,*APT] #h 
,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,EI<T3 ,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA 

  

,FROM ! MOM5T NOMADIC HUNT]-GA!R]S BEGAN TO SETTLE D[N 9TO /ABLE VILLAGES1 !Y 9TRODUC$ RADICALLY NEW *ANGES ?AT GO BEYOND ! TURN'FROM FOOD GA!R+ TO FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,:]E VILLAGES BECAME T[NS1 HUMAN BE+S BEGAN TO 0DETRIBALIZE0 !MSELVES1 & CREATE ?OSE CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS WE ASSOCIATE ) 0CIVILIZATION_/' ,! BLOOD TIE1 ! MALE-FEMALE DIVISIONS 9 FUNCTIONS1 & /ATUS GR\PS BAS$ ON AGE =M$ ! S9EWS ( TRIBALISM & W]E SL[LY ABSORB$ 9TO AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION3 ! CITY4 ,CITIES W]E TO BE /RUCTUR$ PRIM>ILY >\ND RESID5CE1 A VOCATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & A V>IETY ( 0ORD]S0 & CLASSES1 SOME ( :I* W]E UNIT$ BY ECONOMIC 9T]E/S BUT O!RS BY P[] & PRE/IGE4 ,! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( BLOOD1 SEX1 & AGE1 9 EFFECT1 BEGAN TO SL[LY PHASE 9TO ! SOCIAL FACTS ( PROP9QUITY1 ,VOCATION1 WEAL?1 & PRIVILEGE4 

,\T ( ?IS SWEEP+ HI/ORICAL TRANS=MATION1 NEW WAYS ( ORD]+ LIFE BEGAN TO EM]GE4 ,! BIOLOGICAL REALM ( LIFE1 SEEM+LY 0NATURAL0 9 ITS ORIG9S1 BECAME :AT WE NORMALLY REG>D AS ! SOCIAL3 ! REALM 9 :I* PEOPLE =M$ TO MEET !IR MAT]IAL NE$S1 TO REPRODUCE AS WELL AS PRODUCE1 TO 0RELATE0 ) EA* O!R AS 9DIVIDUALS & FAMILY GR\PS1 TO FRAT]NIZE 9 A V>IETY ( P]SONAL ASSOCIATIONS & DEGREES ( 9TIMACY4 ,! T[N & CITY1 EV5 ! VILLAGE1 PROVID$ A POLITICAL REALM ( LIFE1 HUMAN-MADE 9 ORIG9S1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS RELAT$ TO EA* O!R AS CITIZ5S 9 ORD] TO MANAGE !IR COMMUNITIES & COPE ) ITS 0CIVIC0 AFFAIRS4 ,UNTIL COMP>ATIVELY REC5T TIMES1 TO BE SURE1 0BIOLOGICAL0 & POLITICAL REALMS OV]LAPP$ SIGNIFICANTLY SO ?AT POLITICAL ELITES SU* AS >I/OCRACIES LEGITIMAT$ !IR AU?ORITY OV] T[NS & CITIES BY ! HI<LY TRIBALI/IC CLAIMS ( ANCE/RY & G5EALOGY4 ,UNTIL ! ,EMP]OR ,C>ACALLA MADE ALL FREE M5 9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE CITIZ5S ( ! /ATE1 CITIZ5%IP WAS L>GELY REG>D$ AS AN ANCE/RAL PRIVILEGE4 ,! RI<TS IT CONF]R$ TO CITIZ5S 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY W]E M>K$ BY V>I\S DEGREES ( E?NIC EXCLUSIVITY4 

,BUT ! CITY1 9ITIALLY ! ,HELL5IC POLIS1 CREAT$ A NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION3 M9IMALLY1 A T]RITORIAL SPACE 9 :I* ! 0/RANG]0 OR 0ALI50 C\LD RESIDE ) A REASONABLE DEGREE ( PROTECTION--LAT] EV5 A MEASURE ( P>TICIPATION--?AT FEW TRIBAL COMMUNITIES ALL[$ TO \TSID]S1 H[EV] HOSPITABLY !Y W]E TREAT$4 ,TWO NEW CIVILIZATORY CATEGORIES--POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP--BEGAN TO ABSORB ! L>GELY BIOSOCIAL =MS ?AT HELD E>LY FAMILIAL & TRIBAL LIFEWAYS TOGE!R4 

,! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( P[] & VIOL5CE ?AT WE ASSOCIATE ) ! /ATE CAME MU* LAT]4 ,9DE$1 9 ITS NATIONAL =M IT IS A FAIRLY REC5T PH5OM5ON4 ,/ATE & ! PRACTICE ( /ATECRAFT HAS NO AU!NTIC BASIS 9 COMMUNITY LIFE--BY :I* ,I MEAN ?AT1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 ! ACQUISITION ( P[] BY PR(ESSIONALS 5C\NT]$ ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY 9 LEGITIMAT+ ITSELF4 ,TRIBAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE EASILY UND]/OOD BECAUSE HUMAN BE+S >E1 AFT] ALL1 NATURAL ORGANISMS4 ,!Y MU/ FE$ !MSELVES1 ACQUIRE !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 REPRODUCE1 LIVE 9 SAFETY1 &1 GIV5 !IR EVOLUTION AS PRIMATES1 5GAGE 9 SOME K9D ( COMMUNAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO O!R ANIMALS1 H[EV]1 !Y ORGANIZE !SE ACTIVITIES 9TO 9/ITUTIONS & MAKE !M OP]ATIONALLY SY/EMATIC--HOPEFULLY RATIONAL1 PR$ICTABLE1 & IDEOLOGICALLY LEGITIMATE4 ,ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ ! G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ 0SOCIAL 9SECTS10 DO NOT HAVE 9/ITUTIONS1 H[EV] HABITUAT$ & PR$ICTABLE !IR BEHAVIOR MAY BE2 9 %ORT1 !Y DO NOT HAVE CONSCI\SLY =M$ WAYS ( ORD]+ !IR COMMUNITIES ?AT >E CONT9UALLY SUBJECT TO HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO DI/+UI% ! SOCIAL 9 HUMANITY FROM ! POLITICAL &1 /ILL FUR!R1 ! POLITICAL FROM ! /ATI/4 ,WE HAVE CREAT$ A T]RIBLE MUDDLE BY CONFUS+ ! ?REE & !REBY LEGITIMAT+ ONE BY M+L+ IT ) ! O!R4 ,?IS CONFUSION HAS S]I\S CONSEQU5CES = ! PRES5T & FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE LO/ \R S5SE ( :AT IT MEANS TO BE POLITICAL BY ASSIGN+ POLITICAL FUNCTIONS & PR]OGATIVES TO 0POLITICIANS10 ACTUALLY TO A SELECT1 (T5 ELITE1 GR\P ( PEOPLE :O PRACTICE A =M ( 9/ITUTIONAL MANIPULATION CALL$ /ATECRAFT4 ,9ASMU* AS MANY POLITICIANS >E VIEW$ ) A C]TA9 MEASURE ( CONTEMPT1 WE HAVE DEGRAD$ ! CONCEPT ( POLITICS--ONCE A P>TICIPATORY DIM5SION ( SOCIETAL LIFE & ! ACTIVITY ( AN 5TIRE COMMUNITY--BY CONFUS+ IT ) /ATECRAFT1 A DI/9CTLY P[]-ORI5T$ =M ( ACTIVITY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE HAVE LO/ \R S5SE ( :AT IT MEANS TO BE A CITIZ51 A /ATUS WE 9CREAS+LY ACCEPT AS M]E 0CON/ITU5TS0 OR1 WORSE1 VOT]S & TAXPAY]S :O >E ! PASSIVE RECIPI5TS ( ! GOODS & S]VICES PROVID$ TO US BY AN ALL-P[]FUL /ATE & \R 0ELECT$0 REPRES5TATIVES4 

,IDEOLOGICALLY1 WE T5D TO JU/IFY ?IS HI/ORICAL DEGRADATION ( \R /ATUS AS POLITICAL BE+S BY 9VOK+ ! 0NATION0 AS ! BASIC & MO/ ELEM5TAL UNIT ( SOCIAL LIFE1 AN 5TITY ?AT IS ITSELF ( V]Y REC5T ORIG94 ,?AT NATIONS >E MADE UP ( CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES ON :I* \R WELL-BE+1 CULTURE1 & SECURITY ULTIMATELY DEP5D HAS BEGUN TO ELUDE US & SLIP FROM \R CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT REMA9S A LA/+ CONTRIBUTION ( ,JANE ,JACOBS TO HAVE DEMON/RAT$ 9 A V]Y COMPELL+ WAY ?AT \R ECONOMIC WELL-BE+ DEP5DS ON CITIES1 NOT ON NATION-/ATES2 9DE$ ?AT :ILE NATIONS MAY BE 0POLITICAL & MILIT>Y 5TITIES IT DOESN'T NECESS>ILY FOLL[ FROM ?IS ?AT !Y >E ALSO ! BASIC1 SALI5T 5TITIES ( ECONOMIC LIFE OR ?AT !Y >E P>TICUL>LY USEFUL = PROB+ ! MY/]IES ( ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 ! REASONS = RISE & DECL9E ( WEAL?4444 ,WE CAN'T AVOID SEE+1 TOO1 ?AT AMONG ALL ! V>I\S TYPES ( ECONOMIES1 CITIES >E UNIQUE 9 !IR ABILITIES TO %APE & RE%APE ! ECONOMIES ( O!R SETTLEM5TS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE F> REMOV$ FROM !M GEOGRAPHICALLY40_<#g#i_> ,WE MAY LEAVE ASIDE ,JACOBS'S CONV5TIONAL USE ( SU* WORDS AS POLITICS1 H] IMAG]Y ( ! ECONOMY AS A /RICTLY M>KET1 9DE$1 A CAPITALI/IC ECONOMY1 & H] /RONGLY ECONOMI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( CITIES PRIM>ILY AS C5T]S ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,H] >GUM5T 9VITES A DEBATE AB\T ! SUP]FLUITY ( ! /ATE ?AT HAS BE5 TOO LONG NEGLECT$1 & H] EXAMPLES CAN ONLY BE IGNOR$ = ! MO/ DUBI\S IDEOLOGICAL REASONS4 

,A CLOSE READ+ ( HI/ORY HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! /ATE--&1 9 \R [N TIME1 ! NATION-/ATE--IS NOT ONLY ! REPOSITORY ( AG5TS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE MADE A MOCK]Y ( POLITICS2 IT %[S1 9 FACT1' ?AT !SE /ATE AG5TS & 9/ITUTIONS HAVE DEGRAD$ ! 9DIVIDUAL AS A PUBLIC BE+1 AS A CITIZ5 :O PLAYS A ' P>TICIPATORY ROLE 9 ! OP]ATIONS ( HIS OR H] COMMUNITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! NATION-/ATE HAS IMP$$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( MU* ?AT IS UNIQUELY HUMAN 9 HUMAN BE+S@5 DISEMP[]+ ! 9DIVIDUAL & R5D]+ HIM OR H] A W>P$ & SELF-DEGRAD$ BE+4 ' 

,IT IS EQUALLY DEMON/RABLE ?AT ! /ATE--&1 AGA91 ! NATION-/ATE--P>ASITIZES ! COMMUNITY1 D5UD+ IT ( ITS RES\RCES & ITS POT5TIAL = DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT DOES ?IS P>TLY BY DRA9+ ! COMMUNITY ( ITS MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL RES\RCES2 P>TLY1 TOO1 BY /EADILY DIVE/+ IT ( ! P[]1 9DE$ ( ITS LEGITIMATE RI<T1 TO %APE ITS [N DE/9Y4 ,DESPITE REC5T RHETORIC TO ! CONTR>Y1 NO?+ HAS SEEM$ MORE *ALL5G+ TO ! /ATE ?AN DEM&S = LOCAL SELF-MANAGEM5T & CIVIC LIB]TY4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION1 A T]M ?AT IS (T5 ABUS$ !SE DAYS = ! MO/ CYNICAL 5DS ( /ATECRAFT1 IS NOT M]ELY RI* 9 GEOGRAPHIC1 T]RITORIAL1 & POLITICAL VALUES2 IT IS EM95TLY A SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL VALUE ?AT L9KS ! REEMP[]M5T ( ! COMMUNITY ) ! REEMP[]M5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,MUNICIPAL FRE$OM1 9 %ORT1 IS ! BASIS = POLITICAL FRE$OM & POLITICAL FRE$OM IS ! BASIS = 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM--A RECOV]Y ( A NEW P>TICIPATORY POLITICS /RUCTUR$ >\ND FREE1 SELF-EMP[]$1 & ACTIVE CITIZ5S4 ,= C5TURIES1 ! CITY WAS ! PUBLIC SPH]E = POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP1 & 9 MANY >EAS ! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( RESI/ANCE TO ! 5CROA*M5T ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,9 ITS ACTS ( DEFIANCE IT (T5 DELAY$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATION-/ATE & CREAT$ REM>KABLE =MS ( ASSOCIATION TO C\NT]ACT ! /ATE'S 5CROA*M5T UPON MUNICIPAL FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES4 

,! CASE = ! NATION-/ATE TODAY IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY LOGI/ICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,SOCIAL LIFE1 WE >E NORMALLY TOLD1 IS TOO 0COMPLEX0 TO ALL[ = MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY & P>TICIPATORY CITIZ5%IP4 ,?IS >GUM5T DOES NOT /& UP V]Y WELL AGA9/ HI/ORICAL & CONTEMPOR>Y EVID5CE4 ,FASC9AT+ EXAMPLES CAN BE F\ND ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL COORD9ATION )9 & BETWE5 COMMUNITIES ?AT R5D] /ATECRAFT & ! NATION-/ATE UTT]LY SUP]FLU\S4 

,ASIDE FROM ,HELL5IC1 ,ITALIAN1 M$IEVAL ,G]MAN1 & ,CA/ILIAN 5DEAVORS1 ONE ( ! MO/ LA/+ >E ! ,SWISS COMMUNES :OSE PRACTICE ( US+ LOCAL RES\RCES )\T TURN+ !M 9TO PRIVATE PROP]TY WAS TO BE AN OBJECT ( FASC9ATION = G5]ATIONS TO VISITORS 9 ! M\NTA9 >EAS ( C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,!SE COMMUNES & ! CONF$]ATIONS !Y =M$ = !IR COMMON WELF>E1 & SAFETY SEEM TO HAVE ABSORB$ ALMO/ TRIBALI/IC =MS ( 9TIMACY 9TO !IR PRACTICES1 EV5 ATTITUDES ?AT ,VIEW$ %>+ ACCORD+ TO NE$ RA!R ?AN WORK 9TO !IR WAYS ( DEAL+ ) MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME ACC\NTS1 ! WORD 0L&10 :I* WAS (T5 OP5 TO USE BY ALL :O NE$$ IT1 9CLUD$ /REAMS1 CLAY PITS1 QU>RIES1 OR1 9 ,H4 ,MOOSEBURG]'S WORDS1 0! 5TIRE REGION ) EV]Y & ALL ITS PRODUCTS & FRUITS40_<#h_> ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS WAS A MUNICIPAL =M ( 0[N]%IP0 AB\T :I* WE %ALL HAVE MORE TO SAY LAT]1 RIOT ! NATIONALIZ$ =MS ADVOCAT$ BY ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/S1 ! 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 ADVANC$ BY MANY LIB]ALS1 OR SY/EMS ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 DEM&$ BY OR?ODOX AN>*I/S--ALL ( :I*1 ,I MAY ADD1 9VOLVE SOME DEGREE ( /ATE 9VOLVEM5T OR A P>TICUL>I/IC & POT5TIALLY COMPETITIVE BODY ( 9T]E/S )9 ! COMMUNITY1 H[EV] COLLECTIVELY 0[N$0 OR1 DEMOCRATICALLY 0MANAG$0 AN 5T]PRISE MAY BE4 

,! ,GRAY ,LEAGUES 7,GRAUBUND571 ! S\RCE ( ! ,SWISS REF]5DUM & ! T[N MEET+S ( ITS #bbb COMMUNES1 HAVE TO BE S+L$ \T AS ! MO/ LIB]T>IAN ( ALL4 ,UNTIL ,NAPOLEON =C$ IT 9TO ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 ! ,FREI/AAT D] ,DREI ,BUNDE 7LIT]ALLY1 ! ,FREE ,/ATE ( ! ,?REE ,LEAGUES7 >ID SPECIFICALLY ! ,GRAUBUND ITSELF1 ! LEAGUE ?AT GIVE ITS NAME TO ! CONF$]ATION ( ! ?REE LEAGUES ?AT COMPOS$ IT1 WAS TO EXI/ = NE>LY ?REE C5TURIES 7#a#e#b#d-#a#h7 & PLACE ITS DI/9CTLY DEC5TRALI/IC IMPR9T ON ,SWITZ]L& AS A :OLE4 ,?IS ,FREE ,/ATE 0WAS NOT M]ELY DEMOCRATIC10 OBS]VES ,B5JAM9 ,B>B] 9 HIS SUP]B ACC\NT ( ! LEAGUE & ITS /&>DS ( COMMUNITY FRE$OM4 ,! FACT IS ?AT 0IT WAS DEMOCRATIC 9 A P>TICUL> WAY NOT EASILY ACC\NT$ = BY ! CONCEPTUAL P]SPECTIVE ( ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN ?\<T444 ,GRAUBUND5'S EXP]I5CE ) DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 9SEP>ABLE FROM ITS EXP]I5CE ) COMMUNITY1 & AS A MODEL ( 9TEGRAL COMMUNITY1 NO REGION ( ,SWITZ]L& CAN EQUAL IT0_<#h#a_> 

,B>B]'S CONCLUSIONS CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY4 ,:AT !Y CONCRETELY 9DICATE IS ?AT ! ULTIMATE S\RCE ( SOV]EIGNTY REPOS$ 9 ! COMMUNE--! VILLAGE1 T[N1 & CITY--:OSE ASS5T OR OPPOSITION TO A C\RSE ( ACTION WAS A*IEV$ BY REF]5DUM4 ,! CONF$]AL SY/EM ?AT UNIT$ ! COMMUNES HAD ! RI<T TO DEAL ) =EIGN AFFAIRS1 & LITTLE MORE4 ,BEYOND ?IS SPH]E1 CONF$]AL BODIES W]E CONC]N$ MA9LY ) PREV5T+ !IR COMPON5T LEAGUES FROM MAK+ =EIGN ALLIANCES ON !IR [N ?AN ) ANY =MULATION ( =EIGN POLICY4 ,ISSUES SU* AS W> & PEACE W]E DECID$ DIRECTLY BY ! COMMUNES !MSELVES4 0,! ONLY 9/RUM5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS A ?REE-MAN COMMISSION 7,HAUPT]7 MADE UP ( ! HEADS ( EA* ( ! LEAGUES ?AT1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( AN ELECTIVE ASSEMBLY 7,BEYTAG71 PREP>$ ! REF]5DUM & EXECUT$ ! WILL ( ! COMMUNES10 ,B>B] TELLS US4 0,9 ! NEW /RUCTURE P[] WAS AN 9V]SE FUNCTION ( LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! C5TRAL 'F$]AL' GOV]NM5T HAD ALMO/ NONE1 ! REGIONAL COMMUNES HAD A GREAT DEAL40_<#h#b_> ,:ATEV] ITS CAPACITY TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT$ ! ,FREE ,/ATE1 ! PEOPLE W]E PROVID$ 0) SEV]AL C5TURIES ( REAL ?\<TFUL 9DEP5D5CE & A MEASURE ( AUTONOM\S SELF-GOV]NM5T R>E 9 ,G]MANIC ,EUROPE40 

,! *ALL5GES FAC$ BY ! ,FREE ,/ATE & ITS COMPON5T LEAGUES OV] !SE C5TURIES REQUIRE A L5G?Y /UDY ( ! K9D PROVID$ BY ,B>B]4 ,! PROBLEM ( DEAL+ ) =EIGN 9T]V5TION2 ! 9CORPORATION ( SIZABLE T[NS & ! EXPANSION ( OLD] ONES 9TO CITIES2 ! DISP>ITIES 9 /ATUS1 WEAL?1 & P[] ?AT DEVELOP$1 NOT TO SPEAK ( LOCAL P>O*IALISM AT ONE EXTREME & COSMOPOLITIAN 0MOD]NITY0 AT ! O!R1 W]E NEV] FULLY RESOLV$4 ,BUT !Y W]E HELD 9 REM>KABLE BALANCE = MO/ ( ! ,FREE ,/ATE'S HI/ORY4 ,EV5 AFT] ,NAPOLEON HAD R$UC$ ! ,FREE ,/ATE TO A CANTON 9 ! MORE C5TRALIZ$ ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 ,B>B] NOTES ?AT ! PEASANT /ILL TURN$ ! H>%NESS ( HIS SP>SE L& 09TO A DISCIPL9E ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 A TEA*] ( AUTONOMY4 ,HE HELD ! 9TUITIVE CONVICTION ?AT HIS RURAL M\NTA9 LIFE1 HIS UNCOMPLICAT$ 9VOLVEM5T 9 A PA/ORAL ECONOMY ?AT LEFT HIM CONSID]ABLE LEISURE TIME1 WAS 9EXTRICABLY B\ND UP ) HIS 9DEP5D5CE & HIS FRE$OM40_<#h#c_> 

,BY NO MEANS %\LD ?IS /RONG S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY BE MI/AK5 = ! 09DIVIDUALISM0 ASSOCIAT$ ) TRADITIONAL 0NATURAL LAW0 IDEOLOGUES & ! MOD]N-DAY PROPRIET>Y EMPHASIS ON EGOISM4 ,! H>D%IPS 9FLICT$ ON ,ALP9E DWELL]S1 LOCK$ 9 A GLACIAL L& ( HEAVY SN[FALLS1 AVALAN*ES1 & FLOODS1 PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON 0COLLECTIVE LABOR & COMMON DECISION MAK+4 444 ,?US AS ! H>DNESS ( LIFE MOLD$ A MAN'S S5SE ( AUTONOMY1 IT ALSO COMPELL$ HIM TO COOP]ATION & COLLECTIVE ACTION40 ,AS ,H]MAN ,WEIL5MANN HAS PUT IT1 TO ! VILLAG]S ( ! ,GRAUBUND5 FRE$OM 9VOLV$ 0NOT 9DIVIDUAL EMANCIPATION FROM HIS OBLIGATIONS TO ! :OLE1 BUT ! RI<T TO B9D HIMSELF BY HIS [N *OICE40_<#h#d_> ,NEI!R ! 9DIVIDUAL NOR ! COLLECTIVE1 9 EFFECT1 CLAIM$ SOV]EIGNTY OV] EA* O!R BUT RA!R !Y =M$ A COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IP ?AT SUPPORT$ EA* O!R4 

,!SE >E ABID+ NOTIONS ?AT >E DIFFICULT = MOD]N ,EURO-,AM]ICANS TO ACCEPT N[ADAYS4 ,YET !Y >E DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ITSELF4 ,I REF] MORE TO ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+ TRADITION FROM :I* SO MANY ( ! AU!NTIC LIB]T>IAN ASPECTS ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 D]IVE RA!R ?AN ! 0C[BOY0 TRADITION ?AT PRESUMABLY 0TAM$ ! ,WE/0 & ?REAT5S TO R$UCE IT TO A BATTLEGR\ND ( %E] AV>ICE4 ,WE >E ONLY N[ BECOM+ AW>E ( ! LOCALI/ & COMMUNIT>IAN MOTIVES ?AT DROVE ,PURITAN SETTL]S TO ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,RELIGI\S P]SECUTION BY ,*>LES ,I WAS ONLY ONE ( SEV]AL REASONS ?AT ! LIVES ( ! ,PURITANS W]E 9TOL]ABLE UND] ! ,/U>T K+S4 0,IF ,*>LES ,I IS REMEMB]$ AT ALL TODAY1 IT IS AS AN 9EFFECTUAL MON>* :O LO/ HIS HEAD ON ! *OPP+ BLOCK10 OBS]VES ,T4 ,H4 ,BRE51 :OSE WORK ON ,PURITAN 9/ITUTIONS IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! BE/ ?AT HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 REC5T YE>S4 0,DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( HIS REIGN1 H[EV]1 HE BR\<T CONSID]ABLE 5]GY TO HIS POSITION4 ,HE 9/ITUT$ OR TRI$ TO 9/ITUTE F>-REA*+ *ANGES 9 CIVIL1 ECCLESIA/ICAL1 & MILIT>Y AFFAIRS4 ,!SE UNPREC$5T$1 (T5 >BITR>Y POLICIES DISRUPT$ ! FABRIC ( LOCAL SOCIETY1 & !Y W]E A MAJOR PREOCCUPATION ( ! M5 & WOM5 :O MOV$ TO ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY4 ,ONE CANNOT FULLY UND]/& ! 9/ITUTIONAL DECISIONS ?AT ! COLONI/S MADE 9 ,AM]ICA UNLESS ONE REALIZES H[ GRAVELY ,/U>T C5TRALIZATION ?REAT5$ E/ABLI%$ PATT]NS ( DAILY LIFE 9 ,5GL&'S LOCAL COMMUNITIES40_<#h#e_> 

,! M5 & WOM5 :O =M$ ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N%IPS ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY S\<T NOT ONLY TO RE/ORE ,*RI/IANITY TO ITS 0PURE10 ECCLESIA/ICALLY UNTA9T$1 BIBLICAL =MS2 !Y ALSO S\<T TO RE/ORE SOCIETY ITSELF TO ITS PRI/9E1 EGALIT>IAN1 & DEV\TLY COMMUNIT>IAN PATT]NS1 PRESUMABLY P>ALLEL+ ! E?ICAL & SOCIAL COV5ANTS ?AT APPE> 9 0,ACTS0 & ! QUASITRIBAL DEMOCRACY ( ! ,HEBREW ,B$\9S & !IR COMPACTS4 ,A %>$ ASSUMPTION SEEM$ TO EXI/ ?AT ! ,5GLI% T[N CORRESPOND$ TO ! ,HEBREW TRIBAL COMMUNITY & ?AT ITS RE/ORATION WAS A NECESS>Y MOVE T[>D SOCIAL AS WELL AS RELIGI\S PURIFICATION4 ,EV]Y COMMUNITY WAS CONCEIV$ AS AN E?ICAL COMPACT1 NOT SIMPLY A =M ( ASSOCIATION = P]SONAL & COLLECTIVE SURVIVAL--A NOTION DECID$LY ANTI!TICAL TO ! ,HOBBESIAN & ,LOCKEAN PR9CIPLES ?AT 5T] 9TO LIB]AL CONCEPTIONS ( REPUBLICANISM AS WE KN[ !M TODAY4 ,M5 & WOM51 9 ! ,PURITAN WORLD VIEW1 =M$ COMMUNITIES TO A*IEVE A 0GOOD SOCIETY0 9 ! MORAL1 NOT M]ELY ! MAT]IAL1 S5SE ( ! T]M3 A SOCIETY M>K$ BY VIRTUE AS DEF9$ 9 ,*RI/IAN PRECEPT4 ,9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY1 9 ?IS S5SE1 W]E NO LESS 9SEP>ABLE AMONG ! E>LY COLONI/S ( ,NEW ,5GL& ?AN !Y W]E AMONG ! VILLAG]S ( ! ,SWISS ,GRAUBUND4 

,! /ORMY DECLAMATIONS ( ANGRY PROPHETS SU* AS ,AMOS1 :OM ,]N/ ,BLO* HAS SO APTLY CALL$ A 0B>N BURN]10 SE> ! ,PURITAN S\L1 & EXPLA9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,PURITAN COMMUNITIES4 ,IT WAS ,*>LES ,I & HIS 0ILL-ADVIS$ ATTEMPT TO 9CREASE HIS AU?ORITY BY ATTACK+ LOCAL ,5GLI% 9/ITUTIONS0 :O APPE>S AS ! ,MOLO* 9 ?IS DRAMA1 & ! ,PURITAN DIV9ES AS ! PROPHETS :O D5\NC$ ROYAL 5CROA*M5TS ON ! 0LIB]TIES ( ,5GLI%M510 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! DAY4 ,DESPITE ! DIV]SITY ( !IR ORIG9S1 RANG+ FROM 0POPUL\S COMM]CIAL C5T]S SU* AS ,LONDON & ,NORWI*0 TO 0ISOLAT$ RURAL COMMUNITIES 444 MO/ HAD BE5 AFFECT$ 9 SOME P]SONAL WAY BY ! K+'S AGGRESSIVE EF=TS TO EXT5D HIS CIVIL & ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY 444 ,! EXP]I5CE ( HAV+ TO RESI/ ,/U>T C5TRALIZATION1 A RESI/ANCE ?AT PITT$ SMALL CONGREGATIONS AGA9/ M$DL+ BI%OPS1 9CORPORAT$ BOR\<S & GUILDS AGA9/ GRASP+ C\RTI]S1 LOCAL TRA9-B&S AGA9/ DEM&+ DEPUTY LIEUT5ANTS1 & ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 ! REALM AGA9/ ! COLLECTORS ( UNCON/ITUTIONAL REV5UES1 %AP$ ! ,NEW ,5GL&]S' IDEAS AB\T CIVIL1 ECCLESIA/ICAL1 & MILIT>Y POLITY4 ,! SETTL]S DEP>T$ FROM ,5GL& DET]M9$ TO MA9TA9 !IR LOCAL ATTA*M5TS AGA9/ \TSIDE 9T]F]5CE1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T ! ,CONGREGATIONAL *UR*ES & SELF-CONTA9$ T[NS ( ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY /OOD AS VISIBLE EVID5CE ( ! F\ND]S' DECISION TO PRES]VE 9 ,AM]ICA :AT HAD BE5 ?REAT5$ 9 ! MO!R C\NTRY40_<#h#f_> 

,9 VIEW ( ! GRIM REPUTATION ! ,PURITAN T[NS ACQUIR$ AS D\R 0!OCRACIES0 & P>O*IAL1 SELF-RI<TE\S1 DOGMATIC NE/S ( 9TOL]ANCE1 WE MU/ PROVIDE1 ) MORE NUANCE1 A PICTURE ( !IR V>IETY1 R\ND$NESS1 & MILITANCY--NOT SIMPLY AS !Y EXI/$ AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T 9 TIME BUT AS !Y EVOLV$1 EV5TUALLY TO BECOME C5T]S ( SOCIAL REBELLION1 CIVIC AUTONOMY1 & COLLECTIVE LIB]TY4 ,NOR CAN WE IGNORE ! /RONG-M9D$ YEOMANRY !Y PRODUC$1 ! HI< S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY & CITIZ5%IP !Y N\RI%$4 ,WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT !SE P]SONAL & SOCIAL TRAITS P]SI/$ 9 ,NEW ,5GL& = SOME ?REE C5TURIES--NOT AS M]E HI/ORICAL EPHEM]A ?AT PASS LIKE WISPY CL\DS ACROSS ! SOCIAL HORIZON BUT AS AN E/ABLI%$ DEMOCRATIC LEGACY4 ,NO LESS +RA9$ 9 ! MY?OLOGY ( ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AN ! REALITY ( BUS9ESS & ITS VIRTUES1 ?IS LEGACY HAS ALWAYS ACT$ AS A =CE C\NT]VAIL+ ! EGOI/IC S5SIBILITY FO/]$ BY REACTION>Y NATIONALI/S & LIB]AL C5TRALI/S 9 O!R P>TS ( ,AM]ICA4 

,LET US QUICKLY RID \RSELVES ( ! IDEA ?AT ?IS ,YANKEE YEOMANRY WAS 0TI<T-FI/$10 0COMM]CIALLY ORI5T$10 0GRASP+10 & EMOTIONALLY GU>D$4 ,?IS IMAG]Y MI/AKES ,BO/ON1 A COMM]CIALLY ORI5T$ & ACQUISITIVE PORT1 = ,NEW ,5GL& AS A :OLE4 ,! PORT CITIES1 9 FACT1 (T5 /OOD AT ODDS ) ! MANY SMALL T[N%IPS ?AT W]E NETWORK$ 9TO ! 9T]IOR ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& COLONIES & /ATES4 ,!SE COLONIES & !IR 9T]IORS W]E UNIQUE 9S(> AS !Y W]E MUNICIPAL 5TITIES1 VITAL T[NS1 9 CONTRA/ TO O!R REGIONS ( ,AM]ICA1 :I* W]E G5]ALLY M>K$ BY DISP]S$ SETTLEM5TS & F>M/EADS4 ,TWO FACTS EM]GE ?AT DES]VE EMPHASIS4 ,FIR/LY1 ,BO/ON & O!R PORT CITIES 9 ,NEW ,5GL& W]E NO DIFF]5T 9 !IR \TLOOK & 9T]E/S ?AN ,BALTIMORE OR ,*>LE/ON1 H5CE !Y W]E FAIRLY ATYPICAL ( ! ,YANKEE SPIRIT ( ! REGION4 ,9DE$1 !Y W]E NO DIFF]5T AS COMM]CIAL PORTS ?AN PORT CITIES ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,SECONDLY1 ! FACT ?AT SMALL T[NS C\LD BE PLANT$ SO FIRMLY1 9DE$1 DOGG$LY 9 ,NEW ,5GL&'S ?91 ROCKY1 GLACIAT$ SOIL WAS AN ACT ( E?ICAL DEFIANCE1 = ! REGION IS A POOR AGRICULTURAL >EA ?AT (F]S NO CONG5IAL HOME = FL\RI%+ COMMUNITIES4 

,! T[NS & T[N%IPS ?AT EM]G$ ON ! ROCKY SOILS ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,CONNECTICUT1 ,RHODE ,ISL&1 & P>TICUL>LY ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 ,MA9E1 & ,V]MONT W]E A *ALL5G+ MORAL /ATEM5T ( FIRM 9T5TIONS TO LIVE 9 A V]Y DEF9ITE WAY1 A /RUCTURAL EXPRESSION ( :AT CON/ITUTES A VIRTU\S LIFE1 NOT M]ELY A B\NTIFUL ONE4 ,:]EAS ,BO/ON EV5TUALLY VISUALIZ$ ITSELF AS ! 0,NEW ,WORLD'S0 C\NT]P>T ( ,LONDON1 MANY ,NEW ,5GL& T[N%IPS SAW !MSELVES AS BIBLICAL COMMUNITIES1 UNIT$ BY ,OLD ,TE/AM5T CONV5ANTS ?AT HYPO/ASIZ$ SIMPLE LIV+1 A HI< REG>D = ESS5TIALS OV] FRIVOLITIES1 FAIRNESS & MUTUALITY 9 RELATION%IPS1 EGALIT>IANISM 9 /ATUS1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( NE$S & !IR SATISFACTION1 & MORE ELABORATION ( COMMUNIT>IAN VALUES ?AN FETI%IZATION ( *ANGE4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y W]E COMMITT$ TO A MORAL ECONOMY & SOCIETY1 NOT TO LIFEWAYS PREMIS$ ON ! M>KET & GA94 

,WE MU/ LOOK AT !SE LIFEWAYS CLOSELY IF WE >E TO UND]/& ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS ?AT EXPRESS$ !M & W]E DESIGN$ TO RE9=CE !M4 ,H[EV] MU* !SE MORAL LIFEWAYS V>I$--[+1 9 P>T1 TO !IR TIES ) ! COMM]CIALLY ORI5T$ PORT CITIES--!Y W]E REM>KABLY SELF-SUFFICI5T4 ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 ( A WORLD 9 :I* ! YEOMANRY COMPRIS$ #g P]C5T ( ! AGR>IAN POPULATION4 ,CROPS W]E CULTIVAT$ MA9LY = SURVIVAL RA!R ?AN TRADE4 ,AS ONE YEOMAN WROTE 9 ! #a#g#gS1 A F>M GAVE 0ME & MY :OLE FAMILY A GOOD LIV+ ON ! PRODUCE ( IT4 ,NO?+ TO WE>1 EAT OR DR9K WAS PUR*AS$1 AS MY F>M PROVID$ ALL40_<#h#g_> ,?AT SURPLUS CROPS W]E US$ TO PUR*ASE MANUFACTUR$ GOODS SU* AS IRON1 NAILS1 GLASS1 WEAPONS1 GUNP[D]1 & M$IC9E DOES NOT ALT] ! M>G9ALITY ( COMM]CE = MO/ T[N%IPS4 ,L& UTILIZATION REFLECT$ ! DOME/IC NATURE ( ! ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS V]Y SP>SELY US$ DESPITE ! L>GE AM\NT ?AT WAS AVAILABLE = CULTIVATION4 ,AL?\< YEOM5 (T5 HAD FIFTY OR MORE ACRES ( L&1 G5]ALLY ONLY A FIF? TO A T5? WAS ACTUALLY PUT TO PA/URE & FOOD CULTIVATION1 & USUALLY ONLY = ! FAMILY & ITS LIVE/OCK4 ,WOM5 W]E 5GAG$ 9 C>+ = ! HOME1 *ILD RE>+1 MAK+ HOMESPUN CLO?+1 & O!R FAMILY & F>M *ORES2 M51 9 ! ALSO >DU\S TASKS ( F>M+1 WOODCUTT+1 & CON/RUCTION4 ,DIV]SIFI$ CROP CULTIVATION IS EVID5CE ( EF=TS TO MEET DOME/IC MORE ?AN M>KET NE$S4 

,IF ANY?+1 ?IS YEOMANRY SEEMS TO HAVE VIEW$ COMM]CE DISDA9FULLY1 9DE$ AS P>ASITIC & DEMEAN+ TO A PRODUCTIVE & SPIRITUALLY ORI5T$ WAY ( LIFE4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! ,BO/ONIAN1 ,GEORGE ,RI*>DS ,M9OT1 WRIT+ 9 ! #a#g#hS1 YEOMAN-L&$ PROP]TY 0HAD ALWAYS BE5 HELD 9 HI<] E/EEM & MORE VALUABLE NATURE ?AN ANY P]SONAL E/ATE40 ,9DE$1 ITS 0POSSESSION 444 SEEMS TO BE ( GREAT] GRATIFICATION TO ! PRIDE & 9DEP5D5CE ( M540_<#h#h_> ,?IS IMAGE ( AGRICULTURE1 DIVE/$ ( ACQUISITIVE & COMM]CIAL 5DS1 PROVID$ ! ,NEW ,5GL& F>M] ) A S5SE ( P]SONAL & E?ICAL AUTONOMY ?AT MADE HIM ES*EW ! WORD 0F>M]0 OR 0PEASANT0 = 0YEOMAN0 OR 0HUSB&MAN10 AN EXAMPLE ( ! WAY 9 :I* M5 ?9K ( !MSELVES ?AT WAS TO PR(\NDLY ALT] !IR BEHAVIOR & ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 

,YET AS ,DAVID ,P4 ,SZATM>Y PO9TS \T1 0A FEEL+ ( 9DEP5D5CE DID NOT NECESS>ILY LEAD TO 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,AL?\< PRID+ !MSELVES ON !IR AUTONOMY1 YEOM5 LIV$ 9 A COMMUNITY-ORI5T$ CULTURE4 ,TO EASE !IR BACKBREAK+ WORK DUR+ PLANT+ & H>VE/+1 !Y ASK$ FAMILY & FRI5DS = HELP4 ,! 9DEP5D5T /ATUS ( YEOM51 !N1 RESULT$ NEI!R FROM SELF-S UFFI CI5CY NOR A BASICALLY COMPETITIVE SY/EM BUT L$1 RA!R1 TO COOP]ATIVE1 COMMUNITY-ORI5T$ 9T]*ANGES40_<#h#i_> ,MORE CONCRETELY1 ?IS COMMUNAL ORI5TATION BR\<T WOM5 DIRECTLY 9TO FOOD CULTIVATION & 5HANC$ !IR SOCIAL /ATUS1 ALL TALK ( ,PURITAN 0PATRI>*Y0 TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 ,! 5ORM\S RESPECT--& TR\BL$ CONC]N--?AT MADE DISS5T]S SU* AS ,ANNE ,HUT*9SON ! C5T] ( RELIGI\S & POLITICAL CONTROV]SY 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! COLONY ATTE/ TO ! =W>DNESS ( WOM5 9 ?IS SOCIETY & !IR 5ORM\S /R5G? ( *>ACT]4 

,B>T] & ! %>+ ( RES\RCES RE9=C$ NEI<BORL9ESS & FO/]$ A W>MLY HOSPITABLE OP5NESS TO PEOPLE1 EV5 TO NEWCOM]S1 AS ! ,M>QUIS DE ,*A/ELLEX WAS TO OBS]VE 9 HIS T\R ( ,NEW ,5GL& DUR+ ! E>LY #a#g#hS4 ,! ALL-5COMPASS+ EGALIT>IANISM ?AT P]VAD$ ?IS YEOMAN WORLD 9CLUD$ EV5 AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 A M]E T5 P]C5T ( ! RURAL WORK=CE1 :O USUALLY [N$ SOME L& 9 !IR [N RI<T OR W]E GIV5 L& 9 REW>D = !IR S]VICES4 ,NEW ,5GL& DID NOT REALLY HAVE A RURAL PROLET>IAT ,9DE$1 DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL? W]E TOO 9SIGNIFICANT TO GIVE RISE TO A /ABLE CLASS SOCIETY4 

,\T ( ?IS WORLD EM]G$ ! T[N MEET+1 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 :I* LOCAL &1 9 TIMES ( SOCIAL UNRE/1 BROADLY POLITICAL ISSUES W]E F]V5TLY DEBAT$ & RESOLV$4 ,H]E1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,SWISS DEMOCRACY1 ATTEMPTS TO TRACE ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+ BACK TO ,G]MANIC TRIBAL TRADITIONS MAY WELL BE EXAMPLES ( HI/ORICAL OV]KILL4 ,! IMM$IATE S\RCE ( ! T[N MEET+ LIES V]Y MU* AT H&4 ,PURITANS W]E MA9LY ,CONGREGATIONALI/S1 A =M ( ,PROTE/ANTISM ?AT D5IES BY DEF9ITION ! NE$ = ANY ECCLESIA/ICAL HI]>*Y OR C5TRALIZ+ BODY4 ,9 ?IS UTT]LY AN>*IC CONCEPTION ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ALL P[]S ( RELIGI\S 9T]PRETATION BELONG TO ! LOCAL CONGREGATION1 :I* IS MY/ICALLY UNIT$ TO O!RS ( ! SAME K9D BY ! PRES5CE ( ,*RI/1 A SPIRITUAL METAPHOR RA!R ?AN AN 9/ITUTION4 ,?IS RADICALLY DEC5TRALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( ! COMMUNITY AS AN AUTONOM\S CONGREGATION CAN EASILY EXT5D \TW>D 9TO ! CIVIL1 WORLD 9 ! =M ( AN EQUALLY AUTONOM\S POLITICAL BODY1 ! T[N MEET+4 ,! P]IODIC MEET+ ( ! 5TIRE MALE POPULATION ( A COMMUNITY 9 ORD] TO GOV]N ITS [N AFFAIRS IS A LOGICAL \TCOME ( ,PURITAN RELIGI\S BELIEF & =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,PROP]TY & 9COME RE/RICTIONS ON ! RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 T[N MEET+S W]E NOT TAK5 TOO S]I\SLY4 ,DISP>ITIES 9 L& [N]%IP & ! PAYM5T ( TAXES C\LD HAVE EXCLUD$ ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( RESID5TS 9 MO/ ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS4 ,9 ! MORE RURAL >EAS1 !SE RE/RICTIONS C\NT$ = VIRTUALLY NO?+4 ,BY ! #a#g#fS1 :5 COLONIAL UNRE/ WAS TO LEAD TO \TRI<T REVOLUTION@5 T[N MEET+S W]E SO NOTORI\SLY OP5 ?AT EV5 NEWLY >RIV$ OR TRANSI5T RESID5TS C\LD P>TICIPATE IH !M4 ,HI/ORIANS :O T5D TO TIE PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS TO ,NEW ,5GL&'S FRAN*ISE SY/EM HAVE PROV5 !MSELVES TO BE /ICKL]S = REGULATIONS ?AT W5T UN5=C$ TWO C5TURIES AGO OR W]E ESS5TIALLY NONEXI/5T4 

,! REACTION TO ,*>LES ,I'S ATTEMPTS TO PLACE LOCALITIES UND] C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL & WEAK5 LOCAL MILITIAS HEI<T5$ ! S5SITIVITY ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS TO !IR AUTONOMY & RI<T TO BE> >MS4 ,IT IS CONTEMPOR>Y LIBEL REG>D+ ! ROLE ( AN >M$ PEOPLE TO 9VOKE ! 9SECURITIES ( ! ,AM]ICAN FRONTI] AS AN EXCUSE TO BAN >MS IH ! MORE 0/ABLE0 &1 PRESUMABLY1 MORE 0SECURE0 SOCIETY ( \R [N DAY4 ,BY ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! ,NEW ,5GL& /ATES W]E L>GELY FREE ( ,9DIAN ATTACKS4 ,! PREVAL5T NOTION ( A COV5ANT$ T[N%IP & A COV5ANT$ MILITIA HAD V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) P]SONAL SAFETY4 ,! YEOM5 ( ,NEW ,5GL& W]E NOT SO MU* 9 FE> ( ,9DIAN =AYS AGA9/ !IR P]SONS AS !Y W]E CONC]N$ ) /ATI/ =AYS1 AGA9/ !IR LIB]TIES4 ,9 ONE ( ! MO/ RADICAL /ATE CON/ITUTIONS TO BE ADOPT$ DUR+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,V]MONT YEOM51 GA!R+ AT ,W9DSOR 9 ,JULY #a#g#g#g1 NOT ONLY ABOLI%$ SLAV]Y & PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS = ! FRAN*ISE1 !Y ALSO AV[$ ?AT 0AS /&+ >MIES1 9 ! TIME ( PEACE1 >E DANG]\S TO LIB]TY1 !Y \<T NOT TO BE KEPT UP40 ,ACCORD+LY1 0! PEOPLE HAVE A RI<T TO BE> >MS = A DEF5SE ( !MSELVES & ! ,/ATE10 A RI<T ?AT EXPLICITLY GOES F>1 BEYOND ! RETIC5T WORD+ ( '! ,SECOND ,AM5DM5T TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CON/ITUTION4 ,!SE1 S5TIM5TS REFLECT$ ! YEOMANRY'S /ATE ( M9D TWO-HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,!Y HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! ,WE/'S 0GUN SL++0 & ITS BULLY+ MA*ISMO4 ,RA!R !Y EXPRESS$ ! S\ND CONVICTION ?AT ! /ATE CANNOT BE TRU/$ TO CLAIM A MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE OV] ITS CITIZ5RY & ! FULL CU/ODY ( PUBLIC FRE$OM4 ,DEMOCRACY1 IF IT WAS TO MEAN ANY?+1 PRESUPPOS$ ! ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T ( ! CITIZ5 9 DEVELOP+ A P>TICIPATORY POLITICS1 PUBLIC SECURITY1 & ! DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE RESOLUTION ( COMMUNITY PROBLEMS4 ,HACK+ ! MEANS & 9/RUM5TS1 P>TICUL>LY ! WEAPONS1 TO 5=CE ITS DECISIONS1 SU* A CITIZ5RY 9 ! EYES ( ! YEOMANRY W\LD BE R$UC$ TO A M]E 9/RUM5T ( ! /ATE1 :OSE LEGITIMACY 9 !IR EYES WAS EXTREMELY DUBI\S4 

,! T[N%IP =M$ ! LIV+ REPOSITORY ( 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! T[N MEET+ & ! MILITIA4 0,:5 ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,YANKEE REFLECT$ ON GOV]NM5T10 OBS]VES ,ROB]T ,A4 ,GROSS1 0HE ?\<T FIR/ ( HIS T[N4 ,?R\< T[N MEET+S1 HE ELECT$ HIS (FICIALS1 VOT$ HIS TAXES1 & PROVID$ = ! WELL-ORD]+ ( COMMUNITY AFFAIRS4 ,! MA9 BUS9ESS ( ! T[N CONC]N$ ROADS & BRIDGES1 S*OOLS1 & ! POOR--! /APLES ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T EV5 TODAY4 ,BUT ! COLONIAL ,NEW ,5GL& T[N CLAIM$ AU?ORITY OV] ANY?+ ?AT HAPP5$ )9 ITS BORD]S4 ,IT HIR$ A M9I/] TO PREA* 9 ! T[N-BUILT MEET+H\SE & COMPELL$ ATT5DANCE AT HIS S]MONS4 ,IT CONTROLL$ PUBLIC USES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 FROM ! LOCATION ( SLAU<T]H\SES & TANN]IES TO ! QUALITY ( BREAD SOLD AT M>KET4 ,& IT GAVE EQUAL C>E TO ! MORAL CONDUCT ( ITS 9HABITANTS 444 ,NO ISSUE WAS 9 !ORY EXEMPT FROM A T[N'S ACTION1 EV5 IF 9 PRACTICE ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T OCCASIONALLY 9T]V5$ 9 LOCAL DISPUTES & TOLD ! 9HABITANTS H[ TO RUN !IR LIVES40_<#i_> 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! T[N MEET+ 9 EV5 MORE SECUL> =M SWEPT \T ( ,NEW ,5GL& DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & WAS TO EXT5D AS F> S\? AS ,*>LE/ON4 ,) ! 5D ( ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 MUNICIPAL 0C\NT]REVOLUTIONS0 7TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! HI/ORIANS7 ESS5TIALLY PU%$ IT BACK TO ! REGION ( ITS ORIG9 & REPLAC$ MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES ) MAYORS & ALD]MANIC C\NCILS4 ,NEW ,5GL& & A NUMB] ( T[NS BORD]+ ! REGION T5ACI\SLY1 EV5 DEFIANTLY1 HELD ON TO !IR DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS1 AT LEA/ 9 ! SMALL] T[NS & VILLAGES4 

,! 0,F\ND+ ,FA!RS0 :O FA%ION$ ! NATIONAL CON/ITUTION ( #a<h CREAT$ A FAIRLY C5TRALIZ$ REPUBLIC1 BUT !Y W]E ALSO OBLIG$ TO TOL]ATE A BASICALLY CONF$]AL1 FACE-TO-FACE MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY )9 !IR 9/RUM5T ( GOV]NM5T & A FAIRLY RADICAL 0,BILL ( ,RI<TS0 ?AT HAD BE5 FOI/$ UPON !M BY A RE/LESS YEOMANRY4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CON/ITUTION1 9 EFFECT1 EXPRESSES A PREC>I\S COMPROMISE BETWE5 DEM&S = A MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY & A C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE4 ,RUNN+ AT CROSS PURPOSES ?R\<\T ! DOCUM5T & ! QUASILEGAL 0,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE0 >E AGR>IAN1 PRECAPITALI/ COMMITM5TS TO FRE$OM1 A P>TICIPATORY POLITICS1 & AN 9VOLV$ CITIZ5RY ON ! ONE H&1 & A DI/9CTLY CAPITALI/IC IMAG]Y ( ACQUISITIVE 9DIVIDUALISM FAVOR$ BY ! RIS+ COMM]CIAL ELEM5TS 9 ! PORT CITIES & 9L& M>KET T[NS ( ! NEW NATION4 

,HAV+ EXAM9$ ! YEOMAN WORLD ( ,NEW ,5GL& 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 \R ACC\NT W\LD BE 9COMPLETE IF WE FAIL$ TO LOOK AT ! URBAN COMM]CIAL WORLD ?AT COEXI/$ ) IT4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS WORLD ?AT ! SE$S ( URBANIZATION W]E ALREADY PLANT$4 ,PORT CITIES & 9L& M>KET T[NS ( ,NEW ,5GL& 0LIV$ 9 A L>GELY COMM]CIAL CULTURE10 NOTES ,SZATM>Y1 0,! M>KET-ORI5T$ WAY ( LIFE 9CLUD$ ! DRIVE T[>D ACQUISITION & ACCUMULATION & EMPHASIZ$ ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] ! COMMUNITY4 ,M]*ANTS1 %OPKEEP]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 COMM]CIAL F>M]S1 URBAN >TISANS1 SAILORS1 & FI%]M5 =M$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT ECONOMIC GR\PS 9 ?IS SOCIETY4 ,NEW ,5GL& M]*ANTS1 RESID+ 9 L>GE PORT T[NS SU* AS ,BO/ON1 ,NEWPORT1 & ,PROVID5CE1 DOM9AT$ & REPRES5T$ ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL SECTOR 9 ! COMM]CIAL CULTURE4 ,H&L+ & TRANSPORT+ F>M GOODS1 MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES1 &1 AT TIMES1 HUMAN C>GOES1 !Y PRIM>ILY S\<T P]SONAL WEAL?4 ,SU* MIDDLEM51 AL?\< !Y WORK$ AT AS L[] PACE ?AN MOD]N 9DU/RIALI/S1 HAD ! ACCUMULATION ( MONEY AS !IR PRIM>Y GOAL40_<#i#a_> 

,COMM]CE & ACQUISITIV5ESS1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 >E NOT NEW TO ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,:AT MAKES ! M]*ANT /RATUM UNIQUE 9 ! MOD]N SOCIAL L&SCAPE IS ?AT IT FUNNEL$ ITS E>N+S 9TO ITS V>I\S 5T]PRISES & S\<T UNCEAS+LY TO EXP& !M--P>TLY AS A RESPONSE TO ! 9T5SE COMPETITION ?AT EXI/$ 9 NEW M>KETS1 P>TLY 9 AN EF=T TO GA9 CONTROL ( HOME M>KETS4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN ACQUISITIVE & EXP&+ M>KET ECONOMY ON ! ONE H& & PRECAPITALI/ M>KETS ?AT W]E NOT NE>LY AS ACCUMULATIVE ON ! O!R IS IMPORTANT4 ,! YEOMANRY \TSIDE ! CITIES B>T]$ PRODUCE TO MEET ITS BASIC SURVIVAL NE$S4 ,! M]*ANTS )9 ! CITY EX*ANG$ GOODS TO EXP& & ABSORB RIVALS4 ,! SIMPLE COMMODITY M>KETS ( ! VILLAGE1 EV5 ( MANY M$IEVAL COMMUNES1 5C\NT]$ CULTURAL CON/RA9TS TO GR[? ?AT PLAC$ SOCIALLY ACCEPT$ MORAL LIMITS ON ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL?4 ,GILDS & PUBLIC OP9ION 5=C$ !SE LIMITS H&-9-H& ) RELIGI\S PRECEPTS4 ,ACQUISITION SEEM$ DEMONIC RA!R ?AN ELEVAT+4 ,H5CE TRADE C\LD BE HELD 9 *ECK & A MIX$ ECONOMY DEVELOP$ ?AT MA9TA9$ ITS 9TEGRITY AGA9/ ! CORROSIVE1 HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( AN UNCONTROLL$ M>KET ECONOMY4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! RIS+ CAPITALI/S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY 9 !IR PORT & 9L& COMM]CIAL T[NS REMOV$ VIRTUALLY ALL ( !SE MORAL1 PUBLIC1 & RELIGI\S CON/RA9TS TO ACQUISITION & EXPANSION4 ,EV5 L&1 ONCE ! REFUGE ( ! ANCI5T CAPITALI/S FROM A LIFE DEVOT$ TO COMM]CE1 BECAME A M]E COMMODITY SO ?AT ITS ACQUISITION 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 0,NEW ,WORLD10 CONF]R$ NO SPECIAL /ATUS ON ! NEW M]*ANT /RATUM4',! ,OHIO ,L& ,COMPANY1 A SPECULATIVE 5T]PRISE =M$ 9 ! LATE #a#g#hS BY ,NEW ,5GL& & ,NEW ,YORK M]*ANTS1 DID NOT 9T5D TO CULTIVATE ANY ( ! VA/ T]RITORIES IT ACQUIR$ ON ! WE/]N FRONTI]4 ,ITS GOAL WAS 0TO PR(IT FROM !IR PUR*ASES ?R\< QUICK SALES TO 9COM+ SETTL]S40_<#i#b_> ,AS ONE ,BO/ON LAWY] PUT IT 9 #a#g#h#e3 0,MONEY IS ! ONLY OBJECT ATT5D$ TO1 & ! ONLY ACQUISITION ?AT COMM&S RESPECT40_<#i#c_> 

,?IS MONET>Y & SPECULATIVE M5TALITY1 :ILE NOT UNPREC$5T$ HI/ORICALLY1 IS UNIQUE :5 IT ACQUIRES SU* COMPLETE C5TRALITY6 ,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT H]E IS ?AT MONEYMAK+ BECAME AN E?IC SU* ?AT PRE/IGE1 P]SONAL 9TEGRITY1 9DE$ SOCIAL /ATUS DEP5D UPON ! ACQUISITION ( CAPITAL1 NOT UPON ! [N]%IP ( L& & ! ACQUISITION ( TITLES4 ,BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! NEW REPUBLICAN E?OS ( ! CITIES WAS ALT]$ SU* ?AT IT PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON ! ACCUMULATION ( MONEY & ! MEANS = MAK+ MONEY1 NOT ON SOCIAL POSITION &4 HI< LIV+4 ,! >I/OCRATIC VALUES ?AT HAD P]MEAT$ M]*ANT /RATA FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL W]E REPLAC$ BY ACQUISITIVE VALUES1 EGOISM1 & A BRUTALIZ+ APPETITE = PR(IT4 ,9 SU* A HI<LY ACQUISITIVE & COMPETITIVE ECONOMY1 ! VIRTUES ( COMMUNITY W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! VALUE-( P]SONAL GA9 & CAPITAL EXPANSION4 

,FROM AN E?ICAL ASSOCIATION = MUTUAL SUPPORT COMMUNITY WAS TURN$ 9TO AN 5TREPR5EURIAL NEXUS = COMPETITION & MANIPULATION4 ,?IS SWEEP+ 9V]SION ( ! V]Y MEAN+ ( CONSOCIATION & FRI5D%IP HAS NO PREC$5T 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,:ATEV] ELSE ! SEAF>+ W>RIORS ( ! ,BRONZE ,AGE DID DUR+ !IR ACTS ( BRIG&AGE OR ! M]*ANTS ( ! CLASSICAL & FEUDAL ]AS DID 9 !IR =AYS ABROAD1 !IR [N COMMUNITIES W]E SE5 AS REFUGES FROM !IR PR$ATIONS1 & !Y MADE LAVI% CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVIC BEAUTIFICATION6 ,! NEW M]*ANT & P>TICUL>LY ! 9DU/RIALI/ :O FOLL[$1 BEGAN TO VIEW HIS [N COMMUNITY AS AN OBJECT ( PR$ATION & (T5 PLUND]$ IT RU?LESSLY4 ,?IS BEHAVIOR1 GRADUAT$ TO ! LEVEL ( ! 0BUS9ESS E?IC10 BEGAN TO SUPPLANT ! RELIGI\S PRECEPTS & CULTURAL VALUES ?AT HAD BE5 PASS$ ON FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL1 EV5 TO E>LI] M]*ANTS & 5TREPR5EURS4 ,H]E9 LAY ITS 5ORM\S P[]3 ! ABILITY TO REPLACE ONE SET ( E?ICAL IDEALS ) ANO!R1 9 %ORT1 TO MAKE GA9 ITSELF A VALUE ?AT C\LD BE US$ TO C\NT]VAIL & ULTIMATELY OV]COME ALL TRADITIONAL CON/RA9TS TO ASOCIALITY & PR$ATION4 ,5VELOP+ ?IS DI/9CTLY ANTISOCIAL =M ( 9DIVIDUALISM WAS A NEW IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT SY/EM3 LAWS ?AT GAVE AN ALMO/ RELIGI\S SANCTION TO CONTRACTS IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CONT5T & CL]ICS :O LEGITIMAT$ GA9 AS A HEAV5LY CALL+4 ,! C\RTI]LIKE PR(LIGACY & EXTRAVAGANCE ( ,FR5* M]*ANTS &1 ! PASSION = TITLES' ?AT EXI/$ AMONG ,5GLI% M]*ANTS1 W]E DISSOLV$ BY ,AM]ICAN M]*ANTS 9TO AN E?OS ( PRUD5CE1 SIMPLE LIV+1 & ! EMBELLI%M5T ( GA9 ) ! MY? ( 0REPUBLICAN VIRTUE40 

,LET IT BE NOT$ ?AT ?IS E?OS DID NOT ROLL OV] ! NEW ,AM]ICAN REPUBLIC LIKE A MORAL TIDAL WAVE4 ,MO/ ( ! C\NTRY /ILL ADH]$ TO YEOMAN VALUES1 ALBEIT 9 A LESS COMMUNIT>IAN =M ?AN WE /ILL F9D AMONG RURAL ,NEW ,5GL& ,YANKEES1 ,S\!RN PLANTATION [N]S /ILL HELD TO >I/OCRATIC VALUES ?AT PLAC$ A HI<] PREMIUM ON CONSUMPTION ?AN ACQUISITION4 ,TO SP5D ONE'S SUB/ANCE 9 A GR& FA%ION WAS ! SIGN ( A G5TLEMAN1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! CRAV5 ACQUISITIV5ESS ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& M]*ANT4 ,ON ! FRONTI]1 MAT]IAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY & P]SONAL AUTONOMY W]E /ILL 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 & ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL? ?AT S5T SO MANY ADV5TUR]S TO ! ,WE/ 9 PURSUIT ( GOLD ORIG9AT$ MORE 9 VISIONS ( LUXURI\S LIV+ ?AN CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! ,RECON/RUCTION ,]A FOLL[+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM1 SE5 AS A SY/EM ( GR[? = ITS [N SAKE1 BEGAN TO HYPO/ASIZE ALL ( !SE ACQUISITIVE VALUES & /EADILY DE/RUCTURE E>LI] 9/ITUTIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & P]SONAL IDEALS4 

,URBANIZATION BECAME ! PHYSICAL EXPRESSION ( ?IS DE/RUCTUR+ PROCESS1 ! WAY 9 :I* IT ASSUM$ VISIBILITY4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( ! 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & RESID5TIAL SPRAWL ?AT WE CALL URBAN BELTS4 ,ALREADY E>LY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY CITIES SU* AS ,NEW ,YORK1 ,*ICAGO1 ,BO/ON1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 &1 9 ,EUROPE1 ,LONDON1 ,MAN*E/]1 ,B]L91 EV5 ,P>IS BEGAN TO ABSORB ADJAC5T T[NS & CANC]\SLY AFFLICT ! L&SCAPE ) OV]BUILT1 D5SELY POPULAT$1 & OV]EXT5D$ /RUCTURES4 ,! NEW ELECTRIC TROLLEY SY/EMS ?AT NETWORK$ COMMUNITIES )9 REGIONS SUPPLEM5T$ ! RAILROADS ?AT NETWORK$ REGIONS 9TO NATION-/ATES4 ,VA/ >EAS ( ! WE/]N WORLD1 ONCE RELATIVELY IMP5ETRABLE TO ! DEAD5+ EFFECTS ( CAPITALI/IC =MS ( URBANISM1 W]E RU?LESSLY OP5$ TO EXPLOITATION & HOMOG5IZATION4 ,BY ! #a#i#bS1 ! AUTOMOBILE BECAME ! VEHICLE ( *OICE = EXP&+ SUBURBAN DEVELOPM5T & = SUBV]T+ ! REMA9+ DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY ?AT W]E SO VITAL = MA9TA9+ ! ID5TITY ( BO?4 ,! FAM\S 0ANTAGONISM BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY10 SO CELEBRAT$ BY HI/ORIANS AS A DRIV+ =CE 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 HAD PRODUC$ MU* ( ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL V>IETY WE ASSOCIATE ) ! MIX$ ECONOMY PREC$+ MOD]N CAPITALISM & 5]GIZ$ ! MOVEM5TS ?AT GAVE US MOD]N CONCEPTS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! T5SION BETWE5 RURAL & URBAN SOCIETY & ! DIV]SITY IT CREAT$ AS PEOPLE MOV$ BETWE5 BO? WORLDS ACC\NTS 9 V]Y GREAT P>T = ! FECUNDITY ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 ! PA/4 ,! #a#i#cS1 P]HAPS M]CIFULLY1 >RE/$ URBAN HOMOG5IZATION & RE9=C$ AGR>IAN VALUES ?AT HAD N\RI%$ ! DEMOCRATIC IMAGES ( ! YEOMANRY & >TISANS4 ,PLAC$ 9 ! URBAN CONTEXT ( ! DECADE1 ?IS REM>KABLE M>RIAGE ( C\NTRYSIDE & T[N HAD PRODUC$ A VITALLY CREATIVE HYBRIDIZATION ( \TLOOKS FROM :I* ! ,DEPRESSION YE>S GA9$ SO RI* A S5SE ( HUMANISM & SOCIAL COMMITM5T4 

,! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>--NOT)/&+ ! #a#i#fS DECADE--REVIV$ ! TR5DS 9ITIAT$ BY ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! ACQUISITIVE 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT EXI/$ ON A POCKET-SIZE SCALE 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY DUR+ ! EI<TE5? & E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURIES BALLOON$ \T OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,TODAY IT CON/ITUTES A SOCIAL MALIGNANCY1 MORE PROP]LY A CANC] ( SOCIETY ?AT ?REAT5S TO DE/RUCTURE & UND]M9E NOT ONLY ! SOCIAL BOND BUT ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ITS PRIM>Y EFFECT IS SIMPLIFICATION1 ! UNRAVEL+ ( ALL SOCIAL TIES 9TO ! LOOSE ?READS ( ! M>KETPLACE ) ITS ANONYM\S BUY]S & SELL]S1 ITS OBJECTIFICATION ( ALL VALUES1 ITS MONETIZATION ( IDEALS--& ITS UNREL5T+ 0GR[?10 :I* TAKES ! DEMONIC =M ( TURN+ EV]Y?+ ORGANIC 9TO ! 9ORGANIC1 OSSIFY+ COMMUNITY & 9DIVIDUAL ALIKE4 ,?AT IT MAY YIELD A SOCIETY DIVE/$ ( ALL CULTURAL V>IETY1 A HUMAN PSY*E DIVE/$ ( ALL UNIQU5ESS1 & A NATURAL WORLD DIVE/$ ( ALL DIV]SITY IS ! HIDD5 9TUITION ( \R TIMES = :I* NUCLE> IMMOLATION & ! WA/EL& IT MAY YIELD IS AS MU* A METAPHOR = \R TIMES AS IT IS A POT5TIAL REALITY4 ,POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP >E NOT ONLY ! VICTIMS ( ?IS CORROSIVE PROCESS4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT !Y >E ALSO ! ANTIDOTE = IT--PROVID$1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT WE CAN RECON/RUCT !M 9 WAYS ?AT >E R$OL5T ( !IR CLASSICAL MEAN+ & 5L>G$ BY :AT WE CAN LE>N FROM ! MOD]N WORLD4 

,ANY AG5DA ?AT TRIES TO RE/ORE & AMPLIFY ! CLASSICAL MEAN+ ( POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP MU/ CLE>LY 9DICATE :AT !Y >E NOT BECAUSE ( ! CONFUSION ?AT SURR\NDS ! TWO WORDS4 

,POLITICS IS NOT /ATECRAFT1 :I*1 ALAS1 IS :AT WE ORD9>ILY MEAN :5 WE SPEAK ( 0POLITICS0 TODAY4 ,& CITIZ5S >E NOT 0CON/ITU5TS0 OR 0VOT]S40 ,/ATECRAFT CONSI/S ( OP]ATIONS ?AT 5GAGE ! /ATE3 ! EX]CISE ( ITS MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE1 ITS CONTROL ( ! 5TIRE REGULATIVE APP>ATUS ( SOCIETY 9 ! =M ( LEGAL & ORD9ANCE-MAK+ BODIES1 ITS GOV]NANCE ( SOCIETY BY MEANS ( PR(ESSIONAL LEGISLATORS1 >MIES1 POLICE =CES1 BUREAUCRACIES1 & ! ANCILL>Y PR(ESSIONALS :O S]VICE ITS OP]ATIONS SU* AS LAWY]S1 $UCATORS1 TE*NICIANS1 & ! LIKE4 ,/ATECRAFT TAKES ON A POLITICAL PAT9A :5 SO-CALL$ 0POLITICAL0 P>TIES ATTEMPT1 9 V>I\S P[] PLAYS1 TO OCCUPY ! (FICES ?AT MAKE /ATE POLICY & EXECUTE IT4 ,?IS K9D ( 0POLITICS0 HAS AN ALMO/ T$I\S TYPICALITY4 ,A POLITICAL 0P>TY0 IS NORMALLY A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ HI]>*Y1 FLE%$ \T BY A MEMB]%IP ?AT FUNCTIONS 9 A TOP-D[N MANN]4 ,IT IS A M9IATURE /ATE1 & 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 NOTABLY MOD]N ,RUSSIA1 ACTUALLY CON/ITUTES ! /ATE ITSELF4 

,! ,SOVIET EXAMPLE ( ! /ATE QUA P>TY IS SIMPLY ! LOGICAL EXT5SION ( ! P>TY 9TO ! /ATE IF ONLY BECAUSE EV]Y P>TY HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! /ATE1 NOT 9 ! CITIZ5RY4 ,! CONV5TIONAL P>TY IS HIT*$ TO ! /ATE LIKE A G>M5T ON A CLO?+ HOOK4 ,H[EV] V>I$ ! G>M5T & ITS DESIGN MAY BE1 IT IS NOT P>T ( ! BODY POLITIC2 IT M]ELY CLO!S IT4 ,!RE IS NO?+ AU!NTICALLY POLITICAL AB\T ?IS PH5OM5ON3 IT IS MEANT PRECISELY TO CONTA9 ! BODY POLITIC1 TO CONTROL IT & TO MANIPULATE IT1 NOT TO EXPRESS ITS WILL--OR EV5 P]MIT IT TO DEVELOP A WILL4 ,9 NO S5SE IS A CONV5TIONAL 0POLITICAL0 P>TY D]IVATIVE ( ! BODY POLITIC OR CON/ITUT$ BY IT4 ,LEAV+ METAPHORS ASIDE1 0POLITICAL0 P>TIES >E REPLICATIONS ( ! /ATE :5 !Y >E \T ( P[] & (T5 SYNONOM\S ) ! /ATE :5 !Y >E 9 P[]4 ,!Y >E =M$ TO MOBILIZE1 TO COMM&1 TO ACQUIRE P[]1 & TO RULE4 ,?US !Y >E AS 9ORGANIC AS ! /ATE ITSELF--AN EXCRESC5CE ( SOCIETY ?AT HAS NO REAL ROOTS 9 IT1 NO RESPONSIV5ESS TO IT BEYOND ! NE$S ( FACTION1 P[]1 & MOBILIZATION4 

,POLITICS1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AN ORGANIC PH5OM5ON4 ,IT IS ORGANIC 9 ! V]Y REAL S5SE ?AT IT IS ! ACTIVITY ( A PUBLIC BODY--A COMMUNITY1 IF Y\ WILL--JU/ AS A PLANT IS ROOT$ 9 & N\RI%$ BY SOIL4 ,POLITICS1 CONCEIV$ AS AN ACTIVITY1 9VOLVES RATIONAL DISC\RSE1 PUBLIC EMP[]M5T1 ! EX]CISE ( PRACTICAL REASON1 & ITS REALIZATION 9 A %>$1 9DE$ P>TICIPATORY1 ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS ! SPH]E ( SOCIETAL LIFE BEYOND ! FAMILY & ! P]SONAL NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT /ILL RETA9S ! 9TIMACY1 9VOLVEM5T1 & S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY ?AT IS 5JOY$ 9 PRIVATE >5AS ( LIFE4 ,GR\PS MAY =M TO ADVANCE SPECIFIC POLITICAL VIEWS & PROGRAMS1 BUT !SE VIEWS & PROGRAMS >E NO BETT] ?AN !IR CAPACITY TO ANSW] TO ! NE$S ( AN ACTIVE PUBLIC BODY4 ,A CLE> FAIL+ ( MANY 0POLITICAL0 P>TIES IS ! FACT ?AT !IR PROGRAMS OR 0IDEOLOGIES0 >E IMPOS$ ON ! PUBLIC BY 9DIVIDUALS OR !IR ACOLYTES :OSE RELATION%IP TO ! COMMUNITY IS T5U\S & L>GELY CONCEPTUAL3 ,ONE ?9KS H]E ( ! 9SI<TS ( A ,K>L ,M>X :OSE IDEAS W]E DEVELOP$ )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM & !N FOI/$ ON ! WORLD ) A SCRIPTURAL AU?ORITY ?AT /ILL G5]ATES AN 5DLESS /REAM ( ACADEMIC DISS]TATIONS EV5 ?\< !Y EX]CISE VIRTUALLY NO 9FLU5CE 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 9 ! AU!NTIC S5SE ( ! WORD1 EM]GE \T ( ! BODY POLITIC ITSELF1 & !IR PROGRAMS >E =MULAT$ NOT ONLY BY !ORI/S1 9VALUABLE AS !Y MAY BE1 BUT 9 GREAT P>T BY ! PUBLIC ITSELF1 :I* PLAYS A P>TICIPATORY ROLE 9 !IR ELUCIDATION & DISSEM9ATION4 ,! POPULI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT SWEPT \T ( AGR>IAN ,AM]ICA & ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA OR ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ & PEASANT MOVEM5TS ( ,SPA9 & ,MEXICO--ALL1 DESPITE !IR IDEOLOGICAL PAT9A1 EM]G$ FROM ! POPULACE & >TICULAT$ !IR DEEPE/ SOCIAL & POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ 9TO POLITICAL CULTURES ?AT SOLIDIFI$ COMPLETELY 9TO ! BODY POLITIC4 

,SOCIAL !ORI/S SEEM TO LACK A SUFFICI5T AW>5ESS ( ! PUBLIC'S P[] TO CREATE ITS [N POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,TW5TIE?-C5TURY POPUL> UPRIS+S SU* AS ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN1 ,SPANI%1 &1 MO/ REC5TLY1 ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTIONS WITNESS$ ! WIDESPREAD SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! PEOPLE 9TO C\NCILS 7SOME ?AT W]E NETWORK$ 9TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL CONGRESSES71 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9 A WIDE V>IETY ( >EAS1 & AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES--(T5 )\T P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,! NOTION1 SO COMMON ACROSS ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM1 ?AT A P>TY /RUCTUR$ ALONG CONV5TIONAL HI]>*ICAL L9ES & GUID$ BY A COMM&+ LEAD]%IP IS 9DISP5SABLE TO POLITICAL *ANGE IS1 9 FACT1 ?OR\<LY BELI$ BY EXP]I5CE4 

,ROB]T ,MI*ELS1 DESPITE HIS JAUNDIC$ VIEW ( ! 0COMPET5CE0 ( ! 0MASSES0 9 ,POLITICAL ,P>TIES & HIS PROCLIVITY = *>ISMATIC LEAD]S1 PROVIDES A COMPELL+ >GUM5T = ! 9]TIAL EFFECT ( CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL P>TIES 9 P]IODS ( RAPID SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!Y T5D TO TAKE OV] 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ! PEOPLE CREATE RA!R ?AN 9NOVATE !M1 9DE$1 ULTIMATELY REWORK+ !M ALONG /ATI/ L9ES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g-#b#a IS A TEXTBOOK EXAMPLE ( ! APPROPRIATION ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T BY A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY4 ,! REVOLUTION 5D$1 9 ! EVISC]ATION ( AN ELABORATE GRASS-ROOTS C\NCIL SY/EM 7! ,SOVIETS7 BY A /ATE-ORI5T$ P>TY & ! COMPLETE DIVE/ITURE ( ALL P[] ?AT ! POPULACE HAD SO PA9/AK+LY ACQUIR$4 ,A NEW /ATE APP>ATUS WAS L>GELY EMBODI$ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,BY ! #a#i#bS 9 ,RUSSIA1 /ATECRAFT HAD COMPLETELY REPLAC$ POLITICS1 & CON/ITU5TS--MORE PROP]LY1 SUBJECTS--HAD REPLAC$ CITIZ5S4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS HAD 9TRODUC$ A NEW WR9KLE 9 ! CONCEPT ( A CON/ITU5T1 ,DEPRIV$ EV5 ( ! /ATUS ( 0VOT]S0 & ANY REPRES5TATION 9 ! /ATE1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE W]E TURN$ BY ,BOL%EVISM 9TO A 0MASS40 ,BOL%EVISM1 9 EFFECT1 E/ABLI%$ A PATT]N = 0MASS MOBILIZATION0 ?AT WAS TO BE EMULAT$ & US$ ) SOCIALLY DISA/R\S EFFECTS BY ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY4 

,! RECOV]Y & DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICS MU/1 ,I SUBMIT1 TAKE ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! CITIZ5 &'HIS OR H] IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T BEYOND ! FAMILIAL & PRIVATE >5AS ( LIFE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO POLITICS )\T COMMUNITY4 ,& BY COMMUNITY6 MEAN A MUNICIPAL ASSOCIATION ( PEOPLE RE9=C$ BY ITS [N ECONOMIC P[]1 ITS [N 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! GRASS ROOTS1 & ! CONF$]AL SUPPORT ( NE>BY COMMUNITIES ORGANIZ$ 9TO A T]RITORIAL NETWORK ON A LOCAL & REGIONAL SCALE4 ,P>TIES ?AT DO NOT 9T]TW9E ) !SE GRASS-ROOTS =MS ( POPUL> ORGANIZATION >E NOT POLITICAL 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9 FACT1 !Y >E BUREAUCRATIC & ANTI!TICAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A P>TICIPATORY POLITICS & P>TICIPAT+ CITIZ5S4 ,! AU!NTIC UNIT ( POLITICAL LIFE1 9 EFFECT1 IS ! MUNICIPALITY1 :E!R AS A :OLE1 IF IT IS HUMANLY SCAL$1 OR AS ITS V>I\S SUBDIVISIONS1 NOTABLY ! NEI<BORHOOD4 

,NOR CAN POLITICS BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! DELEGATION ( P[]4 ,! WORDS 0REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY10 TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 >E A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,DEMOCRACY1 CONCEIV$ AS ! 0RULE BY ! PEOPLE0 IS TOTALLY 9CONSI/5T ) ! MORE REPUBLICAN VISION ( 0RULE BY REPRES5TATIVES0 ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS HI/ORICAL CLI*E TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CON/ITUTION1 :I* REPLAC$ ! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION 9 ! #a#g#hS1 MEANT ?AT !Y & !IR SOCIAL /RATA W]E ! 0,PEOPLE0 9 ! OP5+ S5T5CE ( ! DOCUM5T4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION DID NOT CREATE A DEMOCRACY ALONG ,HELL5IC L9ES2 IT CREAT$ A REPUBLIC ALONG ,ROMAN L9ES4 ,& LIKE ! ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC IT UNAVOIDABLY & RELUCTANTLY 9CORPORAT$ 9H]IT$ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 :I* ! BRO!RS ,GRAC*I TRI$ TO RADICALLY EXP&--AN 5DEAVOR ?AT 5D$ 9 TRAGIC FAILURE4 

,ALL /ATI/ OBJECTIONS ASIDE1 ! PROBLEM ( RE/OR+ MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES SEEMS =MIDABLE IF IT IS CA/ 9 /RICTLY /RUCTURAL & ADM9I/RATIVE =MS4 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY HAS NO WAY ( 0ASSEMBL+0 IF IT TRIES TO EMULATE ,A!NS ) ITS COMP>ATIVELY SMALL CITIZ5 BODY4 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 9 FACT1 IS NO LONG] A CITY 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M & H>DLY RATES AS A MUNICIPALITY EV5 BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY /&>DS ( URBANISM4 ,! 0CITY0 IS A SPRAWL+ URBAN BELT ?AT SUCKS UP MILLIONS ( PEOPLE DAILY FROM COMMUNITIES AT A SUB/ANTIAL DI/ANCE FROM ITS COMM]CIAL C5T]4 ,BUT ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY IS MADE UP ( NEI<BORHOODS--?AT IS TO SAY1 L>GELY ORGANIC COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE A C]TA9 MEASURE ( ID5TITY1 :E!R !Y >E DEF9$ BY A %>$ CULTURAL H]ITAGE1 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 A COMMONALITY ( SOCIAL VIEWS1 OR EV5 AN ES!TIC TRADITION SU* AS 9 ,GRE5WI* ,VILLAGE4 ,H[EV] MU* ITS ADM9I/RATION AS A LOGI/ICAL1 SANIT>Y1 & COMM]CIAL >TIFACT REQUIRES A HI< DEGREE ( COORD9ATION BY EXP]TS & !IR AIDES1 IT IS QUITE OP5 TO POLITICAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,POPUL>1 EV5 BLOCK1 ASSEMBLIES CAN BE =M$ IRRESPECTIVE ( ! SIZE ( A CITY1 PROVID$ ITS ORGANIC CULTURAL COMPON5TS CAN BE ID5TIFI$ & !IR UNIQU5ESS FO/]$4 ,DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! 0OPTIMAL0 SIZE ( SU* COMPON5TS1 :ILE 9T]E/+ TO /ATI/ICALLY M9D$ SOCIOLOGI/S1 >E POLITICALLY IRRELEVANT4 

,ASSEMBLIES CAN BE =M$ FROM POPULATIONS ?AT MAY CONSI/ ( ANY:]E FROM A TYPICAL RESID5TIAL BLOCK TO A DOZ5 OR MORE4 ,!Y CAN BE COORD9AT$ BY /RICTLY M&AT$ DELEGATES :O >E ROTATABLE1 RECALLABLE1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 RIGOR\SLY 9/RUCT$ 9 WRITT5 =M TO SUPPORT OR OPPOSE ANY ISSUE ?AT APPE>S ON ! AG5DA ( LOCAL CONF$]AL C\NCILS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM SEV]AL NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 ,!RE IS NO MY/]Y 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! HI/ORICAL EVID5CE ( !IR EFFICACY & !IR CONT9UAL REAPPE>ANCE 9 TIMES ( RAPID SOCIAL *ANGE IS CONSID]ABLE & P]SUASIVE4 ,! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 DESPITE ! SIZE ( ,P>IS 7BETWE5 #g1 & A MILLION7 & ! LOGI/ICAL DIFFICULTIES ( ! ]A 7A TIME :5 NO?+ MOV$ FA/] ?AN A HORSE7 FUNCTION$ ) A GREAT DEAL ( SUCCESS ON !IR [N1 COORD9AT$ BY SECTIONAL DELEGATES 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,!Y >E NOTABLE NOT ONLY = !IR EFFECTIV5ESS 9 DEAL+ ) POLITICAL ISSUES BAS$ ON A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE2 !Y ALSO PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 PROVISION+ ! CITY1 9 PREV5T+ ! HO>D+ ( FOOD1 & 9 SUPPRESS+ SPECULATION1 SUP]VIS+ ! MAXIMUM = FIX$ PRICES1 & MANY O!R COMPLEX ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS4 ,NO CITY1 9 FACT1 IS SO L>GE ?AT IT CANNOT BE NETWORK$ BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES = POLITICAL PURPOSES4 ,! REAL DIFFICULTY IS L>GELY ADM9I/RATIVE3 H[ TO PROVIDE = ! MAT]IAL AM5ITIES ( CITY LIFE1 SUPPORT !IR IMM5SE LOGI/ICAL & TRAFFIC BURD5S1 OR MA9TA9 A SANIT>Y 5VIRONM5T4 

,?IS ISSUE IS (T5 OBSCUR$ BY A S]I\S CONFUSION BETWE5 ! =MULATION ( POLICY & ITS ADM9I/RATION4 ,= A COMMUNITY TO DECIDE 9 A P>TICIPATORY MANN] :AT C\RSE ( ACTION IT %\LD TAKE 9 DEAL+ ) A PROBLEM DOES NOT OBLIGE ALL ITS CITIZ5S TO EXECUTE ?AT POLICY--UNLESS1 TO BE SURE1 !RE >E OBVI\S =MS ( BEHAVIOR ?AT 9VOLVE EV]YONE 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,! DECISION TO BUILD A ROAD1 = EXAMPLE1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT EV]YONE MU/ KN[ H[ TO DESIGN & CON/RUCT ONE4 ,?AT IS A JOB = 5G9E]S1 :O CAN (F] ALT]NATIVE DESIGNS--A V]Y IMPORTANT POLITICAL FUNCTION ( EXP]TS1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ONE ?AT ! PEOPLE 9 ASSEMBLY CAN BE FREE TO DECIDE4 ,BUT TO DESIGN & CON/RUCT A ROAD IS A /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITY4 ,TO DEBATE & DECIDE ! NE$ = A ROAD1 9CLUD+ ! *OICE ( ITS SITE & ! SUITABILITY ( ITS DESIGN1 IS A POLITICAL PROCESS4 ,IF ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICY MAK+ & ADM9I/RATION IS KEPT CLE>LY 9 M9D1 ! ROLE ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & ! PEOPLE :O ADM9I/] !IR DECISIONS EASILY UNSCRAMBLES LOGI/ICAL PROBLEMS FROM POLITICAL ONES1 BO? ( :I* >E NORMALLY 5TANGL$ ) EA* O!R 9 DISCUSSIONS ON DEC5TRALI/IC POLITICS BAS$ ON MUNICIPALITIES & ASSEMBLIES4 ,SUP]FICIALLY1 ! ASSEMBLY SY/EM IS A 0REF]5DUM0 =M ( POLITICS3 IT IS BAS$ ON A 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 TO %>E DECISION MAK+ ) ! POPULATION AT L>GE & ABIDE BY ! RULE ( ! MAJORITY 9 DEAL+ ) PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT A MUNICIPALITY1 A REGIONAL CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 A NATIONAL 5TITY4 

,:Y1 !N1 IS !RE REASON TO EMPHASIZE ! ASSEMBLY =M AS CRUCIAL TO SELF-GOV]NANCE8 ,IS IT NOT 5\< TO USE ! REF]5DUM1 AS ! ,SWISS PR(ESS TO DO TODAY1 & RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( DEMOCRATIC PROC$URE 9 A SIMPLE & SEEM+LY UNCOMPLICAT$ WAY8 

,A NUMB] ( VITAL ISSUES1 9VOLV+ ! NATURE ( CITIZ5%IP & ! RECOV]Y ( AN 5HANC$ CLASSICAL VISION ( POLITICS1 MU/ BE CONSID]$ 9 ANSW]+ !SE QUE/IONS4 ,! AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL QUA 0VOT]0 :O =MS ! SOCIAL UNIT ( ! REF]5DUM PROCESS 9 LIB]AL !ORY IS A FICTION--:E!R 9 SEEM+LY DEMOCRATIC NOTIONS AT ONE EXTREME OR A TOTALIT>IAN POLITICS ( MASS MOBILIZATION AT ! O!R4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL1 LEFT TO HIS OR H] [N DE/9Y 9 ! NAME ( AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE1 BECOMES A SEEM+LY ASOCIAL BE+ :OSE V]Y FRE$OM IS D5UD$ ( VITAL TRAITS ?AT PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y FLE% & BLOOD = G5U9E 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,9DE$1 09DIVIDUALITY IS IMPAIR$ :5 EA* MAN DECIDES TO %IFT = HIMSELF10 OBS]VES ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] 9 A PI?Y CRITIQUE ( P]SONALI/IC ATOMISM4 0444 AS ! ORD9>Y MAN )DRAWS1 FROM P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 SOCIETY T5DS TO REV]T TO ! LAW ( ! JUNGLE1 :I* CRU%ES ALL VE/IGES ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! ABSOLUTELY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN ILLUSION4 ,! MO/ E/EEM$ P]SONAL QUALITIES1 SU* AS 9DEP5D5CE1 WILL TO FRE$OM1 SYMPA?Y1 & ! S5SE ( JU/ICE1 >E SOCIAL AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL VIRTUES4 ,! FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUAL IS ! CONSUMMATION ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT AN EMANCIPATION FROM SOCIETY1 BUT ! DELIV]ANCE ( SOCIETY FROM ATOMIZATION1 AN ATOMIZATION ?AT MAY REA* ITS PEAK 9 P]IODS ( COLLECTIVIZATION & MASS CULTURE40_<#i#d_> 

,ONE CAN TAKE !SE OBS]VATION /ILL FUR!R4 ,! DEP5D5T 9DIVIDUAL VIOLATES ! JU/IFIABLY HI< PREMIUM WE PLACE ON AUTONOMY1 WILL1 CONTROL ( ONE'S DE/9Y1 & UNTRAMMEL$ ASS]TION ( IDEAS4 ,9 LIB]AL SOCIETY1 ?IS HAS L$ TO A MY?IC 09DIVIDUALISM0 ?AT 9 POPUL> P>LANCE IS PRESUMABLY 0RUGG$0--?AT IS TO SAY1 TOTALLY 09DEP5D5T0 & 0SELF-SEEK+40 0,RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM0 IS AS LITTLE A DESID]ATUM AS DEP5D5CE1 :I* WE NORMALLY ASSOCIATE ) AN 9ADEQUATE =MATION ( SELFHOOD4 ,! REAL AN?ROPOLOGY ( \R SPECIES 9VOLVES ! PROLONG$ DEP5D5CE ( ! 9FANT & Y\NG ON ELD]S1 A SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ?AT1 UNTIL REC5T TIMES1 ULTIMATELY L$ TO A DEEP S5SE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE 9 ADUL?OOD1 RIOT A BRA% S5SE ( 09DEP5D5CE40 ,! NOTION ( 09DEP5D5CE10 :I* IS (T5 CONFUS$ ) 9DEP5D5T?9K+ & AUTONOMY ( BEHAVIOR1 HAS BE5 SO M>BL$ BY PURE B\RGEOIS EGOISM ?AT WE T5D TO =GET ?AT \R FRE$OM AS 9DIVIDUALS DEP5DS HEAVILY ON COMMUNITY SUPPORT SY/EMS >ID SOLID>ITY4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ILDI%LY SUBORD9AT+ \RSELVES TO ! COMMUNITY ON ! ONE H& OR BY DETA*+ \RSELVES FROM IT ON ! O!R ?AT WE BECOME AU!NTICALLY HUMAN4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES US AS SOCIAL BE+S1 HOPEFULLY ) RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM SOLIT>Y BE+S1 PRESUMABLY ) M9IMAL OR NO 9/ITUTIONS1 >E \R CAPACITIES = SOLID>ITY ) EA* O!R1 = MUTUALLY 5HANC+ \R SELF-DEVELOPNI5T & CREATIVITY & ATTA9+ FRE$OM )9 A SOCIALLY CREATIVE & 9/ITUTIONALLY RI* COLLECTIVITY4 

0,CITIZ5%IP0 AP>T FROM COMMUNITY IS AS DEBAS+ TO \R POLITICAL SELFHOOD AS 0CITIZ5%IP0 )9 A TOTALIT>IAN COMMUNITY4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ,WE1 >E ?RU/ BACK TO ! /ATE ( DEP5D5CY ?AT *>ACT]IZES \R 9FANCY & R5D]S US DANG]\SLY VULN]ABLE TO MANIPULATION1 :E!R BY P[]FUL P]SONALITIES 9 PRIVATE FIFE OR ! /ATE & CORPORATIONS 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,9 NEI!R CASE DO WE ATTA9 9DIVIDUALITY OR COMMUNITY4 ,BO?1 9 FACT1 >E DISSOLV$ BY REMOV+ ! COMMUNAL GR\ND ON :I* AU!NTIC 9DIVIDUALITY DEP5DS4 ,RA!R1 IT IS 9T]DEP5D5CE )9 AN 9/ITUTIONALLY RI* & R\ND$ COMMUNITY ?AT FLE%ES \T ! 9DIVIDUAL ) ! RATIONALITY1 SOLID>ITY1 S5SE ( JU/ICE1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! REALITY ( FRE$OM ?AT MAKES = A CREATIVE >ID C>+ CITIZ54 

,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM2 ! AU!NTIC ELEM5TS ( A RATIONAL & FREE SOCIETY >E COMMUNAL ONES1 NOT 9DIVIDUAL BNES4 ,CONCEIV$ 9 MORE 9/ITUTIONAL T]MS1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS ! BASIS = A FREE SOCIETY1 ! IRR$UCIBLE GR\ND = 9DIVIDUALITY AS WELL AS SOCIETY4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE1 ( !'MUNICIPALITY IS ALL ! GREAT] BECAUSE IT CON/ITUTES ! DISCURSIVE >5A 9 :I* PEOPLE CAN 9TELLECTUALLY & EMOTIONALLY CONFRONT EA* O!R1 9DE$1 EXP]I5CE EA* O!R ?R\< DIALOGUE1 BODY LANGUAGE1 P]SONAL 9TIMACY1 & FACE-TO-FACE MODES ( EXPRESSION 9 ! C\RSE ( MAK+ COLLECTIVE DECISIONS4 ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 ( ! ALL-IMPORTANT PROCESS ( COMMUNIZ+1 ( ! ON-GO+ 9T]C\RSE ( MANY LEVELS ( FIFE1 ?AT MAKES = SOLID>ITY1 NOT ONLY ! 0NEI<BORL9ESS10 SO 9DISP5SABLE = TRULY ORGANIC 9T]P]SONAL RELATION%IPS4 ,! REF]5DUM1 CONDUCT$ 9 ! PRIVACY ( ONE'S VOT+ BOO? OR1 AS SOME 0,?IRD ,WAVE0 5?USIA/S W\LD HAVE IT1 9 ! ELECTRONIC ISOLATION ( ONE'S HOME PRIVATIZES DEMOCRACY & !REBY SUBV]TS IT4 ,VOT+1 LIKE REGI/]+ ONE'S 0PREF]5CES0 = SOAP & DET]G5TS 9 OP9ION POLLS1 IS ! TOTAL QUANTIFICATION ( CITIZ5%IP1 POLITICS1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ! V]Y =MATION ( IDEAS AS A MUTUALLY 9=MATIVE PROCESS4 ,! M]E VOTE REFLECTS A PRE=MULAT$ 0P]C5TAGE0 ( \R P]CEPTIONS & VALUES1 NOT !IR FULL EXPRESSION4 ,IT IS ! TE*NICAL DEBAS+ ( VIEWS 9TO M]E PREF]5CES1 ( IDEALS 9TO M]E TA/E1 ( OV]ALL COMPREH5SION 9TO QUANTIFICATION SU* ?AT HUMAN ASPIRATIONS & BELIEFS CAN BE R$UC$ TO NUM]ICAL DIGITS4 

,F9ALLY1 ! 0AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL10 LACK+ ANY COMMUNITY CONTEXT1 SUPPORT SY/EMS1 & ORGANIC 9T]C\RSE1 IS DIS5GAG$ FROM ! *>ACT]-BUILD+ PROCESS--! PAIDEIA--?AT ! ,A!NIANS ASSIGN$ TO POLITICS AS ONE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT $UCATIONAL FUNCTIONS4 ,TRUE CITIZ5%IP & POLITICS 5TAIL ! ON-GO+ =MATION ( P]SONALITY1 $UCATION1 A GR[+ S5SE ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY & COMMITM5T ?AT R5D] COMMUN+ & AN ACTIVE BODY POLITIC MEAN+FUL1 9DE$ ?AT GIVE IT EXI/5TIAL SUB/ANCE4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ! PRIVACY ( ! S*OOL1 ANY MORE ?AN 9 ! PRIVACY ( ! VOT+ BOO?1 ?AT !SE VITAL P]SONAL & POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES >E =M$4 ,!Y REQUIRE ! EXI/5CE ( A PUBLIC PRES5CE1 EMBODI$ BY VOCAL & ?9K+ 9DIVIDUALS1 A RESPONSIVE & DISCURSIVE PUBLIC SPH]E1 TO A*IEVE REALITY4 0,PATRIOTISM10 AS ! ORIG9 ( ! WORD 9DICATES1 IS ! NATION-/ATE'S CONCEPTION ( ! CITIZ5 AS A *ILD1 ! OB$I5T CREATURE ( ! NATION CONCEIV$ AS A PAT]FAMILIAS OR /]N FA!R1 :O OR*E/RATES BELIEF & COMM&S DEVOTION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE >E ! 0SONS0 & 0DAU<T]S0 ( A 0FA!RL&10 WE PLACE \RSELVES 9 A M9DLESS1 9DE$ 9FANTILE1 RELATION%IP TO ! /ATE4 

,LOYALTY1 BY CONTRA/1 IMPLIES A S5SE ( COMMITM5T TO A HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT IS GUID$ BY KN[L$GE1 TRA9+1 EXP]I5CE1 & A S5SE ( C>+--9 %ORT1 BY A POLITICAL $UCATION CREAT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 NOT BY 9/ITUTIONAL OB$I5CE4 ,! ,GREEK T]M1 PHILIA1 ORD9>ILY TRANSLAT$ AS 0FRI5D%IP10 BUT :I* ,I PREF] TO CALL 0SOLID>ITY10 IS ! ULTIMATE RESULT ( ! $UCATIONAL & SELF-=MATIVE PROCESS ?AT PAIDEIA WAS MEANT TO A*IEVE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A HUMANLY SCAL$1 COMPREH5SIBLE1 & 9/ITUTIONALLY ACCESSIBLE MUNICIPALITY1 ?IS ALL-IMPORTANT FUNCTION ( POLITICS & ITS EMBODIM5T 9 CITIZ5%IP IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE4 ,9DE$1 IT CEASES TO EV5 5T] 9TO CONTEMPOR>Y NOTIONS ( 0POLITICS0 & 0CITIZ5%IP40 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE BEG9 TO GAUGE 0POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T0 BY ! 0P]C5TAGE0 ( 0VOT]S0 :O 0P>TICIPATE0 9 ! 0POLITICAL PROCESS0--A DEGRADATION ( WORDS ?AT TOTALLY D5ATURES !IR AU!NTIC MEAN+ & EVISC]ATES !IR E?ICAL CONT5T4 ,IF ! CLASS-ORI5T$ POLITICS 9 ! PA/ WAS ULTIMATELY A CIVIC POLITICS1 9DIVIDUAL POLITICS TODAY IS ULTIMATELY A MUNICIPAL POLITICS4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ,I USE ! T]M 0POLITICS0 TO D5OTE NOT ONLY ! DIRECT SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS OR COMMUNITY BY ITS CITIZ5S BUT ! $UCATIONAL PROCESS ( =G+ A SELF ?AT IS CAPABLE ( ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! MUNICIPALITY4 

,!RE >E MANY QUE/IONS ?AT >ISE :5 ONE TRIES TO DEVELOP A NEW MUNICIPAL AG5DA TODAY1 & MANY POSSIBILITIES1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT OP5 ! WAY TO A NEW1 RI*LY IMAG9ATIVE POLITICS AS WELL AS A TRADITIONAL CONCEPTION ( CITIZ5%IP AS P>TICIPATORY1 $UCATIVE1 & COMMUNITY ORI5T$4 

,9 AN ]A ( GR[+ P[] 9 NATION-/ATES & CORPORATIONS1 :5 ADM9I/RATION1 PROP]TY [N]%IP1 PRODUCTION1 BUREAUCRACIES1 & ! FL[ ( CAPITAL AS WELL AS P[] >E NOTORI\SLY C5TRALIZ$1 H[ CAN WE 9VOKE A LOCALI/1 MUNICIPALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY )\T SEEM+ TO BE />RY-EY$ VISION>IES8 ,IS ?IS MUNICIPALI/1 DEC5TRALI/1 & P>TICIPATORY VISION ( SELF-GOV]NANCE & SELFHOOD UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! OV]:ELM+ TR5D T[>D PUBLIC MASSIFICATION8 ,DOES ! NOTION ( CLE>LY DEF9ABLE1 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES NOT SEEM TO BE R$OL5T ( ATAVI/IC1 BACKW>D-LOOK+ P>O*IAL IDEAS ( A PREMOD]N WORLD1 9DE$ ( ! 0FOLK COMMUNITY0 7,VOLKSGEME9S*AFT7 ADVOCAT$ BY ,G]MAN ,NAZISM8 ,DO ITS ADVOCATES1 SPECIFICALLY ?IS WRIT]1 WI% TO UNDO ! TE*NOLOGICAL GA9S A*IEV$ BY ! SEV]AL 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ! FIR/ ONE1 TWO C5TURIES AGO8 ,CAN A 0MOD]N SOCIETY0 BE GOV]N$ ANY LONG] BY LOCAL GR\PS 9 AN ]A :5 C5TRALIZ$ P[] IS PRESUMABLY 0H]E TO /AY08 

,TO !SE L>GELY !ORETICAL QUE/IONS1 ,I CAN ADD A HO/ ( V]Y PRACTICAL ONES4 ,H[ WILL POLITICALLY LOCALIZ$ CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES BE COORD9AT$ TO DEAL ) ! PRACTICAL QUE/IONS ( SU* SIMPLE FACTS AS RAIL TRANSPORTATION1 ROAD MA9T5ANCE1 ! SUPPLY ( RES\RCES & FOOD/UFFS1 FROM DI/ANT OR SELECT REGIONS8 ,H[ CAN WE READAPT AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON ! BUS9ESS E?IC 79CLUD+ ITS PLEBEIAN C\NT]P>T1 ! 0WORK E?IC07 TO ONE ?AT IS GUID$ BY AN E?ICS ( SELF-FULFILLM5T & SELF-REALIZATION 9 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY8 ,H[ CAN WE *ANGE PRES5T-DAY 9/RUM5TS ( GOV]NM5T SU* AS NATIONAL CON/ITUTIONS & CITY *>T]S TO REFLECT A SY/EM ( SELF-GOV]NANCE BAS$ ON MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY8 ,H[ CAN WE RE/RUCTURE A PR(IT-ORI5T$ M>KET ECONOMY1 RE9=C$ BY A C5TRALI/S TE*NOLOGY1 9TO A HUMANLY ORI5T$ MORAL ECONOMY1 RE9=C$ BY AN ALT]NATIVE DEC5TRALIS1TIC TE*NOLOGY8 ,F9ALLY1 H[ CAN ALL ( !SE VISIONS BE BR\<T 9TO ACCORD ) AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT SEEKS A H>MONI\S1 9DE$ P>TICIPATORY1 RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 FREE ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y1' CLASS & G5D] DOM9ATION1 & CULTURAL HOMOG5EITY8 

,?IS WORK1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 IS NOT A H&BOOK = SOCIAL RECIPES ?AT MEET ! TA/E ( EV]Y PALATE4 ,TO MAKE IT SO--& MORE ?AN 5\< BOOKS EXI/ ?AT PR(ESS TO DO SO IS TO SUBV]T ! V]Y MEAN+ ( ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPAL PROJECT IT SEEKS TO ADVANCE4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 !SE PAGES >E AN EF=T TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY TO AH 9T]PRETATION ( ! PRES5T & TO A PA/ ?AT REALLY IS ALWAYS ) US1 9=M$ BY A DEEP CONC]N = ! CONT\RS ( A LIB]ATORY & ECOLOGICAL FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,TO PROVIDE A DETAIL$ 9/ITUTIONAL & ECONOMIC MAP ( :AT SU* A FUTURE SOCIETY %\LD OR 0MU/0 LOOK LIKE IS TO USE A SEEM+LY ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! FUTURE AGA9/ ONE ( ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PRECEPTS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY3 UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,! ECOLOGICAL BELIEF ?AT EV]Y HUMAN COMMUNITY1 9DE$ EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL--NOT TO SPEAK ( EV]Y NATURAL ECOCOMMUNITY IS DELICI\SLY UNIQUE P]MEATES ?IS BOOK FROM ITS OP5+ L9ES TO ?OSE ?AT CLOSE IT4 ,DETAIL$ RECIPES ?AT PR(ESS TO RESOLVE EV]Y PROBLEM ?AT EV]Y DEC5TRALIZ$ HUMAN COMMUNITY WILL FACE--& %\LD CREATIVELY FACE1 GIV5 ITS UNIQU5ESS & SPECIFICITY--IS TO CUT ACROSS ! GRA9 ( ALL ! ECOLOGICAL IDEAS ?AT GIVE COH]5CE TO ?IS BOOK4 ,IT IS TO ASSUME PRECISELY :AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY EMPHATICALLY D5IES3 NAMELY1 ?AT ALL \R SOCIAL PROBLEMS >E SO UNIV]SAL1 9DE$ SO 0GLOBAL0 7TO USE ! POP V]NACUL> ( 5VIRONM5TALISM TODAY71 ?AT WE HAVE NO NE$ TO 0ACT LOCALLY40 ,LOCALISM1 TAK5 S]I\SLY1 IMPLIES A S5SITIVITY TO SPECIALTY1 P>TICUL>ITY1 & ! UNIQU5ESS ( PLACE1 9DE$ A S5SE ( PLACE OR TOPOS ?AT 9VOLVES DEEP RESPECT 79DE$ 0LOYALTY10 IF ,I MAY USE A T]M ?AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO (FSET AGA9/ 0PATRIOTISM07 TO ! >EAS 9 :I* WE LIVE & ?AT >E GIV5 TO US 9 GREAT P>T BY ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF4 

,ONCE ?IS IS EMPHASIZ$1 !RE >E /ILL BROAD ANSW]S ?AT CAN BE ADVANC$ TO ! QUE/IONS ,I HAVE RAIS$1 P>TICUL>LY TO ?OSE ?AT HAVE A HI<LY POLEMICAL *>ACT]4 ,9 TRY+ TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I PRESUPPOSE A ?OR\< UND]/&+ ( ! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLES RAIS$ 9 ?IS BOOK3 NOT ONLY IS POLITICS TO BE %>PLY DI/+UI%$ FROM /ATECRAFT1 BUT POLICY MAK+ IS TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ADM9I/RATION2 NOT ONLY IS 0RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM0 TO BE' DI/+UI%$ FROM AU!NTIC 9DIVIDUALITY1 BUT ! NOTION ( ! ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL IS TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! R\ND$ 9DIVIDUAL :O IS ROOT$ 9 A R\ND$ COMMUNITY2 NOT ONLY IS 9DEP5D5CE TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM DEP5D5CE1 BUT AU!NTIC 9DEP5D5CE IS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM 9T]DEP5D5CE4 

,!SE CAVEATS CANNOT BE RE/AT$ (T5 5\<4 ,! NOTION ?AT DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES >E PREMOD]N1 9DE$ ANTIMOD]N1 0ATAVISMS0 REFLECTS AN ALMO/ WILLFUL FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT AN ORGANIC COMMUNITY IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN 0,ORGANISM0 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL P>TS >E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! COLLECTIVE :OLE4 ,?AT SU* HI<LY B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES %\LD BE E*O$ BY SOCIALI/S & LIB]ALS ALIKE REFLECTS A V]Y CL\D$ VIEW ( 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT CONFUSES 9DIVIDUALITY ) EGOISM4 ,\R M>KET SOCIETY1 RIDDL$ BY ITS PREOCCUPATION ) OBJECTS CALL$ 0COMMODITIES0 & ITS GROSS MONETIZATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE1 HAS NEV] PRODUC$ AU!NTIC 9DIVIDUALITY1 UNLESS ONE *OOSES TO MI/AKE BUCCANE]+ 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL PR$ATORS = AU!NTIC P]SONALITIES4 ,:ILE ANY ATTEMPT TO FA%ION AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY \T ( FREE1 AUTONOM\S1 & ORGANIC COMMUNITIES--ORGANIC NO LESS 9 !IR RESPECT = L&1 FLORA1 & FAUNA ?AN 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO FO/] HUMAN SOLID>ITY & SOCIAL SUPPORT SY/EMS--ALWAYS RISKS ! POSSIBILITY ( BECOM+ A 0FOLK COMMUNITY0 9 ! P>O*IAL1 EV5 FASCI/IC1 S5SE ( ! T]M1 !Y ALSO OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ( PRODUC+ A HI<LY FECUND T]RA9 = PROMOT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEEPLY 9DIVIDUAT$ & RI*LY CREATIVE P]SONALITIES4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,NAZISM1 = ALL ITS BOMBA/ AB\T ! DESIRABILITY ( A ,G]MAN ,VOLKSGEME9S*AFT1 OPPORTUNI/ICALLY SURR5D]$ ! UTOPIAN CONT5T ( ?IS POPUL> YE>N+ = A S5SE ( PLACE & COMMUNITY TO A LEAD]%IP PR9CIPLE0 ?AT TOTALLY SUBORD9AT$ LOCALISM TO C5TRALISM1 COMMUNITY TO NATIONALISM1 TE*NICAL CONS]VATISM TO 9DU/RIAL 9NOVATION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! DESIGN ( WEAPONS & ME?ODS ( POLITICAL SURVEILLANCE4 ,! ACADEMIC FRIPP]Y ?AT CLO!S ! H>D REALITIES ( ,NAZISM ) MY?S ?AT IT PAT5TLY DISC>D$ IS ALMO/ TEXTBOOK EVID5CE ( ! YAWN+ SEP>ATION ( CAMPUS S*OLA/ICISM FROM ! REAL WORLD BEYOND ITS CONF9ES4 

,!RE IS NO?+ ?AT IS EI!R 0BACKW>D LOOK+0 OR 0=W>D LOOK+0 AB\T HUMANITY'S EF=T TO F9D COMMUNITY TOGE!R ) 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! IMPULSE TO A*IEVE !SE COMPLEM5T>Y AIMS--ESPECIALLY 9 TIMES LIKE \R [N1 :5 BO? ( !M >E FAC$ ) SWEEP+ DIS9TEGRATION--IS AN ABID+ HUMAN GOAL ?AT HAS BE5 EXPRESS$ AS MU* 9 RELIGION AS 9 SECUL> RADICALISM1 9 UTOPIAN EXP]IM5TS AS 9 CITY NEI<BORHOODS1 9 SELF-5CLOS$ E?NIC GR\PS AS 9 EXPANSIVE COSMOPOLITAN CITIES4 ,NO?+ BUT A FEEL+ = TRU? & ITS CU/ODY BY ! HUMAN M9D HAS EV] KEPT ANY NOTION ( COMMUNITY & 9DIVIDUALITY FROM TIPP+ OV] 9TO SPITEFUL P>O*IALISM AT ONE EXTREME OR FRAGM5T$ ATOMISM AT ! O!R4 

,! RESULT IS ?AT CONSCI\SNESS--NOT PAT =MULAS--ULTIMATELY DET]M9E :E!R HUMANITY WILL A*IEVE A RI* S5SE ( COLLECTIVITY )\T SACRIFIC+ A RI* S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,A CREATIVE POLITICS )\T A CREATIVE CITIZ5RY IS AS UNATTA9ABLE AS A CREATIVE CITIZ5RY )\T A CREATIVE POLITICS4 ,! GU>D$ M9D1 :E!R WE CALL IT 0CLASS CONSCI\SNESS0 OR 0SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS10 IS ! SOLE GU>ANTOR ( A SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE ?AT WILL BE GUID$ BY ! ?9 L9E ( TRU?4 ,! T5D5CY ( RADICALS & LIB]ALS :O EMPHASIZE AB/RACTIONS SU* AS 0CLASS0 & 0SOCIAL0 OV] ! MORE EXI/5TIAL NE$ = CONSCI\SNESS IS ! TRUE 0BETRAYAL ( ! 9TELLECTUALS0 ?AT WAS M\RN$ 9 E>LI] TIMES4 ,ANY EXPECTATION ?AT A =MULA1 EV5 A SALAD ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 WILL 9 ITSELF RESCUE US FROM ANY IMPULSES ?AT YIELD TOTALIT>IANISM1 :E!R 9 ITS 0FUTURI/IC0 OR ATAVI/IC =MS1 IS %E] MY?4 ,! GU>D$ M9D1 9=M$ BY KN[L$GE & A HUMANE S5SE ( SOLID>ITY1 IS ALL ?AT WE POSSESS AS A =TRESS AGA9/ AU?ORIT>IAN 0REV]SION0 AT ONE EXTREME & AU?ORIT>IAN 0PROGRESS0 AT ! O!R4 ,9DE$ ! 0D>K PA/0 HAS BECOME ! C\NT]P>T ( ! 0D>K FUTURE0 9 AN AGE ?AT SEEKS =M RA!R ?AN CONT5T TO GUIDE US ?R\< ITS MOD]N DILEMMAS & PANACEAS4 

,P>ADOXICAL AS IT SEEMS & DIALECTICALLY IRASCIBLE AS IT MAY BE1 ! CONFLICT--MORE PRECISELY1 ! T5SION--?AT EXI/S BETWE5 A LOCALI/IC VISION & A NATIONALI/IC REALITY IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT BASIS = A NEW POLITICS ?AT WE CAN R$EEM FROM ! PRES5T CRISIS = :I* 0URBANIZATION0 IS A METAPHOR4 ,! GR[+ P[] & C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE & ITS CORPORATE UND]P9N+S >E NOT NECESS>ILY ! H>B+]S ( VICTORY OV] ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT !Y >E ! H>B+]S ( A DEEP5+ SOCIAL CRISIS ?AT MAY GIVE NEW VITALITY TO MUNICIPAL POLITICS & ALT] ! V]Y %APE ( POLITICS ITSELF4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE A VISION>Y 7APP>5TLY1 A PEJORATIVE T]M1 !SE DAYS7 TO SEE ?AT EV]Y HUMAN IMPULSE IS N[ BE+ AFFRONT$ BY ! DISEMP[]M5T ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,LOCK$ 9CREAS+LY 9TO AN 9W>D WORLD 9 :I* SOCIETY & COLLECTIVITY >E EXCLUD$1 TRANSCLASS DESIRES SEEM TO BE SL[LY WELL+ UP 9 C\NTLESS 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SEEK+ ! OP5 AIR ( A MEAN+FUL PUBLIC LIFE1 NOT TO SPEAK ( A MORE CREATIVE P]SONAL ONE4 ,LIKE ! T5SIONS ?AT GA!R$ TOGE!R 9 WE/]N SOCIETY DUR+ ! F\R C5TURIES DIRECTLY PREC$+ ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 WE >E WITNESS+ A NEW P]IOD ( TRANSITION ) DEEP-SEAT$ T5SIONS ?AT >E EM]G+ 9 \R [N ]A4 

,LOCALISM1 9 FACT1 HAS NEV] BE5 SO MU* 9 ! AIR AS IT IS TODAY--ALL ! MORE BECAUSE C5TRALISM & CORPORATISM HAVE NEV] SEEM$ MORE OV]:ELM+ ?AN !Y >E TODAY4 ,! /ATE & ! CORPORATIONS HAVE 0<ETTOIZ$0 ! WE/]N WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 TO SU* A SUFFOCAT+ EXT5T ?AT PUBLIC S5TIM5T ?REAT5S TO OV]FL[ ! B>RI]S !Y HAVE CREAT$ & P]HAPS 9 TIME TO BUR/ !M4 ,DEM&S = LOCAL CONTROL & ATTEMPTS TO R$EF9E DEMOCRACY ALONG EV]-EXPANSIVE L9ES >E YIELD+ A MULTITUDE ( 9T]E/ GR\PS & CITIZ5-9ITIATIVE COMMITTEES4 ,DEM&S = LOCAL CONTROL & R$EF9ITIONS ( DEMOCRACY ?AT >E NORMALLY PREC$$ BY SU* ADJECTIVES AS 0GRASS-ROOTS0 >E YIELD+ A MULTITUDE ( V>I\S LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS1 0ALLIANCES10 & BLOCK COMMITTEES ?AT /RESS LOCAL CONTROL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC JU/ICE4 0,SOCIALI/0 MAYORS HAVE BE5 ELECT$ 9 SEV]AL ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! #a#i#cS4 ,! T[N MEET+1 9ITIALLY A ,NEW ,5GL& 9/ITUTION1 IS BECOM+ A BYWORD 9 REGIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT HAVE NO %>$ TRADITION ) !1 ,AM]ICAN ,NOR!A/4 ,COMMUNITY & ACTION GR\PS HAVE 9VAD$ LOCAL POLITICS1 A T]RA9 ?AT WAS ONCE ! EXCLUSIVE PRES]VE ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 ON A SCALE ?AT HAS SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ ! 5TIRE L&SCAPE ( MUNICIPAL POLICY MAK+4 

,?AT !SE GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS >E (T5 EPHEM]AL OR CO-OPTABLE DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ! UND]LY+ F]M5T AT ! BASE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IS VITALIZ$ PRECISELY BY ! FACT ?AT ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE HAS MADE ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y HMNAN DEM&S = SELF-EXPRESSION & SELF-EMP[]M5T HI<LY PROBLEMATICAL1 A FACT ?AT MAY WELL *ANGE ! 5TIRE TEXTURE ( ,AM]ICAN POLITICS4 ,! T5SION BETWE5 VISION & REALITY IS NO LESS A CREATIVE =CE ?AN IT WAS 9 TIMES PA/1 P>TICUL>LY 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRANSITION4 

,PUT BLUNTLY1 A LAT5T 0DUAL P[]0 SEEMS TO BE EM]G+ TODAY 9 :I*1 ! LOCAL BASE ( SOCIETY IS BEG9N+ TO *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY ( ITS SEEM+LY 9VULN]ABLE /ATE & CORPORATE APEX4 ,IT4 IS PRECISELY ! 9ACCESSIBILITY ( ?IS APEX TO GRASS-ROOTS 9FLU5CE ?AT ?REAT5S TO DIS9TEGRATE ! V]Y >*ITECTURE ( P[] AS SU*4 ,! FACT ?AT PUBLIC CONTROL OV] PUBLIC FIFE HAS NEV] SEEM$ MORE VISION>Y IS PRECISELY :AT MAKES ! DEM&S = SU* CONTROL P>TICUL>LY COMPELL+1 JU/ AS 9TRACTABLE RESI/ANCE BY P[] T5DS TO FO/] OPPOSITION RA!R ?AN MUTE IT4 ,ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY1 PEOPLE SEEM TO BE MOLD+ !IR [N 9/ITUTIONS = EXPRESSION 9 ! PUBLIC REALM ) AN OB/9ACY ?AT MAY WELL R5D] LOCALI/ POLITICS AN IRREPRESSIBLE =CE4 ,! V]Y EPHEM]AL NATURE ( MANY SU* GRASS-ROOTS 9/ITUTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS IS EVID5CE LESS ( FAILURE ?AN ( P]SI/5CE4 ,I AM NO LONG] TALK+ ( ! EXPLOSIVE EPISODES ?AT M>K$ !' UPRIS+S ( ! #a#i#fS1 SU* AS ?OSE 9 BLACK <ETTOS OR ANTIW> /REET ACTIONS4 ,GRASS-ROOTS POLITICS1 SPECIFICALLY POPUL> MUNICIPAL POLITICS1 IS BECOM+ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ,AM]ICAN POLITICS AS A :OLE1 ONE ?AT HAS YET TO F9D A COH]5T VOICE & S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT IT IS H]E TO /AY & HAS WORK$ ITS WAY1 H[EV] CONFUS$LY1 9TO ! REAL WORLD ( ! POLITICAL L&SCAPE4 

,9 TRY+ TO =MULATE A MUNICIPAL AG5DA = \R TIME1 ! REAL QUE/ION IS H[ WILL ?IS (T5 =MLESS POLITICAL 5]GY BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$8 ,:AT /RUCTURES WILL IT CREATE ?AT WILL TURN IT 9TO A P[]FUL =CE TO C\NT]VAIL ! GR[+ P[] ( ! /ATE & A C5TRALIZ$ CORPORATE ECONOMY8 ,:AT K9D ( POLITICAL CULTURE CAN IT CREATE ?AT WILL PLAY A TRANS=MATIVE ROLE 9 AN ]A ( URBAN & GOV]NM5TAL GIGANTISM8 ,& :AT K9D ( POLITICAL ECONOMY CAN IT FA%ION ?AT WILL AVOID ! PITFALLS ( A PROP]TY-ORI5T$ M>KET ECONOMY ON ! ONE H& & A TOTALIT>IAN NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY ON ! O!R8 

,I DO NOT PR(ESS TO HAVE ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS ?AT APPLY' TO ALL MUNICIPALITIES--NOR1 GIY5 !IR V>IETY1 W\LD IT BE ANY?+ BUT PRESUMPTU\S TO PROVIDE !M4 ,BUT C]TA9 BASIC COORD9ATES CAN BE =MULAT$ ?AT >E 9TEGRALLY W$D$ TO ANY CONCEPTION ( MUNICIPAL FRE$OM1 C]TA9LY ( A K9D ?AT IS MEANT TO RECOV] A P>TICIPATORY IDEA ( POLITICS & A CLASSICAL IDEA ( CITIZ5%IP4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE COORD9ATES IS !'REVIVAL ( !  
CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY1 BE IT 9 ! =M ( T[N MEET+S 9HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES OR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES 9 L>GE1 EV5 METROPOLITAN URBAN 5TITIES4 ,SU* ASSEMBLIES >E NOT M]ELY A HI/ORICAL LEGACY ?AT BELONG TO ! >*AEOLOGY ( URBANISM4 ,A L>GE PORTION ( ?IS BOOK W\LD BE COMPLETELY MEAN+LESS IF ! READ] FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT 9 NE>LY ALL P]IODS ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL PEOPLE HAVE TURN$ TO ASSEMBLY =MS AS A WAY ( 5T]+ ! DOORS ( HI/ORY & TAK+ CONTROL ( !IR DE/9Y1 ,IF !SE ASSEMBLIES SEEM REMOTE1 EV5 >*AIC1 :5 WE /RAY BACK TO ANCI5T ,MESOPOTAMIA & CLASSICAL ,GREECE1 !Y BECOME V]Y CLOSE TO \R FIVES :5 WE SEE !M 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,AM]ICA & ,FRANCE1 & EV5 SEEM TO MAKE DIRECT CONTACT ) US :5 WE F9D !M 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ]A4 ,APP>5TLY1 WE HAVE SOME?+ AT WORK H]E ?AT HAS A MORE ABID+ REALITY ?AN ! DI/ANT 0AGE ( CITIES10 :I* HAS S9CE BE5 SUPPLANT$ BY ! 0AGE ( NATION-/ATES40 ,!Y SEEM TO BE SPEAK+ TO SOME?+ 9 ! HUMAN SPIRIT ?AT DEM&S SY/EMS ( GOV]NANCE BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE6 DECISION MAK+1 A P]SONAFI/IC AS WELL AS A P>TICIPATORY POLITICS4 ,IT IS AS ?\< ! NE$ = COMMUNITY & COMMUN+ W]E NOT SIMPLY A SOCIAL DESID]ATUM BUT AN E?ICAL ONE ?AT EMANATES FROM ! HUMAN SPIRIT ITSELF4 

,! SECOND ( !SE MAJOR COORD9ATES IS ! NE$ FPR ! ASSEMBLIES TO 0SPEAK0 TO EA* O!R1 LIT]ALLY1 TO CONF$]ATE4 ,LEAGUES ( T[NS & CITIES1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$ E>LI]1 HAVE ALWAYS SURFAC$1 H[EV]1 TEMPOR>ILY1 AS C5TRIPETAL =MS ( MUNICIPAL ASSOCIATION4 ,CALLS = ! CREATION ( NATIONLIKE 5TITIES /RUCTUR$ >\ND CONF$]ATIONS ( MUNICIPALITIES GO BACK TO ,GREEK TIMES & RANGE OV] HI/ORY UP TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 9DE$ 9TO V]Y REC5T TIMES :5 ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE ?REAT5S TO BECOME AN OV]BE>+ =CE 9 LOCAL AFFAIRS4 ,! CONCEPT ( CONF$]ATION IS AS OLD AS ! FACT ( MUNICIPAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,9ITIALLY MORE DEF5SIVE ?AN CREATIVE 9 *>ACT]1 IT HAS PROVID$ US ) EXTRAORD9>Y1 9DE$ 9SPIR+1 EXAMPLES ( FRE$OM )9 LOCALITIES & 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 LOCALITIES4 ,EV5 AS A WORD1 0CONF$]ATION0 IMPLIES A COMMITM5T TO LIB]ATORY WAYS ( ASSOCIAT+ ?AT 0NATIONALISM10 ) ITS J+OI/IC & TOTALIT>IAN NUANCES HAS R>ELY POSSESS$4 ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! FIR/ ,AM]ICAN CON/ITUTION WAS DELIB]ATELY CALL$ 0! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION10 :I*1 = ALL ITS LIMITATIONS1 WAS CYNICALLY & SECRETIVELY REPLAC$ BY A SO-CALL$ 0F$]AL0 ,CON/ITUTION1 ONE ?AT ,HAMILTON & HIS SUPPORT]S FOI/$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE AS ! NEXT BE/ ALT]NATIVE TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 

,! ?IRD ( ! MAJOR COORD9ATES = GUID+ US T[>D A MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY IS ! NE$ TO CREATE POLITICS AS A S*OOL = G5U9E CITIZ5%IP4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !RE IS NO CIVIC 0CURRICULUM10 AS IT W]E1 ?AT CAN BE A SUB/ITUTE = A LIV+ & CREATIVE POLITICAL REALM4 ,BUT :AT WE MU/ CLE>LY DO 9 AN ]A ( COMMODIFICATION1 RIVALRY1 ANOMIE1 & EGOISM IS =MULATE & CONSCI\SLY 9CULCATE ! VALUES ( HUMANISM1 COOP]ATION1 COMMUNITY1 & PUBLIC S]VICE 9 ! EV]YDAY PRACTICE ( CIVIC FIFE1 NOT ONLY 9 \R S*OOLS1 RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 & LOCAL SOCIETIES4 ,GRASS-ROOTS CITIZ5%IP MU/ GO H& 9 H& ) GRASS-ROOTS POLITICS4 ,! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 = ALL ITS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 (F]S US REM>KABLE EXAMPLES ( H[ ITS HI< S5SE ( CITIZ5%IP WAS RE9=C$ NOT ONLY BY SY/EMATIC $UCATION1 BUT BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ETIQUETTE ( CIVIC BEHAVIOR & AN >TI/IC CULTURE ?AT ADORN$ ITS IDEALS ( CIVIC S]VICE ) ! REALITIES ( CIVIC PRACTICE4 ,DEF]5CE TO OPPON5TS 9 DEBATES1 ! USE ( LANGUAGE TO A*IEVE CONS5SUS1 ON-GO+ PUBLIC DISCUSSION 9 ! AGORA 9 :I* EV5 ! MO/ PROM95T ( ! POLIS'S FIGURES W]E EXPECT$ TO DEBATE PUBLIC ISSUES ) ! LEA/ KN[N1 ! USE ( WEAL? NOT ONLY TO MEET P]SONAL NE$S BUT TO ADORN ! POLIS ITSELF 7?US PLAC+ A HI< PREMIUM ON ! DISACCUMULATION RA!R ?AN ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?71 A MULTITUDE ( PUBLIC FE/IVALS1 DRAMAS1 & SATIRES L>GELY C5T]$ ON CIVIC AFFAIRS & ! NE$ TO FO/] CIVIC SOLID>ITY--ALL ( !SE & MANY O!R ASPECTS ( ,A!NS'S POLITICAL CULTURE CREAT$ ! CIVIC LOYALTY & RESPONSIBILITY ?AT MADE = ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5S ) A DEEP S5SE ( CIVIC MISSION4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIZ5%IP1 9 EFFECT1 MU/ BECOME AN >T1 NOT M]ELY AN $UCATION--& CREATIVE >T 9 ! ES!TIC S5SE ?AT APPEALS TO ! DEEPLY HUMAN DESIRE = SELF-EXPRESSION 9 A MEAN+FUL SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY4 ,IT MU/ BE A P]SONAL >T 9 :I* EV]Y CITIZ5 IS FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT HIS OR H] COMMUNITY 5TRU/S ITS DE/9Y TO HIS OR H] MORAL PROBITY1 LOYALTY1 & RATIONALITY4 ,! V]Y ESS5CE ( /ATE P[] & /ATECRAFT TODAY IS ?AT ! 0CITIZ50 IS AN 9COMPET5T BE+1 9DE$ 9FANTILE & NORMALLY UNTRU/WOR?Y1 :ILE ! /ATE IS A DISCIPL9>Y 9/ITUTION1 NOT AN AV5UE ( SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,EV5 LIB]AL !ORY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY1 JU/IFIES ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE AS A :IP TO KEEP ITS 0NATURALLY0 IRASCIBLE SUBJECTS 9 H& & CORRECT !IR 9H]5T 09COMPET5CE0 BY 5TRU/+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS TO PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS & BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,= CITIZ5S TO DIRECTLY 9T]V5E 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS BEYOND OB$I5TLY VOT+ ANNUALLY = PRESELECT$ C&IDATES & PAY+ !IR TAXES ) A REASONABLE MODICUM ( HONE/Y HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS A SAFETY VALVE = PUBLIC DISSATISFACTION AT BE/ & 0AN>*Y0 AT WOR/4 

,! MUNICIPALI/ CONCEPTION ( CITIZ5%IP ASSUMES PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE4 ,EV]Y CITIZ5 IS REG>D$ AS COMPET5T TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ! 0AFFAIRS ( /ATE10 9DE$ :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT1 5C\RAG$ TO DO SO4 ,EV]Y MEANS IS PROVID$1 :E!R ES!TIC OR 9/ITUTIONAL1 TO FO/] P>TICIPATION 9 FULL & SEE IT AS AN $UCATIVE & E?ICAL PROCESS ?AT TURNS ! CITIZ5'S LAT5T COMPET5CE 9TO AN ACTUAL REALITY4 ,SOCIAL & POLITICAL FIFE >E CONSCI\SLY OR*E/RAT$ TO FO/] A PR(\ND S5SITIVITY1 9DE$ A REAL S5SE ( C>+ = ! ADJUDICATION ( DIFF]5CES )\T D5Y+ ! NE$ = VIGOR\S DISPUTE :5 IT IS NE$$4 ,PUBLIC S]VICE IS SE5 AS A UNIQUELY HUMAN ATTRIBUTE1 NOT A 0GIFT0 ?AT A CITIZ5 CONF]S ON ! COMMUNITY OR AN ON]\S TASK ?AT HE OR %E MU/ FULFILL4 ,COOP]ATION & CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY >E SE5 AS EXPRESSIONS ( C>E1 CONC]N1 & SOCIABILITY1 NOT AS ORD9ANCES ?AT ! CITIZ5 IS EXPECT$ TO HONOR 9 ! BREA* & EVADE :]E HE CAN DO SO4 

,PUT BLUNTLY & CLE>LY1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS SE5 AS A !AT] 9 :I* LIFE 9 ITS MO/ MEAN+FUL PUBLIC =M IS ! PLOT1 A POLITICAL DRAMA :OSE GR&EUR IMP>TS NOBILITY & GR&EUR TO ! CITIZ5RY ?AT =MS ! CA/4 ,BY CONTRA/1 \R MOD]N CITIES HAVE BECOME 9 L>GE P>T AGGLOM]ATIONS ( B$ROOM AP>TM5TS 9 :I* M5 & WOM5 SPIRITUALLY WI!R AWAY & !IR P]SONALITIES >E TRIVIALIZ$ BY ! PETTY CONC]NS ( 5T]TA9M5T1 CONSUMPTION1 & SMALL TALK4 

,! LA/ & P]HAPS ! MO/ 9TRACTABLE ( \R COORD9ATES IS ECONOMIC4 ,TODAY1 ECONOMIC ISSUES T5D TO C5T] >\ND 0:O [NS :AT10 0:O [NS MORE ?AN :OM10 &1 ABOVE ALL1 H[ DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL? >E TO BE RECONCIL$ ) A S5SE ( CIVIC COMMONALITY4 ,NE>LY ALL MUNICIPALITIES HAVE BE5 FRAGM5T$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 ECONOMIC /ATUS1 PITT+ POOR1 MIDDLE1 & WEAL?Y CLASSES AGA9/ EA* O!R (T5 TO ! RU9 ( MUNICIPAL FRE$OM ITSELF AS ! BLOODY HI/ORY ( ,ITALY'S M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE CITIES SO CLE>LY DEMON/RATES4 

,!SE PROBLEMS HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$ 9 REC5T TIMES4 ,9DE$ 9 MANY CASES !Y >E AS SEV]E AS !Y HAVE EV] BE54 ,BUT :AT IS UNIQUE AB\T \R [N TIME--A FACT SO LITTLE UND]/OOD BY MANY LIB]ALS & RADICALS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE--IS ?AT 5TIRELY NEW TRANSCLASS ISSUES HAVE BEGUN TO EM]GE ?AT CONC]N 5VIRONM5T1 GR[?1 TRANSPORTATION1 CULTURAL DEGRADATION1 & ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE G5]ALLY--ISSUES ?AT HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY URBANIZATION1 NOT BY CITIFICATION4 ,CUTT+ ACROSS CONFLICT+ CLASS 9T]E/S >E SU* TRANSCLASS ISSUES AS ! MASSIVE DANG]S ( !RMONUCLE> W>1 GR[+ /ATE AU?ORIT>IANISM1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N4 ,TO AN EXT5T UNP>ALLEL$ 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 AN 5ORM\S V>IETY ( CITIZ5S' GR\PS HAVE BR\<T PEOPLE ( ALL CLASS BACKGR\NDS 9TO COMMON PROJECTS >\ND PROBLEMS1 (T5 V]Y LOCAL 9 *>ACT]1 ?AT CONC]N ! DE/9Y & WELF>E ( !IR COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 

,ISSUES SU* AS ! SIT+ ( NUCLE> REACTORS OR NUCLE> WA/E DUMPS1 ! DANG]S ( ACID RA91 & ! PRES5CE ( TOXIC DUMPS1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW ( ! MANY PROBLEMS ?AT BELEAGU] 9NUM]ABLE ,AM]ICAN MUNICIPALITIES1 HAVE UNIT$ AN A/DNI%+ V>IETY ( PEOPLE 9TO MOVEM5TS ) %>$ CONC]NS ?AT R5D] A RITUALI/IC 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 ( !IR MOTIVES UTT]LY IRRELEVANT4 ,NO LESS REM>KABLE 9 CROSS+ TRADITIONAL CLASS1 E?NIC1 & ECONOMIC B>RI]S IS ! EM]G5CE ( FEM9ISM1 A MOVEM5T ?AT SEES ! G5D] OPPRESSION ?AT AFFLICTS WEAL?Y WOM51 NO LESS ?AN POOR1 A MATT] ( DIGNITY & SELF-RESPECT4 ,C>RI$ /ILL FUR!R1 ! ABSORPTION ( SMALL COMMUNITIES BY L>G] ONES1 ( CITIES BY URBAN BELTS1 & URBAN BELTS BY 0/&>D METROPOLITAN /ATI/ICAL >EAS0 HAS GIV5 RISE TO MILITANT DEM&S = COMMUNAL 9TEGRITY & SELF-GOV]NM5T1 AN ISSUE ?AT SURM\NTS /RICTLY CLASS & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,! LIT]ATURE ON ! EM]G5CE ( !SE TRANS-CLASS MOVEM5TS1 ONCE SO SECOND>Y' TO 9T]NEC9E /RUGGLES )9 ! CITIES ( E>LI] TIMES1 IS SO IMM5SE ?AT TO M]ELY LI/ ! S\RCES W\LD REQUIRE A SIZABLE VOLUME4 

,I HAVE GIV5 ?IS BRIEF OV]VIEW ( AN EM]G+ G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/ OV] OLD P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S TO DEMON/RATE ?AT A NEW POLITICS IS ALREADY COM+ 9TO BE+--9DE$ ONE ?AT IS NOT ONLY RE/RUCTUR+ ! POLITICAL L&SCAPE ON A MUNICIPAL LEVEL BUT ! ECONOMIC L&SCAPE AS WELL4 ,! OLD DEBATES BETWE5 0PRIVATE PROP]TY0 & 0NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY10 BETWE5 09DIVIDUAL [N]%IP0 & 0PUBLIC [N]%IP10 >E BECOM+ ?READB>E4 ,NOT ?AT !SE DIFF]5T K9DS ( [N]%IP & ! =MS ( EXPLOITATION !Y IMPLY HAVE DISAPPE>$2 RA!R1 !Y >E BE+ 9CREASE +LY OV]%AD[$ BY NEW REALITIES & CONC]NS4 0,PRIVATE PROP]TY8'' 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 ) ITS CASE = P]PETUAT+ ! CITIZ5 AS AN ECONOMICALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T & POLITICALLY SELF-EMP[]$ 9DIVIDUAL1 IS FAD+ AWAY4 ,IT IS DISAPPE>+ NOT BECAUSE 0CREEP+ SOCIALISM0 IS DEV\R+ ! 0FREE 5TREPR5EUR0 BUT BECAUSE 0CREEP+ CORPORATISM0 IS DEV\R+ EV]YONE--IRONICALLY1 9 ! NAME ( 0FREE 5T]PRISE10 ,! ECONOMY ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 LIKE ?AT ( ,EUROPE & EV5 ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES1 IS BECOM+ EI!R 0CORPORATIZ$0 OR 0NATIONALIZ$0--OR TO USE ! ONE T]M ?AT EMBRACES BO?1 0BUREAUCRATIZ$40 ,! ,GREEK IDEAL ( ! POLITICALLY SOV]EIGN CITIZ5 :O CAN MAKE A RATIONAL JUDGM5T 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS BECAUSE HE IS FREE FROM MAT]IAL NE$ OR CLI5TAGE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO A MOCK]Y4 ,! OLIG>*IC *>ACT] ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 :E!R 9 ! 0WE/]N BLOC0 ( ! 0EA/]N10 ?REAT5S DEMOCRACY SU* AS IT IS--NOT ONLY ON A NATIONAL LEVEL BUT ALSO ON A MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 :]E IT /ILL PRES]VES A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9TIMACY & LEEWAY4 

,WE COME H]E TO A BREAK?R\< APPROA* TO A MUNICIPALI/ ECONOMICS ?AT 9NOVATIVELY DISSOLVES ! MY/ICAL AURA SURR\ND+ CORPORATIZ$ PROP]TY & NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY1 9DE$ WORKPLACE ELITISM & 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY40 ,I REF] TO ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 NOT ITS CORPORATIZATION OR ITS NATIONALIZATION4 ,AS = ! WORKPLACE1 ,I REF] TO MORE ?AN 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 OR 0ECONOMIC COLLECTIVIZATION40 ,RA!R1 ,I REF] TO ! SUB/ITUTION ( PUBLIC DEMOCRACY = BO? ( !SE TRADITIONAL IMAGES ( PRODUCTIVE MANAGEM5T & OP]ATIONS4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 9 ! WORKPLACE IS NO LONG] 9COMPATIBLE ) CORPORATIZ$ OR NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 ! EFFECTIVE USE ( 0WORK]S' P>TICIPATION0 9 PRODUCTION1 EV5 ! \TRI<T H&+ OV] ( 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS TO ! WORK]S :O P]=M !M1 HAS BECOME ANO!R =M ( TIME-/UDI$1 ASSEMBLY-L9E RATIONALIZATION1 ! SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY BR++ LABOR ITSELF 9TO COMPLICITY ) ITS [N EXPLOITATION4 

,MANY WORK]S1 9 FACT1 W\LD LIKE TO GET AWAY FROM !IR FACTORIES & F9D MORE CREATIVE TYPES ( WORK1 NOT SIMPLY 0P>TICIPATE0 9 !IR [N MIS]Y4 ,:AT 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 MEANT 9 ITS PR(\NDE/ S5SE WAS FREE1 0DEMOCRATIC0 ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 ! GU>ANTEE ( FRE$OM FROM MAT]IAL WANT1 NOT SIMPLY ! 9VOLVEM5T ( WORK]S ) ON]\S PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES ?AT WE W\LD DO BETT] TO TURN OV] TO MA*9ES4 ,IT IS A BLATANT B\RGEOIS TRICK1 9 :I* MANY RADICALS UNKN[+LY P>TICIPATE1 ?AT 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 HAS BE5 RE9T]PRET$ TO MEAN 0EMPLOYEE [N]%IP0 OR ?AT 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY0 HAS COME TO MEAN WORK]S' 0P>TICIPATION0 9 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T RA!R ?AN FRE$OM FROM ! TYRANNY ( ! FACTORY1 RATIONALIZ$ LABOR1 & 0PLANN$ PRODUCTION40 

,A MUNICIPAL POLITICS1 BAS$ ON LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES1 SCORES A SIGNIFICANT ADVANCE OV] ALL ( !SE CONCEPTIONS BY CALL+ = ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY--& ITS MANAGEM5T BY ! COMMUNITY AS P>T ( A POLITICS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,SYNDICALI/ DEM&S = ! 0COLLECTIVIZATION0 ( 9DU/RY & 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 ( 9DIVIDUAL 9DU/RIAL UNITS >E BAS$ ON CONTRACTUAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ALL 0COLLECTIVIZ$0 5T]PRISES1 !REBY REPRIVATIZ+ ! ECONOMY & OP5+ IT TO TRADITIONAL =MS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY--:E!R COLLECTIVELY [N$ OR NOT1 :ILE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM POLITICIZES ! ECONOMY & DISSOLVES IT 9TO ! CIVIC DOMA94 ,NEI!R FACTORY NOR L& BECOMES A SEP>ATE OR POT5TIALLY COMPETITIVE UNIT )9 A SEEM+LY COMMUNAL COLLECTIVE4 ,NOR DO WORK]S1 F>M]S1 TE*NICIANS1 5G9E]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & ! LIKE P]PETUATE !IR VOCATIONAL ID5TITIES AS SEP>ATE 9T]E/S ?AT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! CITIZ5 BODY 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES4 0,PROP]TY0 IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! MUNICIPALITY AS A MAT]IAL CON/ITU5T ( ITS FREE 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK1 9DE$ AS P>T ( A L>G] :OLE ?AT IS CONTROLL$ BY ! CITIZ5 BODY 9 ASSEMBLY AS CITIZ5S--NOT AS 0WORK]S10 0F>M]S10 0PR(ESSIONALS10 OR ANY O!R VOCATIONALLY ORI5T$ SPECIAL-9T]E/ GR\PS4 

,:AT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 ! FAM\S 0CONTRADICTION0 OR 0ANTAGONISM0 BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 SO CRUCIAL 9 SOCIAL !ORY & HI/ORY1 IS TRANSC5D$ BY ! 0T[N%IP10 ! TRADITIONAL ,NEW ,5GL& JURISDICTION1 9 :I* AN URBAN 5TITY IS ! NUCLEUS ( ITS AGRICULTURAL & VILLAGE 5VIRONS--NOT A DOM9E]+ URBAN 5TITY ?AT /&S OPPOS$ TO !M4 ,A T[N%IP1 9 EFFECT1 IS A SMALL REGION )9 /ILL L>G] ONES1 SU* AS ! C\NTY & ! BIOREGION4 

,SO CONCEIV$1 ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ NOT ONLY FROM 0CORPORATIZATION0 BUT ALSO FROM SEEM+LY MORE 0RADICAL0 DEM&S SU* AS 0NATIONALIZATION0 & 0COLLECTIVIZATION40 ,NATIONALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY 9V>IABLY HAS L$ TO BUREAUCRATIC & TOP-D[N ECONOMIC CONTROL2 COLLECTIVIZATION1 9 TURN1 C\LD EASILY LEAD TO ! EM]G5CE ( A PRIVATIZ$ ECONOMY 9 A COLLECTIVIZ$ =M ) ! P]PETUATION ( CLASS OR CA/E ID5TITIES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 MUNICIPALIZATION BR+S ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE 9TO ! ORBIT ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 :]E ECONOMIC POLICY CAN BE =MULAT$ BY ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY--NOTABLY ITS CITIZ5S 9 FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS WORK+ TO A*IEVE A G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AT SURM\NTS SEP>ATE1 VOCATIONALLY DEF9$ SPECIFIC 9T]E/S4 ,! ECONOMY CEASES TO BE M]ELY AN ECONOMY 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! T]M1 COMPOS$ ( CAPITALI/IC1 0WORK]-CONTROLL$0 5T]PRISES4 ,IT BECOMES A TRULY POLITICAL ECONOMY 7TO USE A V]Y TRADITIONAL T]M9OLOGY 9 A V]Y UNTRADITIONAL S5SE73 ! ECONOMY ( ! POLIS OR ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,! MUNICIPALITY1 MORE PRECISELY1 ! CITIZ5 BODY 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLY1 ABSORBS ! ECONOMY 9TO ITS PUBLIC BUS9ESS1 DIVE/+ IT ( A SEP>ATE ID5TITY ?AT CAN BECOME PRIVATIZ$ 9TO A SELF-S]V+ 5T]PRISE4 

,:AT CAN PREV5T ! MUNICIPALITY1 N[ RE9=C$ BY ITS [N ECONOMIC APP>ATUS1 FROM BECOM+ A P>O*IAL CITY-/ATE ( ! K9D ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES8 ,ONCE AGA9 ,I W\LD LIKE TO ,EMPHASIZE ?AT ANYONE :O IS LOOK+ = GU>ANTE$ SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ H]E WILL NOT F9D !M 9 ! =M ( BLISSFULLY 9SULAT$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT TAKE ON A LIFE ( !IR [N AP>T FROM ! ROLE ( CONSCI\SNESS & E?ICS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,BUT IF WE >E LOOK+ = C\NT]T5D5CIES RA!R ?AN 0GU>ANTEES10 !RE IS AN ANSW] ?AT CAN BE GIV54 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE FACTOR ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! LATE M$IEVAL CITY-/ATE WAS ITS /RATIFICATION FROM )9--NOT ONLY AS A RESULT ( DIFF]5CES 9 WEAL?1 BUT ALSO 9 /ATUS POSITIONS1 P>TLY ORIG9AT+ 9 FAMILY ORIG9S1 P>TLY1 TOO1 9 VOCATIONAL DIFF]5CES4 ,9DE$1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! CITY LO/ ITS S5SE ( COLLECTIVE UNITY >ID DIVID$ ITS AFFAIRS 9TO PRIVATE & PUBLIC BUS9ESS1 PUBLIC LIFE ITSELF BECAME SEGM5T$ 9TO ! 0BLUE NAILS0 OR PLEBEIANS :O4 DY$ CLO? 9 CITIES SU* AS ,FLOR]ICE & !' MORE >ROGANT /RATA ( >TISANS :O PRODUC$ QUALITY GOODS4 ,WEAL?1 TOO1 FACTOR$ HEAVILY 9 A PRIVATIZ$ ECONOMY :]E MAT]IAL DIFF]5CES C\LD EXP& & FO/] A V>IETY ( HI]>*ICAL DIFF]5CES4 

,! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY NOT ONLY ABSORBS ! VOCATIONAL DIFF]5CES ?AT C\LD MILITATE1 AGA9/ A PUBLICALLY CONTROLL$ ECONOMY2 IT ALSO ABSORBS ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE 9TO ' COMMUNAL =MS ( DI/RIBUTION4 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY & TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0 IS N[ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AS P>T ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,?IS TRADITIONAL MAXIM1 :I* IS MEANT TO ASSURE ?AT PEOPLE WILL HAVE1 ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE IRRESPECTIVE ( ! WORK !Y >E CAPABLE ( P]=M+1 CEASES TO BE M]ELY A PREC>I\S CR$O3 IT BECOMES A PRACTICE1 A WAY ( FUNCTION+ POLITICALLY--ONE ?AT IS /RUCTURALLY BUILT 9TO ! COMMUNITY AS A WAY ( EXI/+ AS A POLITICAL 5TITY4 

,HAPPILY1 NO COMMUNITY CAN HOPE TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC AUT>*Y1 NOR %\LD IT TRY TO DO SO UNLESS IT WI%ES TO BECOME SELF-5CLOS$ & P>O*IAL4 ,9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 COMMUNITIES IS NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,DIVE/$ ( ! CULTURAL CROSSF]TILIZATION ?AT IS (T5 A PRODUCT ( ECONOMIC 9T]C\RSE1 ! MUNICIPALITY T5DS TO %R9K 9TO ITSELF & DISAPPE> 9TO ITS [N CIVIC PRIVATISM1 ,%>$ NE$S & RES\RCES IMPLY ! EXI/5CE ( %>+ &1 ) %>+1 COMMUNICATION1 REJUV5ATION BY NEW IDEAS1 A WID] SOCIAL HORIZON ?AT YIELDS A WID] S5SIBILITY TO NEW EXP]I5CES4 ,! REC5T EMPHASIS 9 5VIRONM5TAL !ORY ON 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY10 IF IT DOES NOT MEAN A GREAT] DEGREE ( PRUD5CE 9 DEAL+ ) MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 IS REGRESSIVE4 ,LOCALISM %\LD NEV] BE 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN P>O*IALISM NOR %\LD DEC5TRALISM EV] BE 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN ?AT SMALLNESS IS A VIRTUE 9 ITSELF4 ,SMALL IS NOT NECESS>ILY 0BEAUTIFUL40 ,! CONCEPT ( HUMAN SCALE1 BY F> ! MORE PREF]ABLE EXPRESSION = A TRULY ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY1 IS BUILT >\ND ! ABILITY ( PEOPLE TO COMPLETELY GRASP !IR POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T1 NOT TO P>O*IALLY BURY !MSELVES 9 IT TO ! EXCLUSION ( CULTURAL /IMULI FROM \TSIDE !IR COMMUNITY'S B\ND>IES4 

1 ,GIV5 !SE COORD9ATES1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO 5VISION ANEW POLITICAL CULTURE ) A NEW REVIVAL ( CITIZ5%IP1 POPUL> CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS1 A NEW K9D ( ECONOMY1 & A C\NT]VAIL+ DUAL P[]1 CONF$]ALLY NETWORK$1 ?AT C\LD >RE/ & HOPEFULLY REV]SE ! GR[+ C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE & CORPORATE 5T]PRISES4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO 5VISION AN EM95TLY PRACTICAL PO9T ( DEP>TURE = GO+ BEYOND ! T[N & CITY AS WE HAVE KN[N !M UP TO N[ & DEVELOP+ FUTURE =MS ( HABITATION AS G5U9E ECOCOMMUNITIES--HUMAN ECOCOMMUNITI4ES1 9 ?IS CASE1 ?AT SEEK TO A*IEVE A NEW H>MONIZATION BETWE5 PEOPLE & BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! WORD 0PRACTICAL0 BECAUSE IT IS N[ CLE> ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO TAILOR A HUMAN COMMUNITY TO A NATURAL 0ECOSY/EM0 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$ CUTS COMPLETELY AGA9/ ! GRA9 ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 BE IT /ATE OR CORPORATE4 ,C5TRALIZ$ P[] 9V>IABLY REPRODUCES ITSELF 9 C5TRALIZ$ =MS AT ALL LEVELS ( SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 >ID ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY 0BIG02 IT ?9KS BIG4 ,9DE$1 ?IS WAY ( BE+ & ?9K+ IS A CONDITION = ITS SURVIVAL1 NOT ONLY ITS GR[?4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! ECOTE*NOLOGIES ?AT CAME V]Y MU* 9TO VOGUE DUR+ ! #a#i#gS1 SU* AS SOL>1 W9D1 & ME?ANE P[]1 LAT] TO BE EXPLOR$ & TOY$ ) BY ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS ( ! WORLD1 LIT]ALLY COLLAPS$ UND] !IR [N WEI<T4 ,GOV]NM5TS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY DESIGN$ !M ) TE*NICAL GIGANTISM 9 M9D4 ,ONE ?9KS H]E ( ! HUGE TIDAL DAMS ?AT W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 ,FRANCE1 ! PLANS = IMM5SE SOL> 9/ALLATIONS ?AT W]E DESIGN$ 9 ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES1 ! OV]SIZE W9DMILLS ?AT W]E RE>$ BY F$]AL AG5CIES1 SOME ( :I* W]E ALMO/ CALCULAT$ TO FAIL & FEW ( :I* C\LD HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT$ LOCAL LIFE4 ,ORGANIC AGRICULTURE1 :ILE GIV5 A RITUALI/IC NOD ( APPROVAL & A MODICUM ( FUND+ BY /ATE AG5CIES1 WAS VIRTUALLY ELB[$ \T BY ! MORE E>NE/ ATT5TION ?AT WAS GIV5 TO CONV5TIONAL AGRIBUS9ESS & 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 

,ECOTE*NOLOGIES ( ?IS K9D HAVE BE5 E>NE/LY US$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY 9DIVIDUALS & LOCAL COMMUNITIES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT SOL> & W9D P[] >E US$ TODAY1 IT IS MA9LY BECAUSE ECOLOGICALLY CONC]N$ CITIZ5S & !IR NEI<BORS HAVE 9TRODUC$ !M AS P>T ( !IR HOME DWELL+S1 NOT BECAUSE !IR USE HAS BE5 TAK5 V]Y S]I\SLY AS P>T ( A NATIONAL AG5DA4 ,TO 9DUCE ! NATION-/ATE & CORPORATIONS TO ?9K AB\T 5]GY1 DESIGN]S >E OBLIG$ TO SPEAK AB\T ! FEASIBILITY ( NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 IMM5SE1 ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE HYDROELECTRIC DAMS1 & L>GE FOSSIL FUEL 9/ALLATIONS4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL T]RA9 ( ! NATION-/ATE IS PRIM>ILY CONT95TAL1 NOT LOCAL1 JU/ AS ! IDEOLOGICAL T]RA9 ( ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION IS PRIM>ILY DISEASE1 NOT HEAL?4 ,! V]Y NOTION ( S5SITIVELY TAILOR+ TE*NOLOGY TO FIT ! NATURAL ECOCOMMUNITY 9 :I* PEOPLE FIVE IS POSSIBLE TO A S]I\S EXT5T ONLY )9 A LOCALLY ORI5T$ POLITICAL COMMUNITY :]E ! UNIQU5ESS ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T CAN BE FULLY EXP]I5C$ 9 ALL ITS 9TIMACY4 

,MOREOV]1 IT IS ! ONLY LEVEL 9 :I* NATURAL CYCLES CAN BE RESPECTFULLY LIV$ \T--NOT AS ! M]E RHETORIC ( 05VIRONM5TALLY0-ORI5T$ POLITICIANS BUT AS ! EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE ( H\SEHOLD]S :O >E ABLE TO RETURN DOME/IC WA/ES TO !IR ORGANIC G>D5S & RECYCLE ! ,AM]ICAN CONSUM]S' KIT*5-MIDD5S ( DISC>DABLE TRA% = MORE RATIONAL 5DS4 ,NATION-/ATES >E 9/RUM5TS = ! DOM9ATION ( O!R NATION-/ATES & = ! DOM9ATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IF WE >E TO REMOVE ?IS FIXATION ON DOM9ATION ?AT FIR/ APPE>$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 P>TICUL>LY ) ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 BY M51 WE >E 9 DIRE NE$ ( LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 TE*NOLOGIES1 & A POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT WILL BR+ PEOPLE 9TO A FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IP ) !IR NATURAL HABITAT & ! COMMUNITIES >\ND !M4 ,9 SU* COMMUNITIES1 TE*NOLOGY WILL !N HOPEFULLY CEASE TO BE A =CE = 0DOM9AT+ NATURE0 AS ! RECEIV$ WISDOM ( \R ]A W\LD HAVE IT4 ,9DE$1 LIKE ! POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT IS MEANT TO BR+ CITIZ5S 9TO A P>TICIPATORY RELATION%IP ) EA* O!R1 WE CAN EXPECT ?AT SU* ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ MUNICIPALITIES WILL SEE !MSELVES AS 9TEGRAL P>TS ( ! NATURAL WORLD & TE*NOLOGY AS A WAY ( FO/]+ NATURAL FECUNDITY RA!R ?AN EXPLOIT+ OR VITIAT+ IT4 

,WE FIVE TODAY 9 A WORLD ?AT CA/S RELATION%IPS OPPOSITIONALLY1 NOT 9TEGRATIVELY4 ,M9D IS SET AGA9/ BODY1 ?\<T AGA9/ MAT]IALITY1 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ COMMUNITY1 URBAN BELTS AGA9/ T[NS1 T[NS AGA9/ C\NTRY--& HUMANITY AS A :OLE AGA9/ A NATURAL WORLD ?AT IS SE5 AS 0/+Y10 0CRUEL10 & 09TRACTABLE10 A WORLD ?AT HAS TO BE CONQU]$ BY SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY BE=E SOCIETY CAN HOPE TO BE FREE4 ,NATION-/ATES & CORPORATE 5T]PRISES 9VOKE L>GE-SCALE TE*NOLOGY PRESUMABLY TO A*IEVE ?IS V]Y 5D4 ,!Y NOT ONLY PRESUPPOSE ! BASIC DIVISIONS ?AT HAVE SEP>AT$ HUMANITY FROM NATURE BUT EXAC]BATE !M AS JU/IFICATION = ! RATIONALIZATION & EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,URBANIZATION IS ! PHYSICAL EXPRESSION ( ?IS DIVISIVE REALITY AT ONE ( ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL LEVELS3 ! PLACE :]E PEOPLE LIVE1 PRODUCE GOODS1 & CONSUME !M1 9DE$ ! MO/ IMM$IATE >5A 9 :I* !Y 5T] 9TO CONTACT ) EA* O!R AP>T FROM !IR PLACES ( WORK4 ,URBANIZATION NOT ONLY REMOVES !SE RELATION%IPS & ACTIVITIES FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CONTROL2 IT UND]M9ES1 SIMPLIFIES1 & LIT]ALLY FOSSILIZES !M SU* ?AT PEOPLE & !IR HABITATS BECOME 5TIRELY 9ORGANIC1 9DE$ SYN!TIC OBJECTS ?AT CAN BE EASILY MANIPULAT$ & ULTIMATELY DIVE/$ ( ALL !IR LIV+ ATTRIBUTES4 

,TO RE/RUCTURE \R 9/ITUTIONS 9TO RI*LY >TICULAT$ =MS1 TO REORGANIZE \R RELATION%IPS 9TO CREATIVE =MS ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 TO REEMP[] \R COMMUNITIES & CITIES SO ?AT !Y CAN EFFECTIVELY C\NT]ACT /ATE & CORPORATE P[]--9DE$ REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE ) POLITICALLY CONF$]AT$ & ECONOMICALLY VITAL MUNICIPALITIES--& TO CREATE A NEW1 NONHI]>*ICAL & P>TICIPATORY RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE BY MEANS ( A S5SIBILITY & TE*NICS ?AT FO/]S A P>TICIPATORY =M ( COMPLEM5T>ITY RA!R ?AN ATOMI/IC ANTAGONISMS--ALL1 TAK5 TOGE!R AS ONE COH]5T 5SEMBLE1 CON/ITUTE NOT ONLY A DESID]ATUM ( MAJOR PROPORTIONS BUT ANEW E?ICAL CALL+4 ,! 9C>NATION ( ?IS HUMAN PROJECT IS ! IMM$IATE1 9DE$ UNM$IAT$1 COMMUNITY ?AT 5T]S SO PR(\NDLY 9TO ! FA%ION+ ( \R HUMANITY4 ,?IS IS ! COMMUNITY 9 :I* WE G5U9ELY 5C\NT] EA* O!R1 ! PUBLIC WORLD ?AT IS ONLY A B>E /EP ABOVE \R PRIVATE WORLD1 9 %ORT1 \R T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & MUNICIPALITIES4 ,H[ WE BEG9 ! GREAT PROJECT ( REFA%ION+ ?IS1 PUBLIC WORLD & >TICULAT+ IT 9/ITUTIONALLY1 ECONOMICALLY1 EONF$]ALLY1 & TE*NICALLY WILL DET]M9E :E!R WE EXI/ AS PUBLIC BE+S1 9T]ACTIVELY AS DISCURSIVE & RATIONAL HUMAN BE+S1 OR :E!R WE DISAPPE> 9 ! HUGE MAW ( MOD]N-DAY URBANIZATION4 

,IT IS ALWAYS TEMPT+--& P]HAPS EM95TLY HUMAN--TO BREAK AWAY FROM AB/RACTIONS AB\T MUNICIPALISM >ID P]SONALIZE !M 9 ! H>D REALITIES ( ONE'S [N EXP]I5CES4 ,I HAVE HESITAT$ TO FIX MY G5]AL CORICLUSIONS 9 SPECULATIVE DETAILS4 ,UTOPIAS HAVE A BAD WAY ( BECOM+ FIX$ BLUEPR9TS--AFT] :I* !Y DEG5]ATE 9TO 9FLEXIBLE DOGMAS4 ,BUT P]HAPS IT W\LD NOT BE AMISS IF ,I TAKE ! LIB]TY ( FLE%+ \T SOME ( MY SPECULATIONS ) MY LIV$ EXP]I5CE1 NOTABLY 9 ! URBAN >EA ) :I* ,I AM MO/ FA MIL I> AT ! PRES5T TIME--,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT--& 9 ! 0BIOREGION0 ,I KN[ BE/1 ! EXCIT+LY LIB]T>IAN /ATE ( ,V]MONT4 ,R$UC$ TO BASICS1 IT IS 9 !SE TWO >EAS ?AT MY SPECULATIONS MAY TAKE ON SOME CONCRETE MEAN+ ?AT HAS RELEVANCE TO PROBLEMS ?AT FACE MANY URBAN DWELL]S TODAY4 

,V]MONT1 ! F\RTE5? /ATE TO 5T] ! ORIG9AL UNION ( ?IRTE5 ,AM]ICAN COLONIES1'WAS A FREE REPUBLIC BETWE5 #aggg & #a#g#i#a1 & IT /ILL RETA9S MANY ( ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS1 ( ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL LEGACY MAY MAKE IT SOME:AT EXCEPTIONAL1 BUT IT DOES NOT MAKE ! >EA ANY LESS REAL4 ,?AT ,V]MONT EXI/S IS A FACT ?AT IS EXI/5TIALLY MORE REAL ?AN MANY MY?S ?AT HAVE MOV$ HUMAN BE+S OV] ! AGES TO GREAT] ACTS ( NOBILITY ?AN REALITY ITSELF4 ,ONE ?9KS1 H]E1 ( ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN TRADITION ?AT KEPT ! ,JEWS 9TACT = TWO ?\S& YE>S ( 9CR$IBLE P]SECUTION & ALSO S5T O!R MILLIONS--!IR ,*RI/IAN BRE?R5--9TO BLOODY SPIRITUAL CONFLICTS OV] ! SAME SPAN ( TIME4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 TOO1 = ,MOSLEMS & M5 & WOM5 ( O!R FAI?S4 ,H]E1 ,I ,W\LD LIKE TO1 REPEAT ! CAVEAT ?AT :AT HUMANS ?9K ( !MSELVES1 H[EV] FANCIFULLY1 (T5 DET]M9ES !IR BEHAVIOR MORE DECISIVELY ?AN !IR 0OBJECTIVE0 MAT]IAL 9T]E/S--MANY SOCIAL ?9K]S1 9CLUD+ ,M>X1 TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 

,SO IT IS ) ,V]MONT1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ,AM]ICA & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,IF HI/ORY W\LD HAVE IT O!RWISE & PEOPLE ACT$ IMM$IATELY1 EV5 ULTIMATELY1 ACCORD+ TO !IR 0OBJECTIVE0 OR MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 ?IS WORLD W\LD LONG HAVE BE5 ! BE/ ( ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS--OR MAYBE ! WOR/1 DEP5D+ V]Y MU* ON :AT ONE REG>DS AS OBJECTIVE4 ,IRIANY CASE1 ,V]MONT ?9KS ( ITSELF AS :AT ,AM]ICA 0US$ TO BE0 RA!R ?AN :AT IT IS TODAY & (T5 ACTS UPON ?IS SELF-CONCEPTION AS ?\< IT W]E TRUE4 ,G5]ALLY1 ?IS MEANS ?AT ! /ATE IS REM>KABLY UN5CUMB]$ BY ! EXTRAVAGANT AM\NT ( /ATECRAFT ?AT AFFLICTS SO MANY O!R ,AM]ICAN /ATES4 ,IT HAS A CITIZ5S' LEGISLATURE 9 :I* NO ELECT$ (FICIAL AP>T FROM ! EXECUTIVE BRAN* 7! GOV]NOR1 A MODE/ BUREAUCRACY1 ! POLICE1 & JUDICI>Y7 RECEIVES A LIVABLE1 FULL-TIME SAL>Y = PUBLIC S]VICE & MU/ ANSW] = HIS OR H] PUBLIC S]VICE EV]Y TWO YE>S 9 CONTRA/ TO ! F\R-YE> T]MS ?AT PREVAIL 9 MO/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ACCESSIBILITY ( NE>LY ALL PUBLIC (FICIALS1 9CLUD+ ! /ATE'S GOV]NOR1 TO ! PUBLIC HAS FEW EQUALS 9 MO/ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN REPUBLICS2 FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION1 9QUIRIES1 & DEBATES TURN POLITICS 9TO A V]Y 9TIMATE AFFAIR2 ,V]MONT]S W\LD NOT HAVE IT O!RWISE4 ,!Y TAKE = GRANT$ A WIDE >RAY ( POLITICAL RI<TS ?AT W\LD BE REG>D$ AS DEF]5TIAL PRIVILEGES 9 ALMO/ ANY SIZABLE POLITICAL JURISDICTION4 

,V]MONT IS ALSO T[N-MEET+ C\NTRY--9DE$ VIGOR\S T[N-MEET+ C\NTRY NOT)/&+ ! RITUALI/IC >TICLES ?AT APPE> ANNUALLY 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES & ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL ?AT LAM5T ! DECL9E ( !SE REM>KABLE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,HAV+ ATT5D$ MANY T[N MEET+S OV] ! PA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 ,I CAN P]SONALLY ATTE/ TO !IR VITALITY4 ,9 FACT1 ,I HAVE SE5 A REM>KABLE RESURG5CE ( T[N MEETIRIG DEMOCRACY 9 ,V]MONT1 P>TLY BECAUSE ! CITIZ5RY HAS BEGUN TO TREASURE ! P[] ?IS 9/ITUTION ACCORDS !M 9 A P]IOD ( GR[+ C5TRALISM ELSE:]E2 P>TLY1 TOO1 BECAUSE T[N MEET+S HAVE 9T]V5$ 9TO 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS SU* AS ! NUCLE>-BREEZE ISSUE & HAVE GIV5 !SE ,YANKEE ,AM]ICANS AN 5HANC$ S5SE ( 0GRASS-ROOTS0 CONTROL OV] SEEM+LY HI/ORIC PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,?IS CONTROL1 TO BE SURE1 IS /RICTLY MORAL2 IT DOES NOT C>RY ! POND]\S WEI<T ( LAW4 ,BUT IT IS' *>ACT]I/ICALLY ,AM]ICAN ?AT A REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CON/ITUTION1 P]MEAT$ BY A C\NT]VAIL+ REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATIC TRADITION1 HAS GIV5 RISE TO A /ATE ( M9D ?AT IMP>TS A HI<] AU?ORITY TO A GRASS-ROOTS MORAL MOVEM5T ?AN A LEGISLATIVE M&ATE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ,AM]ICAN POLITICS CAN BE CR$IT$ ) BE+ MORE VULN]ABLE TO MORAL MOVEM5TS ?AN ITS CRITICS FULLY REALIZE1 ,V]MONT'S T[N MEET+S1 LIKE ?OSE ( ITS ,NEW ,5GL& NEI<BORS1 >E (T5 MORE EFFECTIVE NATIONALLY ?AN !Y TRULY REALIZE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E HALL[$ BY MORAL TRADITIONS ?AT GIVE ,AM]ICA ITS NATIONAL ID5TITY4 ,IT IS ! 5ORM\S WEI<T ( !IR MORAL VOICE1 !IR 9VOCATION ( AN E?ICALLY *>G$ PA/ ?AT HA UN TS ! PRES5T ) ITS AMBIANCE ( VIRTUE & FRE$OM1 ?AT GIVES !M 5ORM\S POT5TIAL P[] = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,?IS PA/ AFFECTS ! SO-CALL$ 0CITIES0 ( ,V]MONT1 NOT ONLY ITS SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ,V]MONT'S FEW SIZABLE T[NS--P>TICUL>LY ,BURL+TON1 ITS L>GE/1 ) A POPULATION ( #c#g1-->E /RUCTUR$ >\ND A MAYORALTY SY/EM ) A TYPICAL BO>D ( ALD]M51 ELECTION DAY IS /ILL CALL$ 0T[N-MEET+ DAY40 ,! POSSIBILITY ( RE/RUCTUR+ ,BURL+TON'S 0BIG CITY0 APP>ATUS >\ND T[N MEET+S1 EA* LOCAT$ 9 ONE ( ! CITY'S SIX W>DS1 HAS BE5 9 ! AIR = MORE ?AN A DECADE4 ,P]SONALLY1 ?IS WRIT] RAIS$ SU* A PROPOSAL FIFTE5 YE>S AGO1 & IT BEGAN TO SURFACE 9 ! CITY'S POLITICAL DISC\RSE 9 #a#i#h#a1 :5 A CONF]5CE ( ,BURL+TON'S NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS PASS$ A V]Y /RONG 0RESOLVE10 TAK+ UP MY PROPOSAL & VOT+ IT ?R\< ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY4 ,!REAFT]1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#h#b1 ,BURL+TON'S ,BO>D ( ,ALD]M5 ACCEPT$ A MORE ATT5UAT$ /RUCTURE ( 0,NEI<BORHOOD ,PLANN+ ,ASSEMBLIES0 7,N,P,AS7 TO IMPLEM5T CITIZ5 P>TICIPATION 9 ! ALLOCATION ( F$]AL COMMUNITY-DEVELOPM5T BLOCK GRANTS4 ,N,P,AS W]E !REUPON E/ABLI%$ 9 EA* ( ! W>DS & PROCE$$ TO =MULATE CON/ITUTIONS = P]IODIC MEET+S1 COORD9AT+ COMMITTEES1 & ! LIKE4 ,!Y W]E OP5 TO ALL REGI/]$ VOT]S ( A GIV5 W>D1 AL?\< !IR AG5DAS W]E (T5 PRES5T$ BY AG5CIES 9 ! MAYOR'S (FICE4 

,BY ADD+ ! WORD 0PLANN+0 TO ! WORDS 0NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY10 ! CITY'S MAYORAL ADM9I/RATION 7:I* IS HEAD$ BY A FAIRLY AU?ORIT>IAN 0SOCIALI/0 MAYOR = :OM LEAD]%IP (T5 IS EQUATABLE ) A HI< DEGREE ( 0PAT]NALISM07 LIMITS ! ASSEMBLIES' P[] TO A L>GELY CONSULTATIVE ROLE4 ,AT ?IS WRIT+1 ! SITUATION IS V]Y MU* 9 FLUX3 ! ,N,P,AS >E OCCASIONALLY 0ASSEMBL$0 BY AG5CIES 9 ! MAYOR'S (FICE TO RUBB] /AMP OR GIVE LEGITIMATION TO ! MAYOR'S PET S*EMES4 ,9 /ILL O!R CASES1 !Y DO EXHIBIT A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 9ITIATIVE4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! LIFE ( ! ASSEMBLIES HAS BE5 MUT$ BY ! C5TRALI/IC OR PAT]NALI/IC BEHAVIOR ( ?IS HI<LY SELF-C5T]$ 0SOCIALI/0 MAYOR :O IS COMMITT$1 TOGE!R ) HIS 0CLASS 5EMY10 ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY1 TO ECONOMIC GR[?1 EXPANSIONI/ 0PLANN+0 NOTIONS1 & A PRESUMABLY 0RADICAL0 V]SION ( ,REAGANESQUE 0SUPPLY-SIDE0 ECONOMICS 9 :I* ! 0POOR1 ! ELD]LY1 & ! WORK+ PEOPLE0 7TO USE ,CITY ,HALL'S MO/ FAVOR$ N\NS7 >E SUPPOS$ TO 9DIRECTLY B5EFIT FROM ! CON/RUCTION ( HOTELS1 CONDOM9IUMS1 B\TIQUES1 DEP>TM5T /ORES1 & ! LIKE4 ,?AT ?IS K9D ( 0GR[?0 HAS SIGNIFICANTLY *ANG$ ,BURL+TON PHYSICALLY & PRODUC$ MAJOR ECONOMIC DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ITS POOR] NEI<BORHOODS & MORE WELL-TO-DO ONES IS AN EXP]I5CE ?AT IS NOT UNIQUE TO ! O!RWISE EASY-GO+ COMMUNITIES ( NOR!RN ,NEW ,5GL&4 

,:AT CAN BE DONE 9 A CITY LIKE ?IS--&1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 A /ATE LIKE ,V]MONT8 

,M9IMALLY1 ,BURL+TON C\LD B5EFIT 5ORM\SLY FROM A MUNICIPALI/ POLITICAL MOVEM5T :OSE C&IDATES >E ULTIMATELY M&AT$ & RECALLABLE BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES4 ,I REF] NOT TO ! ,N,P,AS1 :I* >E ACTUALLY G]RYM&]$ W>D ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT TO ASSEMBLIES ?AT >E ROOT$ 9 AU!NTIC NEI<BORHOODS :]E ! CITIZ5RY %>ES COMMON ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 ,SU* NEI<BORHOODS EXI/ 9 ,BURL+TON1 AS !Y DO 9 MANY CITIES & T[NS ( ,AM]ICA4 ,BUT !Y HAVE BE5 %REWDLY AMALGAMAT$ ) O!R NEI<BORHOODS1 (T5 V]Y DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT]1 TO PRODUCE A MELANGE ( CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ?AT FAVOR OLIG>*IC CONTROL ( MUNICIPAL POLITICS4 

,!SE M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES--9 NO WAY TO BE CONFUS$ ) 0REPRES5TATIVES0 :O >E FREE TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS--C\LD 9ITIALLY =M A 0BO>D ( ALD]M50 OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 A C\NCIL ( ASSEMBLY DELEGATES TO P>ALLEL ! (FICIAL ALD]MANIC BO>D ITSELF4 ,! C\NCIL1 :ILE LEGALLY P[]LESS 9 ITS 9ITIAL PHASES1 C\LD EX]CISE A V]Y EFFECTIVE MORAL 9FLU5CE ON ! (FICIAL ,BO>D ( ,ALD]M5 UNTIL IT ACQUIRES 9CREAS+ LEGAL P[] ( ITS [N4 ,IT C\LD TRACK ! AG5DA & BUS9ESS ( ! (FICIAL BO>D 9 EV]Y DETAIL1 EXP& IT AT WILL1 OR *ALL5GE SU* LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ?AT IT F9DS UNSUITABLE 9 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IT C\LD RUN ITS [N REGUL> ALD]MANIC C&IDATES :O1 HOPEFULLY1 W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO ACT AS A VOICE = ! P>ALLEL C\NCIL )9 ! CITY ADM9I/RATION4 ,ALL ACTIONS ( ! C\NCIL1 9 TURN1 W\LD HAVE TO BE CONFIRM$ OR C\LD BE ALT]$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES SO ?AT EA* DELEGATE W\LD M]ELY BE ! REPOSITORY ( HIS OR H] ASSEMBLY'S VIEWS ON SPECIFIC ISSUES4 

,OPTIMALLY1 IT W\LD BE ! GOAL ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ASSEMBLY ,DELEGATES TO REPLACE ! ,BO>D ( ,ALD]M5 & 9/ITUTE G5U9E T[N-MEET+ DEMOCRACY 9 ,BURL+TON4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y1 FROM A /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE VIEWPO9T1 SU* A *ANGE W\LD AFFECT 9 ANY WAY ! NORMAL OP]ATIONS ( ! CITY4 ,! ONLY OBJECTION TO ?IS SY/EM ( SELF-GOV]NANCE ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$ IS ?AT IT IS 0TOO DEMOCRATIC10 NOT ?AT IT IS 0DISRUPTIVE40 ,SU* OBJECTIONS G5]ALLY IMPLY ?AT ! CITIZ5RY ( ! CITY IS 09COMPET5T0 TO DEAL ) PUBLIC MATT]S1 AN OBJECTION ?AT C\LD OBVI\SLY BE RAIS$ AGA9/ T[N-MEET+ GOV]NANCE ITSELF IF ITS C5TURIES ( SUCCESS W]E NOT COMPELL+ TE/IMONY TO ! CONTR>Y4 

,:AT ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ = ,BURL+TON C\LD EXI/ = ,V]MONT AS A :OLE4 ,ACTUALLY1 UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#fS1 /ATE GOV]NM5T 9 ,V]MONT WAS L>GELY RUN BY ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! /ATE'S ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES WAS *OS5 BY T[N%IPS1 RIOT BY ELECTORAL DI/RICTS BAS$ ON POPULATION NUMB]S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 L>GE ,V]MONT1 T[NS HAD TWO REPRES5TATIVES = EXAMPLE1 & SMALL COMMUNITIES HAD ONE4 ,T[NS ?US DIRECTLY CONTROLL$ ! ,H\SE1 NOT ANONYM\S VOT]S :O W]E DEMOGRAPHIC ALLY AGGLOM]AT$ TOGE!R ) NO POLITICAL ROOTS 9 A CIVIC COLLECTIVITY4 ,ADMITT$LY1 A SY/EM SO CON/RICT$ TO ONE OR TWO REPRES5TATIVES FROM A CITY OR T[N%IP FAVOR$ A M9ORITY ( VOT]S1 G5]ALLY RURAL AT ! EXP5SE ( URBAN POPULATIONS1 BUT POLITICS WAS CONDUCT$ 9 A MORE ORGANIC FA%ION ?AN IT IS TODAY4 ,T[N-MEET+ DISCUSSIONS FAVOR$ A DEC5T MEASURE ( PUBLIC CONS5SUS & WIDESPREAD PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 A RI*] POLITICAL PROCESS ?AN M]E 0VOT+40 ,VOT]S W]E NOT M]E SPECTATORS 9 A LEGISLATIVE DUEL CONDUCT$ 9 ! /ATE CAPITAL2 !Y CAME FAIRLY CLOSE TO BE+ DIRECT P>TICIPANTS 9 IT1 PLAC+ !IR REPRES5TATIVES UND] REGUL> PUBLIC REVIEW AT T[N MEET+S OR 9 ! DAILY LIFE ( !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,A #aiff ,U4,S4 ,SUPREME ,G\RT DECISION1 ! FAM\S 0ONE VOTE = ONE VOT]0 DECISION1 SWEPT ?IS /RUCTURE AWAY AS AN 0UNDEMOCRATIC0 >*AISM4 ,H[EV] FAULTY ! ORIG9AL SY/EM--FAULTS ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY BE5 CORRECT$ BY 9CREAS+ ! REPRES5TATION ( L>G] COMMUNITIES1 NOT BY ELIM9AT+ ?IS K9D ( REPRES5TATION COMPLETELY--,V]MONT]S W]E NOT R$UC$ TO A M]E ELECTORATE OR ITS POLITICALLY CONC]N$ PEOPLE TURN$ 9TO M]E CON/ITUQNTS44 

,F$]AL LAW PREEMPTS /ATE LAW--9 ,V]MONT1 ( C\RSE1 NO LESS ?AN O!R ,AM]ICAN /ATES1 AL?\< ! ,V]MONT ,S5ATE1 FROM ITS 9CEPTIOII E>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 ELECT$ FROM C\RITYWIDE VOT+1DI/RICTS4 ,H5CE1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* BO? SY/EMS1 ! /RICTLY ELECTORAL ONE AS WELL AS ! MUNICIPAL ONE1 COEXI/$ ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! /ATE'S HI/ORY &1 BALANC$ EA* O!R \T4 ,%ORT ( *ANG+ ! F$]AL ,CON/ITUTION ITSFELF1 !RE IS NO WAY 9 :I* ?IS BALANCE CAN BE RE/OR$ OR MADE MORE EQUITABLE4 ,NOR W\LD IT BE DESIRABLE = ANY LEGISLATIVE BODY TO /RUCTURE ITSELF >\ND A SY/EM ?AT PROVIDES ONE VOTE 9 ! ,H\SE = A1 SP>SELY POPULAT$ T[N%IP & ! SAME = ANO!R ?AT IS D5SELY POPULAT$4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y A ?IRD H\SE 9 ADDITION TO ! ,S5ATE & ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ ON A /ATEWIDE BASIS1 A ,C\NCIL ( ,ASSEMBLY ,DELEGATES1 FROM ALL ! T[N%IPS & CITIES ( ,V]MONT1 :I* W\LD FUNCTION AS A MORAL MONITOR ( ! (FICIAL /ATE LEGISLATURE4 ,?IS 0P>ALLEL0 E?ICAL SY/EM ( GOV]NANCE1 LEGITI9AT$ BY ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE 9 Y]MONT'S MUNICIPALITIES & CORRESPOND+ TO ! 0SECOND *AMB]0 9 ,BURL+TON'S CIVIC GOV]NM5T1 C\LD 05ACT0 ITS [N 0LAWS0 & ORD9ANCES@5 C>EFULLY SCRUT9IZIRIG1 CRITICIZ+1 & CORRECT+ LEGISLATION ?AT IS UND] CONSID]ATION 9 ! ,S5ATE & ,H\SE4 ,IT C\LD FUNCTION AS ! POPUL> VOICE ( ! CITIZ5RY >TICULAT$ 9TO COMMUNITIES RA!R ?AN ANONYM\S VOT]S4 ,NO LESS ?AN 9 ,BURL+TON1 ! DELEGATES ( SU* A /ATEWIDE C\NCIL C\LD BE M&AT$ & RECALLABLE BY ! COMMUNITIES FROM :I* !Y >E *OS51 & !IR *OICE W\LD BE MORE REFLECTIVE ( POPULATIORI DIFF]5CES ?AN ! ,H\SE ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! #aiff ,SUPREME ,C\RT DECISION4 

,I W\LD LIKE TO ADVANCE A MORE G5]AL >GUM5T3 FIR/LY1 ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( P>ALEGAL & MORALLY P[]FUL ASSEMBLIES ( DELEGATES FROM !1 T[N%IPS & CITIES ( ,V]MONT AS WELL AS )9 ! /ATE'S CITIES C\LD BEG9 TO CREATE A RADICALLY NEW POLITICAL CLIMATE1 ACTIVAT+ ,V]MONT'S CITIZ5S & PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C+ ! V]Y NATURE ( LEGISLATION & WAYS ( LEGISLAT+ 9 ! /ATE4 ,) A VISIBLY GRASS-ROOTS & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ASSEMBLY ( MUNICIPAL DELEGATES TRACK+ A LESS REPRES5TATIVE /ATE LEGISLATURE1 ,V]MONT'S POLITICS C\LD PROBABLY *ANGE 9 A V]Y CRUCIAL WAY4 ,GOV]NANCE BY LEGISLATIVE COMM&1 ) ITS PANOPLY ( P5ALTIES & CO]CION1 W\LD BEG9 TO YIELD TO GOV]NANCE BY MORAL SUASION1 ) ITS EVOCATION ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY & 9DIVIDUAL PROBITY4 ,/ATECRAFT1 :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 PREMIS$ ON ! PUBLIC'S 9COMPET5CE TO GOV]N ITSELF & ITS ULTIMATE REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE1 W\LD 9CREAS+LY GIVE WAY TO POLITICS ) ITS CLASSICAL VISION ( COMMUNITY LIFE AS AN E?ICAL COMPACT4 ,?IS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK1 :I* SEES HUMAN CONSOCIATION AS A DI/9CTLY HUMAN1 & HUMANE1 ATTRIBUTE ( 9DIVIDUAL SOCIALIZATION--SO M>K$LY 9 CONTRA/ TO ! EGOI/IC & 9T]E/-ORI5T$1 9DE$ DISCIPL9>Y IMAGE ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y PUBLIC SPH]E--W\LD M>K A HI<LY SIGNIFICANT TURN 9 ! WAY WE CONCEIVE ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY & ! P>TICIPATION ( ITS CITIZ5RY 9 ! POLITICAL PROCESS4 ,A DUAL /RUCTURE ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 P>ALLEL+ ! /ATE'S CONV5TIONAL LEGAL /RUCTURE1 C\LD OP5 A CREATIVE 9/ITUTIONAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! BODY POLITIC--ONE ?AT W\LD NOT ONLY C\NT]VAIL ! C5TRALIZ+ & DE/RUCTUR+ PROCESS ( URBANIZATION & GR[+ /ATE P[] BUT 9TRODUCE A NEW PR9CIPLE ( POLITICS BAS$ ON MORALITY AS WELL AS COOP]ATION & P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,SECONDLY1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO PO9T \T ?AT ! LEAP FROM LOCAL TO /ATEWIDE =MS ( MUNICIPAL CONTROL1 EV5 9 SO SMALL A /ATE AS ,V]MONT1 MAY WELL OP5 AN 9/ITUTIONAL GAP BETWE5 T[N & /ATE ?AT C\LD CREATE A PROBLEMATIC >EA = A HYBRIDIZ$ =M ( /ATECRAFT1 NEI!R POLITICAL NOR /ATI/--ONE ?AT W\LD VITIATE ! 5TIRE PROJECT ( A MORAL POLITICS4 ,:AT IS WOR? RECOGNIZ+ IS ?AT ! C\NTY SY/EM 9 ,V]MONT PROVIDES A REM>KABLE >5A NOT ONLY = CLOS+ ?IS /RUCTURAL GAP BUT ALSO = 5HANC+ ?IS NEW K9D ( POLITICS4 ,V]MONT'S SEV5TE5 C\NTIES1 PAT*$ TOGE!R BY !IR QUILTWORK ( NUM]\S T[N%IPS1 PROVIDE AN ALMO/ IDEAL JURISDICTIONAL UNIT = MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS1 EA* ( :I* C\LD BE UNIT$ BY ITS [N ,C\NTY ,CONF$]ATION ( ,MUNICIPALITIES & ORGANIZ$ 9 ALL ESS5TIALS LIKE ! C\NCILS ( ASSEMBLY DELEGATES )9 ! CITIES & ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ASSEMBLY ,DELEGATES = ! 5TIRE /ATE4 ,!SE C\NTYWIDE CONF$]ATIONS W\LD HAVE ! EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FUNCTION ( POOL+ ! RES\RCES ( ,V]MONT'S T[N%IPS & CITIES TO MA9TA9 ROADS1 S*OOLS1 PUBLIC L&S1 & PROVIDE MANY O!R VITAL S]VICES ?AT HAVE BE5 PREEMPT$ BY ! CONV5TIONAL /ATE GOV]NM5T & LEGITIMATE ITS 9CREAS+LY C5TRALIZ$ P[]S4 ,! C\NTYWIDE CONF$]ATIONS W\LD ?US NOT ONLY 5HANCE ! MORAL AU?ORITY ( ,V]MONT'S MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES & =M A CONNECT+ L9K BETWE5 ! T[N%IPS & !IR /ATEWIDE C\NCIL2 !Y W\LD BECOME ! ALL-IMPORTANT MAT]IAL REPOSITORY = RECLAIM+ ! F9ANCIAL CONTROL EX]CIS$ BY ! LEGISLATURE & EXECUTIVE BRAN* OV] VITAL S]VICES SU* AS ROAD MA9T5ANCE1 S]VICES ?AT CANNOT BE DEALT ) ALONE BY SMALL] COMMUNITIES 9 ! /ATE4 

,! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ,V]MONT'S ECONOMY W\LD HAVE TO OCCUR 9 PIECEMEAL /EPS1 ,I SUSPECT1 & ON MANY DIFF]5T LEVELS1 9DE$ 9 SU* A WAY AS NOT TO 9FR+E ON ! PROPRIET>Y RI<TS ( SMALL RETAIL \TLETS1 S]VICE E/ABLI%M5TS1 >TISAN %OPS1 SMALL F>MS1 LOCAL MANUFACTUR+ 5T]PRISES1 & ! LIKE4 ,RA!R1 ?IS PROCESS MI<T BEG9 AS A TRANSITIONAL MEASURE ) ! RECLAMATION ( PUBLIC L&S BY ! MUNICIPALITIES1 9DE$ :]E FUNDS EXI/ ) ! PUR*ASE ( SIZABLE 5T]PRISES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ?AT >E FAIL+ F9ANCIALLY & C\LD BE MANAG$ MORE EFFICI5TLY BY !IR WORK]S ?AN BY PR(IT-ORI5T$ 5TREPR5EURS4 ,! USE ( L& TRU/S AS A MEANS NOT ONLY = PROVID+ GOOD PUBLIC H\S+ BUT PROMOT+ SMALL-SCALE1 (T5 >TISANAL PRODUCTION W\LD OCCUPY A HI< PLACE ON ! AG5DA ( A MUNICIPALITY'S ECONOMIC PROGRAM4 ,COOP]ATIVES1 F>MS1 & SMALL RETAIL \TLETS W\LD BE FO/]$ ) MUNICIPAL FUNDS & PLAC$ UND] GR[+ PUBLIC CONTROL--A POLICY ?AT MI<T V]Y WELL COMM& GREAT] CONSUM] LOYALTY ?AN WE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D T[>D FAIL+ CORPORATE 5T]PRISES4 

,VIEW$ 9 A /ILL BROAD] P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT ?AT A MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T FO/] A NEW PSY*OLOGICAL AMBIANCE--A S5SE ( CIVIC LOYALTY & RESPONSIBILITY ?AT W\LD MAKE EA* CITIZ5 FEEL COMMITT$ TO ! SUCCESS ( A MORAL ECONOMY4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ! WELL-KN[N 0UND]GR\ND ECONOMY0 ?AT HAS REVIV$ B>T] & MUTUAL AID 9 ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES1 ! MUNICIPALITY'S CITIZ5S W\LD HAVE TO FEEL ?AT !Y HAVE A P]SONAL /AKE 9 ! COMMUNITY'S WELF>E4 ,?IS IS A FUNCTION ( CITIZ5 EMP[]M5T1 NOT ( POLITICAL RHETORIC4 ,A CITIZ5'S /AKE 9 A MORAL ECONOMY HAS TO BE REAL & VISIBLE 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! MUNICIPALITY'S ECONOMY HAS TO BE PUBLIC BUS9ESS 9 A HI<LY EXPRESSIVE & DEMOCRATIC =M--! SUBJECT ( VIGOR\S DISCUSSION 9 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES & T[N MEET+S1 ! OBJECT ( VOLUNT>Y S]VICES1 /EMM+ FROM A HI<LY P]SONALIZ$ KN[L$GE ( H[ ! ECONOMY IS FUNCTION+ AS WELL AS H[ IT CAN HE 5HANC$ BY GREAT] CITIZ5 P>TICIPATION4 

,A MORAL ECONOMY IS EI!R A MORAL 5T]PRISE ?AT IS GUID$ BY A G5U9E SPIRITUAL DESIRE TO CREATE ONE1 EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( /RICTLY ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 OR IT WILL DEG5]ATE 9TO ANO!R PR(IT-ORI5T$ & EXPLOITATIVE1 USE ( RES\RCES4 ,CITIZ5S :O >E NOT PREP>$ TO PAY HI<] PRICES TO SUPPORT SU* AN ECONOMY & VOLUNTE] !IR [N EF=TS ON ITS BEHALF >E NOT LIKELY TO BE PREP>$ = SELF-GOV]NANCE 94 ANY =M4 ,H5CE ! NE$ = A NEW MUNICIPAL POLITICS TO BECOME AN 9T5SELY $UCATIONAL & P>TICIPATORY EXP]I5CE AT EV]Y LEVEL ( CIVIC LIFE4 ,! APPALL+ FAILURE ( SO MANY 0PROGRESSIVE0 MOVEM5TS 9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,AM]ICA TO RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = CIVIC PAIDEIA 9 ! CLASSICAL MEAN+ ( ! T]M ACC\NTS = ! REPEAT$ COMPROMISES ?AT HAVE MADE ! H]OIC P]IODS ( !IR ADM9I/RATIONS SO LI/LESS & R\T9E AFT] A FEW YE>S 9 (FICE4 ,D\BTLESS1 A FULL >MAM5TORIUM ( ECONOMIC1 FISCAL1 & ADM9I/RATIVE DEVICES CAN BE PS$ TO MAKE A MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS WORKABLE2 = EXAMPLE1 ,PR\DHON'S VISION ( A 0,PEOPLE'S ,BANK0 ?AT WILL COLLECT FUNDS FROM ! POPULACE AT L>GE TO F9ANCE MUNICIPAL PROJECTS2 ! DIRECT SALE ( LOCALLY GR[N FOOD FROM F>M] TO CONSUM] ?AT WILL PROVIDE SPECIAL PRICE ADVANTAGES = BO?2 MORE B>T]1 COMPREH5SIVE MUTUAL AID NETWORKS1 & ! USE ( PUBLIC L& TO FO/] DOME/IC G>D5+--!SE >E ONLY SOME ( ! MANY POSSIBLE PROJECTS ?AT C\LD GIVE TANGIBILITY TO A MORAL ECONOMY4 ,! FO/]+ ( CIVIC VOLUNT>ISM1 SU* AS UNPAID PUBLIC EF=TS TO CON/RUCT COMMUNITY C5T]S1 P>KS1 SQU>ES1 & O!R /RUCTURES ?AT W\LD PROVIDE CITIZ5S ) PLACES = PUBLIC DISCUSSION & P]SONAL 9T]C\RSE1 & EF=TS TO COLLECT FUNDS 7A SORT ( VOLUNT>Y TAXATION1 IF Y\ LIKE7 TO BEAUTIFY & IMPROVE ! COMMUNITY--ALL CAN BE VIEW$ AS MORAL *ALL5GES TO ! CITIZ5RY'S CIVIC PROBITY & ITS COMMITM5T TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ITS [N COMMUNITY4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE EF=TS OR PROJECTS >E LIKELY TO SUCCE$ IF A NEW POLITICS IS NOT $UCATIONAL1 9DE$ IF IT IS NOT A NEW =M ( CIVIC 5LI<T5M5T ?AT *ALL5GES ! CITIZ5RY TO TAKE CONTROL ( ITS [N COMMUNITY4 

,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT ?IS CIVICISME1 AS ! ,FR5* CALL$ IT TWO C5TURIES AGO1 CAN NO LONG] FL\RI% 9 AN URBANIZ$ WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 SO EXT5SIVELY COMMODIFI$ & P]MEAT$ BY A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,BUT IT MAY WELL BE ?AT PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! DEEP FRU/RATION ?IS URBANIZ$ & COMMODIFI$ WORLD HAS PRODUC$1 ! WILL TO CREATE A NEW POLITICS1 CITIZ5%IP1 ECOLOGICALLY VIABLE HABITAT1 & MUNICIPAL ECONOMY LIES DIRECTLY BEL[ ! SURFACE ( CONV5TIONAL BEHAVIOR AS WE KN[ IT TODAY1 WAIT+ TO BREAK ?R\< IF CREATIVE & IMAG9ATIVE ALT]NATIVES >E DEVELOP$4 ,MU* ( ?IS BOOK CONSI/S PRIM>ILY ( ACC\NTS DRAWN MA9LY FROM ! PA/ ?AT DEMON/RATE H[ ! HIDD5 ASPIRATIONS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE WELL$ UP & EXPLOD$ 9TO P[]FUL LOCALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT PR(\NDLY R$EF9$ POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP 9 WAYS ?AT EMPHASIZ$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! COMMUNITY OV] ! /ATE & SELF-EMP[]M5T OV] /ATECRAFT4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! MO/ HUMAN ( IMPULSES1 ! NE$ = CONSOCIATION & COMMUNITY SUPPORT1 CAN BE IRRETRIEVABLY CA/ 9TO A LIMBO FROM :I* !RE IS NO R$EMPTION4 ,9DE$1 ONCE RELEAS$1 ?IS IMPULSE (T5 T5DS TO SURGE =W>D BEYOND ALL ! PRESCRIB$ B\ND>IES WE NORMALLY IMPOSE UPON IT4 ,IF /ATE P[] BEGETS /ATE P[]1 SO TOO DOES SELF-GOV]NANCE BEGET SELF-GOV]NANCE4 ,IT HAS SELDOM FAIL$ ?AT :ATEV] P[] PEOPLE GA9 FROM ! /ATE1 ! /ATE1 9 TURN1 LOSES 9/ITUTIONALLY AS WELL AS LEGITIMATELY4 ,A HI/ORIC V]DICT ?AT WILL F9ALLY PLACE ! /ATE OV] ! MUNICIPALITY HAS YET TO BE R5D]$ CONCLUSIVELY4 ,! GREAT] DANG] WE1 FACE IS ?AT EV5 ?OSE LOCALI/S MO/ COMMITT$ 9 !ORY MAY HAVE LO/ ! EXI/5TIAL COMMITM5T TO TURN !IR VISIONS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,SWEEP+ AS URBANIZATION MAY BE TODAY1 IT HAS /ILL NOT SWEPT ! IDEAL ( ! FREE1 CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ MUNICIPALITY FROM ! AG5DA ( HI/ORY--& AS LONG AS IT EXI/S !RE1 IT IS SOME?+ DEV\TLY WOR? FI<T+ =4 

,NEV] HAS IT BE5 SO NECESS>Y TO PLACE EV]Y 9NOVATIVE PRACTICE 9 ! LI<T ( A VISION>Y E?ICAL IDEAL4 ,IRONICALLY1 ?IS IS ! GREAT $GE ?AT REACTION HAS OV] PROGRESS3 ITS %REWD EMPHASIS ON E?ICS & MATT]S ( SPIRIT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY MEAN+LESS AS WELL AS MAT]IALI/IC WORLD4 ,IT HAS BE5 NOT$ ,) IRONY ?AT ,NAZISM A*IEV$ MU* ( ITS SUCCESS AMONG ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE A HALF C5TURY AGO NOT BECAUSE ( ANY ECONOMIC PANACEAS IT (F]$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ITS COMPETITORS FROM ! C5T] & LEFT BUT BECAUSE ( ITS MY?IC IDEAL ( NATIONHOOD1 COMMUNITY1 & SOCIAL REG5]ATION4 ,9 MORE REC5T TIMES1 REACTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,AM]ICA HAVE WON MILLIONS TO !IR CAUSE ON SU* MORAL GR\NDS AS ! 9TEGRITY ( ! FAMILY1 RELIGI\S DOGMA1 ! R5EWAL ( PATRIOTISM1 & ! RI<T TO LIFE--A MESSAGE1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT HAS BE5 CON/RU$ NOT ONLY AS A NE$ = ANTIABORTION LEGISLATION BUT AS A HYPO/ASIZATION ( ! SACR$NESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BORN AS WELL AS UNBORN4 

,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 LIB]AL & RADICAL CAUSES >E /ILL MIR$ 9 ECONOMI/IC & PRODUCTIVI/IC PANACEAS4 ,!IR MORAL MESSAGE1 ONCE A HEI<T5$ PLEA = SOCIAL JU/ICE1 HAS GIV5 WAY 9CREAS+LY TO /RICTLY MAT]IAL DEM&S4 ,F> MORE ?AN ! RI<T1 :I* AV[S EGOISM EV5 AS IT EMPHASIZES COMMUNITY VIRTUES1 ! POLITICAL MIDDLE GR\ND & ! LEFT AV[ A SOLID B\RGEOIS GOSPEL ( BREAD ON ! TABLE & MONEY 9 ! BANK4 ,! SPIRITUAL EMPT9ESS ?AT A M>KET SOCIETY PRODUCES 9 SU* L>GE NUMB]S ( ,AM]ICANS HAS L>GELY CEAS$ TO BE A PROBLEM ( ! V]Y PEOPLE :O PR(ESS TO OPPOSE ?AT SOCIETY1 A FAILURE 9 E?ICAL VISION ?AT HAS LEFT !M ISOLAT$ & PUZZL$4 

,! WORD 0MORAL0 MU/ BE REPEAT$--NOT AS RHETORIC TO MAT* ! CLAIMS ( REACTION BUT AS ! FELT SPIRITUAL UND]P9N+S ( A NEW SOCIAL VISION4 ,IT MU/ BE REPEAT$ NOT AS P>T ( A PATRONIZ+ S]MON BUT AS A LIV+ PRACTICE ?AT PEOPLE 9CORPORATE 9TO !IR P]SONAL LIVES & !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,! VACUITY & TRIVIALITY ( LIFE TODAY MU/ BE FILL$ PRECISELY BY ?OSE VISION>Y IDEALS ?AT SU/A9 ! HUMAN SIDE ( LIFE AS WELL AS ITS MAT]IAL SIDE1 OR ELSE ! COORD9ATES BY :I* ! FUTURE %\LD BE GUID$ WILL TOTALLY DISAPPE> 9 ?AT COMMODITY ORI5T$ WORLD WE CALL ! 0M>KETPLACE ( IDEAS40 ,! MORE S]I\S 9DEC5CY ( ?IS 0M>KETPLACE0 IS ?AT !SE IDEALS WILL BE TURN$ 9TO OBJECTS--M]E COMMODITIES--?AT WILL LACK EV5 ! VALUE ( ?+S WE NE$ TO SU/A9 US4 ,!Y WILL BECOME ! M]E ORNAM5TS NE$$ TO G>NI% AN 9H]5TLY ANTIHUMAN & ANTIECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E MORAL 9TEGRITY AS SU* & ! SIMPLE SOCIAL AM5ITIES ?AT FO/] HUMAN 9T]C\RSE4 

,A MUNICIPAL AG5DA TO C\NT]VAIL URBANIZATION & ALL ?AT IT SIGNIFIES IS NOT A M]E PROGRAM1 SU* AS WE EXPECT FROM RIVAL P>TIES & ELECTORAL COALITIONS4 ,PROGRAMS1 :E!R 0GRE50 OR 0R$10 RADICAL OR LIB]AL1 >E %OPP+ FI/S ( DEM&S1 PRECISELY SUIT$ = ?AT 0M>KETPLACE ( IDEAS0 WE HAVE MISNAM$ 0POLITICS40 ,!Y >E IDEOLOGICAL AG5TS = EFFAC+ CRUCIAL DIFF]5CES 9 \TLOOK4 ,! NE$ = ?9K+ \T IDEAS & GIV+ !M COH]5CE1 :I* ALONE IMP>TS MEAN+ TO AN AG5DA = A NEW MUNICIPAL POLITICS1 IS LO/ & 9 ?AT LOSS IS REPLAC$ BY ! *AOS ( IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION4 ,A CRANKY PLURALISM REPLACES A /]N APPRECIATION ( FOCUS$ ?9K+2 A CONFUS$ ECLECTICISM REPLACES ! NE$ = :OL5ESS1 CL>ITY1 & CONSI/5CY4 ,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T & MOVEM5TS = A NEW POLITICS HAVE BE5 PLAGU$ BY ?IS 9DIGE/IBLE F>E = DECADES1 A PROBLEM ?AT HAS GR[N EV5 WORSE DUE TO ! CULTURAL ILLIT]ACY ?AT PLAGUES ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 

,ANY ATTEMPT TO C\NT]VAIL URBANIZATION & REPLACE IT ) A NEW POLITICS & AU!NTIC CITIZ5%IP MU/ NOT ONLY BE A MOVEM5T = E?ICAL R5EWAL1 CLE>LY FOCUS$ 9 ITS ANALYSIS & GOALS2 IT MU/ ALSO BE A MOVEM5T ?AT HAS A S5SE ( 0HOME10 AS IT W]E1 AS WELL AS A S5SE ( MISSION4 ,MO/ MOVEM5TS ?AT D]IVE FROM ! LIB]AL C5T] OR ! LEFT >E NOTABLE = !IR LACK ( ANY ROOTS 9 TRADITIONS ?AT >E DE> TO ,AM]ICANS OR >TICULATE ! BE/ 9 !IR HI/ORY4 ,GIV5 ! EMPHASIS ( !SE MOVEM5TS ON C5TRALISM1 PLANN+1 COORD9ATION1 & MASS MOBILIZATION1 !Y /& 9H]5TLY AT ODDS ) A CREATIVE ,AM]ICAN LEGACY ?AT =MULAT$ ITS IDEALS ( FRE$OM >\ND DEC5TRAFISM1 POPUL> 9ITIATIVE1 CONF$]ATION1 & 9DIVIDUALISM--IDEALS ?AT ADMITT$LY CAN BE DEGRAD$ BY MANIPULATIVE REACTION>IES = AU?ORIT>IAN 5DS BUT CAN ALSO BE 5L>G$ & GIV5 A MORE RESPONSIVE1 HUMANI/IC MEAN+ = MORE EMANCIPATORY GOALS4 ,?AT DEC5TRAFISM CAN MEAN LOCAL P>O*IALISM1 EV5 RACISM2 CONF$]ATION1 A D5IAL ( ANY RATIONAL COORD9ATION ( RES\RCES & S]VICES2 & 9DIVIDUALISM1 A PSY*OLOGY ( RAMPANT EGOTISM--ALL >E SIMPLY ! MO/ NEGATIVE WAY ( VIEW+ A CON/ELLATION ( NOTIONS :OSE LOGIC CAN YIELD G5U9E FRE$OM4 ,?AT !SE V]Y IDEALS ( FRE$OM GUID$ ! RADICAL MOVEM5TS ( H]ETICAL ,*RI/IANITY C5TURIES AGO1 N\RI%$ ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS 9 A MORE REC5T TIME1 9SPIR$ ! ,COMMUN>DS ( #a#h#g#a1 & SURFAC$ AGA9 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS AS WELL AS AMONG V>I\S CITIZ5S' & CIVIC MOVEM5TS DUR+ ! PA/ TWO G5]ATIONS %\LD BE 5\< TO GIVE ! MO/ SECT>IAN RADICALS PAUSE BE=E D5\NC+ !M4 ,IT REMA9S TO ! GREAT CR$IT ( E>LY POPULISM1 NOT ONLY 9 ,AM]ICA BUT 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 EMBELLI%$ BY !IR [N AN>*I/IC TRADITIONS1 TO HAVE EXTRACT$ ! DIAMOND ( RADICALISM FROM ! RUBBI% HEAP ( REACTION4 ,A NEW POLITICS & S5SE ( CITIZ5%IP 9 ,AM]ICA /ILL AWAITS A MOVEM5T ?AT CAN OCCUPY ITSELF ) ! DIFFICULT PROCESS ( SEP>AT+ ! JEWEL FROM ITS MATRIX & MAK+ IT GLITT] AS IT ONCE DID4 

,IT WILL NOT DO TO LIVE ON A DIET ( HAT+ ,AM]ICA BECAUSE ( ITS ADV5TURES ABROAD OR ITS MI/REATM5T ( E?NIC M9ORITIES AT HOME ANY MORE ?AN IT WILL DUE TO IMMUNIZE ! C\NTRY FROM CRITICISM BY DRESS+ IT 9 A FLAG & P]V]T+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ORIG9S 9 A /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE A F> MORE WOR?Y & HI/ORICALLY S\ND 5T]PRISE TO DIS5GAGE ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! C\NTRY SU* AS ITS T[N MEET+S & ITS ,BILL ( ,RI<TS FROM A V]Y MI/AK5 NOTION ?AT !Y >E1 5TANGL$ ) ! 0B\RGEOISIE10 :ATEV] ?IS WORD MEANS !SE DAYS4 ,! WORDS 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 TURN HI/ORY 9TO A CAN>D3 ! REAL B\RGEOISE ( ! PA/ NEV] FAVOR$ DEMOCRACY 9 ANY =M4 ,A MORE SE>*+ ACC\NT ( ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( TWO C5TURIES AGO REVEALS ?AT !Y W]E COMMITT$ PRIM>ILY TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y & ONLY RESIGN$ !MSELVES TO AN OLIG>*IC =M ( REPUBLICANISM :OSE MODEL WAS S5ATORIAL ,ROME4 ,IT WAS ! PEOPLE1 (T5 ( V>I$ CLASS ORIG9S1 :O FOI/$ ! LIB]TIES WE 5JOY TODAY ON ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 CLASSES ?AT CONSI/5TLY TRI$ TO P]V]T !M & >E /ILL 9 ! BUS9ESS ( P]V]T+ !M4 ,TRAGICALLY2 REACTION HAS BE5 P]MITT$ TO APPROPRIATE ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 & GIVE IT A *AUV9I/IC MEAN+ :ILE LIB]ALS >ID RADICALS HAVE MOCK$ IT1 DEGRAD+ IT 9 !IR [N WAY = 5DS ?AT >E (T5 NO LESS AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ?OSE ( !IR OPPON5TS4 

,YET ?IS 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 HAS MANY FACES1 & IT /ILL REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R ITS MO/ LIB]ATORY1 VISION>Y1 & UTOPIAN ASPECTS WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! CR$O ( A NEW POLITICS4 ,ONE FACE ( ! DREAM WAS BORN 9 YEOMAN ,NEW ,]IGL&1 :]E COMMUNITY ACQUIR$ ASC5DANCY OV] PRIVATISM2 9DIVIDUALITY OV] EGOTISM2 DEC5TRALISM OV] ! CONC5TRATION ( P[]2 DIRECT DEMOCRACY OV] REPUBLICANISM4 ,ANO!R FACE WAS BORN 9 ! C[BOY WE/1 :]E ! PRIVATISM ( ! RUGG$LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC 0LONE RID]0 WAS HYPO/ASIZ$ OV] ! 0F5CE-RE>+0 F>M] & HIS FAMILY2 :]E EGOISM WAS 5CLOS$ BY ! P]IMET] ( ! LONELY CAMPFIRE2 :]E TO BE >M$ WAS A TOK5 NOT ( ! FREE CITIZ5 BUT ! M>AUD+ GUN SL+]2 & :]E SOCIAL *AOS PREVAIL$ OV] DEMOCRACY & REPUBLICANISM1ALIKE4 ,/ILL ANO!R FACE ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 WAS ADD$ BY ! LATE-COM+ IMMIGRANT = :ORRI ,AM]ICAN CITIES W]E NOT ONLY REFUGES FROM ,EUROPEAN OPPRESSION BUT1 AS ! MAXIM HAS IT1 :]E 0! /REETS W]E PAV$ ) GOLD40 ,?IS FACE FEATUR$ NO P>TICUL> VIRTUES BEYOND P]SONAL SECURITY FROM >BITR>Y RULE & MAT]IAL WELL-BE+4 ,HI/ORY HAS SCRAMBL$ !SE FACES TOGE!R SO ?AT !Y N[ APPE> A BLUR1 NOT A UNIFI$ TRADITION 9 :I* ONE FACE /&S AT ODDS ) ! O!RS4 

,A MUNICIPAL AG5DA ?AT DOES NOT PIECE TOGE!R ! EMANCIPATORY FEATURES ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 SU* ?AT ?IS AG5DA CAN SPEAK 9 A CLE> & UNQUALIFI$ VOICE TO ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE WILL NOT BE WOR? ! PAP] ON :I* IT IS WRITT54 ,AM]ICANS1 NO LESS ?AN ,EUROPEANS1 MU/ RECOV]1 A :OLE ?AT HAS BE5 S]V$ UP TO !M 9 FRAGM5TS3 !IR HI/ORY AS A /ORY ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 NOT M]ELY AS ! HI/ORY ( ! FRE$OM ( PROP]TY1 TRADE1 & ! UNBRIDL$ EGOISM ( GRE$4 ,= DECADES1 SOCIAL 9NOVATORS HAVE TALK$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE 9 ,G]MAN 7,M>X71 ,RUSSIAN 7,L5971 ,*9ESE 7,MAO71 ,VIETNAMESE 7,HO ,*I ,M9H71 9DE$ 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y LANGUAGE BUT ,5GLI%--:I* IS TO SAY1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( TRADITIONS & 0ISMS0 ?AT >E L>GELY 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ,AM]ICANS4 ,AN E?ICAL & VISION>Y CASE CAN N[ BE MADE1 P]HAPS MORE ?AN AT ANY TIME BE=E1 ?AT COMMUNITY1 9DIVIDUALITY1 DEC5TRALISM1 & DIRECT DEMOCRACY >E IDEOLOGICALLY MORE 0HOMELIKE0 ?AN 0RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM10 EGOISM1 GUN SL++1 & *AOS4 ,>RI]ICANS HAVE WELCOM$ ?IS YEOMAN ,AM]ICAN MESSAGE EAG]LY--AS ! CYNICAL RI<T & ONE ( ! C\NTRY'S OLDE/ PRESID5TS HAVE CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$--ONLY TO SEE IT BETRAY$ 9TO A C[BOY P>ODY4 ,!Y NO LONG] BELIEVE ?AT !IR 0/REETS >E PAV$ ) GOLD10 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! IMMIGRANT G5]ATION ?AT ACCEPT$ ?IS MY? HAS ALREADY PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY4 ,! POLITICAL L&SCAPE IS OP5 AGA9 = ! REVIVAL ( A DREAM ?AT EMPHASIZES COMMUNITY1 DEC5TRALISM1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,! YE>N+ TO R5D] IT APPLICABLE TO A MOD]N ,AM]ICA IS 9T5SE1 IF ONLY IT CAN BE PROP]LY >TICULAT$ & E>NE/LY ADVANC$4 ,IT WILL BE AN UNP>DONABLE FAILURE 9 POLITICAL CREATIVITY IF A MOVEM5T ?AT PR(ESSES TO SPEAK = A NEW POLITICS DOES NOT TRY TO OCCUPY ?AT L&SCAPE BUT RA!R1 9 A SELF-9DULG5T 0HATE ,AM]ICA0 MOOD1 DEB>KS TO A 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 IDEOLOGICAL <ETTO ABROAD ) %RIEKS AB\T ! ''MAD DOGS ( IMP]IALISM10 SN>L+ P]PETUALLY AT ITS MO/ NATURAL ALLIES AT HOME--! ORD9>Y CITIZ5 DESICCAT$ BY HIS OR H] [N SPIRITUAL POV]TY4 

,NOR CAN A NEW POLITICS IGNORE ! MO/ ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTE ( ?AT DREAM3 ITS MOLECUL> NATURE & ITS GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T FROM NEI<BORHOOD & T[N TO C\NTY & REGION4 ,DREAMS >E MORE ?AN P>TY PLAT=MS1 :I* >E NORMALLY VIOLAT$ OR IGNOR$4 ,ATTEMPTS TO RECON/RUCT AN AU!NTIC POLITICS--NOT ANO!R 5SEMBLE ( /ATECRAFT TE*NIQUES--9VOLVE A REMAK+ ( ! BODY POLITIC ITSELF3 POLITICS CONCEIV$ AS ! RECOV]Y ( CITIZ5%IP & CIVIC $UCATION4 ,?IS K9D ( POLITICS HAS AN ALMO/ CELLUL> =M ( GR[?1 A PROCESS ?AT 9VOLVES ORGANIC PROLIF]ATION & DIFF]5TIATION SU* AS ?AT ( A *ILD 9 A WOMB4 ,TO 05G9E]0 A POLITICS 9TO EXI/5CE ! WAY ONE PUTS TOGE!R AN AUTOMOBILE 5G9E ) ITS 5G9E BLOCK1 GASKETS1 CYL9D]S1 SP>K PLUGS1 & ! LIKE IS TO DESECRATE ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0POLITICS10 ITSELF1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! DISDA9 IT EXHIBITS = ! HUMAN FREI<T ?AT ?IS 5G9E IS MEANT TO BR+ TO POLL+ BOO?S & ! 0CITIZ5RY0 OR 0VOT]S0 IT IS MEANT TO MOBILIZE4 ,UNTIL ! SOCIAL 9NOVATORS ( \R DAY DISC>D ! NOTION ?AT ! 0POLITICAL PROCESS0 IS A MATT] ( MOBILIZATION RA!R ?AN $UCATION1 ( *>ISMATIC LEAD]S RA!R ?AN P>TICIPATORY CITIZ5S1 ( 0BREAD-ON-!-TABLE0 PANACEAS RA!R ?AN VISION>Y IDEALS *>G$ ) E?ICAL MEAN+1 !IR POLITICS1 F> FROM BE+ 0NEW10 WILL BE ! OLD AU?ORIT>IAN /ATECRAFT G>NI%$ ) M]E RHETORIC4 

,A NEW POLITICAL AG5DA IS NECESS>ILY A MUNICIPAL AG5DA--OR IT IS NEI!R AN AG5DA = REMAK+ SOCIETY NOR POLITICS 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! LIV+ CELL :I* =MS ! BASIC UNIT ( POLITICAL LIFE IS ! MUNICIPALITY FROM :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE MU/ EM]GE3 CONF$]ATION1 9T]DEP5D5CE1 CITIZ5%IP1 & FRE$OM4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO PIECE TOGE!R ANY POLITICS--OLD OR NEW--UNLESS WE BEG9 ) ITS MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS3 ! VILLAGES1 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES 9 :I* PEOPLE LIVE ON ! MO/ IMM$IATE LEVEL ( POLITICAL 9T]DEP5D5CE1 ! ONLY LEVEL ?AT IS ! NEXT /EP BEYOND PRIVATE LIFE4 ,IT IS ON ?IS LEVEL ?AT !Y CAN BEG9 TO GA9 A FAMILI>ITY ) ! POLITICAL PROCESS1 A PROCESS ?AT 9VOLVES A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN 0VOT+0 & 09=MATION0--A T]M ?AT HAS BECOME ! MOD]N SUB/ITUTE = WISDOM4 ,IT IS ON ?IS LEVEL ?AT !Y CAN GO BEYOND ! PRIVAT5ESS & P>O*IALISM ( FAMILY LIFE--A LIFE ?AT IS CELEBRAT$ = ITS 9W>DNESS & SECLUSION--& IMPROVISE ?OSE PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MAKE = P>TICIPATION & CONSOCIATION4 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS FROM ! MUNICIPALITY ?AT PEOPLE CAN RECON/ITUTE !MSELVES FROM ISOLAT$ MONADS 9TO A CREATIVE BODY POLITIC & CREATE AN EXI/5TIALLY VITAL1 9DE$ PROTOPLASMIC1 CIVIC LIFE ?AT HAS 9/ITUTIONAL =M AS WELL AS CIVIC CONT5T3 ! BLOCK COMMITTEES1 ASSEMBLIES1 NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS1 COOP]ATIVES1 CITIZ5S' ACTION GR\PS1 & PUBLIC >5A = DISC\RSE ?AT GO BEYOND SU* EPISODIC ACTS AS DEMON/RATIONS & RETA9 A LIV$ AS WELL AS ORGANIZ$ CONT9UITY4 ,TO IGNORE ?IS IRR$UCIBLE CIVIC UNIT ( POLITICAL LIFE IS TO PLAY *ESS )\T A *ESSBO>D1 = IT IS H]E ?AT ! COORD9ATES EXI/ = PLAY+ ! GAME 9 ITS MO/ DIRECT1 BASIC1 & 9TIMATE S5SE4 

,I HAVE TRI$ 9 ?IS BOOK TO =MULATE A BODY ( IDEAS ?AT HAVE MEAN+ = ! POLITICAL RE/RUCT+ ( \R TIMES1 NOT ANO!R H&BOOK ?AT (F]S RECIPES = H[ TO MAKE A 0REVOLUTION0 9 ONE'S BACKY>D OR FRONT LAWN4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO SUGGE/ A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO MODIFICATION1 EXT5SION1 & A DEC5T REG>D = ! GREAT V>IETY ( NE$S ?AT DI/+UI% ONE COMMUNITY FROM ANO!R1 NOT A BLUEPR9T ?AT DOGMATIZES & RIGIDIFIES ! IDEA ( FRE$OM 9TO AN 9FLEXIBLE CR$O4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT SEEK TO R>IFY ?IS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( CIVICISM 9TO A M]E 9TELLECTUAL DUEL ) AB/RACT PHILOSOPHIES ?AT /& 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,?IS BOOK HAS BE5 ?OR\<LY 9=M$ BY HI/ORY--NOT BECAUSE ,I SEEK LIV$ 0PREC$5TS0 = TRU?S ?AT DES]VE TO RE/ ON !IR [N 9TR9SIC WOR? RA!R ?AN 0EXP$I5CY0 OR1 TO USE :AT HAS BECOME A SYNONYM = ?AT T]M1 0EFFICI5CY40 ,POLITICAL LIFE IS NOT LEGITIMAT$ BY H[ WELL IT 0WORKS40 ,IF IT W]E1 TOTALIT>IANISM C\LD BE MORE SUCCESSFULLY LEGITIMAT$ BECAUSE IT IS G5]ALLY MORE 0EFFICI5T0 ?AN DEMOCRACY1 JU/ AS BUS9ESS TE*NIQUES >E MORE 0EFFECTIVE0 ?AN ?AT 0WA/EFUL0 PROCESS 9VOLV$ 9' DEBATES & FREE =MS ( DECISION MAK+4 ,D\BTLESS1 0TIME IS MONEY10 BUT FRE$OM IS A WAY ( LIFE ?AT EV5 MONEY CANNOT BUY--OR C]TA9LY %\LD NOT4 

,MY REC\RSE TO HI/ORY & TO SPECULATIONS AB\T MY [N COMMUNITY1 ,BURL+TON1 & ITS ,V]MONT SETT+ IS PRIM>ILY AN 5DEAVOR TO %[ ?AT LIV+ HUMAN BE+S1 NOT !IR SCI5CE-FICTION REPLICAS1 ACTUALLY 5GAG$ 9 & CONT9UE TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 A POLITICAL PROCESS ?AT MAY 9ITIALLY SEEM VISION>Y :5 IT IS PRES5T$ AB/RACTLY4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT \R CONTEMPOR>Y M>KET SOCIETY2 ONLY ?REE OR F\R DECADES OLD AT BE/1 & \R TWO-C5TURIES-OLD M>KET ECONOMY W]E PREC$$ BY A F> MORE MIX$ SOCIETY & ECONOMY1 POSSIBLY F\R C5TURIES OLD1 ?AT PHAS$ \T ( A RIGIDLY /RUCTUR$ FEUDALWORLD1 LAT] TO PHASE 9TO A *AOTICALLY DE/RUCTUR$ CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,:AT M5 & WOM5 HAVE DONE 9 ! PA/ &1 9 SOME DEGREE1 CONT9UE TO DO TODAY CAN C]TA9LY BE RECOV]$ AGA94 ,!SE PEOPLE W]E NO LESS REAL ?AN WE--ALL RHETORIC AB\T ! FIXIDITY ( HUMAN NATURE TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+2 ,IF !Y W5T FROM A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ WORLD ?R\< A C5TURIES-LONG 0TRANSITION0 =M$ >\ND A HI<LY MIX$1 ALMO/ ECOLOGICAL ECONOMY & SOCIETY1 TO A V]Y REC5T DE/RUCTUR$ M>KET SOCIETY1 :O IS TO SAY :I* ( ! ?REE IS M]ELY 0TRANSITIONAL10 0CLIMATIC10' OR CON/ITUTES EVID5CE ( A /EADY ASC5T 9 HI/ORY8 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT \R PRES5T-DAY M>KET SOCIETY IS EVID5CE ( SOCIAL REGRESSION1 NOT ( SOCIAL PROGRESS2 9DE$ ?AT ! 9SANE PROLIF]ATION ( COMMODITY RELATION%IPS ?AT EMBODIES ALL HUMAN TIES 9 M]E OBJECTS CON/ITUTES A CANC] ( SOCIAL LIFE AS SU*1 NOT1 AS ,M>X W\LD HAVE IT1 A 0PRECONDITION0 = A FREE SOCIETY 9 AN IDEALIZ$1 ,EUROC5TRIC IMAGE ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 

,?IS BOOK HAS ALSO BE5 9=M$ BY ANO!R BELIEF3 P[] ?AT IS NOT RETA9$ BY ! PEOPLE IS P[] ?AT IS GIV5 OV] TO ! /ATE4 ,CONV]SELY1 :ATEV] P[] ! PEOPLE GA9 IS P[] ?AT MU/ BE TAK5 AWAY FROM ! /ATE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO 9/ITUTIONAL VACUUM :]E P[] EXI/S3 IT IS EI!R 9VE/$ 9 ! PEOPLE OR IT IS 9VE/$ 9 ! /ATE4 ,:]E ! TWO 0%>E0 P[]1 ?IS CONDITION IS ONLY TEMPOR>Y & EXTREMELY PREC>I\S4 ,SOON] ( LAT]1 ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY >ID ITS DE/9Y WILL EI!R %IFT T[>D ! PEOPLE & !IR COMMUNITIES AT ITS BASE OR ! PR(ESSIONAL PRACTITION]S ( /ATECRAFT AT ITS SUMMIT4 ,ONLY IF ! :OLE PYRAMIDAL /RUCTURE IS DISMEMB]$ & TURN$ FROM A V]TICAL HI]>*Y 9TO A HORIZONTAL ECOCOMMUNITY--MODEL$ MORE ON :AT ECOLOGI/S DIAGRAM AS A 0FOOD WEB0 ?AN A 0FOOD PYRAMID0 7) HUMANS 9V>IABLY AT ITS APEX7--WILL ! ISSUE ( P[] & DOM9ATION AS SU* DISAPPE> & BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ BY P>TICIPATION & ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 

,P[]1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS REAL1 9DE$ SOLID & TANGIBLE1 NOT ONLY AS SPIRITUAL & PSY*OLOGICAL4 ,TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT P[] IS A MUSCUL> FACT ( LIFE IS TO DRIFT FROM ! VISION>Y 9TO ! E!REAL & MISLEAD ! PUBLIC AS TO ITS CRUCIAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 AFFECT+ SOCIETY'S DE/9Y4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT IF P[] IS TO BE REGA9$ BY ! PEOPLE FROM ! /ATE1 ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY MU/ BE DEPR(ESSIONALIZ$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT MU/ BE SIMPLIFI$ & R5D]$ TRANSP>5T1 9DE$1 CLE>1 ACCESSIBLE1 & MANAGEABLE SU* ?AT MO/ ( ITS AFFAIRS CAN BE RUN BY ORD9>Y CITIZ5S4 ,?IS NOTION1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON AMATEURISM AS DI/+UI%$ FRORN PR(ESSIONALISM1 IS NOT NEW4 ,IT =M$ ! BASIS ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE = G5]ATIONS4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS SO ABLY PRACTIC$ ?AT SORTITION RA!R ?AN ELECTION =M$ ! BASIS ( ! POLIS'S DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS TO RESURFACE AGA9 REPEAT$LY1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! V]Y SIMPLE CON/ITUTION WRITT5 BY ,V]MONT'S YEOMANRY TWO C5TURIES AGO1 A CON/ITUTION ?AT IS /ILL NOTABLE = ! BREVITY ( ITS >TICLES & ! M9IMAL AM\NT ( /ATUTE LAW ?AT CLO!S IT4 

,P[] IS ALSO A SOLID & TANGIBLE FACT TO BE RECKON$') MILIT>ILY1 NOTABLY 9 ! UBIQUIT\S TRU? ?AT ! P[] ( ! /ATE OR ! PEOPLE EV5TUALLY REPOSES 9 =CE4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! /ATE HAS P[] DEP5DS UPON :E!R OR NOT ! /ATE EX]CISES A MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 :E!R OR NOT ! PEOPLE HAVE P[] DEP5DS UPON :E!R OR NOT IT IS >M$ & CREATES ITS [N GRASS-ROOTS MILITIA1 NOT ONLY TO GU>D ITSELF FROM CRIM9ALS OR 9VAD]S BUT ALSO FROM ! EV]-5CROA*+ P[] ( ! /ATE ITSELF4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ! ,A!NIAN & ,V]MONT YEOM5 KNEW ONLY TOO WELL ?AT A PR(ESSIORIAL MILIT>Y WAS A ?REAT TO LIB]TY & ! /ATE WAS A VEHICLE = DIS>M+ ! PEOPLE4 

,A TRUE CIVICISM ?AT TRIES TO CREATE AN AU!NTIC POLITICS1 AN EMP[]$ CITIZ5RY1 & A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD BE A VULN]ABLE PROJECT 9DE$ IF IT FAIL$ TO REPLACE ! POLICE1 ! PR(ESSIONAL >MY1 EV5 ?AT PS]IDOMILITIA1 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 ) AN AU!NTIC MILITIA1 A CIVIC GU>D1 COMPOS$ ( ROTAT+ PATROLS = POLICE PURPOSES & WELL-TRA9$ CITIZ5 MILIT>Y CONT+5TS = DEAL+ ) EXT]NAL DANG]S TO FRE$OM4 ,GREEK DEMOCRACY W\LD NEV] HAVE SURVIV$ ! REPEAT$ ASSAULTS ( ! ,GREEK >I/OCRACY )\T ITS MILITIA ( CITIZ5 HOPLITES1 ?OSE FOOT SOLDI]S :O C\LD ANSW] ! CALL TO >MS ) !IR [N WEAPONS & ELECT$ COMM&]S4 ,! TRAGIC HI/ORY ( ! /ATE'S ASC5DANCY OV] AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 EV5 ! HI/ORY ( ! RISE ( OLIG>*Y )9 FREE CITIES ( ! PA/1 IS ! /ORY ( >M$ PR(ESSIONALS :O COMM&E]$ P[] FROM UN>M$ PEOPLES OR DIS>M$ !M PRESUMABLY 7AS SO MANY LIB]ALS W\LD HAVE IT TODAY7 FROM ! 0HAZ>DS0 ( DOME/IC & NEI<BORHOOD 0%OOT\TS40 ,TYPICALLY1 ?IS IS ! C[BOY OR 0GUNSL+]S0 IMAGE ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM10 (T5 CYNICALLY IMPOS$ ON ITS MORE TRADITIONAL YEOMAN FACE4 

,BEYOND ! IMM$IATE AG5DA I HAVE PRES5T$ ?US F> LIES ANO!R ONE3 A POLITICAL WORLD 9 :I* ! /ATE AS SU* WILL F9ALLY BE REPLAC$ BY A CONF$]AL NETWORK ( MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES2 ! CORPORATE ECONOMY R$UC$ TO A TRULY POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES1 9T]ACT+ ) EA* O!R ECONOMICALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY1 WILL RESOLVE !IR MAT]IAL PROBLEMS AS CITIZ5 BODIES 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES1 NOT SIMPLY AS PR(ESSIONALS1 F>M]S1 & BLUE- OR :ITE-COLL> WORK]S4 ,NOT ONLY WILL !Y !N TRANS=M !MSELVES FROM OCCUPATIONAL BE+S 9TO PUBLIC BE+S1 BUT !Y WILL CREATE A WORLD 9 :I* ALL WEAPONS CAN 9DE$ BE BEAT5 9TO PL[%>ES & ULTIMATELY A HUMAN ECOCOMMUNITY ?AT WILL BE EXQUISITELY TAILOR$ PSY*OLOGICALLY & SPIRITUALLY AS WELL AS TE*NOLOGICALLY1 >*ICTECTURALLY1 & /RUCTURALLY TO ! NATURAL ECO-COMMUNITIES ?AT COMPOSE \R PLANET4 

,I W\LD HOPE ?AT SU* AN AG5DA W\LD (F] AN IMAGE ( A NONHI]>*ICAL AS WELL AS A CLASSLESS COMMUNITY 9 :I* DIFF]5TIATION1 NATURAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL1 IS RESPECT$ )\T ?AT DIVISIVE S5SE ( 0O!RNESS0 ?AT HAS PRODUC$ SU* DISA/R\S EFFECTS--ON \R RELATION%IP ) \R [N K9D & ! LIFE =MS ?AT %>E ! PLANET ) US4 

,?IS SECOND AG5DA = A MORE DI/ANT FUTURE EMBODIES ! 0ULTIMATE0 VISION ,I HAVE ELABORAT$ 9 GREAT] DETAIL 9 MY PREVI\S WRIT+S4 ,ITS A*IEVEM5T CAN NO LONG] BE SE5 AS A SUDD5 0REVOLUTION0 ?AT )9 A BRIEF SPAN ( TIME WILL REPLACE ! PRES5T SOCIETY ) A RADICALLY NEW ONE4 ,ACTUALLY1 SU* REVOLUTIONS NEV] REALLY HAPP5$ 9 HI/ORY AS ! LITANY ( !IR FAILURES SO DRAMATICALLY REVEALS4 ,EV5 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* RADICALS HAVE SEIZ$ UPON AS A 0P>ADIGM0 ( SUDD5 SOCIAL *ANGE1 WAS G5]ATIONS 9 PREP>ATION & DID NOT COME TO ITS 5D UNTIL A C5TURY LAT]1 :5 ! LA/ ( ! SANS CULOTTES W]E VIRTUALLY EXT]M9AT$ ON ! B>RICADES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,NOR CAN !RE BE ANY MY? TODAY ?AT B>RICADES >E MORE ?AN SYMBOLS & A CIVIC GU>D IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A FIR/ /EP T[>D DIS>M+ ! /ATE1 A FEEBLE /EP AT ?AT1 ALBEIT A CRUCIAL ASS]TION ( :]E ! 0MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE0 %\LD REALLY REPOSE--IF VIOL5CE CAN BE MITIGAT$ 9 A WORLD ?AT IS OV]/OCK$ ) NUCLE> BOMBS4 ,:AT L9KS MY M9IMAL AG5DA TO MY ULTIMATE ONE IS A PROCESS1 AN ADMITT$LY LONG DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS & TRADITIONS ( FRE$OM >E SL[LY 5L>G$ & EXP&$4 0,REVOLUTION0 ORIG9ALLY MEANT ! RE/ORATION (4TRADITIONAL RI<TS 9 ! CONTEXT ( A *ANG$ WORLD1 A LEGITIMATION ( EMANCIPATION BY ! P[] & DIGNITY ( TRADITION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 WE MU/ TRY TO DEMOCRATIZE ! REPUBLIC1 A CALL ?AT (T5 IS SIMPLY DEF5SIVE & CONSI/S ( PRES]V+ & EXP&+ FRE$OMS WE HAVE E>N$ C5TURIES AGO TOGE!R ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT GIVE !M REALITY4 ,= ! FUTURE IT MEANS ?AT WE MU/ RADICALIZE \R DEMOCRACY1 IMP>T+ A UTOPIAN & CREATIVE CONT5T TO ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS WE HAVE RESCU$4 ,ADMITT$LY1 AT ?AT PO9T WE WILL HAVE MOV$ FROM A C\NT]VAIL+ POSITION ?AT TRIES TO PLAY \R DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS AGA9/ ! /ATE 9TO AN AGGRESSIVE ATTEMPT TO REPLACE ! /ATE ) MUNICIPALLY BAS$ CONF$]AL /RUCTURES4 ,IT IS TO BE DEV\TLY HOP$ ?AT BY ?AT TIME1 ! /ATE P[] ITSELF WILL HAVE BE5 HOLL[$ \T 9/ITUTIONALLY BY LOCAL OR CIVIC /RUCTURES1 9DE$ ?AT ITS V]Y LEGITIMACY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS AU?ORITY AS A CO]CIVE =CE1 WILL SIMPLY LEAD TO ITS COLLAPSE 9 ANY P]IOD ( CONFRONTATION4 ,IF ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ CAN BE US$ TO PROVIDE US ) EXAMPLES ( H[ SO MAJOR A %IFT IS POSSIBLE1 IT W\LD BE WELL TO REMEMB] ?AT SEEM+LY ALL-P[]FUL MON>*IES ?AT ! REPUBLICS REPLAC$ TWO C5TURIES AGO W]E SO D5UD$ ( P[] ?AT !Y CRUMBL$ RA!R ?AN 0FELL0 MU* AS A MUMMIFI$ CORPSE TURNS TO DU/ AFT] IT HAS BE5 SUDD5LY EXPOS$ TO AIR4 

,ANO!R ULTIMATE VISION ALSO FACES US3 ONE 9 :I* URBANIZATION WILL SO COMPLETELY DEV\R ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AT ! WORD 0COMMUNITY0 WILL BECOME AN >*AISM2 A M>KET SOCIETY FILT]+ 9TO ! MO/ PRIVATE RECESSES ( \R LIVES AS 9DIVIDUALS & EFFAC+ ALL S5SE ( P]SONALITY1 MU* LESS 9DIVIDUALITY2 A /ATE ?AT WILL NOT ONLY R5D] POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP A MOCK]Y ( !SE WORDS BUT A MAW ?AT WILL ABSORB ! V]Y NOTION ( FRE$OM ITSELF4 

,?IS 0VISION10 IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$1 IS /ILL SUFFICI5TLY REMOV$ FROM \R MO/ IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE SO ?AT ITS REALIZATION CAN BE >RE/$ BY ?OSE C\NT]VAIL+ =CES--?AT DUAL P[]--,I HAVE \TL9$ 9 ! PREVI\S PAGES4 ,GIV5 ! P]SI/5T DE/RUCTUR+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS WELL AS ! SOCIAL1 MORE ?AN HUMAN FRE$OM & AUTONOMY >E 9 ! BALANCE4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( NUCLE> REACTORS1 LIKE ?AT ( NUCLE> WEAPONS1 IS A REM9D] ?AT WE >E REA*+ A PO9T ( ALMO/ COSMIC F9ALITY 9 \R AFFAIRS ON ?IS PLANET2 ?AT ! RECOV]Y ( AN AU!NTIC POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP IS NOT ONLY A PRECONDITION = A FREE SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ALSO A PRECONDITION = \R SURVIVAL AS A SPECIES4 ,HANG+ OV] US IS ! %AD[ ( A COMPLETELY DE/RUCTUR$ & SIMPLIFI$ NATURAL WORLD AS WELL AS A COMPLETELY DE/RUCTUR$ & SIMPLIFI$ URBAN WORLD--A NATURAL WORLD SO OSSIFI$ & DIVE/$ ( ITS V>IETY ?AT WE1 LIKE ALL O!R COMPLEX LIFE =MS1 WILL BE UNABLE TO EXI/ AS VIABLE BE+S4 

.<#a.> ,SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7,PALO ,ALTO3 ,*E%IRE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#b71 PP4 #f#b-#h#h 

.<#b.> ,H[ P>ADOXICAL CAN BE JUDG$ BY ! FACT ?AT 0/ATIFI$0 IS A WORD ,I HAVE HAD TO CREATE = MY [N NE$S TO D5OTE ! EXT5T ( ! /ATE'S P5ETRATION 9TO SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,IT DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE4 ,?IS T]M1 :I* ,I US$ EXT5SIVELY 9 MY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 PRODUC$ NUM]\S TIFFS ) A D$ICAT$ $ITOR & REPEAT$ MISPR9TS ) A KN[L$GEABLE PR9T]4 

.<#c.> ,QUITE (T51 9 FACT1 ! WORD POLIS1 = :I* !RE IS NO COMP>ABLE T]M 9 ,5GLI%1 IS TRANSLAT$ AS /ATE4 

.<#d.> ,I USE ! WORD 0CIVILIZ$0 ?R\<\T ?IS BOOK TO MEAN LIT]ALLY ! WORLD ( ! CIVITAS OR CITY 9 ! BROAD ,LAT9 S5SE ?IS T]M WAS US$1 NOT 9 ANY CULTURALLY PEJORATIVE S5SE4 ,READ]S ( MY BOOK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 WILL KN[ ?AT ! WORD D5OTES NO MONUM5TAL ADVANCE 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION OV] SO-CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES--AP>T FROM C]TA9 TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC AM5ITIES ?AT MAY HAVE LI<T5$ HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL BURD5S4 

.<#e.> ,LIT]ALLY1 POLITEA4 ,! WORD REPUBLIC--! ,LAT9 = RES PUBLICA1 LIT]ALLY PUBLIC ?+S--HAS NO MEAN+ OR ANALOG 9 ,GREEK1 &1 9 ?IS WRIT]'S VIEW1 NO PLACE 9 ! TITLE ( ,PLATO'S FAM\S DIALOGUE4 

.<#f.> ,= A MORE DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! DECL9E ( ,ROME & ! PROBLEMS ! EMPIRE CREAT$1 ! READ] %\LD READ MY BOOK1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#c1 PP4 #c#b-#c#e74 

.<#g.> ,?IS IS A FEATURE ?AT EXI/$ EV5 9 ,NEW ,YORK DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 :I* ,I DI/9CTLY RECALL AS A Y\NG MAN4 ,?IS GREAT CITY1 AT ONE TIME AN AGGLOM]ATION ( A ?\S& E?NICALLY UNIQUE NEI<BORHOODS1 SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 /OPP$ 9 TIME1 = A G5]ATION OR TWO1 & CREAT$ MU* ! SAME DEGREE ( NEI<BORHOOD LOYALTIES & DI/9CTIVE ACC5TS4 ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$ SU* DIFF]5CES 9 ,NEW ,ORLEANS TODAY1 AL?\< !Y >E RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+4 ,! EM]G5CE ( CIVIC V>IETY1 LOYALTY1 & CULTURAL DIV]SITY EV5 9 MOD]N ,AM]ICAN CITIES IS AN IMPORTANT !ME TO :I* WE %ALL RETURN LAT] 9 ?IS BOOK1 & ! CONSEQU5CES ( ITS LOSS WILL BE FULLY EXPLOR$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( CONTEMPOR>Y URBANIZATION4 

.<#h.> ,FRANCE1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 HAD EXT5D$ ITS NEWLY ADOPT$ DECAD5AL METRIC SY/EM FROM WEI<TS1 MEASURES1 L5G?S1 & >EAS DIRECTLY 9TO ! CAL5D> ) ! RESULT ?AT A WEEK WAS MEASUR$ 9 T5 DAYS4 ,?IS DID NOT DISPLEASE ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 :I* WAS ONLY TOO GLAD TO HAVE A LONG] WORK WEEK ?AN EXI/$ UND] ! OLD] RELIGI\S CAL5D>4 

.<#i.> ,H5CE MY /RONG OBJECTIONS TO ! WAY ,EUROPEAN1 P>TICUL>LY ,G]MAN1 CITY CONF$]ACIES >E TREAT$ 9 ! MA9/REAM HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE ( ! TIME1 P>TICUL>LY BY ,TOYNBEE & ,MUM=D4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S >E /ILL EXCEPTIONAL = !IR SYMPA?Y1 AL?\< !Y >E NOT GIV5 SUFFICI5T ATT5TION 9 HIS WORK4 

.<#a.> ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT GRA91 ?AT ALL-IMPORTANT IMPORT ( ! ,GREEK CITIES & ,ROME1 WAS NOT A MAJOR /APLE 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 & ALONG ,EUROPEAN WAT] R\TES4 ,BUT ! 9L& TRANSPORTATION ( GRA9 BY C>TS WAS QUITE SECOND>Y TO LUXURY OBJECTS ONCE WE LOOK BEYOND A REGIONAL ECONOMY 9 ,EUROPE4 

.<#a#a.> ,I F9D IT FASC9AT+ ?AT SO MANY RADICALS1 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S ALIKE1 ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY RALLY TO ! SUPPORT ( SMALL-SCALE F>M]S AGA9/ AGRIBUS9ESS & SMALL FAMILY 5T]PRISES AGA9/ GIANT SUP]M>KETS1 ?IS DESPITE !IR HO/ILITY TO PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ANY K9D4 ,AM]ICANS SEEM TO SUSPECT ?AT DOME/IC =MS ( SOCIETY1 H[EV] PROP]TI$1 >E A DESID]ATUM 9 !MSELVES & FO/] 9DIVIDUALITY 9 A MASS SOCIETY4 ,?IS ,JEFF]SONIAN LEGACY ACTS AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9]TIAL ELEM5TS AGA9/ ! FULL COLONIZATION ( SOCIETY BY CORPORATIONS & BIG BUS9ESS1 EV5 ?\< ITS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT 9 ! MAK+ ( ! FREE CITY & FREE CITIZ5 HAS NOT BE5 FULLY UND]/OOD2 SO1 TOO1 = \R APPRECIATION ( CRAFTSMAN%IP4 

.<#a#b.> ,PUT BLUNTLY3 !RE WAS NO 0TRANSITION0 FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM 9 ! SIMPLE S5SE PRES5T$ BY MO/ ,M>XI/ & LIB]AL HI/ORIANS & !ORI/S4 ,NOR IS IT TRUE TO SAY ?AT CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ 0)9 ! WOMB0 ( FEUDALISM & !N 0EM]G$0 AS A DOM9ANT SOCIAL ORD] ?R\< A S]IES ( 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS0 :OSE 0P>ADIGM0 IS ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#i#d 79 ! VIEW ( SOME HI/ORIANS1 ! SPAN ( ! REVOLUTION IS EXP&$ TO 9CLUD$ ! ,NAPOLEONIC ]A1 NOTABLY UP TO #a#h#a#d674 ,! REM>KABLY MIX$1 DIV]SIFI$1 & COMPLEX SOCIETY ?AT IS (T5 PRES5T$ TO US AS A 0TRANSITIONAL P]IOD0 WAS1 9 FACT1 AN ]A 9 ITS [N RI<T ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY CAN DESCRIBE & 9T]PRET MORE 9SI<TFULLY ?AN ECONOMI/IC 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT ! VIEW ( ?IS REM>KABLE ]A AS M]ELY 0TRANSITIONAL0LEADS TO A HO/ ( ]RORS1 P>TICUL>LY ITS DEPICTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A & ITS DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS AS 0B\RGEOIS10 AN IMAG]Y ?AT MAKES CAPITALISM A SY/EM MORE COMMITT$ TO FRE$OM1 OR EV5 ORD9>Y CIVIL LIB]TIES1 ?AN IT WAS HI/ORICALLY4 

.<#a#c.> ,?IS ,I BELIEVE PROBABLY ACC\NTS = ,K>L ,M>X'S /RONGLY PRODUCTIVI/ BIAS 9 ECONOMIC !ORY OV] ! MORE CONSUMPTIONI/ BIASES ( CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMI/S4 ,M>X1 ,I BELIEVE1 WAS QUITE CORRECT :5 HE PO9T$ \T ?AT UND] CAPITALISM1 AT LEA/1 IT WAS PRODUCTION ?AT CREAT$ DEM&1 NOT DEM& ?AT CREAT$ PRODUCTION1 AL?\< !RE IS AN OBVI\S 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! TWO AT A SURFACE LEVEL ( ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,:]E HE WAS MO/ LACK+ WAS 9 HIS FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ! CULTURAL CON/RA9TS ?AT LIMIT$ PRODUCTION & PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ ! VULN]4 ABILITY ( A SOCIETY TO TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ANCI5T SOCIETY WAS ALWAYS A MY/]Y TO HIM1 & ITS DEVELOPM5T WAS (T5 EXPLA9$ 9 SURPRIS+LY CONV5TIONAL WAYS4 

.<#a#d.> ,?AT ,5GELS'S COMMITM5T TO A H>% CONCEPT ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 9DE$1 ! :OLE ,M>XI/ !ORY ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM10 WAS MEANT TO SLAP NOT ONLY ! FACE ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM BUT ALSO ( ! HI< SPIRIT ( ,EUROPEAN ROMANTICISM IS AN ISSUE ?AT HAS YET TO BE FULLY EXPLOR$4 ,GRAY BECAME A FAVORITE COLOR ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM AS P>T ( ITS DELIB]ATE 5DEAVOR TO DIS5*ANT ! WORLD & RELEGATE ! PA/1 ) ALL ITS HUMANE AS WELL AS B>B>\S TRADITIONS1 TO A HI/ORICAL 0JUNK HEAP40 ,EV5TUALLY SOCIALISM1 LIKE ,PURITANISM1 WAS TO BE DEPRIV$ ( ALL ITS E?ICAL CONT5T & TURN$ 9TO A DOCTR9E V]Y MU* LIKE ! EGOI/IC POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 

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