,BOOK #a#c1 ,*APT] #a 
#ahab 

#ahfiahfi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,MAN'S M9D CANNOT GRASP ! CAUSES ( EV5TS 9 !IR COMPLET5ESS1 BUT 
 ! DESIRE TO F9D ?OSE CAUSES IS IMPLANT$ 9 MAN'S S\L4 ,& )\T 
 CONSID]+ ! MULTIPLICITY & COMPLEXITY ( ! CONDITIONS ANY ONE ( 
 :I* TAK5 SEP>ATELY MAY SEEM TO BE ! CAUSE1 HE SNAT*ES AT ! FIR/ 
 APPROXIMATION TO A CAUSE ?AT SEEMS TO HIM 9TELLIGIBLE & SAYS3 0,?IS IS 
 ! CAUSE60 ,9 HI/ORICAL EV5TS 7:]E ! ACTIONS ( M5 >E ! SUBJECT 
 ( OBS]VATION7 ! FIR/ & MO/ PRIMITIVE APPROXIMATION TO PRES5T 
 ITSELF WAS ! WILL ( ! GODS &1 AFT] ?AT1 ! WILL ( ?OSE :O 
 /OOD 9 ! MO/ PROM95T POSITION--! H]OES ( HI/ORY4 ,BUT WE 
 NE$ ONLY P5ETRATE TO ! ESS5CE ( ANY HI/ORIC EV5T--:I* LIES 
 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ! G5]AL MASS ( M5 :O TAKE P>T 9 IT--TO BE 
 CONV9C$ ?AT ! WILL ( ! HI/ORIC H]O DOES NOT CONTROL ! ACTIONS 
 ( ! MASS BUT IS ITSELF CONT9UALLY CONTROLL$4 ,IT MAY SEEM TO BE A 
 MATT] ( 9DIFF]5CE :E!R WE UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( HI/ORICAL 
 EV5TS ?IS WAY OR ?AT2 YET !RE IS ! SAME DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A MAN 
 :O SAYS ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ! ,WE/ MOV$ ON ! ,EA/ BECAUSE ,NAPOLEON 
 WI%$ IT & A MAN :O SAYS ?AT ?IS HAPP5$ BECAUSE IT HAD TO HAPP51 
 AS !RE IS BETWE5 ?OSE :O DECL>$ ?AT ! E>? WAS /ATION>Y & 
 ?AT ! PLANETS MOV$ R\ND IT & ?OSE :O ADMITT$ ?AT !Y DID NOT 
 KN[ :AT UPHELD ! E>?1 BUT KNEW !RE W]E LAWS DIRECT+ ITS 
 MOVEM5T & ?AT ( ! O!R PLANETS4 ,!RE IS1 & CAN BE1 NO CAUSE ( 
 AN HI/ORICAL EV5T EXCEPT ! ONE CAUSE ( ALL CAUSES4 ,BUT !RE >E LAWS 
 DIRECT+ EV5TS1 & SOME ( !SE LAWS >E KN[N TO US :ILE WE >E 
 CONSCI\S ( O!RS WE CANNOT COMPREH5D4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( !SE LAWS IS 
 ONLY POSSIBLE :5 WE HAVE QUITE AB&ON$ ! ATTEMPT TO F9D ! CAUSE 
 9 ! WILL ( SOME ONE MAN1 JU/ AS ! DISCOV]Y ( ! LAWS ( ! 
 MOTION ( ! PLANETS WAS POSSIBLE ONLY :5 M5 AB&ON$ ! CONCEPTION 
 ( ! FIXITY ( ! E>?4 

,! HI/ORIANS CONSID] ?AT1 NEXT TO ! BATTLE ( ,BOROD9O & ! 
 OCCUPATION ( ,MOSC[ BY ! 5EMY & ITS DE/RUCTION BY FIRE1 ! MO/ 
 IMPORTANT EPISODE ( ! W> ( #ahab WAS ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY 
 FROM ! ,RYAZANA TO ! ,KALUGA ROAD & TO ! ,T>UT9O CAMP--! 
 SO-CALL$ FLANK M>* ACROSS ! ,KRASNAYA ,PAKHRA ,RIV]4 ,!Y ASCRIBE ! 
 GLORY ( ?AT A*IEVEM5T ( G5IUS TO DIFF]5T M5 & DISPUTE AS TO 
 :OM ! HONOR IS DUE4 ,EV5 =EIGN HI/ORIANS1 9CLUD+ ! ,FR5*1 
 ACKN[L$GE ! G5IUS ( ! ,RUSSIAN COMM&]S :5 !Y SPEAK ( ?AT 
 FLANK M>*4 ,BUT IT IS H>D TO UND]/& :Y MILIT>Y WRIT]S1 & 
 FOLL[+ !M O!RS1 CONSID] ?IS FLANK M>* TO BE ! PR(\ND 
 CONCEPTION ( SOME ONE MAN :O SAV$ ,RUSSIA & DE/ROY$ ,NAPOLEON4 ,9 ! 
 FIR/ PLACE IT IS H>D TO UND]/& :]E ! PR(UNDITY & G5IUS ( 
 ?IS MOVEM5T LAY1 = NOT MU* M5TAL EF=T WAS NE$$ TO SEE ?AT ! 
 BE/ POSITION = AN >MY :5 IT IS NOT BE+ ATTACK$ IS :]E !RE >E 
 MO/ PROVISIONS2 & EV5 A DULL BOY ( ?IRTE5 C\LD HAVE GUESS$ ?AT 
 ! BE/ POSITION = AN >MY AFT] ITS RETREAT FROM ,MOSC[ 9 #ahab WAS ON 
 ! ,KALUGA ROAD4 ,SO IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& BY :AT REASON+ ! 
 HI/ORIANS REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT ?IS MANEUV] WAS A PR(\ND ONE4 ,& 
 IT IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO UND]/& JU/ :Y !Y ?9K ?AT ?IS 
 MANEUV] WAS CALCULAT$ TO SAVE ,RUSSIA & DE/ROY ! ,FR5*2 = ?IS 
 FLANK M>*1 HAD IT BE5 PREC$$1 ACCOMPANI$1 OR FOLL[$ BY O!R 
 CIRCUM/ANCES1 MI<T HAVE PROV$ RU9\S TO ! ,RUSSIANS & SALUT>Y = 
 ! ,FR5*4 ,IF ! POSITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY REALLY BEGAN TO IMPROVE 
 FROM ! TIME ( ?AT M>*1 IT DOES NOT AT ALL FOLL[ ?AT ! M>* WAS 
 ! CAUSE ( IT4 

,?AT FLANK M>* MI<T NOT ONLY HAVE FAIL$ TO GIVE ANY ADVANTAGE TO ! 
 ,RUSSIAN >MY1 BUT MI<T 9 O!R CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE L$ TO ITS 
 DE/RUCTION4 ,:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ HAD ,MOSC[ NOT BURN$ D[N8 ,IF ,MURAT 
 HAD NOT LO/ SI<T ( ! ,RUSSIANS8 ,IF ,NAPOLEON HAD NOT REMA9$ 9ACTIVE8 
 ,IF ! ,RUSSIAN >MY AT ,KRASNAYA ,PAKHRA HAD GIV5 BATTLE AS ,B5NIGS5 & 
 ,B>CLAY ADVIS$8 ,:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ HAD ! ,FR5* ATTACK$ ! 
 ,RUSSIANS :ILE !Y W]E M>*+ BEYOND ! ,PAKHRA8 ,:AT W\LD HAVE 
 HAPP5$ IF ON APPROA*+ ,T>UT9O1 ,NAPOLEON HAD ATTACK$ ! ,RUSSIANS 
 ) BUT A T5? ( ! 5]GY HE HAD %[N :5 HE ATTACK$ !M AT 
 ,SMOL5SK8 ,:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ HAD ! ,FR5* MOV$ ON ,PET]SBURG8444 
 ,9 ANY ( !SE EV5TUALITIES ! FLANK M>* ?AT BR\<T SALVATION MI<T 
 HAVE PROV$ DISA/R\S4 

,! ?IRD & MO/ 9COMPREH5SIBLE ?+ IS ?AT PEOPLE /UDY+ HI/ORY 
 DELIB]ATELY AVOID SEE+ ?AT ?IS FLANK M>* CANNOT BE ATTRIBUT$ TO 
 ANY ONE MAN1 ?AT NO ONE EV] =ESAW IT1 & ?AT 9 REALITY1 LIKE ! 
 RETREAT FROM ,FILI1 IT DID NOT SUGGE/ ITSELF TO ANYONE 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 
 BUT RESULT$--MOM5T BY MOM5T1 /EP BY /EP1 EV5T BY EV5T--FROM 
 AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( MO/ DIV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES & WAS ONLY SE5 9 ITS 
 5TIRETY :5 IT HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ & BELONG$ TO ! PA/4 

,AT ! C\NCIL AT ,FILI ! PREVAIL+ ?\<T 9 ! M9DS ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
 COMM&]S WAS ! ONE NATURALLY SUGGE/+ ITSELF1 NAMELY1 A DIRECT 
 RETREAT BY ! ,NIZHNI ROAD4 ,9 PRO( ( ?IS !RE IS ! FACT ?AT ! 
 MAJORITY ( ! C\NCIL VOT$ = SU* A RETREAT1 & ABOVE ALL !RE IS 
 ! WELL-KN[N CONV]SATION AFT] ! C\NCIL1 BETWE5 ! COMM&] 9 
 *IEF & ,LANSKOY1 :O WAS 9 *>GE ( ! COMMISS>IAT DEP>TM5T4 
 ,LANSKOY 9=M$ ! COMM&] 9 *IEF ?AT ! >MY SUPPLIES W]E = 
 ! MO/ P>T /OR$ ALONG ! ,OKA 9 ! ,TULA & ,RYAZAN PROV9CES1 & 
 ?AT IF !Y RETREAT$ ON ,NIZHNI ! >MY W\LD BE SEP>AT$ FROM ITS 
 SUPPLIES BY ! BROAD RIV] ,OKA1 :I* CANNOT BE CROSS$ E>LY 9 W9T]4 
 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ 9DICATION ( ! NECESSITY ( DEVIAT+ FROM :AT HAD 
 PREVI\SLY SEEM$ ! MO/ NATURAL C\RSE--A DIRECT RETREAT ON 
 ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD4 ,! >MY TURN$ MORE TO ! S\?1 ALONG ! ,RYAZAN ROAD 
 & NE>] TO ITS SUPPLIES4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY ! 9ACTIVITY ( ! ,FR5* 7:O 
 EV5 LO/ SI<T ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY71 CONC]N = ! SAFETY ( ! 
 >S5AL AT ,TULA1 & ESPECIALLY ! ADVANTAGES ( DRAW+ NE>] TO ITS 
 SUPPLIES CAUS$ ! >MY TO TURN /ILL FUR!R S\? TO ! ,TULA ROAD4 
 ,HAV+ CROSS$ OV]1 BY A =C$ M>*1 TO ! ,TULA ROAD BEYOND ! 
 ,PAKHRA1 ! ,RUSSIAN COMM&]S 9T5D$ TO REMA9 AT ,PODOLSK & HAD NO 
 ?\<T ( ! ,T>UT9O POSITION2 BUT 9NUM]ABLE CIRCUM/ANCES & ! 
 REAPPE>ANCE ( ,FR5* TROOPS :O HAD = A TIME LO/ T\* ) ! 
 ,RUSSIANS1 & PROJECTS ( GIV+ BATTLE1 & ABOVE ALL ! ABUNDANCE ( 
 PROVISIONS 9 ,KALUGA PROV9CE1 OBLIG$ \R >MY TO TURN /ILL MORE TO ! 
 S\? & TO CROSS FROM ! ,TULA TO ! ,KALUGA ROAD & GO TO ,T>UT9O1 
 :I* WAS BETWE5 ! ROADS ALONG :I* ?OSE SUPPLIES LAY4 ,JU/ AS IT IS 
 IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :5 IT WAS DECID$ TO AB&ON ,MOSC[1 SO IT IS 
 IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY PRECISELY :51 OR BY :OM1 IT WAS DECID$ TO MOVE TO 
 ,T>UT9O4 ,ONLY :5 ! >MY HAD GOT !RE1 AS ! RESULT ( 9NUM]ABLE 
 & V>Y+ =CES1 DID PEOPLE BEG9 TO ASSURE !MSELVES ?AT !Y HAD 
 DESIR$ ?IS MOVEM5T & LONG AGO =ESE5 ITS RESULT4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahfh 3 ,BOOK #a#c1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #a#c1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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