,EPILOGUE #b1 ,*APT] #a 

#ahfiahfi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,HI/ORY IS ! LIFE ( NATIONS & ( HUMANITY4 ,TO SEIZE & PUT 9TO 
 WORDS1 TO DESCRIBE DIRECTLY ! LIFE ( HUMANITY OR EV5 ( A S+LE 
 NATION1 APPE>S IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! ANCI5T HI/ORIANS ALL EMPLOY$ ONE & ! SAME ME?OD TO DESCRIBE 
 & SEIZE ! APP>5TLY ELUSIVE--! LIFE ( A PEOPLE4 ,!Y 
 DESCRIB$ ! ACTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUALS :O RUL$ ! PEOPLE1 & REG>D$ 
 ! ACTIVITY ( ?OSE M5 AS REPRES5T+ ! ACTIVITY ( ! :OLE 
 NATION4 

,! QUE/ION3 H[ DID 9DIVIDUALS MAKE NATIONS ACT AS !Y WI%$ & BY 
 :AT WAS ! WILL ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS !MSELVES GUID$8 ! ANCI5TS MET 
 BY RECOGNIZ+ A DIV9ITY :I* SUBJECT$ ! NATIONS TO ! WILL ( A 
 *OS5 MAN1 & GUID$ ! WILL ( ?AT *OS5 MAN SO AS TO ACCOMPLI% 
 5DS ?AT W]E PR$E/9$4 

,= ! ANCI5TS !SE QUE/IONS W]E SOLV$ BY A BELIEF 9 ! DIRECT 
 P>TICIPATION ( ! ,DEITY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 

,MOD]N HI/ORY1 9 !ORY1 REJECTS BO? !SE PR9CIPLES4 

,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT HAV+ REJECT$ ! BELIEF ( ! ANCI5TS 9 MAN'S 
 SUBJECTION TO ! ,DEITY & 9 A PR$ET]M9$ AIM T[>D :I* NATIONS 
 >E L$1 MOD]N HI/ORY %\LD /UDY NOT ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( P[] BUT 
 ! CAUSES ?AT PRODUCE IT4 ,BUT MOD]N HI/ORY HAS NOT DONE ?IS4 ,HAV+ 
 9 !ORY REJECT$ ! VIEW HELD BY ! ANCI5TS1 IT /ILL FOLL[S !M 9 
 PRACTICE4 

,9/EAD ( M5 5D[$ ) DIV9E AU?ORITY & DIRECTLY GUID$ BY ! 
 WILL ( ,GOD1 MOD]N HI/ORY HAS GIV5 US EI!R H]OES 5D[$ ) 
 EXTRAORD9>Y1 SUP]HUMAN CAPACITIES1 OR SIMPLY M5 ( V]Y V>I\S K9DS1 
 FROM MON>*S TO J\RNALI/S1 :O LEAD ! MASSES4 ,9/EAD ( ! =M] 
 DIV9ELY APPO9T$ AIMS ( ! ,JEWI%1 ,GREEK1 OR ,ROMAN NATIONS1 :I* 
 ANCI5T HI/ORIANS REG>D$ AS REPRES5T+ ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY1 
 MOD]N HI/ORY HAS PO/ULAT$ ITS [N AIMS--! WELF>E ( ! 
 ,FR5*1 ,G]MAN1 OR ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 OR1 9 ITS HI<E/ AB/RACTION1 ! 
 WELF>E & CIVILIZATION ( HUMANITY 9 G5]AL1 BY :I* IS USUALLY MEANT 
 ?AT ( ! PEOPLES OCCUPY+ A SMALL NOR?WE/]LY PORTION ( A L>GE 
 CONT95T4 

,MOD]N HI/ORY HAS REJECT$ ! BELIEFS ( ! ANCI5TS )\T REPLAC+ 
 !M BY A NEW CONCEPTION1 & ! LOGIC ( ! SITUATION HAS OBLIG$ ! 
 HI/ORIANS1 AFT] !Y HAD APP>5TLY REJECT$ ! DIV9E AU?ORITY ( ! 
 K+S & ! 0FATE0 ( ! ANCI5TS1 TO REA* ! SAME CONCLUSION BY 
 ANO!R ROAD1 ?AT IS1 TO RECOGNIZE 7#a7 NATIONS GUID$ BY 9DIVIDUAL M51 
 & 7#b7 ! EXI/5CE ( A KN[N AIM TO :I* !SE NATIONS & HUMANITY 
 AT L>GE >E T5D+4 

,AT ! BASIS ( ! WORKS ( ALL ! MOD]N HI/ORIANS FROM ,GIBBON TO 
 ,BUCKLE1 DESPITE !IR SEEM+ DISAGREEM5TS & ! APP>5T NOVELTY ( 
 !IR \TLOOKS1 LIE ?OSE TWO OLD1 UNAVOIDABLE ASSUMPTIONS4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE ! HI/ORIAN DESCRIBES ! ACTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUALS :O 
 9 HIS OP9ION HAVE DIRECT$ HUMANITY 7ONE HI/ORIAN CONSID]S ONLY 
 MON>*S1 G5]ALS1 & M9I/]S AS BE+ SU* M51 :ILE ANO!R 
 9CLUDES ALSO ORATORS1 LE>N$ M51 RE=M]S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 & POETS74 
 ,SECONDLY1 IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT ! GOAL T[>D :I* HUMANITY IS BE+ L$ 
 IS KN[N TO ! HI/ORIANS3 TO ONE ( !M ?IS GOAL IS ! GREATNESS ( 
 ! ,ROMAN1 ,SPANI%1 OR ,FR5* REALM2 TO ANO!R IT IS LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 
 & A C]TA9 K9D ( CIVILIZATION ( A SMALL CORN] ( ! WORLD CALL$ 
 ,EUROPE4 

,9 #a<i A F]M5T >ISES 9 ,P>IS2 IT GR[S1 SPREADS1 & IS EXPRESS$ BY 
 A MOVEM5T ( PEOPLES FROM WE/ TO EA/4 ,SEV]AL TIMES IT MOVES EA/W>D 
 & COLLIDES ) A C\NT]MOVEM5T FROM ! EA/ WE/W>D4 ,9 #ahab IT 
 REA*ES ITS EXTREME LIMIT1 ,MOSC[1 & !N1 ) REM>KABLE SYMMETRY1 A 
 C\NT]MOVEM5T OCCURS FROM EA/ TO WE/1 ATTRACT+ TO IT1 AS ! FIR/ 
 MOVEM5T HAD DONE1 ! NATIONS ( MIDDLE ,EUROPE4 ,! C\NT] MOVEM5T 
 REA*ES ! />T+ PO9T ( ! FIR/ MOVEM5T 9 ! WE/--,P>IS--& 
 SUBSIDES4 

,DUR+ ?AT TW5TY-YE> P]IOD AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( FIELDS W]E LEFT 
 UNTILL$1 H\SES W]E BURN$1 TRADE *ANG$ ITS DIRECTION1 MILLIONS ( M5 
 MIGRAT$1 W]E IMPOV]I%$1 OR W]E 5RI*$1 & MILLIONS ( ,*RI/IAN 
 M5 PR(ESS+ ! LAW ( LOVE ( !IR FELL[S SLEW ONE ANO!R4 

,:AT DOES ALL ?IS MEAN8 ,:Y DID IT HAPP58 ,:AT MADE ?OSE PEOPLE BURN 
 H\SES & SLAY !IR FELL[ M58 ,:AT W]E ! CAUSES ( !SE EV5TS8 
 ,:AT =CE MADE M5 ACT SO8 ,!SE >E ! 9/9CTIVE1 PLA91 & MO/ 
 LEGITIMATE QUE/IONS HUMANITY ASKS ITSELF :5 IT 5C\NT]S ! MONUM5TS 
 & TRADITION ( ?AT P]IOD4 

,= A REPLY TO !SE QUE/IONS ! COMMON S5SE ( MANK9D TURNS TO ! 
 SCI5CE ( HI/ORY1 :OSE AIM IS TO 5ABLE NATIONS & HUMANITY TO KN[ 
 !MSELVES4 

,IF HI/ORY HAD RETA9$ ! CONCEPTION ( ! ANCI5TS IT W\LD HAVE SAID 
 ?AT ,GOD1 TO REW>D OR PUNI% HIS PEOPLE1 GAVE ,NAPOLEON P[] & DIRECT$ 
 HIS WILL TO ! FULFILLM5T ( ! DIV9E 5DS1 & ?AT REPLY W\LD HAVE 
 BE5 CLE> & COMPLETE4 ,ONE MI<T BELIEVE OR DISBELIEVE 9 ! DIV9E 
 SIGNIFICANCE ( ,NAPOLEON1 BUT = ANYONE BELIEV+ 9 IT !RE W\LD HAVE 
 BE5 NO?+ UN9TELLIGIBLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ?AT P]IOD1 NOR W\LD !RE 
 HAVE BE5 ANY CONTRADICTIONS4 

,BUT MOD]N HI/ORY CANNOT GIVE ?AT REPLY4 ,SCI5CE DOES NOT ADMIT ! 
 CONCEPTION ( ! ANCI5TS AS TO ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( ! ,DEITY 9 
 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 & !RE=E HI/ORY \<T TO GIVE O!R ANSW]S4 

,MOD]N HI/ORY REPLY+ TO !SE QUE/IONS SAYS3 Y\ WANT TO KN[ :AT 
 ?IS MOVEM5T MEANS1 :AT CAUS$ IT1 & :AT =CE PRODUC$ !SE EV5TS8 
 ,!N LI/53 

0,L\IS ,X,I,V WAS A V]Y PR\D & SELF-CONFID5T MAN2 HE HAD SU* & SU* 
 MI/RESSES & SU* & SU* M9I/]S & HE RUL$ ,FRANCE BADLY4 ,HIS 
 DESC5DANTS W]E WEAK M5 & !Y TOO RUL$ ,FRANCE BADLY4 ,& !Y HAD 
 SU* & SU* FAVORITES & SU* & SU* MI/RESSES4 ,MOREOV]1 C]TA9 
 M5 WROTE SOME BOOKS AT ?AT TIME4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY 
 !RE W]E A C\PLE ( DOZ5 M5 9 ,P>IS :O BEGAN TO TALK AB\T ALL M5 
 BE+ FREE & EQUAL4 ,?IS CAUS$ PEOPLE ALL OV] ,FRANCE TO BEG9 TO SLA% 
 AT & DR[N ONE ANO!R4 ,!Y KILL$ ! K+ & MANY O!R PEOPLE4 ,AT 
 ?AT TIME !RE WAS 9 ,FRANCE A MAN ( G5IUS--,NAPOLEON4 ,HE CONQU]$ 
 EV]YBODY EV]Y:]E--?AT IS1 HE KILL$ MANY PEOPLE BECAUSE HE WAS A 
 GREAT G5IUS4 ,& = SOME REASON HE W5T TO KILL ,AFRICANS1 & KILL$ 
 !M SO WELL & WAS SO CUNN+ & WISE ?AT :5 HE RETURN$ TO ,FRANCE 
 HE ORD]$ EV]YBODY TO OBEY HIM1 & !Y ALL OBEY$ HIM4 ,HAV+ BECOME 
 AN ,EMP]OR HE AGA9 W5T \T TO KILL PEOPLE 9 ,ITALY1 ,AU/RIA1 & 
 ,PRUSSIA4 ,& !RE TOO HE KILL$ A GREAT MANY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA !RE WAS AN 
 ,EMP]OR1 ,ALEX&]1 :O DECID$ TO RE/ORE ORD] 9 ,EUROPE & !RE=E 
 F\<T AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON4 ,9 #ahg HE SUDD5LY MADE FRI5DS ) HIM1 BUT 9 
 #ahaa !Y AGA9 QU>REL$ & AGA9 BEGAN KILL+ MANY PEOPLE4 ,NAPOLEON 
 L$ SIX HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 9TO ,RUSSIA & CAPTUR$ ,MOSC[2 !N HE 
 SUDD5LY RAN AWAY FROM ,MOSC[1 & ! ,EMP]OR ,ALEX&]1 HELP$ BY ! 
 ADVICE ( ,/E9 & O!RS1 UNIT$ ,EUROPE TO >M AGA9/ ! DI/URB] ( 
 ITS PEACE4 ,ALL ,NAPOLEON'S ALLIES SUDD5LY BECAME HIS 5EMIES & !IR 
 =CES ADVANC$ AGA9/ ! FRE% =CES HE RAIS$4 ,! ,ALLIES DEFEAT$ 
 ,NAPOLEON1 5T]$ ,P>IS1 =C$ ,NAPOLEON TO ABDICATE1 & S5T HIM TO ! 
 ISL& ( ,ELBA1 NOT DEPRIV+ HIM ( ! TITLE ( ,EMP]OR & %[+ HIM 
 EV]Y RESPECT1 ?\< FIVE YE>S BE=E & ONE YE> LAT] !Y ALL 
 REG>D$ HIM AS AN \TLAW & A BRIG&4 ,!N ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I1 :O TILL !N 
 HAD BE5 ! LAU<+/OCK BO? ( ! ,FR5* & ! ,ALLIES1 BEGAN TO 
 REIGN4 ,& ,NAPOLEON1 %$D+ TE>S BE=E HIS ,OLD ,GU>DS1 R5\NC$ ! 
 ?RONE & W5T 9TO EXILE4 ,!N ! SKILLFUL /ATESM5 & DIPLOMATI/S 
 7ESPECIALLY ,TALLEYR&1 :O MANAG$ TO SIT D[N 9 A P>TICUL> *AIR 
 BE=E ANYONE ELSE & !REBY EXT5D$ ! FRONTI]S ( ,FRANCE7 TALK$ 9 
 ,VI5NA & BY !SE CONV]SATIONS MADE ! NATIONS HAPPY OR UNHAPPY4 
 ,SUDD5LY ! DIPLOMATI/S & MON>*S NE>LY QU>REL$ & W]E ON ! 
 PO9T ( AGA9 ORD]+ !IR >MIES TO KILL ONE ANO!R1 BUT JU/ !N 
 ,NAPOLEON >RIV$ 9 ,FRANCE ) A BATTALION1 & ! ,FR5*1 :O HAD BE5 
 HAT+ HIM1 IMM$IATELY ALL SUBMITT$ TO HIM4 ,BUT ! ,ALLI$ MON>*S W]E 
 ANGRY AT ?IS & W5T TO FI<T ! ,FR5* ONCE MORE4 ,& !Y DEFEAT$ 
 ! G5IUS ,NAPOLEON &1 SUDD5LY RECOGNIZ+ HIM AS A BRIG&1 S5T HIM 
 TO ! ISL& ( ,/4 ,HEL5A4 ,& ! EXILE1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! BELOV$ 
 ,FRANCE SO DE> TO HIS HE>T1 DI$ A L+]+ DEA? ON ?AT ROCK & 
 BEQUEA!D HIS GREAT DE$S TO PO/]ITY4 ,BUT 9 ,EUROPE A REACTION OCCURR$ 
 & ! SOV]EIGNS ONCE AGA9 ALL BEGAN TO OPPRESS !IR SUBJECTS40 

,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO ?9K ?AT ?IS IS IRONIC--A C>ICATURE ( 
 ! HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT IS A V]Y MILD EXPRESSION ( 
 ! CONTRADICTORY REPLIES1 NOT MEET+ ! QUE/IONS1 :I* ALL ! 
 HI/ORIANS GIVE1 FROM ! COMPIL]S ( MEMOIRS & ! HI/ORIES ( 
 SEP>ATE /ATES TO ! WRIT]S ( G5]AL HI/ORIES & ! NEW HI/ORIES 
 ( ! CULTURE ( ?AT P]IOD4 

,! /RANG5ESS & ABSURDITY ( !SE REPLIES >ISE FROM ! FACT ?AT 
 MOD]N HI/ORY1 LIKE A DEAF MAN1 ANSW]S QUE/IONS NO ONE HAS ASK$4 

,IF ! PURPOSE ( HI/ORY BE TO GIVE A DESCRIPTION ( ! MOVEM5T ( 
 HUMANITY & ( ! PEOPLES1 ! FIR/ QUE/ION--9 ! ABS5CE ( A 
 REPLY TO :I* ALL ! RE/ WILL BE 9COMPREH5SIBLE--IS3 :AT IS ! 
 P[] ?AT MOVES PEOPLES8 ,TO ?IS1 MOD]N HI/ORY LABORI\SLY REPLIES 
 EI!R ?AT ,NAPOLEON WAS A GREAT G5IUS1 OR ?AT ,L\IS ,X,I,V WAS V]Y PR\D1 
 OR ?AT C]TA9 WRIT]S WROTE C]TA9 BOOKS4 

,ALL ?AT MAY BE SO & MANK9D IS READY TO AGREE ) IT1 BUT IT IS NOT 
 :AT WAS ASK$4 ,ALL ?AT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ IF WE RECOGNIZ$ A DIV9E 
 P[] BAS$ ON ITSELF & ALWAYS CONSI/5TLY DIRECT+ ITS NATIONS 
 ?R\< ,NAPOLEONS1 ,L\IS-ES1 & WRIT]S2 BUT WE DO NOT ACKN[L$GE SU* A 
 P[]1 & !RE=E BE=E SPEAK+ AB\T ,NAPOLEONS1 ,L\IS-ES1 & 
 AU?ORS1 WE \<T TO BE %[N ! CONNECTION EXI/+ BETWE5 !SE M5 
 & ! MOVEM5T ( ! NATIONS4 

,IF 9/EAD ( A DIV9E P[] SOME O!R =CE HAS APPE>$1 IT %\LD BE 
 EXPLA9$ 9 :AT ?IS NEW =CE CONSI/S1 = ! :OLE 9T]E/ ( 
 HI/ORY LIES PRECISELY 9 ?AT =CE4 

,HI/ORY SEEMS TO ASSUME ?AT ?IS =CE IS SELF-EVID5T & KN[N TO 
 EV]YONE4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( EV]Y DESIRE TO REG>D IT AS KN[N1 ANYONE 
 READ+ MANY HI/ORICAL WORKS CANNOT HELP D\BT+ :E!R ?IS NEW =CE1 
 SO V>I\SLY UND]/OOD BY ! HI/ORIANS !MSELVES1 IS REALLY QUITE WELL 
 KN[N TO EV]YBODY4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahfh 3 ,EPILOGUE #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bag 3 ,EPILOGUE #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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