ITORIAL ,COMM5T4 ,SO HE BEGAN BY REIT]AT+ ! ATTITUDES ( 0REJECTION0 & 0UNQUALIFI$ ACCEPTANCE0 ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! W>1W5T ON TO DISCUSS ,D\GLASS HI/ORICALLY1 & DREW POLITICAL 9F]5CES 9 HIS CONCLUSION4 ,! HI/ORICAL DISCUSSION GAVE SOME ATT5TION TO ,D\GLASS'S E>LY C>E] & TO HIS VIEW AFT]#a#h#e#b ?AT ! ,U4,S4 ,CON/ITUTION1 F> FROM P]MITT+ SLAV]Y AS ! ,G>RISONIAN W+ ( ABOLITIONISM BELIEV$1 WAS 0A W>RANT = ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y 9 EV]Y /ATE ( ! ,UNION0 7#c#i74 ,?US ,H]NDON EMBRAC$ OR AT LEA/ NOT$ ! LONG/&+ VIEW ( MO/ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS ?AT /AT$ ,U4,S4 IDEALS CAN BECOME AN 9/RUM5T = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN FRE$OM1 A VIEW ,ELLISON W\LD ALSO /RESS 9 ,9VISIBLE ,MAN4 ,H]NDON FUR!R SUGGE/$ ?AT ,D\GLASS'S NEW POSITION REPRES5T$ A ,NEGRO DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE FROM :ITE ORGANIZATIONS--0,I AM NOT SURE ?AT ,I WAS NOT UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( SOME?+ LIKE A SLAVI% ADORATION ( !SE GOOD PEOPLE10 HE QUOTES ,D\GLASS AS SAY+ .<#a#f.>--IMPLY+ ?AT ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S DEVELOP+ POSITION WAS LIKEWISE A BL[ = RACE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,H]NDON DEVOT$ ! MO/ SPACE1 H[EV]--F\R PAGES & ?REE SIZABLE APP5DICES--TO ,D\GLASS'S CONDUCT DUR+ ! W> & SPECIFICALLY HIS TEMPOR>Y )DRAWAL ( SUPPORT = RECRUIT+ ,NEGRO TROOPS UNTIL ! GOV]NM5T GAVE CR$IBLE ASSURANCES ?AT IT C\LD & W\LD PROTECT !IR RI<TS7#c#a#e-#a#h1#c#b#d-#b#i74 ,9 EFFECT1 ?\< HE DIDN'T USE ?IS T]M1 ,H]NDON WAS TAK+ A POSITION ( CONDITIONAL SUPPORT = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 I4E41 SUPPORT IF & ONLY IF ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T IMPLEM5T$ ,NEGRO RI<TS2 & 9 HIS H&S1 ! HI/ORY BECAME AN >GUM5T AGA9/ ! ,C,P'S UNQUE/ION+ SUPPORT ( ,ROOSEVELT4 ,F9ALLY1 ,H]NDON 5UNCIAT$ TWO SPECIFIC DEM&S--MODE/ 5\<1 BUT F>-REA*+ 9 IMPLICATION--& A MORE G5]AL CONCLUSION4 ,ONE DEM& WAS = ! VOLUNT>Y =MATION ( RACIALLY 9TEGRAT$ ,>MY DIVISIONS4 ,! O!R PROPOS$ REPLAC+ ! DY+ ,FAIR ,EMPLOYM5T ,PRACTICES ,COMMISSION ) AN 5=CEM5T BODY DRAWN FROM0UNIONS & ,NEGRO ORGANIZATIONS02 ! SIGNIFICANCE H]E IS ! 9DEP5D5T ROLE ,H]NDON 5VISION$ = ! LATT] 7#c#b#a74 ,& 9 HIS MORE G5]AL CONCLUSION1 ,H]NDON PROVID$ A R++ CALL = ACTIVE /RUGGLE ?AT A C>EFUL READ] W\LD ALSO UND]/& AS AN 9DICTM5T ( ! ,C,P3  
  

,/ILL DO Y\ SAY 0,N[ IS NOT ! TIME TO 9SI/ UPON \R FRE$OM4 ,IT MI<T HURT ! W> EF=T80 ,TO 9SI/ UPON FRE$OM :]E IT DOES NOT EXI/ IS PROP] AT ALL TIMES4 .<444.>,/ILL AGA9 DO Y\ SAY 0,BUT BE PATI5T4 ,?+S >E BE+ DONE & WE >E MAK+ GA9S80 .<444.> ,!RE IS NO RECORD 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D :]E FRE$OM HAS EV] BE5 GIV5 TO ANYBODY4 ,?OSE :O HAVE IT1 HAVE 9V>IABLY BE5 ! ONES :O /RONGLY & CLE>LY ASS]T$ !IR RI<T TO HAVE IT4 7#c#b#c7  
  

,F9E WORDS1 & A LEGACY = ! FUTURE4 

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S EVOLUTION %[S ! IMPACT ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN /RUGGLES 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON ,MOVEM5T1 & ( ! 0D\BLE ,V0 CAMPAIGN4 ,! IDEAS ( 0CRITICAL P>TICIPATION0 9 ! W>1 ?AT ! 0MA9 TASK0 = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS WAS TO 0WORK UNCEAS+LY T[>D CREAT+ .<444.> DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS10 & ?AT 9SI/+ ON FRE$OM 0IS PROP] AT ALL TIMES0 G5]ALIZ$ & REPHRAS$ :AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS HAD DONE 9 ACTION & ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PRESS HAD CALL$ =1 AL?\< ! $ITORS US$ !IR [N ,C,P-9FLU5C$ LANGUAGE & 9CLUD$ !IR P>TICUL> CONCEPTIONS1 SU* AS ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS >E A NATION4.<#a#g.> ,/RATEGIC IDEAS AS WELL1 LIKE ?OSE ( AN ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD COOP]ATE ) O!R SOCIAL GR\PS ON AN 9DEP5D5T & EQUAL BASIS1 & ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN LEAD]%IP 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 MAY HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON ,MOVEM5T1 BY ! SUB/ANTIAL ?\< CIRCUMSCRIB$ P[] WIELD$ BY ,A4 ,PHILIP ,R&OLPH AS HEAD ( A ,NEGRO UNION1 ETC4 ,F9ALLY1 ,N,Q'S EMPHASIS ON ,NEGROES' MAK+ 0DECISIONS RELEVANT TO .<!IR [N.>NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS0 & ON ! IMPORTANCE ( /REET-LEVEL BELIEFS & MY?S MAY ALSO REFLECT ! ,M>* ON ,WA%+TON ,MOVEM5T'S SUCCESSFUL IF %ORT-LIV$ MASS ORGANIZATION & ! EVID5CE ( DEEP F]M5T1 ANG]1 S\L-SE>*+ & /RATEGY-SE>*+ F\ND 9 ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PRESS4 

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S /ORY IS ONE ( H[ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS RESPOND$ 9 !IR [N LIVES TO ! CONFLICT+ PRESSURES ( A DEMOCRATIC W> 7AS MO/ BELIEV$7 WAG$ BY AN UNDEMOCRATIC SOCIETY & MILIT>Y1 & IT IS1 SECOND>ILY1 A /ORY ( H[ SOME POLITICALLY SAVVY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS MOV$ UND] ! IMPACT ( ?IS MASS RESPONSE FROM ! POLITICAL T5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO AN 9DEP5D5T POSITION CLOS] TO ?AT ( ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MASS MOVEM5T4.<#a#h.> ,?IS /ORY IS ( 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! LIFE ( ONE ( ITS *>ACT]S1 ,ELLISON2 ! IMPACT ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN W>TIME EXP]I5CES1 9CLUD+ HIS [N ON ,N,Q1 IS FELT REPEAT$LY 9 ,9VISIBLE ,MAN'S PORTRAYAL ( ! ,BRO!RHOOD 7ITS FICTIONAL EQUIVAL5T = ! ,C,P71! ,H>LEM /REETS & REBELLION 7*APS4 #b-#b#e71 & ITS EF=T TO DEF9E A POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T FUTURE C\RSE = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN /RUGGLE 7,EPILOGUE74 ,N,Q'S /ORY IS ALSO SIGNIFICANT AS %[+ 9TELLECTUAL /EPS T[>D ! POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MASS MOVEM5T & T[>D ! =MATION ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T A DECADE LAT]4 ,:ILE ,N,Q'S IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE WAS NOT GREAT1 ITS POLITICAL EVOLUTION IS SIGNIFICANT AS ONE 9/ANCE ( *ANG+ IDEAS 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL MILIEU ( Y\NG ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RADICALS1 A MILIEU :OSE V>I$ IDEAS W]E IMPORTANT 9FLU5CES ON ! NEXT POLITICAL G5]ATION4 

,! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S /ORY IS ALSO ONE ( H[ CONSCI\SNESS *ANGES4 ,!RE >E TWO WAYS 7IF NOT MORE7 9 :I* ,I MI<T HAVE REC\NT$ ! EV5TS COV]$ 9 ?IS >TICLE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ITS E>LY PAGES4 ,ONE W\LD BE TO BEG9 ) ! CONDITIONS ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS LIV$ ?R\< & !IR RESPONSES TO ! W>1 & !N TURN TO ! ,C,P4 ,?IS W\LD ?R[ A GL>+ LI<T ON ! 9ADEQUACY & DI%ONE/Y ( ! P>TY'S /ANCES & W\LD BE A MORE 0POLEMICAL0 APPROA*1 (F]+ ! LESSONS TO ! READ] 9 BITE-SIZE4 ,! SECOND IS TO BEG9 FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( ! P>TY'S MEMB]S & P]IPH]Y4 ,9 ?IS TELL+1 ! P>TY'S POLICIES1 :I* ! /ORY'S *>ACT]S AT ONE TIME BELIEV$ 9 :OLEHE>T$LY1 OCCUPY ! =EGR\ND & ! BASE-LEVEL ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RESPONSE TO ! W> EM]GES SL[LY TO *ALL5GE ! POLICIES1 /RA9+ & F9ALLY TE>+ ! ACTIVI/S' BONDS ) ! P>TY4 ,9 EI!R TELL+1 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & MASS S5TIM5T DIV]G$ FROM ! ACTIVI/S' PICTURE ( REALITY1 BUT ! SECOND APPROA* MAKES ! ADD$ PO9T ?AT !IR READJU/M5T WAS SL[ & (T5 CONTRADICTORY4 ,SU* PO9TS AS ,N,Q'S 9ITIAL 0TAP ,NEGRO MANP[] = ! W>0 /ANCE & ITS CONT9U+ IDEALIZATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 LAT] ISSUES DO NOT CONTRADICT ! IDEA ?AT ,N,Q WAS DIFF]5TIAT+ ITSELF FROM ! P>TY2 !Y >E P>T ( H[ POLITICAL EVOLUTION OCCURS1 BY HALF-/EPS =W>D1 !N BACK & =W>D AGA94 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S /ORY IS AB\T ! VALIDITY ( POLITICAL POSITIONS--:AT MAKES A POLITICAL /& RI<T 9 PR9CIPLE & GIVES IT ! POT5TIAL TO BUILD ACTIVE /RUGGLE4 ,MY APPROA* TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I />TS FROM ! UTOPIAN3 WE WANT A WORLD ) NO /ATES1NO IMP]IALISM1 NO W>1 NO OPPRESSION4,FROM ?IS />T+ PO9T WE /ILL HAVE TO DEAL ) ! WORLD AS IT IS 9 ORD] TO GET TO ! WORLD WE WANT4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WAS1 OV]ALL1 A W> = DEMOCRACY4 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE W]E FI<T+ NOT JU/ TO DEF5D !IR T]RITORIES BUT !IR EMPIRES--AS ,BRITA9'S REFUSAL TO MAKE ANY CON-CESSIONS TO ,9DIA1 :I* W\LD HAVE BR\<T ,9DIA 9TO ! W> ON ! ,ALLI$ SIDE1 %[S4 ,! ,U4,S4 HAD ITS IMP]IALI/ AIMS 7TAK+ OV] AS MU* ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE AS POSSIBLE1AMONG O!RS7 & ,/AL9'S ,U,S,S,R HAD ITS [N4 ,NEV]!LESS1! SAVAG]Y ( ,NAZISM & TO A LESS] EXT5T ,JAPANESE MILIT>ISM1& !IR GLOBAL AMBITIONS1 W]E NOT A MY?1 & HAD TO BE DEFEAT$4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT 9 ! IMM$IATE SITUATION1:5 IT WASN'T YET POSSIBLE TO DEFEAT IMP]IALISM AS A SY/EM1IT WAS RI<T TO FAVOR AN ,ALLI$ VICTORY 9 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA :ILE FI<T+ TO W9 9DEP5D5CE = ! COLONIES1 CIVIL RI<TS = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 & RI<TS 9 G5]AL = ! COMMON PEOPLE TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE4 ,IF ?IS CONCEPTION IS TRUE1 !N1 FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( SIXTY YE>S ( LAT] HI/ORY1 ! 0D\BLE ,V0 IDEA1 DESPITE ITS ILLUSIONS AB\T ! W>'S DEMOCRATIC *>ACT]1 HAD A PR(\ND TRU? ?AT ! ,C,P'S POL-ICY & ALSO :AT ,ELLISON & ,H]NDON CALL$ A 0REJECTIONI/0 POLICY DID NOT4 

,?IS WAS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T AN 0ILLOGICAL0 POLICY1 ONE ?AT PURSU$ CONTRADICTORY AIMS4 ,TO MY M9D ?AT IS NOT A WEAKNESS4,! SITUATION WAS CONTRADICTORY3 ! ,U4,S4 & ,BRITA9 W]E 9 FACT DEF5D+ AGA9/ BRUTALITY & 5SLAVEM5T :ILE PRACTIC+ BRUTALITY & 5SLAVEM5T !MSELVES4 ,! 0D\BLE ,V0CONCEPTION M]ELY RECOGNIZ$ ! CONTRADICTION4 ,9 CONTRA/1EA* ( ! MA9 COMPET+ IDEAS1 ABSOLUTE SUPPORT = ! W> & NONSUPPORT1 />T$ FROM ONE 5D ( ! CONTRADICTION & D]IV$ FROM IT A LOGICALLY CONSI/5T POSITION ?AT WAS ONLY HALF CORRECT4 ,PUT ANO!R WAY1 0D\BLE ,V0 SIMPLY MEANS BE+ = & /RUGGL+ = ! RI<TS ( ALL PEOPLE--,EUROPEANS CONQU]$ BY ! ,NAZIS1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS & ,9DIANS D5I$ RI<TS BY ! ,U4,S4 & ,BRITA9--EV5 :5 ?OSE RI<TS MAY SEEM TO BE 9 CONFLICT4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 0D\BLE ,V0& 0CRITICAL P>TICIPATION0 HAD A CREATIVE 9CONSI/5CY3 ! ,ALLIES' W> AIMS & ! FRE$OM ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE W]E 9 CONFLICT BUT TO FI<T = BO? WAS TO MOVE CLOS] TO A WORLD 9 :I* !Y W\LD NO LONG] BE4 

,!SE PO9TS MAY HAVE SOME APPLICATION 9 ! PRES5T DAY1AFT] ! ,IRAQ W>4 ,IF ANY?+ 9 ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RESPONSE TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I CAN BE APPLI$ TO ! PRES5T1 IT IS NOT ! CONCLUSION ( SUPPORT+ ! ,ALLIES1 :I* BELONGS TO A DIFF]5T WORLD SITUATION1 BUT ! ME?OD ( />T+ FROM ! CONTRADICTORY REALITY ( WORLD CONFLICT & /RUGGL+ = ! RI<TS ( ALL PEOPLE4 ,9 ,IRAQ !RE >E TWO SIDES TO ?IS REALITY3 ! AIMS ( ! ,U4,S4 & ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLES ( ,IRAQ4,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES'S OV]ALL PURPOSE 9 ! W> WAS ! EXT5SION & CONSOLIDATION ( ,U4,S4 GLOBAL P[]1 & 9 P>TICUL> ITS EXT5SION TO ,IRAQ1 AN >EA \TSIDE ITS IMM$IATE P[] ORBIT BE=E ! W>4 ,)9 ,IRAQ1 TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS EXT5SION1 ! ,U4,S4 HAD TO OV]?R[ A P>TICUL>LY BRUTAL & DIS-GU/+ REGIME & IS N[ TRY+ TO CON/RUCT A NEOCOLONIAL ,U4,S4 DEP5D5CY ) A HALF-DEMOCRATIC FACADE4 ,! RI<T ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS TO HAVE AN 9DEP5D5T C\NTRY UND] :ATEV] TYPE ( GOV]NM5T !Y *OOSE4 ,)9 ! LIMIT$ SITUATION 0ON ! GR\ND10 ?IS IS TO SOME EXT5T A CONTRADICTORY RI<T--TO DEF5D 9DEP5D5CE UND] ! ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 REGIME W\LD NORMALLY MEAN DEF5D+ ! DICTATOR%IP1 TO FI<T = A NEW REGIME SEEM$ TO SOME TO MEAN COLLABORAT+ ) ! ,U4,S4 ,! SOLUTION1 ,I ?9K1 WAS TO ACCEPT ! CONTRADICTORY REALITY & NOT FOLL[ EI!R POSITION TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION--NOT DEF5D ,SADDAM ALONG ) ,IRAQ1NOT ACCEPT ,U4,S4 DOM9ATION ALONG ) ,SADDAM'S OV]?R[1BUT OPPOSE ! 9VASION & OCCUPATION YET REA* \T = DEMOCRACY & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,BECAUSE ( ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9'S DICTATOR%IP1 IT WAS DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ?IS 9 ! BE/ WAY1 BY OV]?R[+ ,HUSSE9 & !N OPPOS+ ! ,U4,S4,9 ! ABS5CE ( ?IS POSSIBILITY !RE W]E TWO WAYS PEOPLE MI<T HAVE RESPOND$3 7#a7 BY DEF5D+ ,IRAQ1 AS 9DEP5D5TLY AS POSSIBLE FROM ,HUSSE91 & LAT] OPPOS+ ! OCCUPATION1 OR 7#b7 BY /&+ ASIDE1 NOT OPPOS+ ! ,U4,S41 & LAT] SEIZ+ DEMOCRATIC RI<TS & OPPOS+ ! OCCUPATION4 ,I'M CONC]N$ H]E P>TICUL>LY ) ?OSE ,IRAQIS :O DID ! SECOND4 ,MANY MAY HAVE G5U9ELY BELIEV$ ! ,U4,S4 CAME TO FREE !M2 ONLY LAT]1 AS ! OCCUPATION TROOPS /ORM$ 9TO !IR H\SES1 %OT OR BEAT PRISON]S TO DEA?1 & SADI/ICALLY ABUS$ !M ON ORD]S ( ,MILIT>Y ,9TELLIG5CE1 DID ! FULL B>B>ISM & ANTIDEMOCRATIC *>ACT] ( ! OCCUPATION BECOME CLE>4,BUT 9 O!R CASES1 ,I SUSPECT1 PEOPLE W]E FOLL[+ A /RATEGY ( TAK+ :AT !Y C\LD FROM ! ,U4,S4--,SADDAM'S OV]-?R[--& !N FI<T+ TO RECLAIM !IR C\NTRY4 ,!SE /RATEGIES' APP>5T CONTRADICTIONS--DEF5D+ ,IRAQ 9 A LIMIT-$ WAY1 & LAT] OPPOS+ ! ,U4,S42 /&+ ASIDE DUR+ ! ,U4,S4 9VASION BUT OPPOS+ ,U4,S4 P[]-->E1 >5'T !Y1 A SORT ( ,IRAQI 0D\BLE ,V10 VICTORY AGA9/ FASCISM ABROAD & AT HOME8 ,AT TIMES ?IS APPROA* MAY SEEM TO CREATE DILEMMAS OR CONTRADICTIONS4 7,= EXAMPLE3 SUPPORT ! >M$ RESI/ANCE OR SUPPORT ! CALL = DIRECT ELECTIONS8 ,9 MY VIEW1 BO?47 ,H[EV]1 SO AT TIMES DID 0D\BLE ,V0 SEEM CONTRADICTORY1 YET \T ( IT CAME ! GREATE/ =CE = DEMOCRACY 9 ! LA/ C5TURY ( ,U4,S4 HI/ORY4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RESPONSES TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I NE$S TO BE MORE WIDELY KN[N1 &1 )9 ?IS OV]ALL TOPIC1! ,NEGRO ,QU>T]LY'S EVOLUTION DUR+ ITS BRIEF LIFETIME PRES5TS A P>TICUL>LY FRUITFUL CASE /UDY4 ,BO? ! OV]ALL HI/ORY & ?IS SPECIFIC FACET HELP TO EXP& \R UND]/&+ ( \R [N PA/1 & BO? PRES5T RI* LESSONS = ! PRES5T4 

.<#a.> ,SEE ,M>K ,NAISON1 ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,H>LEM ,DUR+ ! ,DEPRESSION7,NEW ,YORK3 ,GROVE ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d71 #b#g#i4 

.<#b.> ,BLACK ,BOY 7,AM]ICAN ,HUNG]71 9 ,RI*>D ,WRI<T3 ,LAT] ,WORKS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,LIBR>Y ( ,AM]ICA1 #a#i#i#a71 *AP4 #a#h2 ,MI*EL ,FABRE1 ,! ,UNF9I%$ ,QUE/ ( ,RI*>D ,WRI<T1 TRANS4 ,ISABEL ,B>ZUN 7#bND $41 ,URBANA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71*APS4 #e-#f4 

.<#c.> ,SEE ,NAISON1 *AP4 #a#b2 ,MAURICE ,ISS]MAN1 ,:I* ,SIDE ,W]E ,Y\ ,ON8 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I7,MIDDLET[N3 ,WESLEYAN ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#b71 *APS4 #d-#e4 

.<#d.> ,SEE ,H]B]T ,G>F9KEL1 ,:5 ,NEGROES ,M>*3 ,! ,M>* ,ON ,WA%+TON ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,POLITICS = ! ,F,E,P,C 7#a#i#e#i2,NEW ,YORK3 ,A!NEUM1 #a#i#f#i71 #c#g-#i#f4 

.<#e.> ,SEE ,JOHN ,OLIV] ,KILL5S' NOVEL ,& ,!N ,WE ,HE>D ! ,?UND]1 LOOSELY BAS$ ON ?IS HI/ORY4 ,!RE IS ALSO A NONFICTION RECORD1,LOVE1 ,W>1 & ! #i#f? ,5G9E]S 7,COLOR$71 ! DI>IES ( A :ITE ,JEWI% (FIC] 9 ?IS S]VICE1 ,CAPT4 ,HYMAN ,SAMUELSON1 $IT$ BY HIS NIECE1 ,RUTG]S HI/ORIAN ,GW5DOLYN ,M4 ,HALL4 

.<#f.> ,SEE ,/U>T ,COSGROVE1 0,! ,ZOOT ,SUIT & ,/YLE ,W>F>E1 0,HI/ORY ,WORK%OP ,J\RNAL #ah 7AUTUMN #a#i#h#d73 #g#g-#i#a2 ONL9E AT 

.<#g.> ,CON/ANCE ,WEBB1,RI*>D ,WRI<T3 ,A ,BIOGRAPHY 7,NEW ,YORK3,PUTNAM1 #a#i#f#h71 #a#e#d-#e#e4 

.<#h.> ,! BE/ S\RCE ON ,ELLISON 9 ?IS P]IOD 7?\< UNRELIABLE ON DATES7 IS ,LAWR5CE ,JACKSON1 ,RALPH ,ELLISON3 ,EM]G5CE ( ,G5IUS7,NEW ,YORK3 ,WILEY1 #b#b74 ,AS F> AS ,I KN[ !RE IS NO BIOGRAPHY ( ,H]NDON4 ,!RE IS SOME 9=MATION ON HIM & ,ELLISON 9 ,FR$]ICK ,T4 ,GRIFFI?S1 0,RALPH ,ELLISON1 ,RI*>D ,WRI<T1 & ! ,CASE ( ,ANGELO ,H]NDON10,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN,REVIEW#c#e4#d 7W9T] #b#a73#f#a#e-#c#f4 

.<#i.> ,REF]5CES TO ,N,Q >E GIV5 BY PAGE NUMB]S1 :I* W]E CONSECUTIVE 9 ! F\R ISSUES EXCEPT = ! 0,$ITORIAL ,COMM5T0 9 ,ISSUE #b1 :I* WAS NUMB]$ I-V4 

.<#a#a.> ,N,Q'S $ITORIAL /ATEM5TS W]E UNSIGN$4 ,SOME S*OL>S HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT ,ELLISON WROTE ! /ATEM5T 9 ISSUE NO4 #d1BECAUSE ( SIMIL>ITIES ) ,ELLISON'S LAT] VIEWS1 BUT !RE IS NO CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ( S+LE OR JO9T AU?OR%IP = ANY ( !M4 ,I ASSUME ?AT ALL F\R /ATEM5TS REPRES5T A COMMON $ITORIAL POSITION4 

.<#a#b.> ,! POEM WAS REPR9T$ ) SOME *ANGES 9 ,DODSON'S ,P[]FUL ,LONG ,LADD]7#a#i#d#f74 

.<#a#c.> ,JAWAH>LAL ,NEHRU1,! ,DISCOV]Y ( ,9DIA1 ABRIDG$ & $IT$ BY ,ROB]T ,I4 ,CRANE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,AN*OR1 #a#i#e#i71 #c#f#d-#h#a1QUOTATION ON #c#h#a2 ,GO%AL4 

.<#a#d.> ,GO%AL'S FULL C>E] IS NOT KN[N TO ME4 ,ONL9E S\RCES %[ HIM AS AN ACTOR 9 TWO ,NEW ,YORK !AT] PRODUCTIONS1 9#a#i#b#g & #aidb 7! =M] ) ,>*IE ,LEA*1 ! FUTURE ,C>Y ,GRANT1 9 A M9OR ROLE74 ,HE REMA9$ 9 ! ,C,P P]IPH]Y1COLLABORAT+ ON A #aifd BOOK1,BITT] ,5D 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1) ,VICTOR ,P]LO1 AN ECONOMI/ V]Y CLOSE TO ! ,C,P,U,S,A LEAD]%IP4 

.<#a#e.> ,G>D9]1 BORN 9 ,KUMASI1 ,GOLD ,COA/ 7,<ANA7 9 #a#i#a#d1GRADUAT$ ) HONORS FROM ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY 9 #a#i#d#a4 ,AFT] ! W> HE WAS AN ACADEMIC 9 ,NIG]IA1 !N A MEMB] ( ! ,GOLD ,COA/ & ,<ANA GOV]NM5TS1 & F9ALLY A ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS (FICIAL4 

.<#a#f.> ,HE IS QUOT+ ,LIFE & ,TIMES ( ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLASS1 ! ?IRD V]SION ( ,D\GLASS'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 *AP4 #g4 

.<#a#g.> ,9 LAT] YE>S ,ELLISON DROPP$ ?IS CONCEPTION1 REG>D+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS AS A PEOPLE CULTURALLY 5TW9$ ) AS WELL AS DI/9CT FROM OV]ALL ,U4,S4 CULTURE4 ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ ,H]NDON'S VIEWS ON ?IS PO9T EVOLV$4 

.<#a#h.> ,S9CE ! ,C,P DOCUM5TS ,I HAVE BE5 QUOT+ DATE FROM #aida & #a#i#d#b1IT MAY BE ( 9T]E/ ?AT ! ,C,P'S UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT = ,ROOSEVELT ONLY DEEP5$ LAT] 9 ! W>4 ,DOXEY ,WILK]SON'S PAMPHLET ( ,APRIL #a#i#d#d1 ,! ,NEGRO ,PEOPLE & ! ,COMMUNI/S1 MAKES ?IS CLE>4 ,! PAMPHLET SEEMS TO HAVE TWO PURPOSES3 TO /ATE ! ,C,P /ANCE ON ,NEGRO ISSUES 9 PREP>ATION = ! #aidd ELECTIONS1 JU/IFY+ AN ALL-\T SUPPORT = ,ROOSEVELT1 & TO W9 SUPPORT FROM ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN MEMB]S = ,E>L ,BR[D]'S POLICY ( PREP>+ TO DISSOLVE ! P>TY 9 FAVOR ( A 0,COMMUNI/ ,POLITICAL ,ASSOCIATION0 7#a#i-#b74 ,ON PAGES #g-#a !RE >E SOME QUOTATIONS FROM P>TY /ATEM5TS 9 FAVOR ( CIVIL RI<TS TOGE!R ) REF]5CES TO ONGO+ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS FAVOR+ ,NEGRO RI<TS2 & ON #a#g-#a#h !RE IS A G5]AL CALL TO 09T5SIFY \R FI<T = .<444.> DEMOCRATIC RI<TS1 NOT SOLELY ON ! GR\NDS ( JU/ICE & FAIR PLAY1 BUT PRIM>ILY ON ! BROAD] GR\NDS ( NATIONAL SECURITY0 7#a#g74 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS NOT EV5 ONE SPECIFIC CALL = A /RUGGLE 7BY ,NEGROES L$ BY ! ,C,P1 OR 9 ANY O!R =M7 = ANY SPECIFIC CIVIL RI<T4 ,!RE IS NO CALL TO WORK = ,NEGRO VOT+ RI<TS1 DESEGREGATION ( ! >M$ =CES1 NONDISCRIM9ATION 9 H\S+1 OR DESEGREGATION ( PUBLIC FACILITIES &_/OR S*OOLS1 EV5 AS DI/ANT GOALS4,!RE IS A PR9CIPL$ SUBORD9ATION ( ,NEGRO RI<TS TO W> VICTORY & ! VICTORY ( PROGRESSIVE 7I4E41 PRO-,SOVIET7 CAPITALISM DUR+ & AFT] ! W>3 0.<,I.>N ?IS P]IOD ( NATIONAL CRISIS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS PUT ASIDE ALL P>TISAN 9T]E/S ( ITS [N1 EV5 ITS HI/ORIC ADVOCACY ( SOCIALISM4 ,\R SOLE PRACTICAL PROGRAM DUR+ ! W> & ON 9TO ! PEACE :I* WILL FOLL[ IS TO /R5G!N ! DEMOCRATIC CAMP ( NATIONAL UNITY0 7#a#i-#b2 ALSO SEE #a#c1 #a#d1 #a#g74 

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