,*APT] #d 
,! ,IDEAL ( ,CITIZ5%IP 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,F\R3 ,! ,IDEAL ( ,CITIZ5%IP 

  

,IF ! CITY MAKES IT POSSIBLE = US TO S+LE \T POLITICS AS A UNIQUE SPH]E ( SELF-GOV]NANCE ?AT IS NEI!R SOCIAL NOR /ATI/1 ! CITIZ5 AS ! VIABLE SUB/ANCE ( ?IS UNIQUE SPH]E MAKES IT POSSIBLE'TO UNDO ! CONFUSION ?AT BL5DS !SE V]Y DI/9CT SPH]ES 9TO A COLLAGE ( OV]LAPP+ T]MS & BLURR$ MEAN+S1 ,= IT IS 9 ! CITIZ5--9 HIS OR H] ACTIVITY AS A SELF-GOV]N+ BE+--?AT6 ! POLITICAL SPH]E BECOMES A LIV+ REALITY ) ! FLE% & BLOOD ( A PALPABLE BODY POLITIC4 

,! ,GREEKS MAY HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ PEOPLE TO GIVE US A CLE> IMAGE ( ! CITIZ5 9 ANY POLITICALLY 9TELLIGIBLE S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,TRIBAL PEOPLES =M SOCIAL GR\PS--FAMILIES1 CLANS1 P]SONAL & COMMUNITY ALLIANCES1 SORORAL & FRAT]NAL CLUBS1 VOCATIONAL & TOTEMIC SOCIETIES1 & ! LIKE2 ,!Y MAY ASSEMBLE REGUL>LY TO EXAM9E & DECIDE COMMUNAL AFFAIRS--C]TA9LY A NASC5T =M ( POLITICS--BUT ! ISSUES ?AT CONFRONT !M R>ELY DEAL ) WAYS & MEANS ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES4 ,CU/OM PLAYS A P>AM\NT ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR NORMS = COMMUNITY MANAGEM5T2 DISC\RSE1 BEYOND1 DIRECT >GUM5TATION1 OCCUPIES A PLACE SECOND>Y TO ! 5ORM\S AU?ORITY ( PREC$5CE & LONG-E/ABLI%$ ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URES4 ,NOR IS ?IS APPROA* TO BE DISDA9$ AS TRIVIAL OR 0PRIMITIVE_/' ,GR\P SAFETY & /ABILITY REQUIRE ?AT ! COMMUNITY PRES]VE ! OLD1 WELL-TE/$ WAYS ( LIFE1 ( EXP$ITI\SLY APPLY+ & MODIFY+ TIME-HONOR$ & SECURE /RUCTURES ( GR\P MANAGEM5T4 ,! K9 RELATION%IP =MS ! SOCIAL TISSUE ( ?IS GOV]N+ BODY1 :E!R ! BLOOD TIE BE REAL OR FICTITI\S4 ,RELIGI\S BELIEF1 TOO1 MAY PLAY A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE1 AS ,FU/EL DE ,C\LANGES HAS >GU$4 

,BUT POLITICS AS A CREATIVE & RATIONAL >5A ( DISC\RSE ) ITS VA/LY 9NOVATIVE POSSIBILITIES = %AP+ & BOND+ WIDELY DISP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS IS ONLY LAT5T 9 TRIBAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,IT /ILL HAS A DOME/IC *>ACT] ) P[]FUL FAMILIAL BIASES ?AT EXCLUDE ! /RANG]4 ,TRIBAL ASSEMBLIES ( PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES 9VOKE ! PA/ POLITICAL ASSEMBLIES ( FREE CITIZ5S CREATE A FUTURE4 ,! =M] T5DS TO BE HI<LY CONS]VATIVE2 ! LATT]1 HI<LY 9NOVATIVE4 ,IF ! TWO W]E JUXTAPOS$ ) EA* O!R1 WE W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO CONTRA/ CU/OM TO REASON1 PREC$5T TO A S5SE ( FUTURITY1 K9%IP TIES TO CIVIC TIES1 MY?OPOEIA TO E?ICS4 ,9 WAX+ 5?USIA/ICALLY OV] ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ?AT EXI/$ V]Y E>LY 9 ,MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES1 ,H5RI ,FRANK=T DECL>$ ?AT ! ASSEMBLY =M 0IS A MAN-MADE 9/ITUTION OV]RID+ ! NATURAL & PRIMORDIAL DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO FAMILIES & CLANS4 ,IT ASS]TS ?AT HABITAT1 NOT K9%IP1 DET]M9ES ONE'S AFF9ITIES4 ,! CITY1 MOREOV]1 DOES NOT RECOGNIZE \TSIDE AU?ORITY4 ,IT MAY BE SUBJECT$ BY A NEI<BOR OR A RUL]1 BUT ITS LOYALTY CANNOT BE WON BY =CE1 = ITS SOV]EIGNTY RE/S ) ! ASSEMBLY ( ITS CITIZ5S40_<#a#e_> 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !SE CONTRA/S >E SO ABSOLUTE ?AT !Y POL>IZE ! TRIBAL ASSEMBLY AGA9/ ITS CIVIC C\NT]P>T4 ,A!NIAN CITIZ5%IP1 BAS$ ON A CIVIC MY? ?AT ALL CITIZ5S %>$ A COMMON ANCE/RY1 BECAME HI<LY P>O*IAL BY ,P]IKLES'S TIME4 ,= A WELL-E/ABLI%$ RESID5T ALI5 OR METOIKOS 7METICS7 TO BECOME A CITIZ5 ( ! POLIS WAS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,D\BTLESS1 ,A!NIANS KNEW ?AT ,SOLON1 A C5TURY E>LI]1 (F]$ ! LURE ( ,A!NIAN CITIZ5%IP TO ALL SKILL$ CRAFTSM5 :O W]E WILL+ TO MIGRATE FROM V>I\S P>TS ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN TO ,A!NS4 ,& ,KLEIS!NES1 A G5]ATION REMOV$ FROM ,P]IKLES1 P]MITT$ MANY METICS TO BECOME CITIZ5S 9 HIS DAY4 ,A!NIAN CITIZ5%IP1 CONCEIV$ AS A =M ( /ATUS BAS$ ON BLOOD TIES1 WAS A %AKY AFFAIR AT BE/4 ,BUT UND] ,P]IKLES1 ! BODY POLITIC BEHAV$ LIKE AN OV]SIZE M$IEVAL GUILD4 ,= PAT5TLY SELF-S]V+ REASONS1 IT SIMPLY CLOS$ ITS DOORS TO \TSID]S :O MI<T /AKE A REASONABLE CLAIM TO ! PRIVILEGES AF=D$ BY ! CORPORATE COMMUNITY4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ! IMP$IM5TS ,A!NIANS RAIS$ TO CITIZ5%IP 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4 W]E NOT DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT MOD]N NATION /ATES PLACE 9 ! WAY ( IMMIGRANTS & ALI5 RESID5TS4 

,! ,GREEK CITIZ5 IDEAL1 H[EV]1 DIFF]$ V]Y PR(\NDLY FROM ! MOD]N4 ,IT WAS NOT SIMPLY SOME SPECI\S MY? ( %>$ H]$ITY ?AT UNIT$ CITIZ5S ( ! POLIS ) EA* O!R BUT A PR(\NDLY CULTURAL CONCEPTION ( P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T--! ,GREEK NOTION ( PAIDEIA4 ,PAIDEIA IS NORMALLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% AS $UCATION1 A T]M ?AT IS NOTABLE = ITS SP>S5ESS & LIMITATIONS4 ,TO ! ,GREEKS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,A!NIANS1 ! WORD MEANT CONSID]ABLY MORE4 ,! $UCATION ( A Y\NG MAN 9VOLV$ A DEEPLY =MATIVE & LIFE-LONG PROCESS :OSE 5D RESULT MADE HIM AN ASSET TO ! POLIS1 TO HIS FRI5DS & FAMILY1 & 9DUC$ HIM TO FIVE UP TO ! COMMUNITY'S HI<E/ E?ICAL IDEALS4 ,! ,G]MAN WORD1 BILDUNG1 ) ITS COMB9$ MEAN+S ( *>ACT] DEVELOPM5T1 GR[?1 5CULTURATION1 & AN WELL-R\ND$ $UCATION 9 KN[L$GE & SKILLS1 MORE APPROPRIATELY D5OTES :AT ! ,GREEKS MEANT BY PAIDEIA ?AN ANY WORD WE HAVE 9 ,5GLI%4 ,IT EXPRESSES A CREATIVE 9TEGRATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO HIS 5VIRONM5T1 A BALANCE ?AT DEM&S A CRITICAL M9D ) A WIDE-RANG+ S5SE ( DUTY4 ,! ,GREEK WORD1 >ETE1 :I* 9 ,HOM]IC TIMES D5OT$ ! W>RIOR ATTRIBUTES ( PR[ESS & VALOR1 WAS EXT5D$ BY ! CLASSICAL ]A TO MEAN GOODNESS1 VIRTUE1 & EXCELL5CE 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,PAIDEIA & >ETE >E 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$--NOT AS MEANS & 5DS BUT AS A UNIFI$ PROCESS ( CIVIC- & SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,EXCELL5CE 9 PUBLIC LIFE WAS AS CRUCIAL TO AN ,A!NIAN'S *>ACT] DEVELOPM5T AS EXCELL5CE 9 HIS P]SONAL LIFE4 ,! POLIS WAS NOT ONLY A TREASUR$ 5D 9 ITSELF2 IT WAS ! 0S*OOL0 9 :I* ! CITIZ5'S HI<E/ VIRTUES W]E =M$ & F\ND EXPRESSION4 ,POLITICS1 9 TURN1 WAS NOT ONLY CONC]N$ ) ADM9I/]+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! POLIS BUT ALSO ) $UCAT+ ! CITIZ5 AS A PUBLIC BO+ :O DEVELOP$ ! COMPET5CE TO ACT 9 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4  
PAIDEIA1 9 EFFECT1 WAS A =M ( CIVIC S*OOL+ AS WELL AS P]SONAL TRA9+4 ,IT ROOT$ CIVIC COMMITM5T 9 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D1  
PHILIA1 & A DEEP S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,! MOD]N NOTION ( 0POLITICS0 AS A =M ( MANAG]IAL 0EFFICI5CY0 OR ( $UCATION AS ! M]E ACQUISITION ( KN[L$GE & SKILLS W\LD HAVE SEEM$ PITIFUL TO AN ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 ( CLASSICAL TIMES4 ,A!NIANS ASSEMBL$ AS AN EKKLESIA NOT ONLY TO =MULATE POLICIES & MAKE JUDGM5TS2 !Y CAME TOGE!R TO MUTUALLY $UCATE EA* O!R 9 ! ABILITY TO ACT JU/LY & EXP& !IR CIVIC IDEALS ( RI<T & WRONG4 ,! 0POLITICAL PROCESS10 TO USE A MOD]N CLI*E1 WAS NOT /RICTLY 9/ITUTIONAL & ADM9I/RATIVE2 IT WAS 9T5SELY PROCESSUAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT POLITICS WAS AN 9EXHAU/IBLE1 EV]YDAY 0CURRICULUM0 = 9TELLECTUAL1 E?ICAL1 & P]SONAL1 GR[?--PAIDEIA ?AT FO/]$ ?JS ABILITY ( CITIZ5S TO CREATIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 TO BR+ !IR BE/ ABILITIES TO ! S]VICE ( ! POLIS & ITS NE$S1 TO 9TELLIG5TLY MANAGE !IR PRIVATE AFFAIRS 9 ,ACCORDANCE ) ! HI<E/ E?ICAL /&>DS ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,?IS 0CALL+0 TO CIVIC & P]SONAL EXCELL5CE WAS MORE ?AN A FAMILY RESPONSIBILITY'OR AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =M ( P]SONAL TRA9+4 ,BY CLASSICAL TIMES1 ,A!NIANS :O C\LD AF=D !M HAD TUTORS APL5TY--RHETORICIANS TO TEA* !M ! >TS ( P]SUASION2 PHILOSOPH]S & LOGICIANS TO 9/RUCT !M 9 WISDOM & CONSI/5CY ( ?\<T2 ELD]S TO PROVIDE !M ) ! 9H]IT$ LORE ( !IR FAMILIES1 CIVIC TRADITIONS1 & MODELS ( BEHAVIOR2 GYMNASIA 9 :I* TO TRA9 & CONTROL !IR BODIES OR LE>N M>TIAL >TS2 C\RTS TO %APE !IR FACULTIES = JUDGM5T2 &1 9 TIME1 !  
EKKLESIA 9 :I* TO =MULATE CRUCIAL POLICIES ?R\< DISC\RSE & DEBATE4 ,BUT EV]Y POLIS1 BE IT A G>RISON-/ATE SU* AS ,SP>TA OR A DEMOCRACY SU* AS ,A!NS1 PROVID$ A V>IETY ( PUBLIC SPACES 9 :I* CITIZ5S C\LD GA!R ON MORE 9TIMATE T]MS1 (T5 DAILY1 TO DISCUSS PUBLIC & PRACTICAL AFFAIRS4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE SPACES1 ! AGORA1 :I* ,M4 ,I4 ,F9LEY CALLS ! 0T[N SQU>E10 WAS AN 9=MAL MEET+ GR\ND 9 ! PEOPLE C\LD BE ASSEMBL$ :5 NE$$4_<#a#f_> ,BY ,P]IKLES' TIME1 ! ,A!NIANS W]E TO %IFT ! =MAL ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE--! EKKLESIA--TO A HILLSIDE 7! ,PNYX71 BUT1 AS ,F9LEY NOTES1 ! AGORA ORIG9ALLY MEANT A 0GA!R+ PLACE10 LONG BE=E IT WAS 9VAD$ BY %OPS1 /ALLS1 & TEMPLES4 

,! AGORA PROVID$ ! 9DISP5SIBLE PHYSICAL SPACE = TURN6+ CITIZ5S HIP FROM A P]IODIC 9/ITUTIONAL RITUAL 9TO A LIV+1 EV]YDAY PRACTICE4 ,HOME WAS ! PLACE 9 :I* ONE ATE1 SLEPT1 & T5D$ TO ! DETAILS ( PRIVATE LIFE4 ,BUT ! ,GREEKS G5]ALLY HELD ?IS PRIVATE WORLD 9 SMALL E/EEM4 ,LIFE WAS AU!NTICALLY LIV$ 9 ! OP5 PUBLIC SPACE ( ! AGORA1 :]E ! CITIZ5S DISCUSS$ BUS9ESS AFFAIRS1 GOSSIP$1 MET FRI5DS--NEW & OLD--OCCASIONALLY PHILOSOPHIZ$1 & ALMO/ C]TA9LY 5GAG$ 9 VIGOR\S POLITICAL DISCUSSION4 ,P]IKLES C\LD BE WAYLAID !RE BY BADG]+ CRITICS AS SURELY AS ,SOKRATES C\LD BE DRAWN 9TO L5G?Y DISCUSSIONS BY ! 9TELLECTUALLY E>NE/ Y\NG NOBLES ( ! POLIS4 ,JUGGL]S1 ACROBATS1 POETS1 & PLAY-ACTORS MIX$ ) TRADESM51 YEOM51 PHILOSOPH]S1 & PUBLIC (FICIALS1 A CR[D SPIC$ BY /RANGELY CO/UM$ VISIT+ =EIGN]S :O GAWK$ AT ! LOOM+ ACROPOLIS ABOVE & ! SUP]BLY ADORN$ PUBLIC BUILD+S NE>BY4 

,DUR+ 9CLEM5T WEA!R1 ?IS COLORFUL & EM95TLY VOCAL CR[D C\LD TAKE REFUGE 9 ! COLONNAD$ >CADES OR /OA ?AT L9$ P>T ( ! TW5TY-SIX-ACRE SQU>E4 ,!RE1 !Y 5C\NT]$ >TISANS WORK+ AT !IR TRADE & M]*ANTS :O DISPLAY$ !IR W>ES1 (T5 WOM5 :O SOLD MU* ( ! F>M PRODUCE ?AT F$ ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ITS EMPHASIS ON-DIRECT1 ALMO/ PROTOPLASMIC CONTACT1 FULL P>TICIPATORY 9VOLVEM5T & ITS DELI<T 9 V>IETY & DIV]SITY1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ! AGORA =M$ ! SPACE = A G5U9E ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY )9 ! POLIS ITSELF4 ,?US POLITICS1 :I* F\ND ITS MO/ ORD]$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ EXPRESSION 9 ! EKKLESIA1 ORIG9AT$ 9 ! DAILY F]M5T ( ORD9>Y LIFE ,9 ! AGORA4 ,ITS 9=MAL G5ESIS REVEALS ! ORGANIC WAY 9 :I* ,IMPORTANT POLICIES SL[LY DEVELOP$ 9TO POPUL> IDEAS BE=E !Y W]E =MULAT$ AS V]DICTS & LAWS 9 ! C\RTS & (FICIAL ASSEMBLAGES ( ! POLIS4 ,! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ,A!NS1 = ALL ! RITUALI/IC PANOPLY ?AT SURR\ND$ !M1 W]E M]ELY ! /RUCTURAL =MS 9 :I* EV]YDAY DEBATE & GOSSIP W]E H>D5$ 9TO ! LEGISLAT$ EXPRESSION ( AN EASY-GO+1 UN/RUCTUR$1 & POPUL> POLITICS--ONE ?AT WAS EMBODI$ BY AN E>NE/1 ,SPONTANE\S1 & AN EXTRAORD9>ILY ACTIVE CITIZ5RY4 ,! 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS0 ?AT SO MANY CONTEMPOR>Y LIB]ALS & SOCIALI/S FL+ SO REPROV+LY AT !IR LIB]T>IAN CRITICS AS AN 0ULTRADEMOCRATIC0 VICE W\LD HAVE BE5 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ54 ,! TEEM+ 0AN>*Y0 ( ! AGORA WAS1 9 FACT1 AN 9DISP5SIBLE & FECUND GR\ND+ = 0LIB]T>IAN0 /RUCTURES 7TO USE ,JAEG]'S T]M7 ?AT1 GIV5 TIME & NEGLECT1 W\LD HAVE ,O!RWISE TURN$ 9TO OLIG>*IC 9/ITUTIONS ) A DEMOCRATIC V5E]4 

,CITIZ5%IP1 9 EFFECT1 9VOLV$ AN ON-GO+ PROCESS ( $UCATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & POLITICAL GE/ATION = :I* SU* WORDS AS 0CON/ITU5T0 & 0VOT]0 >E MOD]N P>ODIES ( A POLITICS ?AT WAS MORE EXI/5TIAL ?AN =MAL4 ,?IS GE/ATIVE PROCESS OCCURR$ 9 ! AGORA DAYS BE=E IT F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! EKKLESIA4 ,IT IS A CLI*E TO SAY ?AT ,AM]ICANS >E A 0PRACTICAL PEOPLE10 ,ITALIANS AN 0EMOTIONAL PEOPLE10 ,G]MANS A 0ME?ODICAL PEOPLE40 ,9 ANY CASE1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! ,A!NIANS W]E A 0POLITICAL PEOPLE0 & CITIZ5%IP WAS !IR DE/9Y1 NOT M]ELY ! AVOCATION IT HAS BECOME 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,BEH9D !IR IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP1 NONP]I%ABLE AS LONG AS !RE IS A MEAN+FUL LIT]ATURE ON DEMOCRACY1 IS ! WAY ?AT CITIZ5%IP WAS =M$4 ,IT WAS A CITIZ5%IP =M$ BY ! MORAL =TITUDE ( A M\NTA9 PEOPLE--9 ,A!NS'S CASE1 TEMP]$ BY ! WIDE CULTURAL CONTACTS AF=D$ BY A MAJOR SEAPORT--& A DELICATE BALANC+ ( SOCIAL CONFLICTS ?AT PITT$ OPPOS+ CLASSES AGA9/ EA* O!R )\T OBLIT]AT+ ! VIRTUES EA* POSSESS$ 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,GREECE WAS TO 9H]IT NOT ONLY ! >I/OCRATIC EPICS ( ,HOM] & !IR HI< /&>D ( C\RAGE BUT ! MUNDANE LITANIES ( ,HESIOD ) !IR WORKADAY S5SE ( PRACTICALITY4 ,H] LONG J\RNEY FROM A TRIBAL TO A POLITICAL WORLD1 FROM A SOCIETY ( PEASANTS TO ONE ( CITIZ5S1 IS A FASC9AT+ N>RATIVE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO AN EXEMPL>Y BIOGRAPHY ( ! CITIZ5 AS SU*1 AT LEA/ 9S(> AS ?IS REM>KABLE 9DIVIDUAL WAS TO APPROXIMATE AN IDEAL ?AT ,A!NS MORE CLOSELY ATTA9$ ?AN ANY COMMUNITY ?AT FOLL[$ H]--& ONE ?AT ! MOD]N WORLD MAY WELL LOSE AT ! P]IL ( ITS FRE$OM4 

,! FIR/ PHASE ( ?IS J\RNEY 9TO A POLITICAL WORLD BEG9S ) ! WAY ! ,A!NIANS MANAG$ TO %$ ! N>R[ FEATURES ( ! K9%IP BOND BAS$ ON BLOOD TIES1 RELIGION1 & FAMILIAL LOYALTIES1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOP+ AN ALMO/ ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY BAS$ ON A ,ACTIVE K9%IP1 T]RITORIAL COMMONALITY1 RATIONALITY1 & A HEAL?Y SECUL> HUMANISM4 

,GREEK SOCIETY WAS NOT IMMUNE TO A G5]AL HI/ORICAL TR5D ?AT RAIS$ HUMANITY \T ( A DISMAL >*AIC ]A1 ONE :I* REWORK$ AN EGALIT>IAN TRIBAL WORLD 9TO A HI]>*ICAL FEUDAL ONE4 ,BY ,HOM]IC TIMES1 COMM&+ PATRI>*AL CLANS HAD ALREADY IMPOS$ !IR WILL ON LOOSELY /RUCTUR$ & HI<LY VULN]ABLE PEASANT COMMUNITIES4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! V]Y TRIBAL FEATURES ( K9 & BLOOD ?AT ONCE HAD PRODUC$ EGALIT>IAN NORMS ( MUTUAL AID & MAT]IAL RECIPROCITY W]E US$ TO A*IEVE !IR V]Y OPPOSITE3 A HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( RULE FOCUS$ ON DOM9ATION & ACQUISITION4 ,?IS NEW REORD]+ ( TRADITIONAL CLANS OR PHRATRIES FROM TRIBAL 9TO >I/OCRATIC FAMILIES FO/]$ EXCLUSIVITY & PRIVILEGE RA!R ?AN %>+ & COMMUNAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! 0BRIBE-DEV\R+ JUDGES0 :OM ,HESIOD1 ! ,BOEOTIAN PEASANT1 HAD D5\NC$ 9 ! EI<? C5TURY ,B4C4 HAD BECOME L&-DEV\R+ NOBLES BY ! SEV5?4 ,GROSS 9EQUALITIES 9 ! [N]%IP ( L& ?AT M>K ! ,GREEK WORLD 9 ?AT P]IOD ( TRANSITION SEEM LIKE =]UNN]S ( ! ,ROMAN AGR>IAN CRISIS ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,PUNIC ,W>S4 ,?AT ,GREECE1 ESPECIALLY ,A!NS1 DID NOT BECOME A M]E HI/ORICAL PREFACE TO ,ROME1 9DE$ ?AT ! POLIS DEVELOP$ A POLITICAL LIFE SO M>K$LY DIFF]5T FROM ANY REPUBLICAN SY/EM ( GOV]NANCE1 CAN BE EXPLA9$ ONLY 9 T]MS ( A REM>KABLE CON/ELLATION ( FACTORS FROM :I* ! MOD]N WORLD CAN LE>N MU*4 

,:AT >I/OCRATIC ,GREECE & DEMOCRATIC ,GREECE W]E TO %>E AS A COMMON LEGACY IS A VIGOR\S IDEAL ( 9DEP5D5CE--AN IDEAL OV5 /RONG] ?AN ITS WIDELY T\T$ IDEAL ( JU/ICE4 ,TO ! ,GREEK M9D1 CLI5TAGE 9 ANY =M V]G$ ON SLAV]Y1 9DE$ A D5IAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S HUMANNESS & P]SONALITY4 ,?IS NOTION1 :I* MANY ,GREEK S*OL>S W]E TO REG>D AS AN >I/OCRATIC DISDA9 = ,WORK AS SU*1 ACTUALLY EXPRESS$ A CONC]N = ! CITIZ5'S CAPACITY TO =M 9DEP5D5T JUDGM5TS 9SULAT$ FROM EXT]NAL OR P]SONAL 9T]E/S4 0,TO BUILD ONE'S [N H\SE1 ONE'S [N %IP1 OR TO SP9 & WEAVE ! MAT]IAL :I* IS US$ TO CLO! ! MEMB]S ( ONE'S [N H\SEHOLD IS 9 NO WAY %AMEFUL10 OBS]VES ,CLAUDE ,MOSSE 9 H] 9SI<TFUL /UDY ON WORK 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 0,BUT TO WORK = ANO!R MAN1 9 RETURN = A WAGE ( ANY K9D1 IS DEGRAD+4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* DI/+UI%ES ! ANCI5T M5TALITY FROM A MOD]N :I* W\LD HAVE NO HESITATION 9 PLAC+ ! 9DEP5D5T >TISAN ABOVE ! WAGE-E>N]4 ,BUT1 = ! ANCI5TS1 !RE IS REALLY NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! >TISAN :O SELLS HIS [N PRODUCTS & ! WORKMAN :O HIRES \T HIS S]VICES4 ,BO? WORK TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( O!RS1 NOT !IR [N4 ,!Y DEP5D ON ,O!RS = !IR LIVELIHOOD4 ,= ?AT REASON !Y >E NO LONG] FREE4 ,?IS P]HAPS ABOVE ALL IS :AT DI/+UI%ES ! >TISAN FROM ! POASANT4 ,! PEASANT IS SO MU* CLOS] TO ! IDEAL ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY 7AUT>KEIA7 :I* WAS ! ESS5TIAL BASIS = MAN'S FRE$OM 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1F9 ! CLASSICAL AGE1 9 BO? ,GREECE & ,ROME1 ?IS IDEAL ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY HAD LONG S9CE GIV5 WAY TO A SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ TRADE4 ,H[EV]1 ! >*AIC M5TALITY 5DUR$1 & ?IS EXPLA9S NOT ONLY ! SCORN FELT = ! >TISAN1 LABOR+ 9 HIS SMI?Y1 OR B5EA? ! SCOR*+ SUN ON BUILD+ SITES1 BUT ALSO ! SC>CELY VEIL$ DISDA9 FELT = M]*ANTS OR = RI* 5TREPR5EURS :O LIVE (F ! LABOR ( !IR SLAVES40_<#a#g_> 

,AS BEFITT$ FREE M51 F>M]S 5JOY$ ! ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE & MAT]IAL SECURITY ?AT W]E NE$$ TO =M DECISIONS UNTA9T$ BY SELF OR CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,9 FACT MANY ,GREEKS W\LD HAVE SE5 EV5 WEAL?Y TRADESM5 AS CLI5TS ( !IR BUY]S & HI<LY SKILL$ CRAFTSM51 >TI/S1 & POETS AS DEP5D5TS ( A FICKLE M>KET = !IR PRODUCTS4 ,TO BE FREE 9 ,A!NS MEANT V]Y LITTLE IF ONE'S BASIC NE$S W]E NOT SATISFI$ )9 A MUTUALI/IC GR\P ( SELF-SUFFICI5T PRODUC]S4 ,! WORD AUT>KEIA1 /RICTLY TRANSLAT$1 HAS ! D\BLE MEAN+ ( ! R>ELY US$ DEF9ITION ( 0SELFIRULE10 AS WEIL AS4 !4 MORE FAMILI> NOTION ( 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY40 ,9 ITS LATT] MEAN+1 AUT>KEIA HAS LONG BE5 REPLAC$ BY AUTONOMOS1 LIT]ALLY ! CONDITIPN ( LIV+ BY ONE'S [N LAWS4 ,?IS CONCEPT ( 9DEP5D5CE IS MORE JURIDICAL ?AN POLITICAL4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( !SE WORDS1 NOTABLY ! USE ( 0AUT>*Y0 TO MEAN ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICI5CY & AUTONOMY TO D5OTE P]SONAL FRE$OM OR SELF-GOV]NM5T1 CREATES A DISJUNCTION BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL & POLITICAL ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ALI5 TO ! ,GREEK IDEAL ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,WE W\LD BE H>D PUT TO UND]/& ,>TI/OTIE'S BELIEF ?AT ALL TRADESM51 >TISANS1 M]*ANTS1 & S]VANTS %\LD BE D5I$ ! FRAN*ISE IF WE FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT IS NOT SIMPLY LABOR & TRADE HE DESPIS$ BUT1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 MAT]IAL CLI5TAGE 9 ANY =M ?AT C\LD AFFECT ! CITIZ5 S 9DEP5D5CE ( JUDGM5T4 ,9DEP5D5CE )\T ! SUB/ANCE ( MAT]IAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY & P]SONAL AUTONOMY W\LD HAVE BE5 =MAL AT BE/ & HOLL[ AT WOR/ TO ! ,GREEK M9D4 ,NO CLI5T1 H[EV] WELL-(F1 C\LD R5D] A JUDGM5T OR REASON FREELY )\T DEF]R+ TO EXOG5\S AU?ORITIES & 9T]E/S ON :OM HIS WELF>E DEP5D$4 

,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT !SE ,HELL5IC PRECEPTS HAVE 5T]$ 9TO MOD]N ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ ) LITTLE KN[L$GE ( !IR REMOTE ORIG9S & POLITICAL ORI5TATION4 ,BUT SU* A DEM&+ NOTION ( 9DEP5D5CE C\LD NOT HAVE EM]G$ SOLELY FROM IDEOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,H]E1 ! M\NTA9\S T]RA9 ( ! ,GREEK >*IPELAGO COMES V]YMU* TO \R AID4 0,NATURE GAVE TO ,GREECE1 AS TO H] NEI<BORS1 ! T5D5CY TO EQUALITY TOGE!R ) ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITIES = ! GR[? ( PUBLIC OP9ION1 & !N 9T5SIFI$ !SE =CES BY /RICTLY LIMIT+ ! >EAS 9 :I* !Y C\LD OP]ATE10 OBS]VES ,ALFR$ ,ZIMM]N4 0,EA* LITTLE PLA91 RIGIDLY SEAL$ )9 ITS M\NTA9-B>RI]S & ) ITS POPULATION CONC5TRAT$ UPON ITS SMALL PORTION ( GOOD SOIL1 SEEMS =M$ TO BE A COMPLETE WORLD ( ITS [N4 ,MAKE Y\R WAY UP ! PA/URE-L&1 OV] ! PASS & D[N ON TO ! FIELDS & OR*>DS ON ! O!R SIDE1 & Y\ WILL F9D NEW TRADITIONS & CU/OMS1 NEW LAWS & NEW GODS1 & MO/ PROBABLY A NEW DIALECT4444 ,! ,GREEKS W]E NOT PA9FULLY TAU<T TO VALUE LOCAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,!Y GREW UP UNABLE TO CONCEIVE ( ANY O!R /ATE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS A LEGACY SL[LY DEPOSIT$ ?R\< ! LONG P]IOD ( ISOLATION :I* 9T]V5$ BETWE5 ! FIR/ SETTLEM5T ( ! ,HELL5IC 9VAD]S & !IR EM]G5CE C5TURIES LAT] AS A CIVILIZ$ RACE4 ,!Y NEV] !MSELVES REALIZ$1 EV5 !IR GREATE/ WRIT]S DID NOT REALIZE1 H[ UNIQUE & REM>KABLE !IR POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E40_<#a#h_> 

,COLORFUL & TRU?FUL AS !SE L9ES MAY BE1 ,ZIMM]N UND]/ATES ! EXT5T TO :I* ,GREEK ?9K]S W]E CONSCI\S ( !IR H]ITAGE & POLITICAL UNIQU5ESS4 ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IT WAS ! EXTRAORD9>Y ACUITY ( ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IMBU$ ,A!NS ) A HI< S5SE ( MISSION & CLE> S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,NO POLITICAL SPH]E WAS MORE C>EFULLY1 ?\<TFULLY1 & >TI/ICALLY CRAFT$ ?AN ! ,A!NIAN4 ,EQUALITY OR ISONOMIA FOLL[$ FROM AN EV5 MORE BASIC2 9FLU5CE ?AN ,GREECE'S M\NTA9\S T]RA9 EX]CIS$ ON ITS POCKET-SIZ$ COMMUNITIES ( FREE VILLAG]S4 ,TO FIVE 9 SU* ISOLATION & =C$ 9DEP5D5CE REQUIR$ ?AT EV]Y FAMILY & FAMILY-SIZ$ COMMUNITY HAD TO F5D = ITSELF4 ,! ,GREEK F>M] HAD TO BE A WELL-R\ND$ MAN 9 A MORE TANGIBLE S5SE ?AN WE USE ?IS CLI*E TODAY4 ,HE WAS OBLIG$ TO KN[ H[ TO FI<T = HIS L&1AS WELL AS CULTIVATE IT1 BUILD HIS %ELT]S AS WELL AS REPAIR !M1 ME?ODICALLY T5D TO HIS W\NDS AS WELL AS CUNN+LY AVOID NE$LESS CONFLICTS1 PLAN HIS LONG-RANGE NE$S AS WELL AS SATISFY HIS IMM$IATE ONES1 FUNCTION AS A C>+ FA!R1 LOYAL SP\SE1 DUTIFUL SON1 SUPPORTIVE BRO!R1 A W>Y BUY] ( ?+S ?AT HIS CO MM UNITY C\LD NOT PRODUCE--9 %ORT1 HE NE$$ TO COMB9E A WORK+ KN[L$GE ( ALL ! TE*NIQUES NE$$ = HIS SURVIVAL ) SOLDI]+ & 0POLITICK+40 ,TOGE!R ) HIS SP\SE1 :O PRESID$ OV] ALL ! DOME/IC AFFAIRS ( ! FAMILY1 ! ,GREEK F>M] GA9$ 9 PRACTICAL COMPET5CE & P]SONAL =TITUDE :AT ISOLATION D5I$ HIM 9 ACCULTURATION4 ,9 ! ,LAT9 S5SE ( COMPET]E--TO BE FIT1 PROP]1 OR QUALIFI$--HE HAD NO EQUAL 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,H5CE1 HE C\LD BE 0UNEQUAL$0 BY SELF-ANO9T$ SUP]IORS :O TRI$ TO SUBORD9ATE HIM & ASS]T !IR AU?ORITY OV] HIS DE/9Y4 ,A MAGNIFIC5T AMATEUR1 HE EMBODI$ ! NASC5T CITIZ5%IP 9 :I* ALL HIS PE]S ACKN[L$G$ ! NE$ = A SELF-POSSESS$ 9DIVIDUAL :O C\LD BE 5TRU/$ AS MU* ) ! AFFAIRS ( HIS COMMUNITY AS ) ! SATISFACTION ( HIS PRIVATE NE$S4 

,! FL[ ( IDEAS FROM ! 9DEP5D5CE ( A M\NTA9-DWELL+ VILLAG] TO ! EGALIT>IANISM ( A POLIS-DWELL+ CITIZ5 MU/ BE SE5 AS AN UNBROK5 CONT9UUM4 ,! ,GREEK LANGUAGE ITSELF IS MAGNIFIC5TLY PROCESSUAL & ORGANIC4 ,A CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT WORD SU* AS >*E1 FROM :I* AN 5TIRE POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$1 D5OTES ! ORIG9AT+ PR9CIPLE AS WELL AS ! ORD]+ PR9CIPLE ( ANY KOSMOS1 ! ,GREEK WORD = 0ORD]0 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,TO ?9K ( AN 0ORD]0 )\T D]IV+ IT FROM ITS ORIG9 &1 H5CE1 ! LAT5T POSSIBILITIES ?AT IT C\LD FULFILL IS L+UI/ICALLY BUILT 9TO ! ,GREEK M9D--& ALSO PROVIDES US ) AN IMPORTANT CLUE TO ! LANGUAGE'S E?ICAL ?RU/4 ,ORIG91 HI/ORY1 F ULFILLM 5T1 & POSSIBILITY--ALL =M A UNIFI$ :OLE 9 ,GREEK1 SO ?AT :E!R WE *OOSE TO SPEAK ( ! UNIV]SE1 HUMANK9D1 ! POLIS1 OR ! CITIZ51 !SE CONCEPTS1 *>G$ ) E?ICAL MEAN+1 D5OTE ! UNITY ( CIVIC1 NATURAL1 & SOCIAL LIFE OR :AT WE CALL 0CONNECT$NESS0 TODAY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 AUT>*IES OR SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITIES LEAD US ORGANICALLY--D$UCTIVELY1 IF Y\ WILL--TO 9DEP5D5CE1 COMPET5CE1 & ISONOMIA4 ,! ,GREEK POLIS HAS ITS >*E 9 ?IS G]M9AL PHAS+ ( A HI<LY COMPET5T F>M] :O1 BY AN IMMAN5T PROCESS ( SOCIOPOLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 F\ND HIS FULFILLM5T AS A HI<LY COMPET5T CITIZ54 

,! OLD ,GREEK >I/OCRACY WAS NO M]E ANA*RONISM 9 ?IS PROCESS4 ,! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY DID NOT %$ IT2 RA!R1 IT TRI$1 ) QUALIFI$ SUCCESS1 TO ABSORB IT4 ,ITS EPIC CULTURE1 GOSPEL ( VALOR1 HI< S5SE ( PHILIA1 & CODE ( HONOR1 M>K$ BY A DISDA9 = MAT]IAL ?9 GS1 W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PURITANICAL VIRTUES ( 

! DEMOCRACY1 :I* ABJUR$ LUXURY1 ORNAT5ESS ( DRESS1 CUL9>Y DELI<TS1 & SELF-9DULG5CE4 ,! DEMOCRATIC H]O WAS NOT ONLY VALOR\S BUT /]NLY SELF-WILL$ & EMOTIONALLY CONTROLL$4 ,W>RIOR MANL9ESS DID NOT DIE2 IT WAS REWORK$ 9TO CIVIC LOYALTY1 P]SONAL DIGNITY1 & A HI< REG>D = VIRTU\S BEHAVIOR4 ,! COMRADE%IP ( ! MILIT>Y CAMP BECAME ! ISONOMIA ( !  
EKKLESIA 9 :I* HUMAN WOR? WAS SE5 AS VIRTUALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE4 ,CITIZ5S W]E EXPECT$ NOT ONLY TO BE COMPET5T BUT TO BE COMPET5T EQUALS4 ,H5CE1 ALL C\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NANCE ( ! POLIS ON ! SAME FOOT+1 A PRACTICE :I*1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ! WIDESPREAD USE ( SORTITION & ATTEMPTS TO >RIVE AT DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS AS WELL AS BY VOT+4 

,IT IS WOR? EMPHASIZ+ ?AT NE>LY ALL ! M5 :O TURN$ ,A!NS FROM AN >I/OCRATIC OLIG>*Y 9TO A DEMOCRATIC POLITY W]E ( NOBLE L9EAGE1 ,SOLON1 ,KLEIS!NES1 & ,P]IKLES1 TO CITE ! MO/ WELL-KN[N FIGURES 9 =M+ ! DEMOCRACY1 W]E MEMB]S ( ! MO/ ELITE CLANS1 ! G5OS1 ( ,ATTICA1 ! T]RITORIAL DOMA9 ( ,A!NS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO !IR ,ROMAN C\NT]P>TS1 H[EV]1 !Y DID NOT BECOME ! LEAD]S ( AN UNRULY P>TES POPUL>ES1 NOR DID !Y TRY TO RISE 9 AN OPPRESSIVE HI]>*Y BY ?R[+ AWAY !IR =TUNES 9 GIFTS TO A DEBAS$ URBAN MOB4 ,!Y W]E COMMONLY M5 ( EXCEPTIONAL DI/9CTION :O C\LD BE AS H]OICALLY SELFLESS 9 POLITICAL CAUSES AS !IR ANCE/ORS W]E H]OICALLY VALOR\S 9 MILIT>Y ONES4 ,AS ,W]N] ,JAEG] WAS TO PO9T \T1 ,A!NS DID NOT DE/ROY ITS >I/OCRACY BUT RA!R TRI$ TO TURN ITS 5TIRE CITIZ5 BODY 9TO ONE4 

,?IS PI?Y =MULATION HAS SEV]AL LEVELS ( MEAN+4 ,POLITICALLY1 IT SUMS UP ! SL[ BUT SWEEP+ WAY 9 :I* ,ATTICA'S 0BRIBE-DEV\R+0 NOBLES W]E %ORN ( !IR P[]4 ,BY ! SEV5? C5TURY ,B4,C41 ,A!NS & ITS 5VIRONS W]E ON ! BR9K ( REVOLUTION4 ,PLUT>* TELLS US ?AT ! 0COMMON PEOPLE W]E WEI<$ D[N ) DEBTS !Y [$ TO A FEW RI* M54 ,!Y EI!R CULTIVAT$ !IR L&S = !M & PAID !M A SIX? ( ! PRODUCE & W]E H5CE CALL$ ,HECTEMORIOI & ,!TES1 OR ELSE !Y PL$G$ !IR [N P]SONS TO RAISE MONEY & C\LD BE SEIZ$ BY !IR CR$ITORS1 SOME ( !M BE+ 5SLAV$ AT HOME1 & O!RS BE+ SOLD TO =EIGN]S ABROAD4 ,MANY P>5TS W]E EV5 =C$ TO SELL !IR [N *ILDR5 7= !RE WAS NO LAW TO PREV5T ?IS7 OR TO GO 9TO EXILE BECAUSE ( ! H>%NESS ( !IR CR$ITORS4 ,H[EV]1 ! MAJORITY1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! M5 ( MO/ SPIRIT1 BEGAN TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE TOGE!R & 5C\RAGE ONE ANO!R NOT TO RESIGN !MSELVES TO !SE 9JU/ICES1 BUT TO *OOSE A MAN !Y CO1ULD TRU/ TO LEAD !M4 ,HAV+ DONE ?IS1 !Y PROPOS$ TO SET ALL 5SLAV$ DEBTORS FREE1 R$I/RIBUTE ! L& & MAKE A COMPLETE RE=M ( ! CON/ITUTION40_<#a#i_> 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,A!NS MI<T HAVE EASILY GONE ! WAY ( ,ROME4 ,FIVE C5TURIES LAT]2 ! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS1 :O FAC$ A NE>LY ID5TICAL CRISIS BETWE5 BITT]LY POL>IZ$ CLASSES ( L&LESS PEASANTS & BLOAT$ PATRICIANS1 RAIS$ SU* SWEEP+ DEM&S = POLITICAL *ANGE & AGR>IAN RE=M ?AT !Y OP5$ IRREP>ABLE W\NDS 9 ! ,ROMAN BODY POLITIC4 ,IT REMA9S TO ! CR$IT ( ! ,A!NIANS ?AT ! CRISIS WAS H&L$ V]Y G+]LY4 ,! MOD]ATION ?AT ,HELL5IC SOCIETY TURN$ 9TO A DEEPLY P]SONAL AS WELL AS CIVIC E?OS WAS TO F9D ITS EMBODIM5T 9 ,SOLON1 A NOBLE ( CONSID]ABLE PRE/IGE :O HAD E>N$ ! RESPECT ( ! ,A!NIANS AS A :OLE4 ,NO ONE C\LD HAVE CONTA9$ ! CRISIS ?AT FAC$ HIS PEOPLE ) GREAT] PRUD5CE4 

,ELECT$ >*ON ( ! POLIS--ITS *IEF MAGI/RATE--& 9VE/$ ) SWEEP+ P[]S TO RESOLVE !1 CONFLICT1 ,SOLON FOLL[$ ! MIDDLE C\RSE ?AT ELUD$ ! ,GRAC*I & ! MORE S9C]E POPULATES 9 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,= ! POORE/ ( !  
DEMOS--! ,HECTEMORIOI & ,!TES--HE REMOV$ !IR MO/ PRESS+ ECONOMIC BURD5 BY CANCEL+ ALL \T/&+ DEBTS & MAK+ DEBT SLAV]Y ILLEGAL4 ,TO /R5G!N !IR POLITICAL /ATUS1 HE REVIV$ & EXP&$ ! FUNCTIONS ( ! EKKLESIA1 :I* HAD VIRTUALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/ S9CE TRIBAL DAYS4 ,! ASSEMBLY WAS AU?ORIZ$ NOT ONLY TO 5ACT ! COMMUNITY'S LAWS & ELECT ITS MAGI/RATES2 IT CONV5$ AS A C\RT ( JU/ICE TO DEAL ) ALL CASES O!R ?AN HOMICIDE1 A CRUCIAL ADVANCE 9 EMP[]+ ! DEMOS1 ,! UPP] CRU/ ( ! NOBILITY--! ,EUPATRIDAI--W]E OBLIG$ TO REL9QUI% !IR H]$IT>Y CLAIM TO1 FURNI% ,A!NS ) ITS >*ONS1 A P[]FUL1 ANNUALLY ELECT$ MAGI/RACY :OSE NUMB] ,SOLON 9CREAS$ TO N9E4 ,! (FICE1 TO BE SURE1 C\LD ONLY BE FILL$ BY L&[N]S1 BUT ! DOOR TO EXECUTIVE P[]1 :I* LAT] G5]ATIONS W]E TO OP51 WAS N[ UNLOCK$ = ! DEMOS4 

,SOLON NEV] PRET5D$ ?AT HE DESIR$ ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SUPREMACY ( DEMOS1 NOR DID HE TRY TO DIVE/ ! NOBILITY ( P[]4 ,AS HIS V]SES 9DICAT$1 HE %REWDLY /E]$ A MIDDLE C\RSE ?R\< A CRISIS ?AT W\LD HAVE EXPLOD$ 9 SOCIAL *AOS HAD ANY ( ! CONT5D+ ORD]S GA9$ ABSOLUTE SUPREMACY OV] ! O!RS3 
 ,TO ! MASS ( PEOPLE ,I GAVE ! P[] !Y NE$$1 

 ,NEI!R DEGRAD+ !M1 NOR GIV+ !M TOO MU* RE92 

 ,= ?OSE :O ALREADY POSSESS$ GREAT P[] & WEAL? 

 ,I SAW TO IT ?AT !IR 9T]E/S W]E NOT H>M$4 

 ,I /OOD GU>D ) A BROAD %IELD BE=E BO? P>TIES 

 ,& PREV5T$ EI!R FROM TRIUMPH+ UNJU/LY4_<#b_>  

,! L& MAGNATES W]E NOT DEPRIV$ ( !IR HOLD+S1 NOR W]E ! ,HECTEMORIOI P]MITT$ TO RECLAIM ! SIX? ( !IR PRODUCE ?AT WAS TAK5 BY !IR L&LORDS4 ,USURY /ILL PLAGU$ ! ,ATTIC PEASANTRY1 AL?\< ! L5D] & BORR[] W]E MORE EV5LY SQU>$ (F BY ! CONTROLS ?AT ! EKKLESIA EX]CIS$ OV] LEGAL DISPUTES4 ,SOLON ALSO CREAT$ A ,C\NCIL ( ,F\R ,HUNDR$--! FAM\S ,A!NIAN B\LE--TO :I* ONLY PROP]TI$ M5 C\LD BE ELECT$ ANNUALLY4 ,H[EV]1 ! B\LE S]V$ TO *ECK NOT ONLY ! POPUL> EKKLESIA BY RIGOR\SLY DET]M9+ ITS AG5DA & SUP]VIS+ ITS DELIB]ATIONS2 IT ALSO *ECK$ ! BEHAVIOR ( ! >I/OCRATIC ,C\NCIL ( ! ,>EOPAGUS 7=M]LY ! P[]FUL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,EUPATRIDAI71 :OSE FUNCTIONS OV] ! YE>S W]E TO1 BECOME MORE C]EMONIAL ?AN POLITICAL4 ,A NUMB] ( RE=MS1 UNIQUE = !IR TIME1 W]E MADE TO EXP& 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & ALT] POPUL> ETIQUETTE4 ,AN HEIRESS1 BURD5$ BY AN IMPOT5T HUSB&1 WAS FREE TO M>RY HIS NEXT ( K91 & RELATIVELY POOR WOM5 W]E SP>$ ! NE$ TO COLLECT D[RIES4 ,9DIVIDUALS C\LD WILL !IR PROP]TY AS !Y '*OSE1 NOT ACCORD+ TO FAMILIAL DICTATES--A LAW ?AT /RUCK AN IMPORTANT BL[ AT ! COLLECTIVE SOLIDITY ( ! >I/OCRATIC G5OS & ITS CONC5TRATION ( SIZABLE WEAL?4 ,A NUMB] ( LESS] LAWS RE/RICT$ DISPLAYS ( EXCESSIVE LUXURY & RI*ES4 ,BUT P]HAPS ! MO/ /RIK+LY ,HELL5IC LAW IMPUT$ TO ,SOLON WAS ONE ?AT DIS5FRAN*IZ$ ANY CITIZ5 :O1 TO USE ,PLUT>*'S WORDS1 09 ! EV5T ( REVOLUTION1 DOES NOT TAKE ONE SIDE OR ! O!R40 ,IT WAS ,SOLON'S 9T5TION1 ,PLUT>* EMPHASIZ$1 NOT TO REW>D CITIZ5S :O SEEK ! SAFETY ( NEUTRALITY1 APA?Y1 OR 9DIFF]5CE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,A!NIANS W]E EXPECT$ TO BE POLITICALLY 9VOLV$1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! CAUSES TO :I* !Y ADH]$1 OR ELSE !Y W]E NOT WOR?Y ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,IT WAS AN AFFRONT TO ! ,HELL5IC CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP = A MAN TO PRUD5TLY & SELFI%LY 0SIT BACK 9 SAFETY WAIT+ TO SEE :I* SIDE W\LD W940 

,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ,SOLON REFUS$ TO L+] ON AS A TYRANT BY NO MEANS A PEJORATIVE T]M OR A DESPIS$ /ATUS 9 ?OSE DAYS DESPITE PLEAS ?AT HE BECOME ONE1 & W5T 9TO VOLUNT>Y EXILE = T5 YE>S4 ,HIS WORK DID NOT RESOLVE ALL ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT BR\<T HIM TO ! >*ON%IP1 NOR DID IT PREV5T A TYRANT FROM ULTIMATELY REPLAC+ HIM4 ,BUT IT PROVID$ ,A!NS ) ! OPPORTUNITY TO ABSORB HIS RE=MS & ! TIME NE$$ = ITS CITIZ5RY TO MATURE POLITICALLY--TO USE & ACCU/OM ITSELF TO ! EKKLESIA1 TO LE>N ! >TS ( COMPROMISE1 & TO DEVELOP A POLITICAL ETIQUETTE ?AT FO/]$ A S5SE ( CIVIC COMMONALITY RA!R ?AN SOCIAL CONFLICT4 ,! RA!R MILD TYRANNY ( ,PEISI/RATUS & HIS SON ,HIPPIAS1 :I* FOLL[$ ,SOLON S DEP>TURE1 GREATLY R$UC$ ! P[] ( ! ,ATTIC NOBILITY & 9ITIAT$ ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *ANGES ?AT W]E TO LEAD TO ! DEMOCRACY4 ,RECALCITRANT NOBLES W]E =C$ 9TO EXILE & !IR E/ATES DIVID$ AMONG ! POOR4 ,! NE$Y W]E GIV5 LIVE/OCK & SE$1 EXPORTS W]E PROMOT$1 & A VIGOR\S =EIGN POLICY OP5$ NEW M>KETS TO ,A!NIAN COMM]CE4 ,PEISI/RATUS1 DESPITE ! P]SONAL CONTROL HE EX]CIS$ OV] ,ATTICA'S AFFAIRS & HIS BLATANT NEPOTISM1 ADH]$ TO ! ,SOLONIC CON/ITUTION SO METICUL\SLY ?AT EV5 ,SOLON WAS 9DUC$ TO SUPPORT HIM AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,A!NS4 ,! POLITICAL LEVEL ( ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 WAS RAIS$ 5ORM\SLY BY ! TYRANNY1 & ! COMMON]S--F>M]S1 %EPH]DS1 >TISANS1 & M]*ANTS--B5EFIT$ SO CONSID]ABLY FROM ! >*ON%IPS ( ,PEISI/RATUS & ,HIPPIAS ?AT ! TYRANNY BECAME SELF-VITIAT+4 ,?REE G5]ATIONS HAD PASS$ S9CE ,SOLON HAD BE5 GIV5 ! >*ON%IP1 & ,A!NS WAS N[ READY = A DEMOCRACY4 ,9 T]MS ( ! M]E FL[ ( EV5TS1 ! EF=TS TO 9ITIATE AU!NTIC POPUL> RULE SEEM$ TO COME ALMO/ AS A REACTION TO ATTEMPTS BY ! >I/OCRACY TO RE/ORE !IR OLD CLANNI% OLIG>*Y1 & MANY ( ! DEMOCRACY'S FEATURES MU/ BE SE5 AS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ EF=TS TO PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( 5TR5*$ P[] BY ELITES ( ANY K9D4 ,BUT ! ,A!NIAN PEOPLE1 TOO1 SEEM TO HAVE BECOME MORE C]TA9 ( !MSELVES & !IR CAPACITY TO GOV]N !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ,! >I/OCRACY1 9 TURN1 APPE>S TO HAVE SUFF]$ A G5U9E LACK ( N]VE4 ,AFT] A FEEBLE ATTEMPT TO ELIM9ATE ! RE=MS ( ,SOLON & ! ,PEISI/RADAE1 ! NOBLES BROKE RANKS4 ,ONE ( !IR [N K9D1 ,KLEIS!NES1 ! HEAD ( ! >I/OCRATIC ,ALCMA5ODAE1 BECAME >*ON 9 #ef ,B4,C41 & ! DEMOCRATICIZATION ( ,A!NS WAS LAUN*$ 9 E>NE/4 

,KLEIS!NES /RUCK DECISIVELY AT ! SOCIETAL BASIS ( >I/OCRATIC P[]--! TRADITIONAL K9%IP NETWORK ?AT GAVE ! ,ATTIC NOBILITY ITS V]Y S5SE ( ID5TITY4 ,! ANCI5T ,GREEK PHRATRIES & CLANS W]E SIMPLY DIVE/$ ( ANY POLITICAL P[] & GRADUALLY DECL9$ 9 IMPORTANCE = WANT ( ANY SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONS4 ,! OLD ,IONIAN SY/EM ( F\R ANCE/RAL TRIBES WAS CONV]T$ 9TO T5 ,/RICTLY T]RITORIAL 0TRIBES0 BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON RESID5CE4 ,! VILLAGES & T[NS ( ,ATTICA1 9 TURN1 BECAME \TLY+ SECTIONS ( ,A!NS & W]E DESIGNAT$ AS 0DEMES0 9/EAD ( G5OI4 ,POLITICS N[ BECAME 9SEP>ABLE FROM T]RITORIALISM3 ! DEMES1 ) !IR [N POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R 9 V>Y+ NUMB]S 9TO ?IRDS OR TRITTYES1 & ?REE TRITTYES1 9 TURN1 CON/ITUT$ A TRIBE1 H5CE ,ATTICA WAS COMPOS$ ( ?IRTY TRITTYES4 ,T5 ( ! ?IRTY DEMOI W]E COMPOS$ ( RESID5TS 9 OR >\ND ,A!NS2 ANO!R T51 FROM ! M>ITIME DI/RICTS2 & ! REMA9D] FROM ! 9T]IOR4 

,KLEIS!NES %REWDLY PLAC$ ONE URBAN TRITTYS 9 EA* ( ! T5 TRIBES1 SO ?AT ! ,ATTIC AGR>IANS FROM :OM ! NOBLES G>N]$ :ATEV] POPUL> SUPPORT !Y HAD W]E POLITICALLY BUFF]$ BY ,CITY CITIZ5S--! M5 :O W]E TO =M ! BACKBONE ( ! DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS SWIT* 9 ! GOV]NANCE SY/EM ( ! POLIS WAS ,/RATEGIC3 IT FO/]$ ! P[] ( A CITIZ5RY ?AT WAS DI/9CTLY URBANE1 COSMOPOLITAN1 & =W>D LOOK+1 VITIAT+ ! /RONGLY HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ( A ONCE-5TR5*$1 HI<LY P>O*IAL1 FEUDAL CLASS SY/EM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 TRADITION WAS KEPT ALIVE BY US+ ! LANGUAGE ( ! TRIBAL WORLD 7EV5 ! WORD G5E HAD A SPECIAL CLANNI% ORIG971 RETA9+ A NUMB] ( LOCAL RELIGI\S ASSOCIATIONS1 *IEFTA9LIKE FIGURES SU* AS DEM>*S 7! DEME'S V]SION ( ! ,A!NIAN >*ONS71 & BY MAK+ MEMB]%IP 9 A DOME H]$IT>Y EV5 ?\< A CITIZ5 MI<T *OOSE TO RESIDE AT SOME LAT] TIME 9 ANO!R P>T ( ,ATTICA4 ,KLEIS!NES1 9 EFFECT1 0REVOLUTIONIZ$0 ,A!NIAN POLITICAL LIFE 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M3 HE REPLAC$ A ONCE-EGALIT>IAN TRIBAL SY/EM ?AT HAD BE5 P]V]T$ 9TO A H>% FEUDAL HI]>*Y BY A TRIBALI/IC /RUCTURE ?AT ACTUALLY RE/OR$ ! OLD FRE$OMS ( ! PEOPLE ON AN 5TIRELY NEW POLITICAL & SOCIETAL LEVEL4 ,A!NS HAD REVOLV$ 9 A FULL CIRCLE--MORE PRECISELY1 A SPIRAL--TO ! ISONOMIA ( ITS TRIBAL PA/1 BUT )\T ! 9NOC5CE ?AT MADE ! E>LY ,GREEKS VULN]ABLE TO HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 

,! B\LE WAS 9CREAS$ FROM A C\NCIL ( F\R HUNDR$ TO FIVE HUNDR$ & RE/RUCTUR$ SO ?AT FIFTY M5 FROM EA* ( ! T5 TRIBES ROTAT$ EV]Y T5? ( ! YE> AS AN ADM9I/RATIVE 0EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE0 BETWE5 SESSIONS ( ! EKKLESIA4 ,EA* TRIBE SELECT$ ITS FIFTY B\LEUTES BY LOT1 A PRACTICE ?AT BECAME SO WIDESPREAD ?AT EV5 >*ONS W]E SO *OS5 FROM MEMB]S ( ! B\LE1 AS W]E MEMB]S ( ,A!NIAN JURIES 7DIKA/OI7 & LESS] FUNCTION>IES4 ,AP>T FROM ! POLIS'S MAGI/RATES1 NO PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS DEB>R$ ,A!NIAN CITIZ5S FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! GOV]NANCE SY/EM1 & UND] ,P]IKLES ! LA/ RE/RICTIONS ?AT L+]$ ON FROM ,KLEIS!NES'S RE=MS DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY4 ,9 TIME1 MEMB]S ( ! B\LE1 ! EKKLESIA1 & ! HELIAEA OR C\RTS W]E COMP5SAT$ = P>TICIPAT+ 9 !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 G5]ALLY ON A P] DIEM BASIS & 9 ! CASE ( ! B\LE1 ANNUALLY4 ,NO PUBLIC (FICE C\LD BE HELD = MORE ?AN A YE>1 & ) C]TA9 EXCEPTIONS 7JURYM5 & G5]ALS7 NONE C\LD BE HELD MORE ?AN TWICE 9 A LIFETIME4 

,?IS EXTRAORD9>Y OP5+ ( PUBLIC LIFE TO ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5RY WAS COMPLET$ DUR+ ! SIXTY YE>S ?AT SAW ,KLEIS!NES ASSUME ! >*ON%IP 93 #dib ,B4,C4 & ! \TBREAK ( ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W> 9 #d#c#a4 ,AN ANALYTIC ACC\NT ( ! DEMOCRACY1 ITS POSSIBILITIES & ITS LIMITATIONS1 PROP]LY BELONGS TO ! DISCUSSION ( CIVIC FRE$OM ?AT FOLL[S 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 ,= ! PRES5T1 :AT C\NTS IS ! WAY ! DEMOCRACY =M$ ! CITIZ5RY &1 9 TURN1 WAS =M$ BY IT4 ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S SU* AS ,KLEIS!NES & ,P]IKLES DID NOT FOI/ A REM>KABLY OP5 SY/EM ( P>TICIPATORY GOV]NANCE ON A PASSIVE PEOPLE2 ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE & ! BODY POLITIC 9T]ACT$ CLOSELY ) EA* O!R AGA9/ A HAUNT+ BACKGR\ND ( QUASITRIBAL SOCIAL =MS & RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS IS POLITICS AT ITS BE/--9 A LIV$ S5SE1 NOT A =MAL ONE4 ,! ,A!NIAN NOTION ( >ETE1 ! DAILY PRACTICE ( PAIDEIA1 & ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! POLIS W]E SYN!SIZ$ 9TO AN IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL TRI$ TO REALIZE AS A =M ( SELF-EXPRESSION1 NOT AN OBLIGATORY BURD5 ( SELF-D5IAL4 ,CITIZ5%IP BECAME AN E?OS1 A CREATIVE >T1 9DE$1 A CIVIC CULT RA!R ?AN A DEM&+ BODY ( DUTIES & A PALLIATIVE BODY ( RI<TS4 ,AT HIS BE/1 ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 TRI$ NOT ONLY TO P>TICIPATE AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE 9 A F>-REA*+ NETWORK ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ELICIT$ HIS PRES5CE AS AN ACTIVE BE+2 ! DEMOCRACY TURN$ HIS P>TICIPATION 9TO A DRAMA ?AT F\ND VISIBLE & EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION 9 RITUALS1 GAMES1 >TWORK1 A CIVIC RELIGION--9 %ORT1 A COLLECTIVE S5SE ( FEEL+ & SOLID>ITY ?AT UND]P9N$ A COLLECTIVE S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY &4 DUTY4 ,?IS DRAMA EXT5D$ BEYOND LIFE ITSELF4 ,! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 HAD LITTLE HOPE ( ANY C]TA9 IMMORTALITY O!R ?AN ! MEMORY HE LEFT BEH9D 9 ! POLIS4 ,AFT]LIFE BECAME A =M ( POLITICAL LIFE & ET]NAHTY EXI/$ ONLY 9S(> AS NOBLE POLITICAL ACTIONS W]E MEMORABLE 5\< TO BECOME P>T ( ! POLIS'S HI/ORY & DE/9Y4 

,! POLIS %REWDLY AVAIL$ ITSELF ( >I/OCRATIC ATTRIBUTES TO BR+ ! 9DIVIDUAL ,A!NIAN 9TO ! FULL LI<T ( CITIZ5%IP1 ) ITS HI< /&>DS ( CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! AGORA PREP>$ ! WAY = ! EKKLESIA4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! GYMNASIUM1 PRESID$ OV] BY A PAIDOTRIBES1 EXT5D$ ! ALL-CONSUM+ FASC9ATION ( ! ,GREEKS = A?LETICS 9TO M>TIAL >TS1 !REBY PREP>+ ! Y\NG = MILIT>Y TRA9+4 ,TR\BL+ AS ?IS MAY BE 9 MOD]N EYES1 W> WAS A FACT ( LIFE 9 ANTIQUITY4 ,AP>T FROM C]TA9 CULTS & RELIGIONS1 PACIFISM F\ND NO FOLL[+ AMONG ! ANCI5TS4 ,ONE EI!R F\<T UNQUE/ION+LY = ONE'S CITY OR FAC$ CLI5TAGE & SLAV]Y 9 ! EV5T ( DEFEAT4 ,! CITIZ5-SOLDI] WAS MU* MORE ?AN3 A PILL> ( ,A!NIAN MILIT>Y /RATEGY4 ,HE WAS A GU>DIAN NOT ONLY ( ! POLIS BUT ALSO ( ! DEMOCRACY1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 JU/ AS ! CITIZ5-F>M] BECAME ! EMBODIM5T ( ITS IDEAL ( AUT>KEIA4 

,BUT ! POLIS1 P>TICUL>LY ! DEMOCRACY1 GAVE ! FAMILY'S >I/OCRATIC ATTRIBUTES A UNIQUELY PUBLIC *>ACT]4 ,& IT IS 9 ?IS NON-ELITI/ S5SE ?AT ! DEMOCRACY ELEVAT$ ITS CITIZ5S 9TO AN 0>I/OCRACY0--NOT ONLY AS A RESULT ( ! P>TICIPATORY NATURE ( ,ITS C\RTS1 ASSEMBLIES1 & C\NCILS1 BUT ALSO ! FAMILIAL MOOD (  
KO9ONIA ?AT ITS CIVIC FE/IVALS 5G5D]$4 ,)\T LOS+ !IR ESS5TIALLY RELIGI\S *>ACT]1 RITUALS & FE/IVALS BECAME A =M ( POLITICS4 ,! EKKLESIA OP5$ ) PRAY]S1 & ITS AG5DA WAS COMPOS$ ( SACR$ AS WELL AS SECUL> TOPICS4 ,PROBLEMS ( CON/RUCT+ TEMPLES OR PLANN+ FE/IVALS OCCUPI$ ! ASSEMBLY AS E>NE/LY AS MATT]S SU* AS O/RACISM OR ! RATIFICATION ( TREATIES4 ,9 FAM\S FUN]AL ORATION1 :I* SO VIVIDLY CAPTURES ! SPIRIT ( ! DEMOCRACY1 ,P]IKLES CITES AMONG ITS ATTRIBUTES 0! CONTE/S & SACRIFICES ?R\<\T ! YE>1 :I* PROVIDE US ) MORE RELAXATION FROM WORK ?AN EXI/S 9 ANY O!R CITY40_<#b#a_> ,WEB/]'S OBS]VATION ?AT ! ,A!NIANS T5D$ TO TURN !IR HOLY DAYS 9TO HOLIDAYS SUFF]S FROM A C]TA9 DEGREE ( MISUND]/&+4_<#b#b_> ,A!NIAN LIFE /RUCK A REM>KABLE BALANCE BETWE5 RELIGIOSITY & SECUL>ITY3 ! CAM>AD]IE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 A SPECTACLE OR %>+ FULLY 9 ! EXCITEM5T ( ! GAMES IMP>T$ A QUASIRELIGI\S S5SE ( COMMUNION TO CIVIC LIFE4 ,?IS S5SE ( COMMUNION MORE ACCURATELY CONVEYS ! 9T5SE MEAN+ ( KO9ONIA ?AN DO SU* COMMONPLACE WORDS AS 0COMMUNITY40 ,AT ! RISK ( REPITITION1 WE C\LD SAY ?AT SU* %>$ EXP]I5CES UNRAVEL ! ,A!NIAN NOTION ( 0COMMUNITY0 AS AN ON-GO+ ACTIVITY ( COMMUNIZ+1 NOT SIMPLY AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =M ( P>TICIPATION4 ,LIKE ! AGORA1 ! 0CONTE/S & GAMES0 ( ,A!NS (T5 CREAT$ A %>$ S5SE ( PRET]NATURAL CIVIC 5*ANTM5T4 

,! DEMOCRATS KNEW ?IS V]Y WELL & !SE 0CONTE/S & GAMES0 OCCURR$ ) CONSID]ABLE FREQU5CY4 ,TO DISCUSS !M 9 DETAIL W\LD REQUIRE A VOLUME 9 ITSELF4 ,LET IT SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT EV]Y YE>1 MANY DAYS W]E DEVOT$ TO ! ,LESS] ,MY/]IES 9 ,FEBRU>Y & ! ,GREAT] ,MY/]IES 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 RITUALS ?AT C5T]$ >\ND ,P]SEPHONE'S DESC5T 9TO ,HADES & ,DEMET]'S M\RN+1 ! MY?ICAL EXPLANATION = ! OCCURR5CE ( W9T] & ITS LEAN MON?S4 ,EV]Y ,JULY1 ,A!NIANS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,LESS] ,PANA!NAIA1 :I* CULM9AT$ QUADR5NIALLY 9 ! ,GREAT] ,PANA!NAIA1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y P>ADE ( ,A!NIANS & ,A!NIAN LIFE 9 FULL >RAY1 IF WE >E TO JUDGE FROM ! BAS RELIEF ?AT GIRDLES ! ,P>!NON4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y MON?1 ,A!NIANS WITNESS$ OR P>TICIPAT$ 9 A V>IETY ( RITUALS1 CONTE/S 7A?LETIC1 MUSICAL1 POETIC1 & *ORAL71 OR CELEBRATIONS TO HONOR DEITIES1 HI/ORIC EV5TS1 GREAT P]SONAGES1 VICTORS 9 ,PANHELL5IC FE/IVALS SU* AS ! ,OLYMPICS OR ! FALL5 ( PA/ & REC5T BATTLES4 ,RELIGION & CIVIC LOYALTY BL5D$ ! GREAT V>IETY ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S )9 ! BODY POLITIC 9TO AN UND]LY+ COMMONALITY ( \TLOOK ?AT1 IF IT DID NOT REMOVE S]I\S CONFLICTS1 R>ELY REA*$ SU* DESP]ATE LEVELS ?AT !Y C\LD EFFACE ! DEMOCRACY FROM )94 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT WAS TO BE ,MAC$ONIAN RULE ?AT BR\<T ! DEMOCRACY TO ITS DEF9ITIVE 5D1 NOT ! ,A!NIANS4 ,= ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ! DEMOCRACY 9 V>I\S =MS P]SI/$ ?R\< NE>LY TWO ( ! MO/ /ORMY C5TURIES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD &1 AT ITS HEI<T1 EXHIBIT$ A DEGREE ( CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL CREATIVITY ?AT HAS NO PE] 9 WE/]N HI/ORY4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! ,A!NIAN FE/IVALS WAS A COMP>ATIVELY NEW ONE3 ! ,CITY ,DIONYSIA4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ! ,GREAT] ,PANA!NAIA1 :5 ALL ( ,A!NS W5T ON DISPLAY ) A L>GE TAPE/RY 7! PELOPS7 ?AT DEPICT$ ! TRIUMPH ( ,OLYMPIAN 0REASON0 OV] ! *?ONIC RULE ( 0=CE10 ! ,CITY ,DIONYSIA WAS /RONGLY DEMOCRATIC 9 ITS FOCUS4 ,IT WAS !N1 = ?REE \T ( A SPAN ( SIX DAYS ?AT OV]LAPP$ ,M>* & ,APRIL1 ?AT ,A!NIANS C\LD WITNESS ! GREAT DRAMATIC TRAG$IES ?AT GAVE ! DEMOCRACY ITS IDEOLOGICAL MEAN+4 ,BY ! ?\S&S1 ,A!NIANS FLOCK$ TO ! ,!AT] ( ,DIONYSOS ON ! S\!A/ SLOPE ( ! ,ACROPOLIS TO SEE ! PLAYS ( ,AESKYLOS1 ,SOPHOKLES1 ,EURIPIDES1 & O!RS :O LIT]ALLY CREAT$ S]I\S DRAMA 9 WE/]N CULTURE4 ,UND] ! CLE> SKIES ( A HI< ,M$IT]RANEAN SPR+1 !Y WAT*$ ) ABSORPTION ! ,AESKYLEAN DRAMA ( !IR [N POLIS & ITS HUMAN ANTEC$5TS UNFOLD ) A MAJE/Y ?AT MAY HAVE V]G$ ON REV]5CE--C]TA9LY A ?RILL+ S5SE ( EXALTATION ?AT COMPELS A MOD]N HI/ORIAN ( ! DEMOCRACY1 ,W4 ,G4 ,=RE/1 TO CITE ,AESKYLOS 0AS ! GREATE/ ( ! ?REE ,A!NIAN TRAG$IANS10 & = MANY1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 ! GREATE/ ( ! WORLD'S DRAMATI/S4_<#b#c_> ,AESKYLOS'S TRILOGY1 ! ,ORE/EIA1 ADVANC$ A P[]FUL VALIDATION ( ! DEMOCRACY ?AT1 9 ITS EMOTIONAL & DECL>ATORY P[]1 MAY EV5 EXCE$ ! FUN]AL ORATION ( ,P]IKLES--A TRILOGY ?AT WAS CON/ANTLY REPLAY$ & KEPT W9N+ PRIZES AT ! ,CITY ,DIONYSOS LONG AFT] ! AU?OR'S DEA?4 

,ITS /ORY HAS BE5 TOLD & 9T]PRET$ REPEAT$LY1 & TO EXPLORE IT AT L5G? W\LD BE A TIRESOME R$UNDANCY4 ,LET IT SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT ! MURD] ( ,AGAMEMNON1 ! RETURN+ *IEF ( ! BESIEG]S ( ,TROY1 BY HIS WIFE1 ,KLYTEMNE/RA1 FOLL[$ BY H] [N DEA? AT ! H&S ( H] V5GEFUL SON1 ,ORE/ES1 OP5S ! :OLE DRAMA ( ,A!NS'S TRANS=MATION FROM A QUASITRIBAL SOCIETY1 ROOT$ 9 K9%IP RULES1 CU/OM1 & *?ONIC DEITIES1 9TO A POLITICAL COMMUNITY--A POLIS--BAS$ ON RESID5CE1 REASON1 & ! AN?ROPOMORPHIC ,OLYMPIANS4 ,IT IS ,A!NE :O1 9 A *ALL5G+ /ATEM5T AGA9/ ! ,]9YES 7! ?REE FEMALE GU>DIANS ( 0MATRI>*AL0 BLOOD TIES & TRIBAL RETRIBUTION = ! MURD] ( ONE'S K971 SOLEMNLY DECL>ES3 
 ,IT IS MY TASK TO R5D] F9AL JUDGM5T H]E4 

 ,?IS IS A BALLOT = ,ORE/ES ,I %ALL CA/4 

 ,!RE IS NO MO!R ANY:]E :O GAVE ME BIR?1 

 &1 BUT = M>RIAGE1 ,I AM ALWAYS = ! MALE 

 ) ALL MY HE>T1 & /RONGLY ON MY FA!R'S SIDE4 

 ,SO2 9 A CASE :]E ! WIFE HAS KILL$ H] HUSB&1 LORD ( ! 

 H\SE1 H] DEA? %ALL NOT MEAN MO/ TO ME4 ,& IF ! O!R VOTES 

 >E EV51 !N ,ORE/ES W9S4_<#b#d_>  

,AFT] BE+ PURSU$ BY ! ,]9YES = COMMITT+ A BLOOD CRIME MORE DAMN+ ?AN A M>ITAL ONE--& P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ HIS MO!R FROM :OM E>LY TRIBAL DESC5T MAY HAVE BE5 TRAC$--,ORE/ES IS ABSOLV$ & ! ,]9YES RECONCIL$ BY ACQUIR+ A CIVIC /ATUS AS ,EUM5IDES1 ! K9DLY ONES :O LOOK AFT] ! WELL-BE+ ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS4 

,! TRILOGY HAS MANY LEVELS ( MEAN+1 PROBABLY ALL ( :I* HAD A GRIPP+ EFFECT ON ! AUDI5CE ?AT KNEW ,AESKYLOS P]SONALLY OR1 9 LAT] YE>S1 BY REPUTATION4 ,! ,EUM5IDES1 ! LA/ DRAMA ( ! TRILOGY1 CELEBRATES ! VICTORY ( CIVIC LAW & RATIONALITY OV] TRIBAL CU/OM & UN?9K+ MIMESIS4 ,A!NE1 BORN ( ,ZEUS'S HEAD1 EMBODIES LOGOS & JU/ICE4 ,9 A /RONGLY PATRI>*AL SOCIETY ?AT SAW MALE RATIONALITY AS ! SOLE BULW>K TO D>K *AOS & AN UNC]TA91 UNTAM$ WORLD1 IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT TO ID5TIFY 0FICKLE0 WOMAN ) NATURE & ! POLIS AS ! SOLE REALM ( FRE$OM & LAW4 ,ORE/ES' TRIAL1 :I* M>KS ! CULM9ATION ( ! TRILOGY1 IS PRES5T$ AS A NEW DISP5SATION 9 ! AFFAIRS ( M54 ,! ,]9YES UNREL5T+LY PURSUE ANY HOMICIDAL P]PETRATOR ( ! BLOOD TIE4 ,ALL ?AT C\NTS ) !M IS ! ACT ( MURD] ( ONE'S K91 NOT ! CIRCUM/ANCES OR MOTIVE ?AT PRODUC$ IT4 ,TO ! ,A!NIANS1 ?IS BEHAVIOR WAS EVID5CE ( UNREASON+ TRIBALISM1 ( AN IRRATIONALITY ?AT PRECLUD$ ANY CIVIC UNION BAS$ ON DISC\RSE1 LOGIC1 & ORD]LY COMPROMISE4 ,REC\RSE TO TRIAL RA!R ?AN ORDEAL1 TO ! WEI<+ ( CIRCUM/ANTIAL EVID5CE1 MOTIVE1 & LOGICAL JUDGM5T RA!R ?AN M]E ACTION & CONTE/S ( =TITUDE1 M>K$ ! FIR/ /EP T[>D A POLITICAL KO9ONIA--! CITY AS A POLIS4 

,TO ! ,A!NIAN AUDI5CE1 :I* BELIEV$ ,A!NS WAS ! FIR/ CITY TO E/ABLI% A SY/EM ( LAWS1 ! TRIAL ( ,ORE/ES WAS A F\ND+ ACT4 ,A!NS'S DECISION TO TRY HOMICIDE BY A JUDICIAL PROCESS LIT]ALLY CREAT$ ! POLIS AS AN E?ICAL UNION BAS$ ON JU/ICE4 0,IF IT PLEASE Y\1 M5 ( ,ATTICA10 9TON$ ,A!NE1 ! PATRONESS ( ! POLIS1 0HE> MY DECREE N[1 ON ?IS FIR/ CASE ( BLOODLETT+ ,I HAVE JUDG$4 ,= ,AEGEUS' POPULATION1 ?IS =EV]MORE %ALL BE ! GR\ND .<! ,HILL ( ,>ES.> :]E JU/ICES DELIB]ATE-,NO AN>*Y1 NO RULE ( A S+LE MA/]4444 ,I E/ABLI% ?IS TRIBUNAL4 ,IT %ALL BE UNT\*$ BY MONEYMAK+1 GRAVE BUT QUICK TO WRA?1 WAT*FUL TO PROTECT ?OSE :O SLEEP1 A S5TRY ON ! L&40_<#b#e_> ,H5CE=?1 JU/ICE1 NOT TRADITION2 REASON1 NOT CU/OM2 FACT1 NOT ORDEAL2 MOTIVE1 NOT MY? >E TO GUIDE ! M5 ( ,ATTICA1 = )\T ?IS NEW DISP5SATION1 ! POLIS HAS NO E?ICAL MEAN+1 NOR DOES ! DEMOCRACY HAVE AN E?ICAL RATIONALE4 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE 9 ,AESKYLOS NOT ONLY ! CLE>E/ VOICE ( !  
POLIS1 ( A BODY POLITIC FREE ( >BIT>Y RULE1 BUT ALSO ( ! DEMOCRACY--:E!R AS A 0RADICAL10 AS ,=RE/ DECL>ES1 OR AS A 0REVOLUTION>Y POET10 AS ,GEORGE ,?OMSON SEEMS TO BELIEVE4_<#b#f_> ,TO ! ,A!NIANS1 :O APP>5TLY REV]$ ,AESKYLOS1 ! ,ORE/EIA UNFOLDS ! EM]G5CE ( JU/ICE FROM A HAZY 0D>K0 WORLD ( TRIBAL ANTIQUITY & ITS =TUNES 9 ! >BITR>Y DOMA9 ( W>RIORS1 NOBLES1 & ! G5OI1 9TO ! CLE> LI<T ( ! POLIS & ITS ORD]LY CITIZ5RY4 ,! ID5TIFICATION ( ! AUDI5CE ) ! DRAMA MU/ HAVE BE5 9T5SELY P]SONAL2 IT WAS ! AU!NTIC PROTAGONI/ ( ! PLAY4 ,( ,AESKYLOS'S REMA9+ DRAMAS1 ,PROME!US ,B\ND >RE/S US TO ?IS V]Y DAY ) ITS MESSAGE ( H]OIC DEFIANCE AGA9/ UNFEEL+ AU?ORITY & ITS EXPANSIVE BELIEF 9 HUMANITY'S S5SE ( PROMISE1 9DE$ ITS CAPACITY TO ADVANCE T[>D AN EV]-WID] HORIZ5 ( 9TELLECT & WISDOM4 

,IT W\LD BE EASY 5\< TO 5D \R DISCUSSION ( ! ,A!NIAN DRAMA ) ,AESKYLOS1 BUT ,SOPHOKLES BECKONS US ) O!R FACETS ( MEAN+ ?AT MU/ HAVE DEEPLY AFFECT$ ! ,A!NIAN SPIRIT4 ,HIS  
,ANTIGONE RAISES ! AMBIGUITIES ( JU/ICE 9 ! =M ( CONFLICT+ ,9DIVIDUALS1 9DE$ P]SONALITIES4 ,ANTIGONE H]SELF BECOMES ! OMBODIM5T ( TRIBAL K9%IP RULES 9 H] FR5ZI$ ZEAL TO BURY ! BODY ( H] BRO!R1 ,POLYNEIKES1 :OM ,KREON1 ! ,K+ ( ,!BES1 WI%ES TO LEAVE TO VULTURES & DOGS AS AN EXAMPLE = FUTURE REBELS4 ,KREON ?US APPE>S AS ! EMBODIM5T ( SECUL> AU?ORITY1 ! CIVIL C\NT]P>T TO ,ANTIGONE4 ,! DRAMA EM]GES AS A FUGUE1 9 :I* DEEPLY EMOTIVE E?ICAL !MES >E PLAY$ AGA9/ EA* O!R & 9T]ME%4 ,IF ,AESKYLOS'S *>ACT]S T5D TO APPE> AS =CES RA!R ?AN 9DIVIDUALS1 DESPITE ,KLYTEMNE/RA'S AWESOME P]SONALITY & ,A!NE'S MAJE/Y1 ,ANTIGONE W9S US AS A P]SECUT$ H]O9E :O SEEKS ! BURIAL ( H] BRO!R S BODY & ,KREON AS ! WILLFUL EMBODIM5T ( CIVIL RULE1 PRIOR EV5 TO ! RISE ( ! POLIS4 ,= WE >E /ILL 9 ! TIME ( ! ROYAL OIKOS OR H\SEHOLD4 ,9 WRIT+ ! DRAMA1 ,SOPHOKLES MAY HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT AFT] ! DECL9E ( ?IS PREPOLITICAL WORLD ( BLOOD CLANS & REGAL PALACES ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 NO LONG] HAD TO CONFRONT ! PANGS ( TRAG$Y 9 ,HEGEL'S S5SE ( ! T]M--A DRAMA 9 :I* BO? SIDES >E RI<T4 ,! POLIS SP>ES US ! NE$ TO PIT DIV9E LAW 9 ! =M ( TRIBAL COMM&M5T AGA9/ HUMAN LAW 9 ! =M ( CIVIL RETRIBUTION = REBELLION4 ,WE CAN READ \R ROMANTIC SYMPA?IES = ,ANTIGONE 9TO ! DRAMA1 BUT A ,GREEK AUDI5CE MI<T HAVE VIEW$ H] DIFF]5TLY4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO PLACE ,KREON'S CIVIL OBLIGATION ON A P> ) ,ANTIGONE S TRIBAL OBLIGATION1 & ITS SYMPA?IES W\LD HAVE BE5 ALLOTT$ ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL AS WELL AS P]SONAL S5SIBILITIES4 ,RELIEF EM]GES FROM ! S5SE ( DELIV]Y ?AT A CONCEAL$ !ME 9 ! DRAMA AF=DS3 ! FREE AIR ( ! POLIS 9 :I* ! CITIZ5 CAN BREA! )\T ! PRES5CE ( SU* EXOTIC CONFLICTS4 

,SU* IS ALSO ! CASE 9 ONE ( ,SOPHOKLES'S MO/ CELEBRAT$--& POSSIBLY ONE ( HIS MO/ MISUND]/OOD--PLAYS1 ,O$IPUS ! ,K+ & ,O$IPUS AT ,COLONUS4 ,H]E MAN1 POT5TIALLY ! CITIZ51 RISES TO A CLE> & LEVEL GAZE AT HIS FATE & HIS ABILITY TO LE>N FROM SUFF]+4 ,IF !RE IS ANY?+ ?AT IMPRESSES US AB\T ! PLAY1 IT IS ! FACT ?AT ,O$IPUS EM]GES ) GREAT] NOBILITY T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ALL HIS MIS=TUNES NOT)/&+1 ?AN 9 ITS PORT5T\S BEG9N+S4 ,NO BROK5 ,K+ ,LE> CONFRONTS US BUT RA!R A H]O :OSE PASSION = TRU? ULTIMATELY TRANSC5DS ! DISA/R\S IMPACT ( PATRICIDE & 9CE/4 ,! CA?>TIC CORE ( ! DRAMA IS UNMI/AKABLE3 IT IS ! NOBILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 PURG$ ( >*AIC CURSES & TRAMMELS1 ( MAN'S HI< PROMISE & DE/9Y TO A*IEVE 9SI<T & WISDOM :5 HE ACQUIRES ! /ATUS ( A FREE CITIZ54 

,YET1 ! ,GREEK IDEAL ( ! CITIZ51 9 CONTRA/ TO \RS1 IS NOT MONADIC4 ,H[EV] 9DIVIDUAT$ ! ,GREEK DRAMA BECAME ) ,SOPHOKLES & EV5 MORE DECID$LY SO ) ,EURIPIDES1 ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 W\LD HAVE MOCK$ ! 5TR5*$ B\RGEOIS MY? ?AT ! FREE MAN IS AN ATOMIZ$ BUY] & SELL] :OSE *OICES >E CON/RA9$ BY HIS [N PSY*OLOGICAL & PHYSICAL 9FIRMITIES4 ,HE W\LD HAVE SE5 BEYOND ! >ROGANCE ( ?IS SELF-DECEPTION 9TO ! PA?OS ( ! B\RGEOIS CITIZ5'S CLI5TAGE TO ! P[]FUL1 HIS AIMLESS PURSUIT ( WEAL?1 HIS R$UCTION ( LIFE TO ! ACQUISITION ( ?+S--9 %ORT1 A MOIRA OR DE/9Y GOV]N$ MORE BY ANANKE OR NECESSITY ?AN BY ! UND]/&+ ?AT EV5 SU* A NASC5T P]SONALITY AS ,O$IPUS BR+S TO HIS [N 9SI<T 9TO REALITY4 ,SU* A DESPIS$ B\RGEOIS BE+1 HE W\LD HAVE CONCLUD$1 IS NO LESS >*AIC ?AN ! ,]9YES1 :O MU/ BE FRE$ FROM !IR PRIMALITY AS M]E =CES & RECON/RUCT$ BY REASON & JU/ICE 9TO ! 0K9DLY ONES40 ,ONLY !N1 9 SYN*RONICITY & E?ICAL UNION ) ! POLIS1 IS CITIZ5%IP MORE ?AN A =MALITY & ITS PRACTICE MORE ?AN A RITUAL4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 WAS NOT A CORPORATE BE+ 9 \R USUAL MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,MO/ PRES5T-DAY DISCUSSIONS ( ! ,A!NIAN'S LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY & ! POLIS'S T5D5CY TO SUBS]VE HIS P]SONALITY TO AN OV]BE>+ COLLECTIVITY >E WEI<$ D[N BY ,EUROC5TRICALLY NEUROTIC IMAGES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS SU*4 ,! MOD]N ID5TIFICATION ( 9DIVIDUALITY ) EGOTISM & P]SONALITY ) NEUROSIS HAS BE5 OV]9DULG$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0MOD]NITY0 ) AN >ROGANCE ?AT BE>S COMP>ISON ONLY ) ! CONCEIT$ CLAIMS ( PSY*OANALYSIS & PSY*OHI/ORY TO EXPLA9 ! HUMAN DRAMA 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN BE 9DIVIDUAT$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS--SOME AS HI<LY SOCIAL & POLITICAL BE+S1 O!RS AS PRIVATE & SELF-9DULG5T BE+S1 /ILL O!RS AS COMB9ATIONS & P]MUTATIONS ( BO?--IS AS ALI5 TO ! IMP]IALI/IC CLAIMS ( 0MOD]NITY0 AS IT IS TO ! ADMIR]S ( GEME9S*AFT1 ! /AGNANT FOLK COMMUNITY BAS$ ON K9%IP & ORGANISMIC RELATION%IPS4 ,TO ! ,HELL5IC CITIZ5 ( A  
POLIS1 LEAV+ ALL ITS MY?IC ORIG9S ASIDE1 ! MONAD W\LD HAVE SEEM$ AS PREHUMAN AS ! FOLK COMMUNITY SEEM$ PREPOLITICAL4 ,9DIVIDUALITY MEANT CITIZ5%IP4 ,&1 IDEALLY1 CITIZ5%IP MEANT ! P]SONAL :OL5ESS ?AT CAME FROM DEEP ROOTS 9 TRADITION1 A COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL BONDS1 RI*LY >TICULAT$ CIVIC RELATION%IPS1 %>$ FE/IVALS1 PHILIA1 FRE$OM FROM CLI5TAGE & FRE$OM = COLLECTIVE SELF-DET]M9ATION ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS ?AT FO/]$ ! FULL P>TICIPATION & EV]YDAY PRACTICE ( A CREATIVE BODY POLITIC4 ,TO HE SU* A CITIZ51 ONE HAD TO LIVE 9 A POLIS--A CITY ?AT POSSESS$ AN AGORA1 A SPACE TO CONV5E G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE1 A !AT] TO DRAMATIZE ! REALITY & IDEOLOGY ( FRE$OM1 & ! C]EMONIAL SQU>ES1 AV5UES1 & TEMPLES ?AT GAVE IT REV]5TIAL MEAN+4 ,TO REMOVE ANY ( !SE ELEM5TS ?AT MADE UP ?IS :OLE WAS TO 9/ANTLY DE/ROY IT4 ,)\T EV]Y ONE ( !M1 CULTIVAT$ ON A DAILY BASIS BY ! PAIDEIA ( CITIZ5%IP & GUID$ BY AN UN]R+ CONCEPT ( >ETE1 ! ,A!NIAN IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP FELL AP>T & ITS 9/ITUTIONS BECAME HOLL[ =MS4 

,BUT SU* NOTIONS1 VALUABLE AS !Y MAY BE1 LACK A PROCESSUAL CONT5T ?AT SEES ?IS :OLE FROM ! /&PO9T ( AN EV]-FULL] DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS BY LOOK+ CLOSELY AT ! QUIXOTIC NATURE ( ! ,GREEK DRAMATIC TRAG$Y ITSELF--! /AG$ EXP]I5CE ( ! POLIS & CITIZ54 ,= IT WAS ?R\< ! TRAG$Y ?AT ! ,A!NIAN UND]W5T SELF-EXAM9ATION1 MU* AS ?\< HE C\LD )DRAW FROM HIS [N SK9 & OBS]VE HIMSELF ?\<TFULLY = :AT HE REALLY WAS4 ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ALL ! TRAG$IES WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL >E MADE UP ( MY?IC & EPIC MAT]IAL4 ,AS CIVIC EXP]I5CES1 !Y SEEM TO FUNCTION DISSONANTLY ) /UFF ?AT IS DRAWN FROM A PREPOLITICAL WORLD1 FROM ]AS ?AT PREC$E !  
POLIS 9 ITS MO/ ADVANC$ /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,!IR H]OES & H]O9ES >E ,BRONZE ,AGE *>ACT]S :O /ILL LIVE UND] ! COMM&M5TS ( A TRIBAL OR W>RIOR SOCIETY1 BY CANONS ( RI<T & WRONG ?AT >E >*AIC AT BE/ & *?ONIC AT WOR/4 ,9 ! TRANS=MATIONS ?AT ! DRAMAS REC\NT FROM ONE WORLD TO ANO!R1 WE R>ELY SEEM TO RISE FROM NEW F\NDATIONS EMB$D$ 9 /ILL OLD] ONES TO ! $IFICE ?AT ! AUDI5CE KNEW AT H&--! POLIS ( !1 FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4 & ITS DEMOCRACY4 

,YET ! ANTIQUITY ( ! *>ACT]S1 MAT]IAL1 & !MES ) :I* ALL ! GREAT TRAG$IANS SEEM TO HAVE WORK$ IS BELI$ BY A />TL+ S5SE ( 9NOVATION1 BY T5SIONS FROM :I* NEW IDEALS1 9/ITUTIONS1 & CR$OS >E BORN4 ,!1 ,ORE/EIA SEEMS TO NOT ONLY JU/IFY RADICALLY NEW COMMUNAL DISP5SATIONS1 9DE$ MO/ ( :I* ALREADY EXI/$ :5 ! TRILOGY WAS PRES5T$2 ITS RADICALISM CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ,A!NE'S DECREES >E FRAU<T ) ! PROMISE ( *ANGE1 ) MOTIVES ?AT >E LIKELY TO YIELD EV]-WID] E?ICAL & POLITICAL HORIZONS4 ,ONE S5SES ?AT A COMMUNITY GUID$ BY JU/ICE HAS JU/ BEGUN TO EM]GE1 ?AT ! CIVIC IDEAL ( FRE$OM IS /ILL NASC5T1 ?AT CITIZ5%IP & ! POLIS >E /ILL EXP]I5C+ BIR? PANGS & !IR FUTURE /ILL LIES BE=E !M4 ,FEW ,A!NIANS1 ,I SUSPECT1 C\LD HAVE LEFT SU* DRAMAS )\T FEEL+ AN 9T5SE S5SE ( FUTURITY & A S]5E COMMITM5T TO GR[?4 ,PROME!US ,B\ND IS EV5 MORE *ALL5G+ 9 ITS ?IR/ = H]OIC 9NOVATION & ITS PASSION = A FULL] >ID RI*] EXP]I5TIAL LIFE1 AS >E ! ,O$IPUS DRAMAS = TRU? AT ALL CO/S4 

,H5CE1 SEEM+LY CONS]VATIVE MAT]IAL IS PLAY$1 REPLAY$1 & ULTIMATELY TRANSMUT$ 9TO SE>+LY PROGRESSIVE HOPES & POSSIBILITIES4 ,:5 WE BE> WITNESS TO !SE DRAMAS BY VIEW+ !M 9 ALL !IR />KNESS AS IDEALIZ$ 0>*ETYPES0 ( AN IMMUTABLE HUMAN NATURE1 WE DO VIOL5CE TO ! T5SIONS !Y PROBABLY PRODUC$ 9 ! ,A!NIAN AUDI5CES ( !IR DAY4 ,!SE PLAYS W]E NO M]E SPECTACLES OR CA?>TIC \TLETS = P5T-UP CIVIC ANXIETIES4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 !Y W]E S\RCES ( MOTIVATION & T5SION1 DESIGN$ TO MOVE !IR AUDI5CES =W>D TO NOBLE DE$S & GREAT 5T]PRISES1 TO CONTRA/ PA/ ) PRES5T SO ?AT MEAN+1 CONT9UITY1 & T5D5CY C\LD BE IMP>T$ TO ! FUTURE4 ,!Y VOIC$ A HOPE 9 ! HUMAN SPIRIT ?AT BELIES ! CONV5TIONAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,A!NIAN DRAMA AS FATALI/IC 9 ITS VIEW ( LIFE & RESIGN$ 9 ITS IMAGE ( DE/9Y4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ) ,EURIPIDES1 ?AT MO/ 0MOD]N10 0REALI/IC10 & 09DIVIDUALI/IC0 ( ! ,GREEK TRAG$IANS1 ?AT HOPELESSNESS1 ALI5ATION1 & ! 9SUFF]ABLE BURD5 ( CIRCUM/ANCES SEEM TO DEV\R ! *>ACT]S ( ! DRAMA & EXHAU/ ! HOPES ( ! AUDI5CE4 ,H]E1 !  
DEUS EX MA*9A SNAPS UP ! IMMAN5T DIALECTIC ( ! OLD] DRAMA ) ITS PROMISE ( FUTURITY & HOPE4 

,! POLIS WAS NO LESS A !AT] = ! PRACTICE ( VIRTUE ?AN ! OR*E/RA AT ! FOOT ( ! ,ACROPOLIS WAS A HOME = ! P]=MANCE ( ! PLAYS IT WAT*$4 ,& ! CITIZ5 WAS NO LESS AN ACTOR 9 A GREAT CIVIC DRAMA ?AN ! M5 :O P]=M$ = HIM ) MASKS 9 ! ,CITY ,DIONYSOS4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! PLOT WE CALL ! HI/ORY ( ,A!NS 9CORPORAT$ ! LAY]$ TRADITIONS ?AT =M$ ITS CULTURAL BIOGRAPHY & IDEOLOGY4 ,SO C5TRAL WAS ! CITIZ5 TO ?IS PLOT ) HIS 0FRE$OM =0 AS WELL AS HIS 0FRE$OM FROM10 ?AT ! HI/ORIES ( ! TIME1 :5 !Y REF] TO ,ATTICA1 SPEAK MORE COMMONLY ( 0! ,A!NIANS0 ?AN !Y DO ( 0,A!NS40 ,UN]R+LY1 !Y REVEAL ?AT ,A!NS WAS NO M]E COLLECTION ( /RUCTURES1 NO SIMPLE GEOGRAPHIC LOCALE1 ?AT ANY AGGREGATE ( PEOPLE C\LD OCCUPY )\T ! POLIS LOS+ ITS AU!NTICITY4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! CITY \TLIV$ ! POLIS1 & ! DEMOCRACY 9 A =MAL S5SE \TLIV$ ! CITIZ5S4 ,DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS P]SI/$ 9 A TRUNCAT$ =M LONG AFT] ,A!NS S F9AL DEFEAT BY ! ,MAC$ONIANS AT ,KRANNON 9 #cbb ,B4,C4 ,NO CITY WAS A POLIS1 9 ,>I/OTLE'S VIEW1 UNLESS IT HAD AN AGORA2 BUT1 NE$LESS1 TO SAY1 NO AGORA C\LD HAVE PRODUC$ A DEMOCRACY UNLESS IT HAD ! K9D ( CITIZ5 ! HI/ORIANS ( ?AT DAY CALL$ 0! ,A!NIANS40 

,!RE IS A MY? ?AT ! CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS ! SPONTANE\S PRODUCT ( CU/OM & TRADITION4 ,H5CE1 ITS 9TEGRITY RE/$ L>GELY ON HIDD5 PRESUPPOSITIONS ( :I* IT WAS L>GELY UNCONSCI\S1 9DE$1 TO :I* IT WAS SUBLIMELY OBLIVI\S4 ,?IS NOTION ( AN UNREFLECTIVE ,A!NIAN MORALITY1 IMPUT$ TO ,HEGEL & HELD BY MANY ROMANTICS 9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 IS BELI$ BY ALMO/ EV]Y?+ WE KN[ AB\T ! DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,AESKYLEAN TRAG$IES & ,P]IKLES'S FUN]AL ORATION1 TO CITE TWO HI<LY IMPORTANT & WIDELY SEP>AT$ EXAMPLES1 COMPLETELY REFUTE ! IMAGE ( ! DEMOCRACY AS A PH5OM5ON BAS$ ON M]E HABIT & CONV5TION4 ,ONE MU/ TOTALLY IGNORE ,KLEIS!NES'S RE=MS & ! SUBTLE MELD+ ( RELIGI\S TRADITION ) CLE>LY =MULAT$ POLITICAL GOALS NOT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! DEMOCRACY WAS A CONSCI\SLY CRAFT$ /RUCTURE1 ! PRODUCT ( PURPOSEFUL1 9SI<TFUL1 & ?\<TFUL EF=TS TO A*IEVE CLE>LY P]CEIV$ GOALS--&1 LET ME ADD1 GUID$ BY A PHILOSOPHY & PRACTICE ( ITS [N4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( ! LOT1 ! ROTATION & LIMITATION ( T5URE 9 PUBLIC (FICE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ASSEMBLY & ! B\LE--ALL REVEAL A DEGREE ( 9T5TIONALITY & CL>ITY ( PURPOSE ?AT HAS FEW EQUALS 9 ANY LAT] CON/ITUTIONAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,?AT ,SOKRATES WAS EXECUT$ = QUE/ION+ ?IS ORD] ON *>GES ?AT W]E >*AIC EV5 BY CONS]VATIVE /&>DS ( FIF?-C5TURY ,A!NS HAS MORE TO DO ) ! POLITICS ( ! TRIAL1 P>TICUL>LY ,SOKRATES' >ROGANCE & HIS DESIRE = M>TYRDOM1 ?AN ! *ALL5GE HIS PHILOSOPHY POS$ TO ! POLIS'S 0E?ICAL ORD]40 ,NO POLITICAL COMMUNITY WAS MORE AW>E ( ITS UNIQU5ESS & WONDR\S ( ITS A*IEVEM5T ?AN ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY4 ,& NO ONE WAS MORE CONSCI\SLY COMMITT$ TO ?IS HUMANLY WR\<T BODY ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AN ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ54 

,BY CONTRA/1 LAT] IDEALS ( CITIZ5%IP1 EV5 9S(> AS !Y W]E MODEL$ ON ! ,A!NIAN1 SEEM MORE UNF9I%$ & IMMATURE ?AN ! ORIG9AL--H5CE1 ! V]Y CONSID]ABLE DISCUSSION ,I HAVE GIV5 TO ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 & HIS CONTEXT4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE %ORTLY1 !RE W]E IMPRESSIVE ATTEMPTS TO CREATE PATT]NS ( CIVIC FRE$OM ?AT APPROXIMAT$ ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS 9 M$IEVAL CITY-/ATES & 9 ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS4 ,!SE ATTEMPTS W]E USUALLY 9TUITIVE4 ,! ,AM]ICANS :O ATT5D$ T[N MEET+S 9 ,NEW ,5GL& AFT] #agf & ! ,FR5* SANS-CULOTTES :O FILL$ ! RADICAL SECTIONS ( ,P>IS 9 #a#g#i#c-#i#d W]E H>DLY AW>E ( ! POLITICAL DRAMA ?AT UNFOLD$ 9 ,A!NS SOME TWO MILL5NIA E>LI]1 AL?\< !IR MORE KN[L$GEABLE SPOKESM5 F+]$ ,PLUT>* ?R\<\T !IR LIVES & OCCASIONALLY ADOPT$ H]OIC NAMES DUR+ F]V5T MOM5TS ( ! TWO REVOLUTIONS4 ,:AT WAS LACK+ 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A LIV+ APPROXIMATION ( CIVIC DEMOCRACY WAS NOT M]ELY IDEOLOGY4 ,GREECE1 COMMONLY ,A!NS 7AL?\< ,SP>TA'S G>RISON-/ATE WAS A CLOSE RUNN]-UP = SOME UTOPIAN WRIT]S & = ,R\SSEAU71 WAS HELD UP AS A FASC9AT+ EXP]IM5T 9 POPUL> SELF-GOV]NANCE &1 AS USUAL1 COMPROMIS$ ) ! REPUBLICAN IDEALS G5]AT$ BY ! EM]G+ NATION-/ATE1 

,= ?IS REASON1 ! ,A!NIAN IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP1 LIKE ITS P>ALLEL CREATION1 POLITICS1 DEM&S C>EFUL EXPLORATION TODAY EV5 MORE ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/4 ,IF MOD]NS F9D DEMOCRATIC POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP A DESID]ATUM1 !Y WILL NEV] A*IEVE !M )\T A SUPREME ACT ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,!Y MU/ NOT ONLY WANT IT BUT KN[ IT4 ,A!NIAN CIVIC GOALS1 = ALL !IR %ORTCOM+S 7NOTABLY ,A!NS'S TREATM5T ( WOM51 ALI5 RESID5TS1 & ITS WIDESPREAD USE ( SLAVE LABOR71 MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 AN EV]YDAY NOTION ( :AT WE MEAN BY POLITICS4 ,IS IT /ATECRAFT8 ,OR DOES IT C5T] >\ND SOCIAL 5TITIES SU* AS COOP]ATIVE1 VOCATIONAL SOCIETIES OR TRIBES 9 ! C\NT]CULTURAL S5SE ( ?IS MU*-ABUS$ T]M8 ,OR SOME BROAD CONCEPT ( GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATION ?AT PASSES UND] WORDS SU* AS 0LOCALISM10 0DEC5TRALISM10 & 0BIOREGIONALISM08 ,IS IT AN $UCATIONAL ACTIVITY--A CIVIC PAIDEIA--?AT FO/]S ! CITIZ5'S EMP[]M5T1 BO? SPIRITUALLY AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONALLY8 ,OR IS IT PRIM>ILY A =M ( 0MANAGEM5T0 :OSE GOAL IS ADM9I/RATIVE EFFICI5CY & FISCAL %REWDNESS8 

,NO MOD]N BODY ( IDEAS1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 HAS WRE/L$ ) ! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS ADEQUATELY 5\< TO DRAW CLE> DI/9CTIONS AMONG ! SOCIAL1 ! POLITICAL1 & ! /ATI/ SO ?AT A MEAN+FUL \TLOOK CAN BE =MULAT$--ONE ?AT WILL SEEK ! DELICATE BALANCE ( +R$I5TS 7TRADITIONAL1 FAMILIAL1 E?ICAL1 & 9/ITUTIONAL7 & ! PAIDEIA ?AT >TICULATES AN AU!NTICALLY DEMOCRATIC POLITICS ) A CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP ?AT GIVES ?IS \TLOOK REALITY4 ,NOR DO WE HAVE A CLE> IDEA ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ! CITY1 PROP]LY CONCEIV$ AS A HUMANLY SCAL$ E?ICAL COMMUNITY1 DIFF]S FROM URBANIZATION & ! 9HUMAN SCALE PRODUC$ BY ! NATION-/ATE4 ,WE R>ELY UND]/&'H[ 9TEGRALLY AN E?ICAL POLITICS IS W$D$ TO A COMPREH5SIBLE CIVIC SCALE1 TO ! CITY ITSELF1 CONCEIV$ AS A ?OR\<LY MANAGEABLE & P>TICIPATORY UNION ( CITIZ5S1 RI*LY >TICULAT$ BY TRADITION & BY SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL =MS4 ,WE LIVE SO CONTEMPORANE\SLY )9 ! GIV5 /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 ! OV]BE>+ 0N[0 ?AT ET]NALIZES ! /ATUS QUO1 ?AT NO SOCIETY IS MORE PREY TO ! WORK+S ( M9DLESS =CES ?AN BUR [N4 ,B]EFT ( A S]I\S REG>D = HI/ORY1 9DE$ = ! EXP]I5CES ( \R [N C5TURY1 WE F9D \RSELVES 9 ! AIRLESS VACUUM ( AN IMMUTABLE 0PRES5T_/ A TIME W>P ?AT PRECLUDES ANY S5SE ( FUTURITY & ABILITY TO REASON 9NOVATIVELY4 

,ACCORD+LY1 :]E ?9K+ ( A CRUDE K9D DOES EXI/1 L9ES ( ?\<T FECKLESSLY CRISSCROSS EA* O!R LIKE ! SCRAWL+S ( AN 9FANT ?AT CAN B>ELY GRASP A P5CIL4 ,OLIG>*IES >E ACCEPT$ AS DEMOCRACIES2 VIRTUAL MON>*IES AS REPUBLICS2 /ATE 9/ITUTIONS AS SOCIAL =MS2 SOCIAL =MS AS POLITICAL ONES4 ,ONE1 CAN H>DLY SPEAK1 H]E1 ( A K9D ( %ALL[ ECLECTICISM ?AT AFFLICTS EV]Y AGE2 RA!R ONE 5C\NT]S A POTP\RRI ( UNF9I%$ NOTIONS1 B>ELY WOR?Y ( BE+ CALL$ 0IDEAS10 ?AT >E M+L$ TOGE!R 9 ! VISC]A RA!R ?AN ! HEAD4 ,TO ?9K \T IDEAS TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 TO BE CONSI/5T & COMPLETE 9 ?\<T1 IS VIEW$ AS A =M ( 9TELLECTUAL AGGRESSION ?AT /IMULATES RETIC5CE OR )DRAWAL RA!R ?AN DIALOGUE OR RESPONSE4 ,! MOD]N 0EGO0 IS N[ SO FRAGILE ?AT ! M]E PRES5CE ( PASSION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =M ( >GUM5TATION1 IS A /IMULUS TO FLI<T OR1 WORSE1 CAUSE = A YIELD+ QUIETISM4 ,! EMPHASIS ?AT ! ,A!NIANS PLAC$ ON SPEAK+1 :I* WAS ID5TIFI$ ) DEMOCRACY1 SPELLS \T ! EXT5T TO :I* A QUALITATIVE BREA* SEP>ATES \R PITIFUL IMAGE ( PUBLIC ACTIVITY FROM ! CLASSICAL ONE ( TWO MILL5NIA AGO4 

,:AT %\LD BE /RESS$1 = ! PRES5T1 IS ?AT ! ,A!NIAN IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP DID NOT DIE 9 ! =MAL S5SE1 EV5 AFT] ,MAC$ONIA HAD EVISC]AT$ ! DEMOCRACY4 ,! EKKLESIA &  
B\LE FUNCTION$ = G5]ATIONS AFT] ,A!NS LO/ H] 9DEP5D5CE2 ! 9/ITUTIONS W]E KEPT ALIVE AS A POLITICAL SOP TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN-WIDE BELIEF 9 ,A!NS'S UNIQU5ESS1 ALL ! MORE TO CLOAK A GR[+ DESPOTISM ?AT F9ALLY CAUS$ ! LA/ 9/ITUTIONAL VE/IGES ( ! DEMOCRACY TO WI!R COMPLETELY4 ,& H]E LIES A LESSON ?AT LAT] 9/ITUTIONALLY ORI5T$ DEMOCRATS W]E TO LE>N AT GREAT CO/4 ,AN AGORA DOES NOT 9 ITSELF PRODUCE A POLIS1 NOR DOES AN EKKLESIA 9 ITSELF PRODUCE CITIZ5S4 ,ALL ( !M MU/ EXI/1 TO BE SURE1 IF A DEMOCRACY IS TO BE E/ABLI%$2 BUT !Y REMA9 M]E =MALITIES IF !Y FAIL TO 9T]ACT 9 ! PROP] WAY TO =M A UNIFI$ :OLE4 ,IT WAS ?IS L>GELY =MAL S5SE ( DEMOCRACY & CITIZ5%IP ?AT S]V$1 9 P>T AT LEA/1 TO ABORT ! ONLY ATTEMPT TO RESCUE ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC 9 ! GUISE ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO TELL FROM ,PLUT>*'S BIOGRAPHIES ( ,TIB]IUS & ,GAIUS ,GRAC*US ?AT ! BRO!RS W]E NO M]E AGR>IAN RE=M]S2 9DE$ ?AT !IR LAWS TO SUPPLANT ! ,S5ATE'S P[]S BY ! AU?ORITY ( ! COMITIA TRIBUTA CAME AS CLOSE TO A FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL REVOLUTION AS ,ROME EV] EXP]I5C$4 ,! BRO!RS1 9 ,M4 ,I4 ,RO/OVTZEFF'S VIEW1 W]E CLE>LY \T TO 0SET UP AT ,ROME A DEMOCRACY ( ! ,GREEK TYPE10 A 0DREAM OR F>CE10 AS HE CALLS ,IT1 ?AT WAS DESIGN$ 0TO TRANSF] FROM ! ,S5ATE TO ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY ! DECISION ( ALL IMPORTANT BUS9ESS1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO SET UP AT ,ROME A DEMOCRACY AFT] ! ,A!NIAN MODEL40_<#b#g_> ,NOR ,WAS ?IS GOAL 5TIRELY IMPRACTICAL1 AT LEA/ 9/ITUTIONALLY4 0,TO SECURE ?IS PO9T NO SPECIAL LAW WAS REQUIR$3 ACCORD+ TO ! CON/ITUTION ALL IMPORTANT BUS9ESS WAS1 9 !ORY1 SETTL$ BY ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY2 ! 9NOVATION WAS ?IS1 ?AT BUS9ESS :I* BY CU/OM HAD HI!RTO BE5 DECID$ BY ! ,S5ATE WAS N[ LAID BY .<,GAIUS.> ,GRAC*US1 AS TRIBUNE1 BE=E ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 = !IR CONSID]ATION & DECISION40_<#b#h_> 

,! EF=T ULTIMATELY F\ND]$ NOT = WANT ( 9/ITUTIONAL ME*ANISMS BUT = LACK ( A G5U9E CITIZ5RY4 ,DESPITE ,RO/OVTZEFF'S >I/OCRATIC BIASES1 HE IS ON SOLID GR\ND :5 HE EMPHASIZES ?AT 0TO ALL[ L& EV5 TO EV]Y MEMB] ( ! PROLET>IAT C\LD NEV] BR+ BACK A TIME :5 ! /ATE RE/$ ,N,O,CURELY UPON A /RONG PEASANT POPULATION40_<#b#i_> ,! CULTURE ?AT PRODUC$ M5 SU* AS ,C9C9NATUS OR ! ELD] ,CATO WAS WAN+ & HAD TO BE RECOV]$ OR A NEW ONE DEVELOP$ 9 ITS PLACE IF M]E 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES W]E TO BE VIABLE & LA/+4 ,! ,GRAC*I W\LD HAVE HAD TO DEAL ) /ILL ANO!R *ANGE ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY UND]M9E ! 5TIRE REPUBLICAN $IFICE4 ,ROME WAS NO LONG] A CITY 9 ANY ,HELL5IC S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,IT WAS ! C5T] ( AN EM]G+ EMPIRE1 AN URBS1 TO USE ! CONV5TIONAL ,LAT9 WORD = 0CITY10 ?AT HAD CEAS$ TO BE A CIVITAS1 ! WORD ,ROMANS COMMONLY US$ TO D5OTE A 0UNION ( CITIZ5S40 ,! T]M9OLOGICAL DI/9CTION IS APT3 ! ,ROMAN URBS WAS GR[+ UNCONTROLLABLY BY ! SECOND C5TURY ,B4,C41 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,ROMAN  
CIVITAS2 IT WAS SPRAWL+ \TW>DLY 9 SIZE AS WELL AS WORLDWIDE 9 SCOPE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! SPOILS ( ! ,PUNIC ,W>S BEGAN TO FILL ITS C(F]S4 ,CONCEIVABLY1 ! YEOMAN-CITIZ5S :O F\ND$ ! REPUBLIC C\LD HAVE TURN$ IT 9TO A DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT ONCE !Y 0CAME D[N FROM ! ,SEV5 ,HILLS0 ON :I* ,ROME WAS F\ND$1 !Y BECAME 0SMALL10 TO USE ,HE9E'S WORDS4 ,! 0IDEA ( ,ROME0 AS A SPIRITUAL H]ITAGE DIM9I%$ 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! GR[? ( ! CITY4 0,! GREAT] ,ROME GREW10 ,HE9E WROTE1 0! MORE ?IS IDEA DILAT$2 ! 9DIVIDUAL LO/ HIMSELF 9 IT3 ! GREAT M5 :O REMA9 EM95T >E BORNE UP BY ?IS IDEA1 & IT MAKES ! LITTL5ESS ( ! LITTLE M5 EV5 MORE PRON\NC$40_<#c_> 

,! DECL9E ( ! ANCI5T WORLD DID NOT EFFACE ! IDEALS ?AT ,A!NS & ,ROME 9SPIR$4 ,LAT] ]AS W]E TO BLUR !M SO ?AT WE N[ SPEAK ( TWO K9DS ( 0DEMOCRACY10 0DIRECT0 & 0REPRES5TATIVE10 AS ?\< !Y D]IVE FROM A COMMON H]ITAGE4 ,DUR+ 9SPIR$ MOM5TS1 M$IEVAL & MOD]N CITIES W]E TO FLUCTUATE BETWE5 ! TWO &1 AT TIMES1 COME CLOS] TO A ,HELL5IC DEMOCRACY & CITIZ5RY ?AN ! ,GRAC*I C\LD HAVE A*IEV$ 9 ,ROME4 ,:AT !SE CITIES A*IEV$ 9 FACT1 H[EV]1 !Y R>ELY A*IEV$ 9 IDEOLOGY2 H5CE !IR PATT]NS ( CIVIC FRE$OM W]E BASICALLY 9TUITIVE CREATIONS4 ,!Y DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,BUT 9 AN ]A ( *ILL+ DISCONT9UITIES1 :5 \R KN[L$GE ( WE/]N CULTURE IS 9 GRAVE P]IL ( DISAPPE>+1 WE CAN NO MORE IGNORE ! LEGACY ( !IR EXAMPLE ?AN WE CAN IGNORE ! SPRAWL+ URBANIZATION ?AT ?REAT5S \R CIVIC ID5TITY & POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

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