,VIETNAM3 ,H[ ,GOV]NM5T ,BECAME ,WOLVES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,I 

,REVIEW+ ! RECORD ( ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,9DO*9A 9 ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S1 ONE CANNOT FAIL TO BE /RUCK BY ! CONT9UITY ( BASIC ASSUMPTIONS FROM ONE ADM9I/RATION TO ! NEXT4 ,NEV] HAS !RE BE5 ! SLI<TE/ DEVIATION FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT A NONCOMMUNI/ REGIME MU/ BE IMPOS$ & DEF5D$1 REG>DLESS ( POPUL> S5TIM5T4 ,! SCOPE ( ! PR9CIPLE WAS N>R[$ :5 IT WAS CONC$$1 BY AB\T #a#i#f1 ?AT ,NOR? ,VIETNAM WAS IRRETRIEVABLY 0LO/40 ,O!RWISE1 ! PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ )\T EQUIVOCATION4 ,GIV5 ?IS PR9CIPLE1 AS WELL AS ! /R5G? ( ! ,VIETNAMESE RESI/ANCE1 ! MILIT>Y P[] AVAILABLE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! LACK ( EFFECTIVE CON/RA9TS1 ONE CAN D$UCE ) PRECISION ! /RATEGY ( ANNIHILATION ?AT WAS GRADUALLY UND]TAK54 

,ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#d#i1 ,DEAN ,A*ESON CABL$ ,U,S (FICIALS 9 ,SAIGON & ,P>IS ?AT 0NO EF=T .<%\LD.> BE SP>$0 TO ASSURE ! SUCCESS ( ! ,BAO ,DAI GOV]NM5T1 S9CE !RE APPE>$ TO BE 0NO O!R ALT]NATIVE TO E/AB .<LI%M5T.> ,COMMIE PATT]N ,VIETNAM40 ,HE FUR!R URG$ ?AT ?IS GOV]NM5T %\LD BE 0TRULY REPRES5TATIVE EV5 TO EXT5T 9CLUD+ \T/&+ NON-,COMMIE LEAD]S N[ SUPPORT+ ,HO40 

,A ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T POLICY /ATEM5T ( ! PREC$+ ,SEPTEMB] HAD NOT$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S UND] ,HO ,*I ,M9H HAD 0CAPTUR.<$.> CONTROL ( ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T10 ?US IMP$+ ! 0LONG-T]M OBJECTIVE0 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 0TO ELIM9ATE SO F> AS POSSIBLE ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,9DO*9A40 ,WE >E UNABLE TO SUGGE/ ANY PRACTICABLE SOLUTION TO ! ,FR5*1 ! REPORT CONT9U$1 0AS WE >E ALL TOO WELL AW>E ( ! UNPLEASANT FACT ?AT ,COMMUNI/ ,HO ,*I ,M9H IS ! /RONGE/ & P]HAPS ! ABLE/ FIGURE 9 ,9DO*9A & ?AT ANY SUGGE/$ SOLUTION :I* EXCLUDES HIM IS AN EXP$I5T ( UNC]TA9 \TCOME40 ,BUT TO ,A*ESON1 ,HO'S POPUL>ITY & ABILITY W]E ( NO GREAT] MOM5T ?AN HIS NATIONALI/ CR$5TIALS3 0,QUE/ION :E!R ,HO AS MU* NATIONALI/ AS ,COMMIE IS IRRELEVANT0 7,MAY #b1 #a#i#d#i74 

,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#f#g1 ,ASSI/ANT ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE ,JOHN ,MC,NAU<TON PRES5T$ A MEMOR&UM :I* ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIAN TAKES TO IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT MODIFICATION ( POLICY T[>D A MORE LIMIT$ & CONCILIATORY POSITION4 ,! ,SAIGON GOV]NM5T1 ,MC,NAU<TON URG$1 %\LD BE MOV$ 0TO REA* AN ACCOMMODATION ) ! NON-,COMMUNI/ ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE :O >E UND] ! ,V,C BANN]2 TO ACCEPT !M AS MEMB]S ( AN OPPOSITION POLITICAL P>TY1 &1 IF NECESS>Y1 TO ACCEPT !IR 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4440 7,GRAVEL ,$ITION1 ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S1 VOL4 ,I,V1 P4 #d#h#i74.<#a.> ,EXACTLY ,A*ESON'S PROPOSAL ( EI<TE5 YE>S E>LI]1 RE/RICT$ N[ TO ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 

,9 A SUMM>Y ( ! SITUATION AFT] ! ,TET (F5SIVE ( #a#i#f#h1 ,LESLIE ,GELB1 DIRECTOR ( ! ,P5TAGON /UDY1 ASK$ :E!R ! ,U,S CAN 0OV]COME ! APP>5T FACT ?AT ! ,VIET ,CONG HAVE 'CAPTUR$' ! ,VIETNAMESE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :ILE ! ,G,V,N HAS BECOME ! REFUGE ( ,VIETNAMESE :O W]E ALLI$ ) ! ,FR5* 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR NATION0 7,I,I1 P4 #d#a#d74 ,HIS QUE/ION EXPRESS$ ! DILEMMA ( ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T TW5TY YE>S BE=E1 & PROP]LY SO4 ,! BIOGRAPHIES ( ,?IEU1 ,KY1 & ,KHIEM 9DICATE ! CONT9UITY ( POLICY2 ALL S]V$ ) ! ,FR5* =CES1 AS DID MO/ ( ! TOP ,>,V,N (FIC]S4 0,/UDIES ( PEASANT ATTITUDES CONDUCT$ 9 REC5T YE>S10 ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIAN 9=MS US1 0HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT = MANY1 ! /RUGGLE :I* BEGAN 9 #aide AGA9/ COLONIALISM CONT9U$ UN9T]RUPT$ ?R\<\T ,DIEM'S REGIME3 9 #a#i#e#d1 ! FOES ( NATIONALI/S W]E TRANS=M$ FROM ,FRANCE & ,BAO ,DAI1 TO ,DIEM & ! ,U,S444BUT ! ISSUES AT /AKE NEV] *ANG$0 7,I1 P4 #b#i#e74 

,CORRESPOND+LY1 ! ,P5TAGON CONSID]$ ITS PROBLEM TO BE TO 0DET] ! ,VIET ,CONG 7=M]LY CALL$ ,VIET ,M9H70--,MAY1 #a#i#e#i4 ,! ,?IEU REGIME TODAY HAS A P[] BASE REM>KABLY LIKE ,DIEM'S1.<#b.> & SUB/ANTIAL SEGM5TS ( ! URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA--0! PEOPLE :O C\NT10 AS ,AMBASSADOR ,LODGE ONCE PUT IT 7,I,I1 P4 #g#c#h7--N[ SPEAK \T AGA9/ ,U,S 9T]V5TION4 

,A ,NATIONAL ,9TELLIG5CE ,E/IMATE ( ,JUNE1 #a#i#e#c1 DISCUSS$ ! GLOOMY PROSPECTS = ! 0,VIETNAMESE GOV]NM5T0 GIV5 0! FAILURE ( ,VIETNAMESE TO RALLY TO .<IT.>10 ! FACT ?AT ! POPULATION ASSI/S ! ,VIET ,M9H MORE ?AN ! ,FR5*1 ! 9ABILITY ( 0! ,VIETNAM LEAD]%IP0 TO MOBILIZE POPUL> 5]GY & RES\RCES1 & SO ON 7,I1 P4 #c#i#aF474 ,) H>DLY MORE ?AN A *ANGE ( NAMES1 ?IS ANALYSIS MI<T BE 9T]*ANG$ ) ! DESPAIR+ REPORT FROM ,U,S PACIFICATION ADVIS]S 7,M,A,C,C,O,R,D,S7 ON ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#i#f#g1 DEPLOR+ ! CORRUPTION & GR[+ WEAKNESS ( ! ,G,V,N1 ! 0EV] WID5+ GAP ( DI/RU/1 DI/A/E & DISILLUSIONM5T BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! ,G,V,N40 ,) !SE WORDS1 ! RECORD ( ,U,S-,G,V,N RELATIONS 9 ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S 5DS 7,I,I1 PP4 #d#f-#g74 

,ONE MAY1 P]HAPS1 >GUE ?AT ! MOOD ( ! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE C\NTS = LESS 9 ! W> ?AN IT DID 9 E>LI] YE>S1 N[ ?AT ! ,U,S HAS SUCCE$$1 P>TIALLY AT LEA/1 9 0GR9D+ ! 5EMY D[N BY %E] WEI<T & MASS0 7,ROB]T ,KOM]1 ,I,I1 P4 #e#g#e71 & N[ ?AT ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE =CES HAVE 9CREAS+LY BE5 DRAWN 9TO ! W>1 AS A DIRECT & ALWAYS ANTICIPAT$ CONSEQU5CE ( ,AM]ICAN ESCALATION4 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#d1 ,AMBASSADOR ,MAXWELL ,TAYLOR >GU$ ?AT EV5 IF WE C\LD E/ABLI% AN EFFECTIVE REGIME 9 ,SAIGON1 TO ATTA9 ,U,S OBJECTIVES IT W\LD NOT SUFFICE TO 0DRIVE ! ,D,R,V \T ( ITS RE9=C+ ROLE40 ,RA!R1 WE WILL NOT SUCCE$ UNLESS WE ALSO 0OBTA9 ITS COOP]ATION 9 BR++ AN 5D TO ! ,VIET ,CONG 9SURG5CY40 ,WE MU/ 0P]SUADE OR =CE ! ,D,R,V TO /OP ITS AID TO ! ,VIET ,CONG & TO USE ITS DIRECTIVE P[]S TO MAKE ! ,VIET ,CONG DESI/ FROM !IR EF=TS TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM0 7,I,I,I1 PP4 #f#f#h-#i74 

,REPLACE 0,D,R,V0 BY 0,U,S,S,R0 & WE HAVE1 9 ESS5CE1 ! ,NIXON-,KISS+] POLICY TODAY4 ,9 #a#i#f#d-#a#i#f#e1 ! 9DIG5\S ,N,L,F =CES HAD ESS5TIALLY WON ! W> 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,!RE=E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %IFT$ TO A L>G] W>1 ATTACK+ ,NOR? ,VIETNAM DIRECTLY4 ,9 ?IS L>G] W>1 IT SUBJECT$ ,S\? ,VIETNAM TO 9T5SE BOMB>DM5T & S5D AN OCCUPY+ >MY !RE TO DE/ROY ! ,N,L,F =CES4 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T HOP$ TO =CE ! ,D,R,V TO 0MAKE ! ,VIET ,CONG DESI/40 ,9/EAD1 IT DREW ! ,D,R,V 9TO ! W> DIRECTLY1 AS1 9 FACT1 HAD BE5 ANTICIPAT$ DUR+ ! PLANN+ 7CF4 ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY1 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#d1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #f#a#f74 

,9 #a#i#g#b1 ! 05EMY0--! ,D,R,V_/,P,R,G--IS APP>5TLY ON ! V]GE ( W9N+ ! W>4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! ,ADM9I/RATION IS %IFT+ TO A /ILL BROAD]1 GLOBAL CONFRONTATION 9 :I* IT HOPES TO PREVAIL4 ,! ,PRESID5T W>NS ! ,U,S,S,R TO /OP SUPPORT+ ! ,D,R,V_/,P,R,G & TO COOP]ATE SO AS TO 5ABLE HIM TO A*IEVE HIS OBJECTIVE ( A NONCOMMUNI/ ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 ORI5T$ T[>D ! ,WE/4 ,AS HIS PR$ECESSOR DID 9 #a#i#f#d1 HE REJECTS ! CONCEPT ( AN ACCOMMODATION AMONG CONT5D+ ,VIETNAMESE--= OBVI\S REASONS--& 9SI/S UPON A CEASE-FIRE :I* WILL LEAVE ! MILIT>Y & POLICE P[] ( ! ,SAIGON REGIME 9 PLACE4 ,HE SEEMS WILL+ TO RISK NUCLE> W> TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL4 ,:E!R ! ,U,S,S,R & ,*9A WILL COOP]ATE1 OR :E!R !Y WILL RESPOND AS ! ,D,R,V DID 9 #a#i#f#e1 ONE CANNOT PR$ICT4 

,IT IS LIKELY1 H[EV]1 ?AT ONCE AGA9 AN ,AM]ICAN ADM9I/RATION WILL 9T5SIFY ITS ATTACK ON ! PEOPLE ( ,9DO*9A4 ,! REC5T BOMB+ ( URBAN C5T]S 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM APPE>S TO GO WELL BEYOND ! EXT5SIVE ATTACK ON ! CIVILIAN SOCIETY DUR+ ! ,JOHNSON AIR W>1 :I* (FICIAL LIES !N DESCRIB$ AS ! BOMB+ ( MILIT>Y T>GETS1 SU* AS ! HOSPITAL 9 ! C5T] ( ,?ANH ,HOA CITY OR ! M>KET PLACE ( ,PHU ,LY1 TO M5TION TWO ( ! PILES ( RUBBLE ?AT ,I VISIT$ TWO YE>S AGO4 ,!RE >E FUR!R POSSIBILITIES4 ,MU* MORE EXT5SIVE BOMB+ ( ! IRRIGATION SY/EM WILL PROBABLY BE CONSID]$1 AS 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#f1 :5 ,JOHN ,MC,NAU<TON REM>K$ ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( LOCKS & DAMS1 BY %ALL[-FLOOD+ ! RICE1 MI<T LEAD TO 0WIDESPREAD />VATION 7MORE ?AN A MILLION87 UNLESS FOOD IS PROVID$--:I* WE C\LD (F] TO DO 'AT ! CONF]5CE TABLE4' 0 7,! IDEA ?US 0(F].<S.> PROMISE0 & 0%\LD BE /UDI$02 ,I,V1 P4 #d#c47 

,%ORTLY BE=E ! ,B-#e#b BOMB+ ( ,HAIPHONG1 ,ADMIRAL ,?OMAS ,MOOR]1 ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS ( ,/AFF1 9 TE/IMONY BE=E ! ,H\SE ,>M$ ,S]VICES ,COMMITTEE1 SUGGE/$ AMPHIBI\S ASSAULTS BEH9D ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE L9ES AS AN OPTION4.<#c.> ,IF ! ,AM]ICAN POSITION COLLAPSES 9 ! ,S\?1 A M>9E L&+1 P]HAPS AT HEAVILY BOMB$ ,V9H OR ,?ANH ,HOA1 MI<T CONCEIVABLY BE ATTEMPT$1 P]HAPS RECALL+ MOM5TS ( PA/ GLORY AT ,9*ON TO MILIT>Y LEAD]S 9T5T ON FI<T+ ! LA/ W>4 ,ONE CAN EASILY IMAG9E ?AT A DISA/R\S FAILURE W\LD LEAD TO ! USE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS TO 0SAVE ,AM]ICAN TROOPS0 OR 9 0PREV5TIVE REACTION0 AGA9/ 0,*9ESE AGGRESSION40 ,REMOTE POSSIBILITIES1 P]HAPS1 ?\< AT ! SAME SESSION ,ADMIRAL ,MOOR] ALSO PROPOS$ ! BOMB+ ( ,HAIPHONG H>BOR AS A SECOND OPTION4 ,HE ALSO ID5TIFI$ ! 0DOME/IC RE/RA9TS0 ?AT /& 9 ! WAY ( ! EX]CISE ( !SE OPTIONS3 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! PEACE MOVEM5T & ( ! PRESS4 ,?OSE :O >E CONC]N$ TO SAVE ,9DO*9A FROM FUR!R DE/RUCTION WILL LI/5 C>EFULLY TO ! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,J,C,S :5 HE SPEAKS ( ! 0DOME/IC RE/RA9TS0 ?AT SO DI/RESS HIM4 

,NIXON & ,KISS+] MAY OR MAY NOT BE ABLE TO A*IEVE !IR 5DS 9 ,9DO*9A1 BUT !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT !Y >E CAPABLE ( EXACT+ A HORR5D\S PRICE = ! 9JURY TO !IR PRIDE & ! ?REAT TO !IR P[]4 ,!Y CAN MURD] & DE/ROY )\T FE> ( REPRISAL4 ,!Y HAVE IMM5SE RES\RCES ( T]ROR AT !IR COMM&4 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 LIMIT$ & MALICI\S M51 TRAPP$ 9 ! WRECKAGE ( !IR S*EMES1 MAY BE DRIV5 TO UNIMAG9ABLE EXTREMES ( VIOL5CE4 

,! ?REAT ( NUCLE> W>1 RAIS$ ONCE AGA9 BY ! LATE/ ,AM]ICAN /EPS TO EXP& ! SCOPE ( ! CONFLICT1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 9H]5T 9 ! LOGIC ( ! ,AM]ICAN POSITION 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,BECAUSE ( ! POLITICAL WEAKNESS ( ! ,U,S-IMPOS$ REGIMES1 SUCCESSIVE ADM9I/RATIONS W]E COMPELL$ TO WID5 & 9T5SIFY ! CONFLICT4 ,! RISKS W]E ALWAYS APPRECIAT$4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#d1 A ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 7,N,S,C7 WORK+ GR\P >GU$ ?AT ! COMMITM5T TO MA9TA9 A NONCOMMUNI/ ,S\? ,VIETNAM 0W\LD 9VOLVE HI< RISKS ( A MAJOR CONFLICT 9 ,ASIA10 LEAD+ ALMO/ 9EVITABLY TO 0A ,KOREAN-SCALE GR\ND ACTION & POSSIBLY EV5 ! USE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS AT SOME PO9T0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #b#a#g4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#f#e1 ! 09TELLIG5CE COMMUNITY0 E/IMAT$ AN ALMO/ #e-#e PROBABILITY ?AT SIGNIFICANT ESCALATION ( ! W> W\LD BR+ 9 ,*9ESE =CES4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,/ATE'S ,BUREAU ( ,9TELLIG5CE & ,RESE>* 7,9,R71 9TELLIG5CE APPE>$ TO FAVOR ESCALAT+ ! BOMB+1 9CLUD+ ATTACKS ON PETROLEUM FACILITIES & O!R T>GETS 9 ! ,HANOI-,HAIPHONG >EA 7,I,V1 PP4 #f#d-#e74 ,*9ESE 9T]V5TION WAS ALWAYS UND]/OOD TO BE ! TRIGG] = NUCLE> 0RETALIATION0 7= EXAMPLE1 ,I,I1 P4 #c#b#b74 

,EV5 IF ! PRES5T SITUATION /ABILIZES1 WE WILL BE DRIV5 TO ! SAME CONFRONTATION AGA9 & AGA91 IF WE /AY 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,A*ESON PO9T$ \T 9 #aie ?AT ,FR5* SUCCESS 0DEP5DS1 9 ! 5D1 ON OV]COM+ OPPOSITION ( 9DIG5\S POPULATION0 7,D,O,D1 BOOK #h1 P4 #c#a74 ,LITTLE HAS *ANG$ S9CE !N1 AP>T FROM ! SCALE ( ! DE/RUCTION 9 ,9DO*9A & ! DANG]S ( GREAT P[] CONFLICT4 ,! DILEMMA NOT$ ALMO/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 9 #a#i#d#h1 DRIVES US 9EXORABLY T[>D HI<] LEVELS ( DE/RUCTION & EV]-M\NT+ RISKS4 ,! 0,SOVIET ABILITY TO EX]CISE RE/RA9T0 MAY NOT BE V]Y GREAT1 ,H5RY ,KISS+] ADMITT$ 9 HIS PRESS CONF]5CE ( ,MAY #i1 #a#i#g#b1 BUT ! ,RUSSIANS MU/ NEV]!LESS ACCEPT !IR RESPONSIBILITIES & DO :AT !Y CAN TO HELP ,NIXON & ,KISS+] A*IEVE !IR AIMS 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,FUR!R CONFRONTATIONS >E 9H]5T 9 ! ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE A REGIME ( COLLABORATORS UPON A C\NTRY 9 :I* ! RESI/ANCE HAS NOT BE5 DE/ROY$ & HAS ! BACK+ ( P[]FUL ALLIES ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 NEUTRALIZ$ OR T]RORIZ$ BY NUCLE> BR9KMAN%IP4 

,! ,PRESID5T /AT$ ?AT 0! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE FAIL$ 9 !IR EF=TS TO W9 OV] ! PEOPLE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM POLITICALLY0 7,APRIL #b#f1 #a#i#g#b74 ,?AT IS QUITE TRUE4 ,HE DID NOT ADD1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE EF=TS W]E BLOCK$ BY ,AM]ICAN =CE4 ,BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNI/S APPE>$ CAPABLE ( GA9+ A POLITICAL VICTORY1 ! ,DIEM REGIME C\LD NOT TOL]ATE DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES 9 #ai$ 7AS ,JOSEPH ,BUTT+]1 = ONE1 HAS PO9T$ \T 9 ,VIETNAM3 ,A ,DRAGON ,EMBATTL$1 ,PRAEG]1 #a#i#f#g1 VOL4 #b1 P4 #h#e#f74 ,IT WAS =C$ TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE & REPRESSION4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 ,U,S TROOPS W]E 9TRODUC$ 9 SUPPORT ( COMBAT OP]ATIONS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS2 FUR!R ESCALATION WAS PLANN$ 9 #a#i#f#d2 ! ,U,S S\<T TO AVOID 0PREMATURE NEGOTIATIONS0 UNTIL ! 5EMY HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY =CE2 ALL ( ,VIETNAM WAS SUBJECT$ TO 9T5SIVE BOMB>DM5T1 & ! ,S\? TO A DIRECT ,AM]ICAN 9VASION1 9 E>LY #a#i#f#e4 

,PROGRAMS = DELIB]ATELY CREAT+ REFUGEES 7AS ADVOCAT$ EXPLICITLY BY ,ROB]T ,KOM]1 ,I,V1 P4 #d#d#a71 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RURAL SOCIETY1 ! ,PH5IX PROGRAM ( ASSASS9ATION & T]ROR--ALL !SE W]E UND]TAK5 TO OV]COME ! 0CLE> & GR[+ LACK ( LEGITIMACY ( ! ,G,V,N10 A CON/ANT REFRA9 9 ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD1 & TO PREV5T A ,COMMUNI/ POLITICAL VICTORY4 ,! REFUSAL TO ACCEPT A POLITICAL ACCOMMODATION 9 ! ,S\? TODAY D]IVES FROM ! SAME CONSID]ATION4 ,IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ?IS IS ! C5TRAL ISSUE /&+ 9 ! WAY ( A NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T1 AS IT HAS BE5 ?R\<\T ! W>4 

,?IS CRUCIAL PO9T WAS CL>IFI$ BY ,H5RY ,KISS+] 9 HIS COMM5TS TO ! PRESS ON ! ,PRESID5T'S ,MAY #h ADDRESS ANN\NC+ ! FIR/ /EPS 9 ! BLOCKADE ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,PRESID5T1 ! 0,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE0 7N[ ! SOLE 5EMY UND] ! CONV5TIONS ( GOV]NM5T PROPAG&A TO :I* ! MASS M$IA G5]ALLY CON=M7 HAD PRES5T$ HIM ) AN 0ULTIMATUM10 NAMELY1 0?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IMPOSE A ,COMMUNI/ REGIME ON #ag MILLION PEOPLE 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM :O DO NOT WANT A ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T40 ,S9CE ! ,D,R,V_/,P,R,G POSITION IS AS MU* A MATT] ( RECORD AS ! HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN CONC]N = ! WI%ES ( ! PEOPLE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 ! ,PRESID5T'S LI/5]S C\LD EVALUATE = !MSELVES ! ACCURACY ( HIS /ATEM5T1 :I* WAS WOR?Y ( A MAN :O CAN ANN\NCE ?AT 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS EX]CIS$ A DEGREE ( RE/RA9T UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! ANNALS ( W>40 

,KISS+] EXPLA9$ :AT ! ,PRESID5T MEANT BY HIS CLAIM ?AT ! 0ULTIMATUM0 REQUIR$ HIM TO 0JO9 ) \R 5EMY TO 9/ALL A ,COMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM40 ,ASIDE FROM ,KISS+]'S EMBELLI%M5TS & SPECULATION1 ! 0ULTIMATUM0 AM\NTS TO ! FOLL[+ PLAN3 ,?IEU RESIGNS & HIS 0MA*9]Y ( OPPRESSION0 IS 0DISB&$02 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC AID CEASES2 POLITICAL PRISON]S >E SET FREE2 A GOV]NM5T IS !N =M$ EXCLUD+ ,?IEU2 A CEASE-FIRE FOLL[S2 & F9ALLY1 NEGOTIATIONS TAKE PLACE BETWE5 ?IS GOV]NM5T & ! ,P,R,G4 

0,?AT IS :AT WE HAVE REJECT$10 ,KISS+] EXPLA9S3 0,?AT IS :AT WE CALL ! IMPOSITION1 UND] ! ?9NE/ V5E]1 ( A ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T40 ,MOREOV]1 0,?AT IS ! ONLY ISSUE ON :I* NEGOTIATIONS HAVE BROK5 D[N40 ,ELABORAT+ FUR!R1 ,KISS+] EXPLA9S ?AT UND] ! T]MS ( ! 0ULTIMATUM10 0! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD BE ! ONLY ORGANIZ$ =CE1 S9CE ALL ! ORGANIZ$ NON-,COMMUNI/ =CES W\LD HAVE BE5 DISB&$ BY DEF9ITION40 ,S9CE ! 0ULTIMATUM10 AS HE PRES5TS IT1 SPEAKS ONLY ( DISB&+ ,?IEU'S 0MA*9]Y ( OPPRESSION10 ,KISS+] IS APP>5TLY CONC$+ ?AT1 9 HIS VIEW1 ! ONLY ORGANIZ$ =CE OPPOS+ ! ,COMMUNI/S IS ! MILIT>Y-POLICE APP>ATUS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,S\? BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,?US ,KISS+] REIT]ATES1 P]HAPS UNKN[+LY1 ! LONG-HELD POSITION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 0,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT .<! ,VIETNAMESE G5]ALS.> >E ALL WE HAVE GOT10 ,AMBASSADOR ,LODGE /AT$ 9 ,JANU>Y1 #aifd 7,I,I1 P4 #c#d71 CONFIRM+ ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIANS' ANALYSIS ?AT T[>D ! 5D ( ! ,DIEM REGIME1 ! ,>MY WAS 0! ONLY REAL ALT]NATIVE S\RCE ( POLITICAL P[]0 TO ! ,N,L,F 7,I,I1 PP4 #b#d-#e74 ,AS ALREADY NOT$1 LITTLE HAS *ANG$4 ,GIV5 ! POLITICAL WEAKNESS ( ! REGIMES IMPOS$ & BACK$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! RELATIVE /R5G? ( !IR DOME/IC RIVALS1 ! ,U,S WAS COMPELL$ TO ADOPT ! 0SEMI-G5OCIDAL C\NT]9SURG5T /RATEGY0 ?AT IS RESPONSIBLE = SU* 0SUCCESSES0 AS IT HAS A*IEV$ 9 ITS W> 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 AS ,PET] ,K+ PO9TS \T 7SEE FOOTNOTE #b74 

,KISS+]'S ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ 0ULTIMATUM0 IS A CEASE-FIRE 9 ADVANCE ( ANY POLITICAL ACCOMMODATION4 ,UND] ! T]MS ( A CEASE-FIRE1 AS ,KISS+] ( C\RSE UND]/&S1 ! MILIT>Y & POLICE =CES ( ! ,SAIGON REGIME CONT9UE TO FUNCTION 9 ! >EAS HELD BY ! ,G,V,N1 MA9TA9+ LAW & ORD] BY ! ,PH5IX PROGRAM & O!R DEVICES = 0NEUTRALIZ+0 ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION4 ,ANY RESI/ANCE TO !IR REIGN ( T]ROR & OPPRESSION IS DESIGNAT$ AS 0CRIM9AL0 OR AS 0A VIOLATION ( ! CEASE-FIRE10 :I* P]MITS A RESUMPTION ( ,U,S MILIT>Y ACTION 9 0RETALIATION40 

,9 %ORT1 ?IS PLAN (F]S TO ! RESI/ANCE =CES ! OPPORTUNITY TO SURR5D] TO ! ,U,S-IMPOS$ REGIME1 9 ! >EAS IT WILL REG>D AS UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,?IS IS :AT ,KISS+] CALLS 0LEAV.<+.> ! DET]M9ATION ( ! POLITICAL FUTURE TO ! ,VIETNAMESE40 ,P]HAPS1 LIKE !IR PR$ECESSORS1 ,ADM9I/RATION (FICIALS WILL ANN\NCE !IR WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT A ,COMMUNI/ VICTORY 9 ELECTIONS1 SO LONG AS !SE ELECTIONS TAKE PLACE )9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ( ! ,G,V,N--:I* \TLAWS COMMUNISM--& UND] LAWS ?AT PROVIDE HEAVY P5ALTIES = ACTIVITIES ?AT ! REGIME DESIGNATES AS PRO-COMMUNI/ 9 9T5T4 

,:5 ,KISS+] SPEAKS ( 0! CON/ANT DELUSION ?AT !RE IS JU/ ONE =MULA ?AT HAS SOMEH[ ELUD$ US0 7PRESS CONF]5CE1 ,MAY #i71 HE IS1 P]HAPS1 BE+ SOME:AT DIS+5U\S4 ,AV]ELL ,H>RIMAN IS SURELY CORRECT 9 /AT+1 0,:ILE NEGOTIATIONS HAVE BE5 GO+ ON1 ?IS ,ADM9I/RATION HAS NEV] ACCEPT$ ! CONCEPT ( A NEUTRAL NONALIGN$ S\? NOR HAS IT GIV5 UP ITS FUTILE ATTEMPT TO MA9TA9 A PRO-,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T 9 ,SAIGON40.<#d.> 

,! ,P,R,G POSITION1 REIT]AT$ 9 ,P>IS AFT] ! ,PRESID5T'S ,MAY #h ADDRESS1 IS ?AT ! ,P,R,G %\LD BE ONE ELEM5T 9 A TRIP>TITE COALITION1 EXCLUD+ ,?IEU1 :I* W\LD BE NEI!R SOCIALI/ NOR COLLABORATIONI/1 BUT NEUTRALI/4 ,MME4 ,B9H /AT$ ?AT ! ,P,R,G DEM& 0IS ONLY ?AT WE %\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9 ?IS GOV]NM5T IF IT IS TO BE COMPLETELY LEGITIMATE40 ,%E ADD$1 QUITE ACCURATELY SO F> AS IS KN[N1 ?AT 0?IS IS ! V]Y PO9T ,NIXON OPPOSES40.<#e.> ,?IS IS1 9 FACT1 ! FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE ON :I* NEGOTIATIONS HAVE BROK5 D[N1 AS IS APP>5T EV5 FROM ,KISS+]'S PRES5TATION4 

,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT T5 YE>S AGO1 :5 ! ,N,L,F PROGRAM PROPOS$ ! NEUTRALIZATION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 ,LAOS1 & ,CAMBODIA1 ! ,N,L,F SAW ! #aifb ,LAOS SETTLEM5T AS A MODEL = ,S\? ,VIETNAM4.<#f.> ,9 ESS5CE1 ! ,P,R,G PROGRAM TODAY IS ! SAME4 ,/RIPP$ ( EXAGG]ATION & DI/ORTION ( :AT APPE>S 9 ! PUBLIC RECORD1 ! 0ULTIMATUM0 ?AT ,KISS+] REJECTS--C\PL$ ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ,D,R,V =CES DRAWN 9TO ! W> BY ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSION RETURN TO ! ,NOR? AS !Y APP>5TLY L>GELY DID %ORTLY AFT] ! NEGOTIATIONS BEGAN 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#h.<#g.> --W\LD TRULY LEAVE ! DET]M9ATION ( ! POLITICAL FUTURE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM TO ! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE & ! FUTURE ( ,VIETNAM TO ! ,VIETNAMESE4 ,BUT ?IS =MULA CONT9UES TO 0SOMEH[ ELUDE0 ,H5RY ,KISS+]1 BECAUSE ( ! UNRESOLV$ DILEMMA ( #a#i#d#h4 ,AN ACCOMMODATION BAS$ ON EXI/+ POLITICAL =CES1 :E!R 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM OR ?R\<\T ,VIETNAM1 IS 9CONSI/5T ) ! LONG-T]M ,U,S OBJECTIVE ( MA9TA9+ A PRO-,WE/]N REGIME 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,!RE=E ! PEOPLE ( ,9DO*9A MU/ CONT9UE TO MASSACRE ONE ANO!R UND] A HAIL ( ,AM]ICAN BOMBS4 

,ON ,JANU>Y #f1 #a#i#f#e1 ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY WROTE ?AT 0! SITUATION 9 ,VIETNAM IS N[ LIKELY TO COME AP>T MORE RAPIDLY ?AN WE HAD ANTICIPAT$ 9 ,NOVEMB]444! MO/ LIKELY FROM ( COM+ AP>T W\LD BE A GOV]NM5T ( KEY GR\PS />T+ TO NEGOTIATE COV]TLY ) ! ,LIB]ATION FRONT OR ,HANOI10 SOON ASK+ 0?AT WE GET \T0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #f#h#e74 ,! PREC$+ ,AUGU/1 ,AMBASSADOR ,TAYLOR HAD EXPLA9$ ,COMMUNI/ /RATEGY3 0,TO SEEK A POLITICAL SETTLEM5T FAVORABLE TO ! ,COMMUNI/S10 PASS+ ?R\< NEUTRALISM TO 0! TE*NIQUE ( A COALITION GOV]NM5T0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #e#c#a74 ,! 9TELLIG5CE S]VICES CONCURR$1 E/IMAT+ ?AT 0IT WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ 9T5TION TO SEEK VICTORY ?R\< A 'NEUTRALI/ COALITION' RA!R ?AN BY =CE ( >MS0 7ANALY/1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #b#g74 ,! ,PRESID5T1 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#f#d1 HAD W>N$ ,AMBASSADOR ,LODGE TO 0KNOCK444D[N ! IDEA ( NEUTRALIZATION :]EV] IT RE>S ITS UGLY HEAD0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #e#a#a74 ,NEUTRALISM1 AS ,AMBASSADOR ,TAYLOR NOT$1 0APPE>$ TO MEAN ?R[+ ! 9T]NAL POLITICAL SITUATION OP5 & ?US 9VIT+ ,COMMUNI/ P>TICIPATION0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #f#g#e71 = OBVI\S REASONS AN 9TOL]ABLE PROSPECT4 

,! DILEMMA ( #aidh WAS NEV] RESOLV$4 ,! POLITICAL WEAKNESS ( ! ,U,S-IMPOS$ REGIMES--QUISL+ REGIMES1 9 EFFECT--=C$ ! ,U,S TO TAKE OV] ! W> & ULTIMATELY TO DEVA/ATE ! RURAL SOCIETY4 ,ON OCCASION IT WAS EV5 DIFFICULT TO OBTA9 =MAL ,G,V,N AU?ORIZATION = ,U,S ESCALATION4 ,AT ONE CRUCIAL MOM5T1 ! NEW PROGRAM ( ESCALATION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 WAS RECEIV$ 0) 5?USIASM0 BY ,AMBASSADOR ,TAYLOR1 :O !N 0EXPLA9$ ! DIFFICULTIES HE FAC$ 9 OBTA9+ AU!NTIC ,G,V,N CONCURR5CE '9 ! CONDITION ( VIRTUAL NON-GOV]NM5T' :I* EXI/$ 9 ,SAIGON AT ?AT MOM5T0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #c#b#c74 

,! PROBLEM WAS ALWAYS UND]/OOD BY EXP]TS ON ! SC5E4 ,JOHN ,PAUL ,VANN1 ,U,S,O,M ,FIELD ,OP]ATIONS ,COORD9ATOR1 CIRCULAT$ A REPORT 9 #aife BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS 9 PROCESS 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM 0PRIM>ILY ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT0 & ?AT 0A POPUL> POLITICAL BASE = ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM DOES NOT N[ EXI/40 ,! ,U,S MU/ !RE=E TAKE OV]1 HE CONCLUD$4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS ,B]N>D ,FALL RAIS$ ! QUE/ION3 

,:Y IS IT ?AT WE MU/ USE TOP-NOT* ELITE =CES1 ! CREAM ( ! CROP ( ,AM]ICAN1 ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 OR ,AU/RALIAN COMM&O & SPECIAL W>F>E S*OOLS2 >M$ ) ! V]Y BE/ ?AT ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY CAN PROVIDE2 TO DEFEAT ,VIET-,M9H1 ,ALG]IANS1 OR ,MALAY 0,C,T'S0 .<,*9ESE T]RORI/S.>1 ALMO/ NONE ( :OM CAN LAY CLAIM TO SIMIL> EXP]T TRA9+ & ONLY 9 ! R>E/ ( CASES TO EQUALITY 9 FIRE P[]8 

,HE !N SUPPLI$ ! CORRECT & OBVI\S ANSW]3 

,! ANSW] IS V]Y SIMPLE3 ,IT TAKES ALL ! TE*NICAL PR(ICI5CY \R SY/EM CAN PROVIDE TO MAKE UP = ! WOEFUL LACK ( POPUL> SUPPORT & POLITICAL SAVVY ( MO/ ( ! REGIMES ?AT ! ,WE/ HAS ?US F> S\<T TO PROP UP4 ,! ,AM]ICANS :O >E N[ FI<T+ 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM HAVE COME TO APPRECIATE ?IS FACT \T ( FIR/-H& EXP]I5CE4 .<,/REET ,)\T ,JOY1 ,/ACKPOLE1 #a#i#f#d1 P4 #c#g#c.> 

,A DECADE LAT]1 ! SAME ANALYSIS HOLDS4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT IT WILL CONT9UE TO APPLY 9 ! FUTURE1 & NOT ONLY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 

,I,I 

,! MAJOR PREMISE ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?AT WE MU/ 0BUILD A NATION0 9 ! ,S\? TO C\NT] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,VIETNAMESE1 :O SEEM$ TO BE ALONE 9 !IR ABILITY TO MOBILIZE ! POPULATION4 ,! 5EMY HAS F\ND 0A DANG]\SLY CLEV] /RATEGY = LICK+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 ! DIRECTOR ( ,SY/EMS ,ANALYSIS W>N$4 0,UNLESS WE RECOGNIZE & C\NT] IT N[1 ?AT /RATEGY MAY BECOME ALL TOO POPUL> 9 ! FUTURE0 7,I,V1 P4 #d#f#f74 ,! /RATEGY WAS TO WAGE A W> ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION BAS$ ON ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,VIETNAMESE PEASANTS = 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,! \TSIDE P[] WAS NEV] ABLE TO COMPETE4 ,! ,U,S C\LD MAIM & KILL1 DRIVE PEASANTS FROM !IR HOMES1 DE/ROY ! C\NTRYSIDE & ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL LIFE1 BUT NOT 0BUILD A NATION0 9 ! APPROV$ IMAGE4 ,WE HAD TAK5 ON A SOCIETY ?AT WAS SIMPLY NOT FIT = DOM9ATION4 ,!RE=E1 IT HAD TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,?IS1 AS ! REALI/IC EXP]TS N[ SOB]LY EXPLA91 WAS WORSE ?AN A CRIME1 IT WAS A BLUND]4 

,AM]ICAN AMBASSADORS PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,U,S %\LD EX]T 9FLU5CE ON ! ,G,V,N TO ADOPT A PROGRAM 0TO GIVE ! NEW GOV]NM5T AN IDEALI/IC APPEAL OR PHILOSOPHY :I* WILL COMPETE ) ?AT DECL>$ BY ! ,V,C0 7,BUNK]1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#f#g1 ,I,I1 P4 #d#c71 OR TO 0SATURATE ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE ) SOME SOCIALLY CONSCI\S & ATTRACTIVE IDEOLOGY1 :I* IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ C>RI$ \T0 7,LODGE1 MID-#a#i#f#d1 ,I,I1 P4 #e#c74 ,SOMEH[1 !SE CONCEPTS NEV] SUCCE$$ 9 OV]COM+ ! 0IDEALI/IC APPEAL0 ( ! ,N,L,F 9 RURAL ,VIETNAM4 

,FAIL+ TO SATURATE ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE ) A SUFFICI5TLY 0ATTRACTIVE IDEOLOGY10 ! ,ADM9I/RATION TURN$ TO ! EASI] TASK ( SATURAT+ ! C\NTRY ) TROOPS & BOMBS & DEFOLIANTS4 ,A ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T PAP] OBS]V$ ?AT 0SATURATION BOMB+ BY >TILL]Y & AIR/RIKES444IS AN ACCEPT$ TACTIC1 & !RE IS PROBABLY NO PROV9CE :]E ?IS TACTIC HAS NOT BE5 WIDELY EMPLOY$0 75D ( #a#i#f#f1 ,I,V1 P4 #c#i#h74 ,! ONLY OBJECTION RAIS$ WAS ?AT IT MI<T BE MORE PR(ITABLE TO PLACE GREAT] EMPHASIS ON W9N+ SUPPORT = ! ,SAIGON REGIME4 ,?AT ,U,S =CE %\LD BE DEVOT$ TO W9N+ SUPPORT = ITS [N CREATION1 ! ,SAIGON REGIME1 APP>5TLY SEEM$ NO MORE /RANGE TO ! AU?OR ( ?IS /ATEM5T ?AN ?AT ! ,U,S %\LD BE CONDUCT+ SATURATION BOMB+ ( ALL PROV9CES 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 

,! MA9 =CE ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> HAS BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! POPULATION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 ) A VA/ 9CREASE 9 #aife :5 A VIRTUAL OCCUPY+ >MY WAS DEPLOY$ & ! 0BASIC /RATEGY ( PUNITIVE BOMB+0 WAS 9ITIAT$ 9 ! ,S\? 7,WE/MOREL&1 ,M>*1 #a#i#f#e1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #d#f#d74 ,IT IS REVEAL+ TO 9VE/IGATE ! DECISION TO UND]TAKE ! MASSIVE AIR ATTACK ON ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 0,IT TAKES TIME TO MAKE H>D DECISIONS10 ,MC,NAU<TON WROTE4 0,IT TOOK US ALMO/ A YE> TO TAKE ! DECISION TO BOMB ,NOR? ,VIETNAM0 7,I,V1 P4 #d#h74 ,?IS DECISION IS /UDI$ 9 PA9/AK+ DETAIL4 

,LITTLE IS SAID1 H[EV]1 AB\T ! DECISION TO BOMB ,S\? ,VIETNAM AT MORE ?AN TRIPLE ! 9T5SITY ( ! BOMB+ 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM BY #a#i#f#f4 ,?IS WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL POLICY DECISION ( E>LY #a#i#f#e4 ,AS ,B]N>D ,FALL PO9T$ \T NOT LONG AFT]W>DS1 0,:AT *ANG$ ! *>ACT] ( ! ,VIETNAM W> WAS NOT ! DECISION TO BOMB ,NOR? ,VIETNAM2 NOT ! DECISION TO USE ,AM]ICAN GR\ND TROOPS 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM2 BUT ! DECISION TO WAGE UNLIMIT$ A]IAL W>F>E 9SIDE ! C\NTRY AT ! PRICE ( LIT]ALLY P\ND+ ! PLACE TO BITS40 ,BUT ( ?IS DECISION WE LE>N V]Y LITTLE 9 ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORY1 & ONLY A FEW SCATT]$ REM>KS M5TION ! EFFECTS ( ! BOMB+4 

,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! ATT5TION GIV5 TO ! BOMB+ ( ! ,NOR? & ! F> MORE DE/RUCTIVE BOMB+ 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM IS /ILL MORE REM>KABLE 9 ! LI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 FROM E>LY #a#i#f#e1 WAS SUBJECT$ NOT ONLY TO UNPREC$5T$ A]IAL ATTACK BUT ALSO TO >TILL]Y BOMB>DM5T :I* MAY WELL HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE DE/RUCTIVE4 ,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#f1 ,SECRET>Y ,MC,NAM>A 9TRODUC$ 9TO CONGRESSIONAL TE/IMONY P>TS ( A 0,MOTIVATION & ,MORALE /UDY10 /ILL O!RWISE SECRET1 :I* 9DICAT$ ?AT >TILL]Y BOMB>DM5T MAY BE EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN AIR ATTACK 9 CAUS+ VILLAG]S 0TO MOVE :]E !Y WILL BE SAFE FROM SU* ATTACKS10 0REG>DLESS ( !IR ATTITUDE TO ! ,G,V,N0 7,S5ATE ,>M$ ,S]VICES & ,APPROPRIATIONS ,COMMITTEE ,HE>+S1 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#f74 

,! /UDY WAS OPTIMI/IC1 CONCLUD+ ?AT SU* ME?ODS W\LD HELP TO DRY UP ! POPUL> SEA 9 :I* ! GU]RILLAS SWIM4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 ,WE/MOREL& & O!RS W]E TO PO9T TO ! 0FACT ?AT ! 5EMY HAS444BE5 D5I$ RECRUITS0 FROM POPULAT$ >EAS 9 ! ,S\?1 CIT+ ?IS AS ! CAUSE ( 9FILTRATION BY REGUL> ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE UNITS1 :I* WAS FIR/ CONFIRM$ AS TAK+ PLACE 9 LATE ,APRIL1 #a#i#f#e4 

,! REASON :Y ! BOMB+ ( ! ,NOR? WAS GIV5 SU* METICUL\S ATT5TION :ILE ! F> GREAT] ATTACK ON ! ,S\? WAS UND]TAK5 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE SEEMS CLE> 5\<4 ,! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM WAS HI<LY VISIBLE1 V]Y CO/LY TO ! ,U,S1 & EXTREMELY DANG]\S1 POS+ A /EADY & P]CEIV$ ?REAT ( G5]AL W>4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! F> MORE SAVAGE ATTACK ON ! ,S\? WAS M]ELY DE/ROY+ ! RURAL SOCIETY1 & !RE=E--SO ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD 9DICATES--DID NOT M]IT ! ATT5TION ( ! PLANN]S 9 ,WA%+TON4 

,! MORAL *>ACT] ( PLANN+ IS /RIK+LY REVEAL$ BY ?IS CONTRA/1 P>TICUL>LY ON ! R>E OCCASIONS :5 SOME QUALMS AB\T ! BOMB+ >E EXPRESS$4 ,:5 ,B-#e#b BOMB+ BEGAN 9 MID-#a#i#f#e1 ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY NOT$ ONLY ONE PROBLEM3 0,WE LOOK SILLY & >\SE CRITICISM IF !SE .<,B-#e#b RAIDS.> DO NOT %[ SIGNIFICANT RESULTS0 7,I,V1 P4 #f#a#b74 ,IT APPE>S TO BE NO PROBLEM AT ALL ?AT IF ! ,B-#e#b RAIDS DO %[ SIGNIFICANT RESULTS WE MAY TURN \T TO BE MASS MURD]]S4 ,9 ! NATURE ( ! CASE1 !RE CAN BE P>TIAL 9=MATION AT BE/ AB\T ! T>GETS ( !SE WEAPONS ( MASS T]ROR & DE/RUCTION4 

,)9 A FEW MON?S1 ,B-#e#b RAIDS W]E REPORT$ BY ,B]N>D ,FALL & O!RS 9 ! POPUL\S ,MEKONG ,DELTA1 ) DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS ON ! CIVILIAN SOCIETY1 A PATT]N REPEAT$ ELSE:]E 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM &1 REC5TLY1 9 ! ,NOR? AS WELL4 ,!RE IS1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 NO RECORD ( ANY HESITATION AB\T ! USE ( ANY MILIT>Y TACTIC EXCEPT ON GR\NDS ( ! POT5TIAL CO/ TO ! DECISION-MAK]S & ! 9T]E/S !Y REPRES5T4 

,CONC]N = LAW IS ALSO ABS5T4 ,! ,U,N ,*>T]1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 BECAME ! SUPREME LAW ( ! L& :5 RATIFI$ BY ! ,S5ATE1 CLE>LY PROHIBITS ! ?REAT OR USE ( =CE 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS1 EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( COLLECTIVE SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ >M$ ATTACK OR UND] ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL AU?ORIZATION4 ,! RECORD %[S PLA9LY ?AT ,AM]ICAN USE ( =CE AGA9/ ! POPULATION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM ALWAYS PREC$$ ANY EX]CISE ( =CE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! ,D,R,V & WAS ALWAYS VA/LY GREAT] 9 SCALE4 ,I PUT ASIDE ! QUE/ION :E!R ! ,D,R,V WAS 5TITL$ TO COME TO ! AID ( ! ,S\!RN ,N,L,F AFT] ! DISMANTL+ ( ! ,G5EVA ,ACCORDS BY ! ,U,S & ! REGIME IT 9/ITUT$ 9 ! ,S\?1 & AFT] ! WIDESPREAD USE ( T]ROR BY ?IS REGIME1 T]ROR :I* F> EXCE$$ ! SUBSEQU5T C\NT]VIOL5CE ( ! 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE4 

,U,S ADM9I/RATIONS NEV] REG>D$ !MSELVES AS B\ND BY ! LAW4 ,TO CITE ONE ILLU/RATION1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS1 ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL ADOPT$ ,N,S,C #e#d#b#i_/#b 7,AUGU/ #b1 #a#i#e#d71 :I* RECOMM5D$ COV]T OP]ATIONS & O!R PRESSURES & PREP>ATION = DIRECT USE ( ,U,S MILIT>Y =CE 9 ! EV5T ( 0LOCAL ,COMMUNI/ SUBV]SION OR REBELLION NOT CON/ITUT+ >M$ ATTACK0 7MY EMPHASIS71 ) USE ( ,U,S MILIT>Y =CE 0AGA9/ ! EXT]NAL S\RCE ( SU* SUBV]SION OR REBELLION 79CLUD+ ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A IF DET]M9$ TO BE ! S\RCE740 ,! USE ( =CE 9 ! ABS5CE ( >M$ ATTACK1 AS RECOMM5D$ 9 ?IS V]Y IMPORTANT DOCUM5T1 IS 9 CLE> & EXPLICIT VIOLATION ( LAW4 

,FUR!R RECOMM5DATIONS W]E3 TO 0CONDUCT COV]T OP]ATIONS ON A L>GE & EFFECTIVE SCALE0 ?R\<\T ,9DO*9A1 9 P>TICUL>1 TO 0EXPLOIT AVAILABLE MEANS TO MAKE MORE DIFFICULT ! CONTROL BY ! ,VIET ,M9H ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM10 TO DEFEAT ,COMMUNI/ SUBV]SION & 9FLU5CE1 TO MA9TA9 NONCOMMUNI/ GOV]NM5TS ELSE:]E 9 ,9DO*9A1 & 0TO PREV5T A ,COMMUNI/ VICTORY ?R\< ALL-,VIETNAM ELECTIONS40 ,!SE PROPOSALS NOT ONLY EXPRESS AN OP5 CONTEMPT = SOLEMN TREATY OBLIGATIONS 7! ,U,N ,*>T] 9 P>TICUL>71 BUT ALSO 9DICATE A CLE> 9T5TION TO SUBV]T ! ,G5EVA ,ACCORDS4 ,I MI<T ADD ?AT ! CONT5TS ( ?IS ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL DOCUM5T >E NOT PRES5T$ ACCURATELY 9 ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORY 7CF4 ,I1 PP4 #b#d1 #b#a#f72 & ! CRUCIAL EV5TS ( ! NEXT SIX YE>S >E1 9 MY OP9ION1 PRES5T$ QUITE 9ADEQUATELY1 9 FACT1 S]I\SLY MISREPRES5T$1 A MATT] DISCUSS$ 9 SOME DETAIL 9 MY ESSAY 9 ,CRITICAL ,ESSAYS ON ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S 7,*OMSKY & ,Z9N1 $S41 ,BEACON1 #a#i#g#b74 

,9 A P>ODY ( ! LAW1 PLANN]S REPEAT$LY 9SI/$ ?AT 0AFT]1 BUT ONLY AFT]1 WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ A CLE> PATT]N ( PRESSURE0 C\LD PEACEFUL MEANS BE CONSID]$ 7,WILLIAM ,BUNDY1 ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#f#d1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #e#b#f74 ,! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIAN NOTES ?AT ,PRESID5T ,JOHNSON'S PEACE 09ITIATIVE0 ( ,APRIL #g1 #a#i#f#e1 0WAS 9 ACCORD ) ! 'PRESSURES POLICY' RATIONALE ?AT HAD BE5 WORK$ \T 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#d1 :I* HELD ?AT ,U,S READ9ESS TO NEGOTIATE WAS NOT TO BE SURFAC$ UNTIL AFT] A S]IES ( AIR/RIKES HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T AGA9/ IMPORTANT T>GETS 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #c#e#f74 0,SIGNIFICANTLY10 ! HI/ORIAN ADDS1 ! PEACE 9ITIATIVE WAS PREC$$ BY 9T5SIVE BOMB+4 ,REPEAT$LY 9 SUBSEQU5T YE>S1 APP>5T OPPORTUNITIES = NEGOTIATIONS W]E UND]CUT BY SUDD5 ESCALATION ( BOMB+ 7,I,V1 PP4 #a#c#e1 #b#e74 

,! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIAN REG>DS ?IS AS 09ADV]T5T0 OR AN 0UN=TUNATE CO9CID5CE40 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT EA* 9CID5T IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! 0PRESSURES POLICY10 ! G5]AL POLICY ( APPLICATION ( =CE PRIOR TO EF=TS T[>D PEACEFUL SETTLEM5T ( DISPUTES1 9 EXPLICIT CONTRADICTION ( ! LAW4 7,CF4 ,U,N ,*>T]1 ,>TICLES #b1 #c#c1 #c#i4 ,SEE ALSO ,PET] ,DALE ,SCOTT1 ,! ,W> ,CONSPIRACY1 ,BOBBS-,M]RILL1 #a#i#g#b1 *APT] #d47 

,! 0PRESSURES POLICY0 WAS 9EVITABLE1 GIV5 ! ,U,S COMMITM5T TO A 0NONCOMMUNI/ REGIME0 & ! REALIZATION ?AT A SETTLEM5T BAS$ ON 9DIG5\S POLITICAL =CES W\LD PROBABLY NOT A*IEVE ?IS OBJECTIVE4 ,! POLITICAL WEAKNESS ( ! ,U,S-IMPOS$ REGIMES L$ TO ! /RATEGY ( ANNIHILATION1 \T ( 0MILIT>Y NECESSITY02 IT ALSO L$ TO RELIANCE ON =CE 9 ADVANCE ( & 9 PLACE ( ! PEACEFUL MEANS PRESCRIB$ BY LAW4 

,! ESS5CE ( ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T POSITION IS REVEAL$ BY PUBLIC /ATEM5TS EXPLA9+ ! CONCEPT ( 0AGGRESSION40 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FAIRLY TYPICAL REM>KS ( ,ADLAI ,/EV5SON BE=E ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 ,MAY #b#a1 #aifd 7,I,I,I1 PP4 #g#a#e-#f74 ,HE OBS]V$ ?AT 0! PO9T IS ! SAME 9 ,VIETNAM TODAY AS IT WAS 9 ,GREECE 9 #a#i#d#g40 ,9 BO? CASES ! ,U,S WAS1 HE SAID1 DEF5D+ A FREE PEOPLE FROM 09T]NAL AGGRESSION40 ,:AT IS 09T]NAL AGGRESSION08 ,IT IS 0AGGRESSION0 BY A MASS-BAS$ 9DIG5\S MOVEM5T AGA9/ A GOV]NM5T PROTECT$ BY =EIGN P[]1 :]E ! 09T]NAL AGGRESSION0 HAS ! K9D ( \TSIDE SUPPORT ?AT FEW W>S ( LIB]ATION HAVE LACK$ 7! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 TO CITE ONE CASE74 

,9 ! CASE ( ,GREECE1 AS ( ,VIETNAM1 ! ,ADM9I/RATION 9SI/$ ?AT ! 09T]NAL AGGRESSORS0 W]E M]ELY AG5TS ( A GLOBAL CONSPIRACY DIRECT$ BY ,MOSC[ OR 0,PEIP+10 9 BO? CASES 9 DEFIANCE ( AVAILABLE EVID5CE2.<#h.> ?\<1 EV5 IF IT W]E TRUE1 ,U,S 9T]V5TION W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 P]MISSIBLE )\T ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL AU?ORIZATION4 ,AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 ! ,U,S 9 EFFECT CONC$$ ?AT ! 9T]V5TION WAS ILLEGITIMATE BY 9SI/+ UPON ITS AU?ORITY TO 9TEV5E 9 ! CASE ( LOCAL SUBV]SION & AGGRESSION )\T >M$ ATTACK1 ?AT IS1 09T]NAL AGGRESSION40 

,! ,JO9T ,*IEFS ( ,/AFF1 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#e#e1 =ESAW3 

444?REE BASIC =MS 9 :I* AGGRESSION 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA CAN OCCUR3 A7 ,OV]T >M$ ATTACK FROM \TSIDE ( ! >EA4 B7 ,OV]T >M$ ATTACK FROM )9 ! >EA ( EA* ( ! SOV]EIGN /ATES4 C7 ,AGGRESSION O!R ?AN >M$1 I4E41 POLITICAL W>F>E1 OR SUBV]SION4 .<,D,O,D1 BOOK ,X1 P4 #h#h#e.> 

,OV]T >M$ ATTACK FROM )9 A SOV]EIGN /ATE IS ,AMBASSADOR ,/EV5SON'S CONCEPT ( 09T]NAL AGGRESSION40 ,9 DEF9+ 0POLITICAL W>F>E0 AS A =M ( AGGRESSION1 ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS REVEAL ?AT !Y COMPREH5D ) PRECISION & 9SI<T ! FUNDAM5TAL POSITION ( ! ,U,S POLITICAL LEAD]%IP4 

,MANY O!R EXAMPLES CAN BE GIV51 FROM ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORY1 TO ILLU/RATE ! SAME CONCEPT ( 09T]NAL AGGRESSION40 ,9DIG5\S =CES >E C>RY+ \T 09T]NAL AGGRESSION0 AGA9/ REGIMES *OS5 TO RULE BY =EIGN =CE1 & PROTECT$ FROM !IR [N POPULATIONS BY ?IS =EIGN =CE 7ALLEG$LY ACT+ 9 0COLLECTIVE SELF-DEF5SE0 AGA9/ ! 0AGGRESSION074 ,ULTIMATELY1 EXT]NAL =CE IS DRAWN 9TO ! CONFLICT TO SUPPORT ! 9DIG5\S REBELLION1 & WE HE> CRIES FROM ,WA%+TON AB\T ! P]FIDY ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE AGGRESSORS & !IR ALLIES4 ,TO CITE ONLY ! MO/ OBVI\S CASE1 CONSID] ! TALK ( 0,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE AGGRESSION0 TODAY1 AGGRESSION ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE 9 >EAS ?AT W]E 9VAD$ & OCCUPI$ BY ,AM]ICAN >M$ =CES SEV5 YE>S E>LI]1 & DEVA/AT$ 9 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,I NE$ NOT SPELL \T ! FACTS1 :I* HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 AMPLE DETAIL ELSE:]E4 

,! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S PROVIDE EVID5CE ( A CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY ( LONG DURATION TO 5GAGE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 AGGRESSIVE W>4 ,ONE MAY DEBATE ! SUFFICI5CY ( ! EVID5CE1 BUT H>DLY ITS EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS NATURAL1 IF SOME:AT IRONIC1 ?AT ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T1 9/EAD ( 9VE/IGAT+ ! POSSIBLE CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY EXPOS$ BY ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S1 HAS *OS5 9/EAD TO 9VE/IGATE & PROSECUTE ?OSE :O REVEAL$ !SE ACTS TO ! PUBLIC4 ,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T HAS /AT$1 9 A DIFF]5T BUT RELAT$ CONNECTION3 0,I & SOME ( MY COLLEAGUES HAVE ALMO/ BE5 R$UC$ TO ! SITUATION :]E IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :AT IS PUT 9TO LAW1 ! ADM9I/RATION WILL NOT ABIDE BY IT40 ,HE HAS ALSO EXPRESS$ HIS HOPE ?AT SOME DAY 0?IS C\NTRY WILL RETURN TO ITS S5SES & WE WILL !N HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO RESURRECT ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( LAW ON :I* ?IS C\NTRY WAS F\ND$0 7,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD1 ,OCTOB] #d1 #a#i#g#a74 ,I %\LD ONLY LIKE TO ADD ?AT ?\S&S ( DRAFT RESI/]S & DES]T]S & O!RS HAVE RELUCTANTLY UND]TAK5 CIVIL DISOB$I5CE ON ! BASIS ( CONC]NS ?AT >E1 9 MY OP9ION1 SIMIL>4 ,HAV+ CALL$ (F ! GAME ( OB$I5CE TO LAW1 ! ,ADM9I/RATION HAS =FEIT$ ITS AU?ORITY TO 5=CE ! RULES4 

,! ,ADM9I/RATION'S ATTITUDE T[>D ,CONGRESS & ! PUBLIC IS ( A PIECE ) ITS CONC]N = LEGAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,! UN5D+ RECORD ( DECEIT ILLU/RATES MU* CONTEMPT = ,CONGRESS & ! PUBLIC1 9 MY OP9ION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SECRET>Y ,RUSK1 TE/IFY+ BE=E ! ,S5ATE ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS ,COMMITTEE ON ,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#f#f1 /AT$ ?AT BY ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 ! #c#b#e? ,DIVISION ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ,>MY HAD BE5 MOV$ TO ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 AN ACT ?AT CON/ITUT$ 0AGGRESSION BY MEANS ( AN >M$ ATTACK0 & 5TITL$ ! ,U,S TO RESPOND UND] ,>TICLE #ea ( ! ,U,N ,*>T]4 ,HE REPEAT$ ?IS ASS]TION 9 TE/IMONY ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#f#f4 

,ON ?IS CRUCIAL MATT] ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S TELL A DIFF]5T /ORY4 ,! FIR/ REF]5CE TO REGUL> ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE UNITS APPE>S 9 AN 0OM9\S0 ,C,I,A-,D,I,A MEMOR&UM ( ,APRIL #b#a1 #a#i#f#e1 :I* 0REFLECT$ ! ACCEPTANCE 9TO ! 5EMY ORD] ( BATTLE ( ONE REGIM5T ( ! #c#b#e? ,P,A,V,N .<,PEOPLE'S ,>MY ( 7,NOR?7 ,VIETNAM.> ,DIVISION SAID TO BE LOCAT$ 9 ,KONTUM PROV9CE0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #d#c#h1 EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,*E/] ,COOP]1 :O WAS RESPONSIBLE = PREP>+ ! MAT]IAL ON 9FILTRATION1 WRITES ?AT BY ! 5D ( ,APRIL 0IT WAS BELIEV$0 ?AT ONE BATTALION ( REGUL> ,P,A,V,N TROOPS WAS 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM AT ?IS TIME 7,! ,LO/ ,CRUSADE1 ,DODD1 ,MEAD1 #a#i#g1 PP4 #b#g#f-#g74.<#i.> 

,EVID5TLY ! REPORTS ON :I* ?IS 0BELIEF0 WAS BAS$1 AS WELL AS LAT] REPORTS1 W]E NOT :OLLY P]SUASIVE4 ,ON ,JULY #b1 9 A MEMOR&UM TO ,G5]AL ,GOODPA/]1 ,JOHN ,MC,NAU<TON /ATES3 0,I AM QUITE CONC]N$ AB\T ! 9CREAS+ PROBABILITY ?AT !RE >E REGUL> ,P,A,V,N =CES EI!R 9 ! ,I,I ,CORPS >EA OR 9 ,LAOS DIRECTLY ACROSS ! BORD] FROM ,I,I ,CORPS0 7,I,V1 PP4 #b#i#a1 #b#g#g1 EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,ON ,JULY #a#d1 ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS 9CLUD$ ONLY ONE REGIM5T ( ! #c#b#e? ,P,A,V,N ,DIVISION 9 !IR E/IMATE ( #d#h1#e 0,VIET ,CONG ORGANIZ$ COMBAT UNITS0 7,I,V1 P4 #b#i#e71 & A ,SPECIAL ,NATIONAL ,9TELLIG5CE ,E/IMATE ( ,JULY #bc PR$ICT$ ?AT IF ! ,U,S 9CREAS$ ITS /R5G? 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM TO #a#g#e1 BY ,NOVEMB] #a1 !N1 9 ORD] TO (FSET ?IS 9CREASE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD PROBABLY 9TRODUCE A ,P,A,V,N =CE TOTAL+ #b1 TO #c1 M5 BY ! 5D ( #aife 7,I,I,I1 P4 #d#h#dF474 

,= COMP>ISON1 NOTE ?AT ON ,APRIL #b#a1 #a#i#f#e1 ,SECRET>Y ,MC,NAM>A REPORT$ ?AT #c#c1#e ,U,S TROOPS W]E 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM 9 ADDITION TO #b1 ,KOREANS :O HAD BE5 DISPAT*$ ON ,JANU>Y #h1 #aife 7,I,I,I1 PP4 #g#f1 #a#c#i74 ,HE FUR!R REPORT$ ! UNANIM\S RECOMM5DATION ( ! ,HONOLULU ,MEET+ ( ! PREC$+ DAY--! DAY BE=E ! 0OM9\S0 ,C,I,A-,D,I,A REPORT--?AT ,U,S =CES BE RAIS$ TO #h#b1 SUPPLEM5T$ ) #g1#b#e ,KOREAN & ,AU/RALIAN TROOPS4 ,ON ,JULY #a1 ! DAY BE=E ,MC,NAU<TON EXPRESS$ HIS CONC]N ?AT !RE MI<T BE REGUL> ,P,A,V,N =CES 9 OR NE> ! ,I,I ,CORPS >EA ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 PLANN$ ,U,S DEPLOYM5TS W]E #h#e1 TROOPS 7,I,I,I1 P4 #d#g#c74 ,9 MID-,JULY1 :5 ! ,J,C,S REPORT$ ONE ,P,A,V,N REGIM5T 9 ! ,S\?1 ! ,PRESID5T APPROV$ ! REQUE/ ?AT ! ,U,S TROOP LEVEL BE RAIS$ TO #a#g#e1 9 #a#i#f#e1 ) ANO!R #a1 RECOMM5D$ = #a#i#f#f1 & AN E/IMAT$ ,U,S KILL$-9-ACTION ( #e P] MON? 7,I,I,I1 PP4 #c#i#f1 #d#a#f2 ,I,V1 PP4 #b#i#g1 #b#i#i74 ,RECALL ?AT ! ,U,S TROOP LEVEL HAD REA*$ #b#c1 BY ! 5D ( #aifd 7,I,I1 P4 #a#f7 & ?AT ,U,S =CES HAD BE5 DIRECTLY 5GAG$ 9 COMBAT OP]ATIONS = ?REE YE>S1 AT ?AT PO9T4 

,CONCEIVABLY1 ONE MI<T >GUE ?AT ,SECRET>Y ,RUSK'S TE/IMONY ( ,JANU>Y & ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#f1 ?AT A ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE DIVISION WAS1 BY ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM IS NOT1 /RICTLY1 9CONSI/5T ) ! RECORD PRES5T$ 9 ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S & ELSE:]E REG>D+ ! 9=MATION AVAILABLE TO ! ,ADM9I/RATION ?R\< ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f#e4 ,ONE MI<T SPECULATE ?AT 9=MATION OBTA9$ AFT] ?IS P]IOD1 BUT BE=E ,RUSK'S TE/IMONY1 REVEAL$ ?AT ! ,P,A,V,N #c#b#e? ,DIVISION HAD 9 FACT 9FILTRAT$ 9TO ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 AS A DIVISION1 BY ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 ?AT IS1 PRIOR TO ! ,U,S ESCALATION ( ! W> 9 ,FEBRU>Y4 

,!RE >E TWO DIFFICULTIES 9 ?IS DEF5SE1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE ONE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !RE IS NO EVID5CE 9 ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S OR 9 ANY O!R S\RCE ?AT ! SPECULATION IS CORRECT4 ,SECOND & MORE IMPORTANT1 EV5 IF IT W]E CORRECT IT W\LD BE IRRELEVANT4 ,RUSK'S TE/IMONY WAS AN EF=T TO JU/IFY ! ,U,S ESCALATION 9 ,FEBRU>Y AS COLLECTIVE SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ >M$ ATTACK1 AS P]MITT$ UND] ,>TICLE #ea ( ! ,*>T]4 ,ASIDE FROM A V>IETY ( O!R OBJECTIONS 7E4G41 ,>TICLE #ea REF]S TO >M$ ATTACK AGA9/ A MEMB] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS2 ! #a#g? P>ALLEL IS NOT A T]RITORIAL B\ND>Y UND] ! ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS1 ETC471 ! JU/IFICATION W\LD HAVE =CE ONLY IF IT HAD BE5 KN[N AT ! TIME ( ! ,U,S ESCALATION ?AT AN >M$ ATTACK HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,! RECORD MAKES IT ABSOLUTELY CLE> ?AT ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE4 ,H5CE ! JU/IFICATION FAILS UND] ANY POSSIBLE ASSUMPTION ) REG>D TO UNKN[N FACTS4 

,SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT AFT] 9VAD+ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA ! ,RUSSIANS HAD DISCOV]$ ?AT1 UNKN[N TO !M1 SOME >M$ ATTACK HAD TAK5 PLACE AGA9/ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 SAY1 BY ,WE/ ,G]MAN =CES4 ,!Y C\LD NOT HAVE >GU$ ?AT ?IS 0DISCOV]Y0 JU/IFI$ !IR >M$ 9T]V5TION ON ! GR\NDS ( ,>TICLE #e#a4 ,IT IS !RE=E CLE> ?AT ,RUSK'S TE/IMONY CONSI/$ ( EI!R FALSE /ATEM5TS OR FRAUDUL5T REPRES5TATIONS4 ,IT MI<T BE NOT$ ?AT 0FALSE1 FICTITI\S1 OR FRAUDUL5T /ATEM5TS OR REPRES5TATIONS0 BY GOV]NM5T (FICIALS >E A CRIME1 PUNI%ABLE BY HEAVY F9E OR IMPRISONM5T 7CF4 ,SCOTT1 ,! ,W> ,CONSPIRACY1 ,9TRODUCTION74 

,! CONTEMPT = ! PUBLIC IS ( ! SAME ORD]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #a#i#f#f1 ! ,PRESID5T /AT$3 0,WE DO NOT HAVE ON MY DESK AT ! MOM5T ANY UNFILL$ REQUE/S FROM ,G5]AL ,WE/MOREL&0 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ,$ITION1 ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S1 P4 #d#f#g74 ,9 FACT1 !RE WAS AT ?IS TIME A REQUE/ TO D\BLE ! TROOP COMMITM5T1 & ! ,PRESID5T HAD ON HIS DESK A MEMOR&UM FROM ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE /AT+ ?AT ) ! DEPLOYM5TS RECOMM5D$ 7#d1 BY ! 5D ( #aiff & P]HAPS MORE ?AN #f1 ! FOLL[+ YE>71 ,U,S KILL$-9-ACTION C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO REA* #a1 P] MON? 7,I,V1 PP4 #c#i1 #f#b#c-#d74 ,! ,ADM9I/RATION VIEW WAS ACCURATELY EXPRESS$ BY ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY :5 HE /AT$ ?AT IF POLICIES >E TO BE MODIFI$1 !N 0A CONDITION+ ( ! ,U,S PUBLIC0 IS NECESS>Y4 7,HE ADD$ ?AT :]E ?IS CANNOT BE DONE ) SUFFICI5T RAPIDITY1 ! EXECUTIVE MAY F9D ITSELF TRAPP$ BY ITS E>LI] MISREPRES5TATIONS--,I,V1 P4 #f#a#a47 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT GOV]NM5T (FICIALS HAVE NO LEGAL AU?ORITY TO MISREPRES5T MATT]S TO ! PUBLIC2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 SU* ACTIONS >E CRIM9AL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! EXECUTIVE BRAN* ( ! GOV]NM5T HAS NO LEGAL AU?ORITY1 UND] A REASONABLE 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,FIR/ ,AM5DM5T1 TO H>ASS1 9DICT1 OR PROSECUTE ?OSE :O EXPOSE ITS RECORD ( DECEIT1 = EXAMPLE1 BY MAK+ PUBLIC ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S HI/ORY4 

,! GOV]NM5T >GUES ?AT ,FIR/ ,AM5DM5T RI<TS >E \TWEI<$ BY ! NE$ TO PROSECUTE ?OSE :O TRANSMIT CLASSIFI$ 9=MATION & DOCUM5TS4 ,:ATEV] ONE ?9KS AB\T ! 0BALANC+ DOCTR9E10 IT CLE>LY APPLIES ONLY :5 ! GOV]NM5T REPRES5TS SOME LEGITIMATE PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,IT W\LD 9 MY OP9ION BE F>CICAL TO >GUE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T 9T]E/ 9 PROTECT+ ITSELF FROM ! EXPOSURE ( ITS MISDE$S \TWEI<S ,FIR/ ,AM5DM5T RI<TS4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ SURELY LIES SQU>ELY 9 ! /RICT & LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,FIR/ ,AM5DM5T1 :I* (F]S ! CITIZ5 SOME PROTECTION AGA9/ ! /ATE 7RECALL ! HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( ! ,BILL ( ,RI<TS71 = IT AT LEA/ MAKES IT POSSIBLE = ! CITIZ5 TO DISCOV] :AT ! /ATE HAS DONE OR PLANS TO DO1 SO ?AT HE CAN ATTEMPT TO PREV5T SU* ACTS1 IF HE SO *OOSES4 

,CONC]N+ ! GOV]NM5T CLAIM ?AT RELEASE ( ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S VIOLATES ! ,ESPIONAGE ,ACT1 :I* MAKES IT A CRIME TO TRANSMIT DOCUM5TS 0RELAT+ TO ! NATIONAL DEF5SE10 IT MAY BE RECALL$ ?AT ,CONGRESS HAS PASS$ NO LAW PROHIBIT+ ! TRANSMISSION ( DOCUM5TS RELAT+ TO A HI/ORY ( DECEPTION & AGGRESSION4 ,!RE IS NO PLAUSIBLE !ORY UND] :I* ! RECORD ( ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S CAN BE 9T]PRET$ AS RELAT+ TO ! NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS IS A RECORD ( ! USE ( =CE 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS 9 A MANN] 5TIRELY 9CONSI/5T ) ! PURPOSES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 & ?US1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 9 VIOLATION ( ! SUPREME LAW ( ! L&4 

,! G5]AL ATTITUDE ( ! GOV]NM5T T[>D ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY WAS REVEAL$ 9 A /RIK+ WAY DUR+ ! DELIB]ATIONS ( #a#i#f#d4 ,PLANS = ! ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 ESCALATION W]E UND]TAK5 ) AN AW>5ESS ( ! NECESSITY ( WAIT+ UNTIL ! ,PRESID5T HAD CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL & A POPUL> M&ATE4 ,! PLANN+ ?R\< #aifd PLACES 0,D-,DAY0 %ORTLY AFT] ! ELECTIONS4 ,AFT] ! ,TONK9 ,GULF 9CID5T & ! ,PRESID5T'S 0SMA%+ VICTORY AT ! POLLS10 HIS 0FEASIBLE OPTIONS 9CREAS$10 ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIAN RELATES3 0,PRESID5T ,JOHNSON WAS N[ >M$ ) BO? A POPUL> M&ATE & BROAD ,CONGRESSIONAL AU?ORIZATION0 & C\LD !RE=E PROCE$ 7,I,I,I1 P4 #dF474 ,DUR+ ! ,SEPTEMB] DELIB]ATIONS1 0UNITY ( DOME/IC ,AM]ICAN OP9ION0 WAS REG>D$ AS A PRECONDITION TO ESCALATION1 BUT 0DUR+ ! ,NOVEMB] DEBATES1 ?IS IS NO LONG] AN IMPORTANT FACTOR40 ,9 ! 9T]IM1 ! ,PRESID5T HAD BE5 ELECT$ 0) AN OV]:ELM+ M&ATE0 7,I,I,I1 PP4 #a#a#c-#f74 

,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT NO:]E DOES ANYONE TAKE NOTE ( ! FACT ?AT CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT WAS OBTA9$ 9 A RA!R DUBI\S FA%ION1 & ?AT ! POPUL> M&ATE WAS NOT TO ESCALATE4 ,! OBVI\S CONCLUSION TO DRAW FROM ?IS HI/ORY IS ?AT PEACE-M9D$ PEOPLE %\LD HAVE VOT$ = ,S5ATOR ,GOLDWAT]1 SO ?AT ! 0POPUL> M&ATE0 W\LD HAVE BE5 LESS OV]:ELM+1 S9CE EVID5TLY IT WAS ONLY ITS SCALE & NOT ITS *>ACT] ?AT MATT]$4 ,! :OLE AFFAIR REVEALS CLE>LY ! TOTALIT>IAN 9/9CTS ( ! PLANN]S4 

,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! DEBATE OV] ! W> C\NT]POSES ! 0OPTIMI/S10 :O BELIEVE ?AT ) P]SI/5CE WE CAN W91 TO ! 0PESSIMI/S10 :O >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S CANNOT1 AT REASONABLE CO/1 GU>ANTEE ! RULE ( ! REGIME ( ITS *OICE 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,! SAME TWO POSITIONS APPE> 9 ! FIR/ ( ! SECRET 0,KISS+] PAP]S10 RELEAS$ 9 P>T 9 ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/1 ,APRIL #b#e1 #a#i#g#b4 ,! ANALYSIS ( ! PESSIMI/S IMPLIES 0PACIFICATION SUCCESS 9 #a#c4#d YE>S10 :ILE ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! OPTIMI/S 0IMPLIES ?AT IT WILL TAKE #h4#c YE>S TO PACIFY ! #d4#a#e MILLION CONTE/$ & ,V,C POPULATION ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#h40 ,AS ALWAYS ! PESSIMI/S DIFF] FROM ! OPTIMI/S 9 !IR E/IMATE ( H[ LONG IT WILL TAKE TO BEAT ! ,VIETNAMESE RESI/ANCE 9TO SUBMISSION--NO?+ MORE4 

,!RE IS A ?IRD POSITION :I*1 UN=TUNATELY1 IS B>ELY REPRES5T$ 9 POLICY-MAK+1 AT LEA/ ACCORD+ TO ! AVAILABLE DOCUM5T>Y RECORD3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! ,U,S EXECUTIVE %\LD ABIDE BY ! SUPREME LAW ( ! L& & REFRA9 FROM =CEFUL 9T]V5TION 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( O!R NATIONS4 ,IT APPE>S ?AT SUCCESSIVE ADM9I/RATIONS BELIEV$ ?AT ,VIETNAM WAS ! VICTIM ( A ,KREML9-DIRECT$ CONSPIRACY 9 #a#i#e1 ?AT !RE WAS 0AGGRESSION FROM ! ,NOR?0 A DECADE LAT]1 & SO ON4 ,!Y HAD ! LEGAL AU?ORITY TO EXPRESS !SE BELIEFS & TO APPEAL TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL ( ! ,U,N TO DET]M9E ! EXI/5CE ( A ?REAT TO PEACE4 ,?AT !Y DID NOT DO SO IS SELF-EXPLANATORY4 

,IT IS OCCASIONALLY >GU$ ?AT APPEAL TO ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 AS REQUIR$ BY LAW1 W\LD HAVE BE5 FUTILE BECAUSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN VETO P[]4 ,! >GUM5T IS CLE>LY IRRELEVANT4 ,! LAW /ATES CLE>LY ?AT 0! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL %ALL DET]M9E ! EXI/5CE ( ANY ?REAT TO ! PEACE1 BREA* ( ! PEACE1 OR ACT ( AGGRESSION0 & %ALL DET]M9E :AT MEASURES %ALL BE TAK54 ,P>TIES TO A DISPUTE 0%ALL1 FIR/ ( ALL1 SEEK A SOLUTION BY NEGOTIATION0 & O!R PACIFIC MEANS ( ! SORT ?AT ! ,U,S HAS ALWAYS EXPLICITLY S\<T TO AVOID1 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT 0PREMATURE NEGOTIATIONS0 OR ANY O!R PEACEFUL SETTLEM5T W\LD LEAD TO A COLLAPSE ( ! ,AM]ICAN POSITION4 ,! LEGAL OBLIGATIONS ( ! ,U,S EXECUTIVE W]E AVOID$ NOT \T ( CONC]N = A POSSIBLE ,RUSSIAN VETO1 BUT BECAUSE !RE WAS NO CR$IBLE CASE TO PRES5T4 

,! ,U,S EXECUTIVE HAD NO AU?ORITY TO BACK ,FR5* COLONIALISM2 TO IMPOSE A T]RORI/IC REGIME 7OR EV5 A B5EVOL5T DEMOCRACY7 ON ,S\? ,VIETNAM2 TO 5GAGE 9 CL&E/9E W> ?R\<\T ,9DO*9A2 TO 9TRODUCE ,U,S =CES 9 COMBAT SUPPORT & DIRECT AGGRESSION FROM #aifa ON2 TO C>RY \T A FULL-SCALE 9VASION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM 9 #a#i#f#e1 DEMOLI%+ MU* ( ! PEASANT SOCIETY2 OR LAT]1 UND] ,NIXON1 TO WIPE \T ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S 9 ,LAOS & MU* ( RURAL ,CAMBODIA2 TO BOMB ,HAIPHONG2 OR TO C>RY \T ANY ( ! O!R ACTIONS ?AT HAVE L$ TO MASS REVULSION 9 ?IS C\NTRY & ?R\<\T MU* ( ! WORLD4 ,HAD ! ,U,S EXECUTIVE BE5 /RICTLY B\ND BY ITS LEGAL OBLIGATIONS1 :I* 9 MY OP9ION DO EXPRESS REASONABLE PR9CIPLES ( 9T]NATIONAL BEHAVIOR1 WE W\LD NEV] HAVE F\ND \RSELVES 9 ! ,9DO*9A W>4 

,I,I,I 

,:Y1 !N1 DID ! ,U,S BECOME SO DEEPLY 5GAG$ 9 ?IS W>8 ,9 ! E>LY P]IOD1 ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD N[ AVAILABLE PRES5TS A FAIRLY EXPLICIT ACC\NT ( RATIONAL1 IF CYNICAL1 PURSUIT ( P]CEIV$ SELF-9T]E/4 ,! ,U,S HAS /RATEGIC & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA ?AT MU/ BE SECUR$4 ,HOLD+ ,9DO*9A IS ESS5TIAL TO SECUR+ !SE 9T]E/S4 ,!RE=E WE MU/ HOLD ,9DO*9A4 ,A CRITICAL CONSID]ATION IS ,JAPAN1 :I* WILL EV5TUALLY ACCOMMODATE TO ! 0,SOVIET ,BLOC0 IF ,S\!A/ ,ASIA IS LO/4 ,9 EFFECT1 !N1 ! ,U,S W\LD HAVE LO/ ! ,PACIFIC PHASE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 :I* WAS F\<T1 9 P>T1 TO PREV5T ,JAPAN FROM CON/RUCT+ A CLOS$ 0CO-PROSP]ITY SPH]E0 9 ,ASIA FROM :I* ! ,U,S W\LD BE EXCLUD$4 ,! !ORY BEH9D !SE CONSID]ATIONS WAS ! DOM9O !ORY1 :I* WAS =MULAT$ CLE>LY BE=E ! ,KOREAN W>1 AS WAS ! DECISION TO SUPPORT ,FR5* COLONIALISM4 

,IT IS FA%IONABLE TODAY TO D]IDE ! DOM9O !ORY1 BUT 9 FACT IT CONTA9S AN IMPORTANT K]NEL ( PLAUSIBILITY1 P]HAPS ( TRU?4 ,NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 MAY V]Y WELL BE CONTAGI\S4 ,! DANG] IS :AT ,WALT ,RO/[1 WRIT+ 9 #a#i#e#e1 CALL$ ! 0IDEOLOGICAL ?REAT10 SPECIFICALLY1 0! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/S CAN PROVE TO ,ASIANS BY PROGRESS 9 ,*9A ?AT ,COMMUNI/ ME?ODS >E BETT] & FA/] ?AN DEMOCRATIC ME?ODS0 7,AN ,AM]ICAN ,POLICY 9 ,ASIA1 ,M,I,T1 P4 #g74 ,SIMIL> FE>S W]E EXPRESS$ BY ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T & ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS 9 #aiei 7,D,O,D1 BOOK ,X1 PP4 #a#a#i#h1 #a#b#a#c1 #a#b#b#f74 ,! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T !RE=E URG$ ?AT ! ,U,S DO :AT IT C\LD TO RET>D ! ECONOMIC PROGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,ASIAN /ATES 7IBID41 P4 #a#b#h71 A DECISION ?AT IS REM>KABLE 9 ITS CRUELTY4 

,A SIMIL> CONC]N = ,*9ESE 0IDEOLOGICAL EXPANSION0 WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! PLANN+ = ESCALATION 9 ! FALL ( #aifd 7,I,I,I1 PP4 #b#a#h1 #e#i#b74 ,FE> WAS EXPRESS$ ?AT 0! ROT W\LD SPREAD0 OV] MA9L& ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 & ?AT ,?AIL& 7ALWAYS 0! SECOND L9E ( DEF5SE0 &1 AS ( MID-#a#i#e#d1 0! FOCAL PO9T ( ,U,S COV]T & PSY*OLOGICAL OP]ATIONS 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA10 9 ! WORD+ ( ,N,S,C #e#d#b#i_/#b--SEE ABOVE7 W\LD ACCOMMODATE TO ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A 0EV5 )\T ANY M>K$ MILIT>Y MOVE BY ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #f#f#a74 ,! 0ROT10 9 !SE CASES1 IS SURELY ! 0IDEOLOGICAL ?REAT40 ,RECALL ?AT 9 ?IS P]IOD !RE WAS MU* TALK ( COMPETITION BETWE5 ! ,*9ESE & ! ,9DIAN MODELS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS SETT+1 FE> ( ,*9ESE 0IDEOLOGICAL EXPANSION0 GAVE SUB/ANCE TO ! DOM9O !ORY1 QUITE AP>T FROM ANY SPECULATION AB\T ,*9ESE AGGRESSION OR ,KREML9-DIRECT$ CONSPIRACIES IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,VIET ,M9H4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ! DOM9O !ORY WAS NEV] S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ 9 ! AVAILABLE RECORD1 ?\< ITS MORE FANTA/IC =MULATIONS W]E DISC\NT$4 ,RA!R1 !RE WAS DEBATE AB\T TIM+ & PROBABILITY4 ,/RIPP$ ( FANTASIES1 ! !ORY WAS NOT IMPLAUSIBLE4 ,SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 A UNIFI$ ,VIETNAM L$ BY ,COMMUNI/S ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,*9ESE MODEL MI<T WELL HAVE POS$ A 0?REAT0 TO O!R DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES1 9 ?AT PEASANT-BAS$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS )9 !M MI<T HAVE BE5 TEMPT$ TO FOLL[ A SIMIL> MODEL 9/EAD ( RELY+ ON ! 9DU/RIAL P[]S & ADAPT+ !IR PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T TO ! NE$S & 9T]E/S ( !SE P[]S4 

,?IS MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE L$ TO ,JAPANESE MOVES TO ACCOMMODATE 9 SOME FA%ION TO ! 0CLOS$ SOCIETIES0 ( ,EA/ ,ASIA1 TO A POSSIBLE EFFECT ON ,9DIA1 ULTIMATELY EV5 ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 AS ! DOM9O !ORY PO/ULAT$3 NOT BY 9VASION1 :I* WAS MO/ UNLIKELY1 BUT BY 0IDEOLOGICAL EXPANSION10 :I* WAS NOT SO IMPROBABLE4 ,9 ! ,K5N$Y P]IOD1 ,VIETNAM WAS ELEVAT$ TO ! /ATUS ( A 0TE/ CASE10 &1 ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY1 A DEGREE ( HY/]IA WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO PLANN+4 ,NEV]!LESS ! RATIONAL CORE ( POLICY-MAK+ REMA9$4 ,DEVELOP+ NATIONS MU/ BE TAU<T A LESSON3 !Y MU/ OBS]VE ! RULES & NOT UND]TAKE 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 ON ! 0DO-IT-Y\RSELF0 ,*9ESE MODEL1 ) MASS MOBILIZATION ( ! POPULATION & AN EMPHASIS ON 9T]NAL NE$S & RES\RCES4 

,POSSIBLY ! ?REAT HAS N[ DIM9I%$1 ) ! VA/ DE/RUCTION 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM & ELSE:]E1 & ! HATR$S1 9T]NAL CONFLICTS1 DEMORALIZATION1 & SOCIAL DISRUPTION CAUS$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION4 ,IT MAY BE1 !N1 ?AT ,VIETNAM CAN BE LO/ TO ! ,VIETNAMESE )\T ! DIRE CONSEQU5CES ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROGRESS ( A SORT ?AT MI<T MEAN A GOOD DEAL TO ! ,ASIAN POOR4 

,! DOCUM5TATION = ! PRE-,K5N$Y P]IOD GIVES SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT TO ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( ,U,S MOTIVES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,N,S,C #d#h_/#a 7,DECEMB]1 #a#i#d#i7 W>N$ ?AT ,S\!A/ ,ASIA 0IS ! T>GET ( A COORD9AT$ (F5SIVE DIRECT$ BY ! ,KREML90 7?IS IS 0N[ CLE>074 ,! 9DU/RIAL PLANT ( ,JAPAN & SU* /RATEGIC MAT]IALS AS ,9DONESIAN OIL MU/ BE D5I$ TO ! 0,/AL9I/ BLOC10 :I* MI<T O!RWISE ATTA9 GLOBAL DOM9ANCE2 !Y MU/ BE KEPT 9 ! ,WE/]N ORBIT4 ,JAPAN IS ! CRUCIAL PRIZE 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,COMMUNI/ PRESSURE ON ,JAPAN WILL M\NT BECAUSE ( PROXIMITY1 ! 9DIG5\S ,JAPANESE ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T :I* MI<T BE ABLE TO EXPLOIT CULTURAL FACTORS & ECONOMIC H>D%IP1 & 0! POT5TIAL ( ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A AS A S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS VITAL TO ,JAPAN & A M>KET = ITS GOODS40 

,JAPAN1 ! DOCUM5T CONT9UES1 REQUIRES ,ASIAN FOOD1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & M>KETS2 ! ,U,S %\LD 5C\RAGE 0A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE 9 ,S\!RN ,ASIATIC FOOD & RAW MAT]IAL EXPORTS0 TO AVOID 0PREPOND]ANT DEP5D5CE ON ,*9ESE S\RCES0 BY ,JAPAN4 ,ANALOG\S CONSID]ATIONS HOLD 9 REG>D TO ,9DIA4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE M>KETS & S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS %\LD BE DEVELOP$ = ,U,S PURPOSES4 0,SOME K9D ( REGIONAL ASSOCIATION444AMONG ! NON-,COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES ( ,ASIA MI<T BECOME AN IMPORTANT MEANS ( DEVELOP+ A FAVORABLE ATMOSPH]E = SU* TRADE AMONG \RSELVES & ) O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD40 

,! G5]AL L9ES ( ?IS ANALYSIS P]SI/ ?R\<\T ! ,TRUMAN & ,EIS5H[] ADM9I/RATIONS 7CF4 ,N,S,C #f#d1 ,N,S,C #d#h_/#e1 ,N,S,C #a#b#d_/#b1 ETC474 ,TO CITE ONE CASE1 AN ,N,S,C /AFF /UDY ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#e#b1 W>N$3 

,! FALL ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA W\LD UND]L9E ! APP>5T ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES TO ,JAPAN ( ASSOCIATION ) ! COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ ,ASIAN SPH]E4 ,EXCLUSION ( ,JAPAN FROM TRADE ) ,S\!A/ ,ASIA W\LD S]I\SLY AFFECT ! ,JAPANESE ECONOMY1 & 9CREASE ,JAPAN'S DEP5D5CE ON ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AID4 ,9 ! LONG RUN ! LOSS ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ESPECIALLY ,MALAYA & ,9DONESIA1 C\LD RESULT 9 SU* ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRESSURES 9 ,JAPAN AS TO MAKE IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO PREV5T ,JAPAN'S EV5TUAL ACCOMMODATION TO ! ,SOVIET ,BLOC4 .<,I1 P4 #c#g#e.> 

,WE KN[ FROM O!R S\RCES ?AT ! ,U,S PUT PRESSURE ON ,JAPAN TO PUT A /OP TO ITS 0ACCOMMODATION0 ) ,*9A1 & ?AT ! ,U,S (F]$ ACCESS TO ,S\!A/ ,ASIA AS AN EXPLICIT 9DUCEM5T TO ! ,JAPANESE4.<#a.> ,VIETNAM WAS REG>D$ AS 0! ,KEY/ONE TO ! >*1 ! F+] 9 ! DIKE0 7,JOHN ,F4 ,K5N$Y1 #a#i#e#f--! T]M9OLOGY IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! P]IOD74 

,IT IS (T5 >GU$ ?AT ,U,S 9T]V5TION WAS MOTIVAT$ BY 0BL9D ANTI-COMMUNISM0 & O!R ]RORS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 H[EV]1 TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 TWO K9DS ( 0ANTI-COMMUNISM40 ,OPPOSITION TO 9DIG5\S MOVEM5TS 9 ,ASIA ?AT MI<T BE DRAWN TO ! ,*9ESE MODEL ( DEVELOPM5T IS NOT 0BL9D ANTI-COMMUNISM40 ,RA!R1 IT IS RATIONAL IMP]IALISM1 :I* SEEKS TO PREV5T ANY NIBBL+ AWAY AT >EAS ?AT PROVIDE ! ,WE/]N 9DU/RIAL P[]S & ,JAPAN ) RELATIVELY FREE ACCESS TO M>KETS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 A *EAP LABOR =CE1 ! POSSIBILITY = EXPORT ( POLLUTION1 & OPPORTUNITIES = 9VE/M5T4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 TO REF] TO A 0COORD9AT$ (F5SIVE DIRECT$ BY ! ,KREML90 AGA9/ ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ) ! ,VIET ,M9H AS ITS AG5T1 IS 9DE$ 0BL9D ANTI-COMMUNISM10 ?AT IS1 PURE IDEOLOGY1 QUITE BEYOND ! REA* ( EVID5CE1 BUT EXTREMELY USEFUL AS A PROPAG&A DEVICE TO RALLY DOME/IC SUPPORT = MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION AGA9/ 9DIG5\S COMMUNI/-L$ MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,RUSSIANS BEHAV$ NO DIFF]5TLY :5 !Y 9VAD$ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 ,!Y /AT$1 & P]HAPS EV5 BELIEV$1 ?AT !Y W]E DO+ SO TO PROTECT ! ,CZE* PEOPLE FROM ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,WALL ,/REET1 ! ,C,I,A1 & ! ,WE/ ,G]MAN AGGRESSORS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y W]E SEEK+ TO PRES]VE ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM ]OSION FROM )91 MU* AS ! ,U,S IS DO+ 9 ,VIETNAM4 

,ADM9I/RATION SPOKESM5 HAVE HELD TO ! VIEW ?AT BY DE/ROY+ ,VIETNAM WE >E SOMEH[ /&+ FIRM AGA9/ ,*9ESE OR ,RUSSIAN AGGRESSION4 ,AS ,GEORGE ,C>V] ( ! ,C,I,A ONCE PUT IT1 \R OBJECTIVE IS3 0,DEMON/RAT+ ! /]ILE FUTILITY ( ! MILITANT & AGGRESSIVE EXPANSIONI/ POLICY ADVOCAT$ BY ! PRES5T RUL]S ( ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A0 7,I,V1 P4 #h#b74 ,ONE SE>*ES ! RECORD 9 VA9 = EVID5CE ( ?IS POLICY4 ,! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIAN OBS]VES ?AT ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ACTIVITY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA APPE>$ 0OM9\S0 TO ,WA%+TON 9 LATE #aifd 7,I,I,I1 P4 #b#f#g71 BUT HE CITES AS ! FACTUAL BASIS ONLY 0,SUK>NO'S ABRUPT )DRAWAL ( ,9DONESIA'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,U,N10 :I* L$ TO V>I\S SPECULATIONS4 ,9 E>LI] YE>S1 !RE W]E DET]M9$ EF=TS1 ALWAYS UNAVAIL+1 TO E/ABLI% A DIRECT L9K %[+ CONTROL ( ! ,VIET ,M9H BY ,MOSC[ OR ,PEK+1 ?\< FAILURE TO DO SO 9 NO WAY %OOK ! BELIEF1 VIRTUALLY A DOGMA1 ?AT ! ,VIETNAMESE REVOLUTION>IES MU/ BE ,*9ESE OR ,RUSSIAN AG5TS4 

,! REM>KABLE 9TELLECTUAL FAILURES ( ! 09TELLIG5CE COMMUNITY0 >E REVEAL$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORIANS W]E ABLE TO DISCOV] ONLY ONE /AFF PAP]1 9 A RECORD ( MORE ?AN TWO DECADES1 0:I* TREATS COMMUNI/ REACTIONS PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! SEP>ATE NATIONAL 9T]E/S ( ,HANOI1 ,MOSC[1 & ,PEIP+1 RA!R ?AN PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( AN OV]ALL COMMUNI/ /RATEGY = :I* ,HANOI IS ACT+ AS AN AG5T0 7,I,I1 P4 #a#g2 A ,SPECIAL ,NATIONAL ,9TELLIG5CE ,E/IMATE ( ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#a74 ,EV5 9 ! 09TELLIG5CE COMMUNITY10 :]E ! TASK IS TO GET ! FACTS /RAI<T--& NOT TO PROCLAIM ?AT ,FRANCE IS DEF5D+ ! T]RITORIAL 9TEGRITY ( ,VIETNAM FROM ! ,VIET ,M9H & ! 0,COMMIE-DOM9AT$ BLOC ( SLAVE /ATES0 7,A*ESON1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#e2 ,I1 P4 #g7--IT WAS APP>5TLY NEXT TO IMPOSSIBLE TO P]CEIVE1 OR AT LEA/ TO EXPRESS1 ! SIMPLE TRU? ?AT ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 LIKE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,*9A1 ! ,U,S1 & ! ,N,L,F1 HAS ITS [N 9T]E/S1 :I* >E (T5 DECISIVE ONES4 

,! RECORD MAKES CLE> ?AT ! ,U,S DID NOT 5T] ! ,9DO*9A W> BECAUSE IT HAD DISCOV]$ ! ,VIET ,M9H TO BE ,RUSSIAN OR ,*9ESE AG5TS4 ,NOR DID IT REPEAT$LY ESCALATE ?IS W> BECAUSE IT F\ND ?AT ! ,N,L,F WAS A PUPPET ( ! ,NOR? 7OR ( ,*9A OR ( ,MOSC[74 ,QUITE ! OPPOSITE WAS TRUE4 ,FIR/ CAME ! ,U,S 9T]V5TION1 = 5TIRELY DIFF]5T REASONS1 & !N ! EF=T TO %[ ! DEP5D5CE & CONTROL ?AT WAS REQUIR$ = PROPAG&A PURPOSES1 & ALSO1 NO D\BT1 = ! SELF-IMAGE ( ! POLICY-MAK]S4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 PSY*OLOGICALLY MU* EASI] TO DE/ROY AG5TS ( ,*9ESE AGGRESSION ?AN PEOPLE :O HAD 0CAPTUR$ ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T0 ( ,VIETNAM4 ,ONE =M ( ANTI-COMMUNISM MOTIVAT$ ,U,S 9T]V5TION3 OPPOSITION TO 9DIG5\S COMMUNI/-L$ MOVEM5TS1 UND] ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ! DOM9O !ORY4 ,A SECOND =M ( ANTI-COMMUNISM WAS 9VOK$ TO JU/IFY ! 9T]V5TION1 PUBLICLY & 9T]NALLY3 FE> ( A ,KREML9-DIRECT$ CONSPIRACY OR ,*9ESE AGGRESSION--SO F> AS WE KN[1 A FIGM5T ( IMAG9ATION4 

,MU* ! SAME HAS BE5 TRUE ELSE:]E3 E4G41 9 ,GREECE DUR+ ! #a#i#dS & 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN REPEAT$LY4 ,A S]I\S DEFECT ( ! ,P5TAGON /UDY1 9H]5T 9 ,SECRET>Y ,MC,NAM>A'S GUIDEL9ES1 IS ITS FAILURE TO RELATE ,U,S POLICY 9 ,VIETNAM TO DEVELOPM5TS ELSE:]E1 EV5 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,HAD ! HI/ORIANS CA/ A SOME:AT WID] NET1 !Y W\LD HAVE DISCOV]$1 AS ,JOYCE & ,GABRIEL ,KOLKO PO9T \T1 ?AT ! DOM9O !ORY WAS EXPRESS$ BY ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,M>%ALL 9 #aidg ) REG>D TO ,GREECE--9 ?IS CASE1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N C\NTRIES1 NOT ,JAPAN & ,9DONESIA1 W]E ! 0F>!R DOM9OES0 ?AT CONC]N$ HIM4.<#a#a.> 

,!Y W\LD ALSO HAVE DISCOV]$ 9TRIGU+ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,U,S 9T]V5TION 9 ,9DO*9A & 9 ,KOREA FROM #aide TO #a#i#e4 ,!Y MI<T HAVE NOT$ ?AT ! ,U,S ESCALATION ( CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES 9 ,VIETNAM & ,LAOS 9 LATE #aifc & #aifd APP>5TLY CO9CID$ ) A SIMIL> ESCALATION ( ATTACKS ON ,CAMBODIA BY ! ,KHM] ,S]EI1 TRA9$ & EQUIPP$ BY ! ,U,S ,SPECIAL ,=CES & ! ,C,I,A4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT S9CE #aidh ! ,U,S HAS BE5 DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 ,?AI AFFAIRS1 SUPPORT+ A CORRUPT & AT TIMES SAVAGE MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 AT FIR/ UND] A ,JAPANESE COLLABORATOR4 

,!Y W\LD HAVE DET]M9$1 9 %ORT1 ?AT ! ,U,S HAS NOT BE5 A CONFUS$ VICTIM ( EV5TS BUT AN ACTIVE AG5T1 PURSU+ POLICIES ?AT W]E CONSI/5T ) A COH]5T GLOBAL /RATEGY3 TO C>VE \T & /ABILIZE A SY/EM ( 0OP5 SOCIETIES10 SOCIETIES 9 :I*1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,U,S CAPITAL CAN OP]ATE MORE OR LESS FREELY4 ,?\< ?IS IS F> FROM ! SOLE OP]ATIVE FACTOR 9 ,U,S POLICY1 /ILL IT IS SURELY ! BEG9N+ ( WISDOM TO RECOGNIZE ITS CRUCIAL ROLE4 

,IT IS (T5 >GU$ ?AT ! CO/S ( SU* 9T]V5TION DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE CAN BE NO UND]LY+ IMP]IAL DRIVE4 ,?IS REASON+ IS FALLACI\S1 H[EV]4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! 0CO/S0 >E 9 L>GE MEASURE PR(ITS = SELECT$ SEGM5TS ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,IT IS S5SELESS TO DESCRIBE GOV]NM5T EXP5DITURES = JET PLANES OR CLU/] BOMBS OR COMPUT]S = ! AUTOMAT$ AIR W> SIMPLY AS 0CO/S ( 9T]V5TION40 ,!RE >E1 TO BE SURE1 CO/S ( EMPIRE ?AT B5EFIT VIRTUALLY NO ONE3 #e1 ,AM]ICAN CORPSES OR ! DET]IORATION 9 ! /R5G? ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY 9 RELATION TO ITS 9DU/RIAL RIVALS4 ,BUT !SE G5]AL CO/S ( EMPIRE CAN BE SAID TO BE SOCIAL CO/S1 :ILE1 SAY1 ! PR(ITS FROM OV]SEAS 9VE/M5T GU>ANTE$ BY MILIT>Y SUCCESS >E AGA9 HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( SOCIETY4 

,S5ATOR ,*UR* NOT$ 9 REC5T CONGRESSIONAL HE>+S ?AT ! ,U,S HAS SP5T OV] @s#b BILLION 9 AID TO ,BRAZIL S9CE #aifd TO CREATE A 0FAVORABLE 9VE/M5T CLIMATE0 TO PROTECT A TOTAL 9VE/M5T ( ONLY AB\T @s#a4#g BILLION4 ,?IS %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE TO ANY /UD5T ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 ! SAME WAS TRUE ( ! ,BRITI% EMPIRE1 AFT] ! ORIG9AL RAPE ( ,9DIA4 ,! CO/S ( EMPIRE >E DI/RIBUT$ OV] ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE2 ITS PR(ITS REV]T TO A FEW )94 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! EMPIRE S]VES AS A DEVICE = 9T]NAL CONSOLIDATION ( P[] & PRIVILEGE1 & IT IS QUITE IRRELEVANT TO OBS]VE ?AT ITS SOCIAL CO/S >E (T5 V]Y GREAT OR ?AT1 AS CO/S RISE1 DIFF]5CES MAY >ISE AMONG ?OSE :O >E 9 POSITIONS ( P[] & 9FLU5CE4 

,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT PLANN]S CANNOT UN]R+LY CALCULATE CO/S 9 ADVANCE4 ,!Y CANNOT BEG9 ALL OV] AGA9 IF PLANS GO AWRY4 ,?\< ! PLANN]S ( ! PA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S MI<T NOT HAVE UND]TAK5 ! EF=T TO DOM9ATE ,9DO*9A HAD !Y KN[N ! CONSEQU5CES1 !Y DID NOT HAVE ! LUXURY ( ADVANCE KN[L$GE4 ,ON ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ! DOM9O !ORY1 9 ITS MORE REALI/IC V]SIONS1 ! ORIG9AL CALCULATION WAS NOT AN UNREASONABLE ONE1 :ATEV] ONE MAY ?9K ( ITS MORAL BASIS OR ITS /ATUS 9 LAW4 ,AS ,I HAVE 9DICAT$1 ,I P]SONALLY ?9K IT WAS DEPLORABLE ON SU* GR\NDS1 BUT ?AT IS A DIFF]5T MATT] 5TIRELY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS MY IMPRESSION ?AT BY ! E>LY #a#i#fS O!R & MORE IRRATIONAL FACTORS HAD COME TO PR$OM9ATE1 A MATT] :I* IS ( SOME 9T]E/ 9 ITSELF1 BUT :I* ,I WILL NOT EXPLORE H]E4.<#a#b.> 

,AT ONE CRUCIAL PO9T 9 ! PLANN+ TO ESCALATE ! W> 9 #a#i#f#d1 ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY RAIS$ ! QUE/ION :E!R IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO C>RY \T ! PREF]R$ ESCALATORY OPTION 0UND] ! KLIEG LI<TS ( A DEMOCRACY0 7,I,I,I1 P4 #f#d#h74 ,I ?9K HE WAS QUITE RI<T TO RAISE ?IS QUE/ION1 ?\< NOT EXACTLY = ! REASONS HE GAVE4 ,SECRECY & DECEIT >E ESS5TIAL COMPON5TS ( AGGRESSION4 ,! VISIBILITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> ( ANNIHILATION 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM WAS UND\BT$LY A FACTOR 9 TURN+ MU* ( ! POPULATION TO PROTE/ & RESI/ANCE1 MU* TO ! CR$IT ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,! SOCIAL CO/S ( EMPIRE ALONE1 9 A HEAL?Y DEMOCRACY1 W\LD IMP$E IMP]IAL PLANN]S4 ,BUT A SY/EM ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 9SULAT$ FROM PUBLIC SCRUT9Y & OP]AT+ 9 SECRET1 POSSESS+ VA/ MEANS ( DE/RUCTION & HAMP]$ BY FEW CON/RA9TS1 WILL NATURALLY T5D TO COMMIT AGGRESSION & ATROCITIES4 

,?AT IS ! PRIM>Y LESSON ( ! ,P5TAGON HI/ORY1 ?\< WE H>DLY NE$ ?IS VALUABLE & ILLUM9AT+ RECORD TO E/ABLI% ! DANG] ( A SITUATION =ESE5 BY ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON :5 ! NATION WAS F\ND$4 ,!RE HAS1 9 ! PA/ G5]ATION1 BE5 A PECULI> 9ATT5TION TO =EIGN POLICY ON ! P>T ( ! PUBLIC4 ,GOV]NM5T SECRECY HAS BE5 A CONTRIBUT+ FACTOR1 F> \TWEI<$1 9 MY OP9ION1 BY ! 9T5SE 9DOCTR9ATION ( ! PO/W> P]IOD ?AT HAS R5D]$ ! PUBLIC 9]T UNTIL QUITE REC5TLY4 ,IT COMES AS NO SURPRISE1 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?AT ,JEFF]SON'S PR$ICTION WAS FULFILL$4 ,IF CITIZ5S 0BECOME 9ATT5TIVE TO ! PUBLIC AFFAIRS10 HE WROTE1 !N ! GOV]NM5T 0%ALL ALL BECOME WOLVES40 ,SUCCESSIVE ADM9I/RATIONS DID 0BECOME WOLVES10 9T]NATIONAL PR$ATORS1 >*ITECTS ( ONE ( ! MO/ HORR5D\S CATA/ROPHES ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 

,:AT IS WORSE1 P]HAPS1 V]Y LITTLE HAS *ANG$4 ,EV5 MANY OPPON5TS ( ! W> PRET5D TO !MSELVES ?AT O!RS >E TO BLAME = ! CATA/ROPHE ( ,VIETNAM4 ,9 A /RONG $ITORIAL /ATEM5T AGA9/ ! W>1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES $ITORS WROTE3 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,AM]ICANS1 9CLUD+ ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y COMM&S & ! ,G4,I4'S !MSELVES1 DID NOT ORIG9ALLY CONCEIVE !IR ROLE QUITE HONE/LY AS ?AT ( LIB]ATORS & ALLIES 9 ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM2 BUT SU* IDEALI/IC MOTIVES HAD LITTLE *ANCE TO PREVAIL AGA9/ LOCAL LEAD]S SKILL$ 9 ! >T ( MANIPULAT+ !IR =EIGN PROTECTORS4 .<,MAY #g1 #a#i#g#b.> 

,ONCE AGA9 WE HAVE ! IMAGE ( ! ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 NOBLE & VIRTU\S1 BEWILD]$ & VICTIMIZ$1 BUT NOT RESPONSIBLE1 NEV] RESPONSIBLE = :AT IT HAS DONE4 ,! CORRUPTION ( ! 9TELLECT & ! MORAL C[>DICE REVEAL$ BY SU* /ATEM5TS DEFY COMM5T4 

,:E!R ! ,U,S WILL )DRAW FROM ,VIETNAM %ORT ( TRUE G5OCIDE & P]HAPS EV5 ! S]I\S ?REAT ( 9T]NATIONAL W> IS1 ,I AM AFRAID1 /ILL AN OP5 QUE/ION4 ,!RE IS1 UN=TUNATELY1 SUFFICI5T REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! SAME GRIM /ORY WILL BE RE5ACT$ ELSE:]E4 

.<#a.> ,EXCEPT :]E O!RWISE 9DICAT$1 ,I WILL GIVE REF]5CES ?R\<\T TO ?IS $ITION1 PUBLI%$ BY ,BEACON ,PRESS4 ,REF]5CES TO ! GOV]NM5T (FSET $ITION1 5TITL$ ,UNIT$ ,/ATES-,VIETNAM ,RELATIONS3 #a#i#d#e-#f#g1 #ab VOLUMES1 ,GOV]NM5T ,PR9T+ ,(FICE1 #a#i#g#a1 WILL BE GIV5 AS ,D,O,D1 ) VOLUME & PAGE4 

.<#b.> ,ON ?IS MATT]1 SEE ,PET] ,K+1 0,! ,POLITICAL ,BALANCE 9 ,SAIGON10 ,PACIFIC ,AFFAIRS 7,FALL1 #a#i#g#a74 

.<#c.> ,COMM5T+ ON ,MOOR]'S TE/IMONY1 ,MASSA*USETTS ,CONGRESSMAN ,MI*AEL ,H>R+TON CALL$ = HIS RESIGNATION4 ,?OMAS ,OLIPHANT1 ,BO/ON ,GLOBE1 ,APRIL #a#e1 #a#i#g#b4 

.<#d.> ,AV]ELL ,H>RIMAN1 0,MISS$ ,OPPORTUNITIES3 ,H[ ,WE ,GOT ,:]E ,WE ,>E10 ,WA%+TON ,PO/1 ,MAY #i1 #a#i#g#b4 

.<#e.> ,SEYM\R ,H]%1 0,VIETCONG ,DELEGATE ,TURNS ,D[N ,PRESID5T'S ,PEACE ,PROPOSAL10 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,MAY #a#a1 #a#i#g#b4 

.<#f.> ,J4 ,L4 ,S4 ,GIRL+1 REVIEW ( ,GEORGES ,*AFF>D1 ,LES DEUX GU]RES DU ,VIETNAM1 #a#i#f#i1 :]E ! MATT] IS DISCUSS$1 ,PACIFIC ,AFFAIRS 7,SPR+1 #a#i#g#b71 P4 #a#d#c4 

.<#g.> ,H>RIMAN1 9 ! >TICLE CIT$ 7SEE FOOTNOTE #d71 /ATES ?AT AT ?AT TIME ,NOR? ,VIETNAM )DREW #i P]C5T ( ITS TROOPS FROM ! NOR!RN TWO PROV9CES1 HALF ( !M OV] #b MILES 9TO ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 0,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS !N 9 A FAVORABLE B>GA9+ POSITION S9CE IT HAD OV] HALF A MILLION M5 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM10 NOT TO SPEAK ( MORE ?AN #e1 ,KOREAN M]C5>IES4 ,= REF]5CES FROM ! PRESS AT ! TIME1 SEE MY ,AT ,W> ,) ,ASIA 7,PAN!ON1 #a#i#g71 P4 #d#cF4 

.<#h.> ,= DISCUSSION ( ! FACTS AB\T ,GREECE1 & !IR RELEVANT HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND1 SEE ,GABRIEL ,KOLKO1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,W> 7,R&OM ,H\SE1 #a#i#f#h72 ,JOYCE & ,GABRIEL ,KOLKO1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,P[] 7,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#g#b74 ,= SOME P>ALLELS BETWE5 ,GREECE & ,VIETNAM1 SEE ,TODD ,GITL91 0,C\NT]-9SURG5CY3 ,MY? & ,REALITY 9 ,GREECE10 9 ,DAVID ,HOR[ITZ1 $41 ,CONTA9M5T & ,REVOLUTION 7,BLOND1 #a#i#f#g72 & ,L4 ,S4 ,/AVRIANOS1 0,GREECE'S ,O!R ,HI/ORY10 ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 ,JUNE #a#g1 #a#i#g#a4 ,SEE ALSO ,RI*>D ,B>NET1 ,9T]V5TION & ,REVOLUTION 7,WORLD1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#i.> ,SEE ,!ODORE ,DRAP]1 ,ABUSE ( ,P[] 7,VIK+1 #a#i#f#g71 AN IMPORTANT E>LY /UDY :I* DEMON/RAT$ CLE>LY ?AT ACCESS TO CLASSIFI$ 9=MATION WAS NOT NE$$ TO REFUTE ! PROPAG&A & \TRI<T FABRICATIONS ( GOV]NM5T SPOKESM54 

.<#a.> ,= DISCUSSION & REF]5CES1 SEE MY ,AT ,W> ,) ,ASIA1 PP4 #c#c-#c#f4 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,LIMITS ( ,P[] 7,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#g#b71 P4 #c#d4 

.<#a#b.> ,HANNAH ,>5DT HAS DISCUSS$ A V>IETY ( IRRATIONAL FACTORS1 AS REVEAL$ BY ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S1 9 H] ESSAY 0,LY+ 9 ,POLITICS3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S10 ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW1 ,NOVEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#g#a1 & N[ 9CLUD$ 9 H] REC5T BOOK ,CRISIS ( ! ,REPUBLIC 7,H>C\RT ,BRACE ,JOVANOVI*1 #a#i#g#b74 ,A CASE CAN BE MADE = H] VIEW ?AT !SE W]E SIGNIFICANT FACTORS1 BUT PRIM>ILY 9 ! #a#i#fS4 ,9 ! E>LI] P]IOD1 ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD1 P>TICUL>LY AS PRES5T$ 9 BOOKS #h & #a ( ! GOV]NM5T $ITION ( ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S1 GIVES A RA!R DIFF]5T PICTURE4 ,= A MORE DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ?IS MATT]1 SEE MY >TICLE ON ! ,P5TAGON ,PAP]S 9 ! ,P>TISAN ,REVIEW 7,SUMM]1 #a#i#g#b74 

,BY #a#i#f#e1 QUE/IONS ( LONG-T]M MOTIVE BECAME SOME:AT BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,WE W]E !RE4 ,P]IOD4 ,JOHN ,MC,NAU<TON /AT$ 9 E>LY #aiff ?AT 0,! PRES5T ,U,S OBJECTIVE 9 ,VIETNAM IS TO AVOID HUMILIATION4 ,! REASONS :Y WE W5T 9TO ,VIETNAM TO ! PRES5T DEP?444>E N[ L>GELY ACADEMIC40 7,I,V1 P4 #d#g74 

,A WORD MI<T BE ADD$ AB\T ! CLAIM1 N[ FREQU5TLY EXPRESS$1 ?AT 0RADICALS0 7UNSPECIFI$7 >GUE ?AT ! ,U,S F\<T 9 ,VIETNAM TO SECURE (F%ORE OIL4 ,?\< ,I KN[ ( NO ONE :O HAS PROPOS$ ?IS1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$--QUITE CORRECTLY1 ,I BELIEVE--?AT ! OIL DISCOV]IES 9 ! REGION GAVE AN ADD$ REASON1 AT SOME PO9T :I* CANNOT BE SPECIFI$ ) PRECISION1 TO MA9TA9 CONTROL ( COA/AL REGIONS ( ,9DO*9A1 & ?AT HOPES = OIL 9VE/M5T PLAY A P>T 9 PLANS = 0ECONOMIC ,VIETNAMIZATION40 ,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 AN 9T]E/+ LIT]>Y G5RE DEVOT$ TO ! REFUTATION ( NONEXI/5T >GUM5TS ATTRIBUT$ TO 0RADICALS03 E4G41 ! 0,M>XI/ >GUM5T0 ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES NE$ W> TO SURVIVE1 OR ! 0REVISIONI/ >GUM5T0 ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = ALL PO/W> 9T]NATIONAL T5SIONS1 ETC4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,VIETNAM3 ,H[ ,GOV]NM5T ,BECAME ,WOLVES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,VIETNAM3 ,H[ ,GOV]NM5T ,BECAME ,WOLVES -- ,UPDAT$4 

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