,*APT] #b 
,FROM ,TRIBE ,TO ,CITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,TWO3 ,FROM ,TRIBE TO ,CITY 

  

,CONV5TIONAL ACC\NTS ( ! CITY'S ORIG9S T5D TODAY TO BE /RID5TLY TE*NOLOGICAL3 !Y AN*OR ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY 9 ! DISCOV]Y ( FOOD CULTIVATION1 P>TICUL>LY ITS HI<LY PRODUCTIVE =M ( ANIMAL-P[]$ AGRICULTURE4 ,! CITY1 IT IS ASSUM$1 APPE>$ BECAUSE ( ! L>GE FOOD SURPLUSES F>M+ FOLK C\LD PROVIDE ) ! ,NEOLI?IC TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS ?AT M>K$ ! CULTIVATION ( ! L&4 ,) ?IS NEW MAT]IAL PL5TITUDE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 WE >E TOLD1 PEOPLE BEGAN TO DETA* !MSELVES FROM AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS & DEVELOP !IR SKILLS AS POTT]S1 WEAV]S1 METALLURGI/S1 C>P5T]S1 JEWEL]S1 & MASONS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ADM9I/RATORS1 PRIE/S1 SOLDI]S1 & >TI/S4 ,AS AGR>IAN VILLAGES 9CREAS$ 9 SIZE & D5SITY1 !Y >E SAID TO HAVE REA*$ A 0CRITICAL MASS0--(T5 ( UNDEF9ABLE SIZE--?AT APP>5TLY QUALIFI$ !M TO BE CALL$ 0CITIES40 ,G5]ALLY1 WE T5D TO REG>D ! CITY ITSELF AS A %>P ECONOMIC BREA* ) ! C\NTRYSIDE1 M>K$ BY A TYPICALLY URBAN DEVELOPM5T ( CRAFTS1 ADM9I/RATION1 &1 TO USE A GROSSLY D5ATUR$ WORD1 0POLITICS40 ,?IS NEW1 L>GELY NONAGR>IAN 5SEMBLE ( ACTIVITIES PRODUC$ :AT WE LIKE TO CALL 0CIVILIZATION03 A LIT]ATE WORLD1 CULTURALLY 05LI<T5$10 PRESUMABLY MORE RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONALLY & TE*NOLOGICALLY ?AN ! AGR>IAN1 SOCIETY ON :I*1 IT RELI$--9 %ORT1 :AT ! DI/+UI%$ ,M>XIAN >*AEOLOGI/1 ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE1 CALL$ ! 0URBAN REVOLUTION_/' 

,?IS CONV5TIONAL IMAGE ( ! CITY'S ORIG9S PROJECTS A HI<LY MOD]N VIEW1 L>GELY ECBNOMI/IC & PROGRESSIVI/IC1 ONTO ! PA/4 ,IT ASSUMES ?AT BECAUSE WE >E PRIM>ILY1 ECONOMIC BE+S :OSE CIVIC ACTIVITIES >E DEEPLY RBOT$ 9 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & S]VICE OCCUPATIONS1 \R URBAN 0=EBE>]S0 GA!R$ 9 T[NS & CITIES TO FOLL[ SIMIL> PURSUITS4 ,!Y1 TOO1 WE T5D TO BELIEVE1 CONCEIV$ ( ! CITY AS AN ECONOMIC 5T]PRISE1 MASSIVELY COMMITT$ TO NONAGR>IAN TASKS4 ,WE >E PREP>$ TO CONC$E ?AT 9 A MORE 0B>B>\S0 ]A E>LY CITY DWELL]S W]E ALSO PREOCCUPI$ ) !IR SAFETY OR DEF5SE FROM RIVAL CITIES OR PA/ORAL NOMADS4 ,H5CE1 !Y CONGREGAT$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S BEH9D DEF5SIVE PALISADES & =TIFI$ WALLS4 ,:ILE DEF5SIVE CONC]NS MI<T ACC\NT 9 P>T = E>LY URBAN D5SITY1 !Y TOO W]E A FUNCTION ( ECONOMIC CONC]NS 9 MOD]N EYES1 JU/ AS WE1 TODAY1 ASSIGN ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS TO :AT WE ALSO CALL DEF5SE BY NATION-/ATES & IMP]IALI/IC BLOCS4 ,?US WE ASSUME ?AT \R URBAN 0=EBE>]S0 W]E V]Y MU* LIKE US4 ,!Y W]E ECONOMIC BE+S :O W]E BUSILY 5GAG$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( !IR MAT]IAL 9T]E/S )9 ! FIX$ CONF9ES ( A /RUCTURAL & T]RITORIAL 5TITY CALL$ ! 0CITY40 

,) EQUAL ALACRITY WE ASSUME ?AT JU/ AS !Y %>$ \R ECONOMIC LIFEWAYS 7ALBEIT 9 A MORE RUDIM5T>Y FA%ION71 !Y ALSO %>$ \R CIVIC ATTITUDES4 ,AL?\< WE >E LIKELY TO CONC$E ?AT !IR S5SE ( COMMUNAL LOYALTIES WAS /RONG] ?AN \RS1 WE (T5 BELIEVE ?AT !Y JUDG$ !IR CITIES ) A %>$ VIEWPO9T LIKE \RS4 ,H[EV] EXOTIC MANY ( !IR CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS SEEM 9 ! LI<T ( \R [N1 WE T5D TO BELIEVE ?AT !IR NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP WAS ESS5TIALLY AS SELF-S]V+ & SELF-9T]E/$ AS \R [N4 ,!Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 CIVIC AFFAIRS TO ! DEGREE ?AT !IR MAT]IAL 9T]E/S W]E 9VOLV$1 & ESS5TIALLY !IR 9T]E/S W]E NO LESS ECONOMIC ?AN \R [N4 ,UNWITT+LY1 WE SUBJECT !IR CIVIC-M9D$NESS AS WELL AS !IR 0CIVILIZATION TO ! V]Y ECONOMI/IC CLASS ANALYZES WE PR(ESS TO REJECT 9 ! NAME ( \R 0HI<] IDEALS0 & 0MORALS10 H[EV] MU* !SE >E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 

,?IS VIEW IS GREATLY RE9=C$ BY ! HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE AT \R DISPOSAL4 ,A!NS1 WE >E REM9D$1 HAD ITS DEMOS2 ,HOME1 ITS PLEBS2 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 ITS POPOLO1 JU/ AS WE HAVE \R PROLET>IAT & L[] MIDDLE CLASSES :O LIVE 9 GNAW+ 5VY OR HATR$ ( !IR >I/OCRATIC & B\RGEOIS ELITES4 ,WE >E REM9D$ ?AT SU* ,LORMS AS 0ANCI5T10 0M$IEVAL10 & 0MOD]N0 %\LD NOT IMPEL #aah TO GREATLY DI/+UI% ! UNALT]ABLE CONT5T ( HUMAN NATURE1 ?AT HUMAN BE+S WILL SEEK TO SATISFY !IR EGOI/IC IMPULSES DESPITE ALL !IR IDEOLOGICAL AV[ALS TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,?IS EXCURSION ,9TO AN UNV>Y+ PSY*E ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR DEF9ES ! CITY DWELL]--P>TICUL>LY ! CITIZ5--) ! SAME MOD]N ATTRIBUTES ?AT DEF9E \R CONTEMPOR>Y METROPOLITAN DWELL]S4 ,H5CE1 WE COM=TABLY SIT BACK BE=E ! VA/ TABLEAU ( URBAN HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ) A S5SE ( SELF-ASSURANCE ?AT ,\R CONTEMPOR>Y ILLS >E AS ANCE/RAL & 9CORRIGIBLY 0HUMAN0 AS \R BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES & PA?OLOGIES4 ,!Y BELONG TO US AS ASSUR$LY AS ! HUMAN BRA91 HUMAN F+]S1 & +RA9$ HUMAN PSY*OLOGICAL TRAITS ?AT \R SPECIES %>ES ) ITS ANCE/ORS & ) ITS HEIRS4 

,IF ! CITY PROVIDES ANY EVID5CE ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION & ! IMMUTABILITY ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 A S]I\S ACC\NT ( ITS RISE & DEVELOPM5T 9 NO WAY SUPPORTS ?IS SIMPLI/IC & CONV5TIONAL ,IMAG]Y4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO F9D ONE ALL-EMBRAC+ REASON ?AT OXPLA9S ! EM]G5CE ( A SETTL$ HUMAN COLLECTIVITY SU* AS A VILLAGE1 MU* LESS A POPULATION ( ?\S&S ?AT WE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D 9 A CITY4 ,! E>LIE/ CITIES >*AEOLOGI/S HAVE UNE>!D DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON ADVANC$ =MS ( FOOD CULTIVATION1 NOTABLY ANIMAL R P[]$ PL[ AGRICULTURE1 A PO9T ?AT ,JANE ,JACOBS HAS SO ABLY HI<LI<T$ 9 H] BOOK ,! ,ECONOMY ( ,CITIES4 ,AL?\< IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT AN 0URBAN REVOLUTION0 GAVE RISE TO AN 0AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION10 AS ,JACOBS SEEMS TO CONT5D1 /RONG EVID5CE EXI/S ?AT SU* V]Y E>LY CITIES AS ,CATAL ,HUYUK 9 ,ANATOLIA & ,J]I*O ( ,BIBLICAL FAME MAY HAVE CONSI/$ ( SIZABLE COMMUNITIES ?AT ACQUIR$ MU*1 P]HAPS MO/1 ( !IR FOOD FROM ! HUNT+ ( GAME & ! H>VE/+ ( UNDOME/ICAT$ PLANTS4 ,MU* PLANTS AS W]E DOME/ICAT$ SEEM TO HAVE BE5 REC5T A*IEVEM5TS ( PEOPLE :O W]E H>VE/]S ( WILD :EAT V>IETIES RA!R ?AN EXP]I5C$ FOOD CULTIVATORS4 ,BONES ( AURO*S--! EXT9CT ANCE/ORS ( MOD]N CATTLE--AS WELL AS ?OSE ( WILD DE]1 BO>S1 ASSES1 GEESE1 & ! SKELETAL REMA9S ( SU* PR$ATORS AS WOLVES1 FOXES1 & LEOP>DS1 SUGGE/ A 0CITIFI$ POPULATION ( HUNT]S & GA!R]S :OSE >TS ( G>D5+ W]E ( REC5T ORIG94 ,BY CONV5TIONAL /&>DS1 ?IS ECONOMIC TABLEAU DOES NOT COM=TABLY EXPLA9 :Y A CITY SU* AS ,CATAL1 ) AN E/IMAT$ POPULATION ( AT LEA/ #f1 PEOPLE OCCUPY+ SOME #c ACRES1 %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO FL\RI% ON TWO NE>BY SITES #i1 YE>S AGO1 MANY MILL5NIA BE=E ,MESOPOTAMIA BECAME ! REGION = ,*ILDE'S CELEBRAT$ 0URBAN REVOLUTION40 

,IF ,CATAL ,HUYUK IS TO BE ACCORD$ A MAJOR PLACE M ! ORIG9S O ! CITY1 ! REASON = ITS EXI/5CE--9DE$1 = ITS P]SI/5CE = C5TURIES--SEEMS PRIM>ILY TO HAVE BE5 RELIGI\S4 ,AL?\< ! CITY WAS CLOSE TO A RI* S\RCE ( OBSIDIAN ?AT WAS ALMO/ C]TA9 Y B>T]$ = A WIDE V>IETY ( NON9DIG5\S FOODS IT IS MO/ CONSPICU\S = ITS L>GE NUMB] ( RELIGI\S %R9ES4 ,JAMES ,MELA>T1 :O HAS PROVID$ US ) DETAIL$ & RI*LY 9T]PRETIVE /UDIES ( ! CITY1 F\ND NO LESS ?AN #d %R9ES AMONG ! #aci BUILD+S HE EXAM9$4 ,!SE %R9ES W]E G5]ALLY L>G] ?AN ! SURR\ND+ H\SES & DECORAT$ ) ELABORATE RELIGI\S >TWORK1 PA9T+S ON OPPOS+ WALLS ?AT SYMBOLIZ$ DEA? 9 ONE CASE & LIFE 9 ANO!R444 

,MELLA>T F\ND NO POTT]Y 9 ,CATAL ,HUYUK--ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL HALLM>KS ( ,NEOLI?IC CULTURE ?AT1 TOGE!R ) PL[ AGRICULTURE & DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS1 W\LD NORMALLY BE ASSOCIAT$ ) A COMPACT CITY ( ?\S&S4 ,! ?ICK WALLS ( ,CATAL1 ITS PUEBLOLIKE H\SES1 ITS SMALL PLAZAS1 & ITS ORNATE >TWORK SO VISIBLE TO ! PUBLIC SUGGE/ AN 9T5SELY VIVID RELIGI\S FIFE ?AT IS EQUALLY SUGGE/IVE ( AN 9T5SELY ACTIVE CIVIC LIFE4 ,ITS TOOL KIT & HIGLY NATURALI/IC >TI/RY SUGGE/ AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ COMMUNITY ( LATE ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S & GA!R]S RA!R ?AN AN E>LY NEOLI?IC COMMUNITY ( FOOD CULTIVATORS4 ,! CULTURE IS M>K$ BY A V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$ /ONE & BONE TE*NICS1 BY M>K$LY COLLECTIVE DWELL+S ADORN$ ) IMAGES ( ANIMALS & %AMANLIKE FIGURES AMID PA9T+S ( RE9DE]1 LEOP>DS1 & B[-C>RY+ HUNT]S4 ,IF WE >E TO JUDGE BY ! CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( COMM5T ,CATAL HAS ELICIT$--[+ P>TLY TO ,MELLA>T'S [N 9T]PRETATIONS--! OCCUPANTS ( ! CITY W]E /RIK+LY MATRIC5TRIC 9 !IR ORI5TATION4 ,WOM5 FIGURE HI<LY 9 ! SYMBOLISM ( ! CITY'S CULTS4 ,! ,MO!R ,GODDESS IS ! MO/ CONSPICU\S FIGUR9E ?AT WE F9D AMONG ! CITY'S /ATUETTES1 & C>EFUL ATT5TION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO ! 9T]NM5T ( WOM5 & 9FANTS 9 JO9T GRAVES1 PRESUMABLY MO!RS & !IR *ILDR51 A FEATURE ?AT IS ABS5T 9 MALE BURIALS4 ,NOR DO HI]>*Y & W>F>E SEEM TO BE FEATURES ( ! CITY'S SOCIAL LIFE4 ,JUDG+ FROM ! SIZE ( ,CATAL'S DWELL+S & ! IMPLEM5TS F\ND 9 BURIAL REMA9S1 ! CITY WAS FAIRLY EGALIT>IAN DESPITE M9OR DIFF]5CES ?AT >E OBS]VABLE4 ,!RE >E NO 0OBVI\S SIGNS ( VIOL5CE OR DELIB]ATE SIGNS ( DE/RUCTION10 ,MELLA>T OBS]VES = ! ORIG9AL CITY & ITS NE>BY SUCCESSOR1 BO? ( :I* W]E SIMPLY AB&ON$ = NO APP>5T REASON AFT] C5TURIES ( OCCUPANCY4_<#b_> ,CASES ( VIOL5T DEA? AMONG ! HUNDR$S ( SKELETONS EXAM9$ ON ! SITES >E NOTABLE = !IR ABS5CE4 

,IF ! EM]G5CE ( A CITY AS L>GE AS ,CATAL ,HUYUK CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY A HI< DEGREE ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T OR BY W>F>E1 IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT AN UNKN[N PEOPLE1 ALREADY FAMILI> ) ! >TS ( PLANT+1 H>VE/+1 & MILL+ GRA9S1 DID NOT =M ANY K9D ( P]MAN5T SETTLEM5TS ON F]TILE SOIL AS E>LY AS #a#h1 YE>S AGO1 :5 ICE %EETS /ILL COV]$ VA/ PORTIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,EVID5CE ( FOOD CULTIVATORS HAS BE5 F\ND QUITE REC5TLY ADJAC5T TO ! ,NILE ,RIV] AT ,WADI ,KUBBANIYA 9 UPP] ,EGYPT4 ,!Y W]E PLANT+ :EAT1 B>LEY1 L5TILS1 & *ICKPEAS AT A TIME :5 ,MAGDEL5IAN HUNT]S W]E /ILL W&]+ OV] ! ,EUROPEAN TUNDRA ( ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE1 LEAV+ BEH9D !IR CELEBRAT$ WALL PA9T+S ( ANIMALS 9 REMOTE CAVE SITES4 ,! ,WADI ,KUBBANIYA PEOPLE W]E NOT ,NEOLI?IC F>M]S1 AL?\< BY EV]Y PRECEPT ( TE*NOLOGICAL OR ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM !Y %\LD HAVE BE54 ,!IR 0DIV]SIFI$ AGRICULTURE DID NOT LEAD DIRECTLY TO ! BEG9N+S ( VILLAGE LIFE10 OBS]V$ ,F]D ,W5DR(1 ,ROMAULD ,S*ILD1 & ,ANGELA ,E4 ,*ASE1 :O UNE>!D ! REMA9S ( !SE E>LY FOOD CULTIVATORS4 0,PROBABLY PEOPLE CONT9U$ !IR W&]+ WAYS AS HUNT]S & GA!R]S = ?\S&S ( YE>S MORE4 ,F>M+ WAS JU/ ONE MORE RES\RCE 9 A BROAD-BAS$ WAY ( LIFE4 ,!SE CONCLUSIONS RAISE ANEW ! QUE/ION ( :Y CIVILIZATION EM]G$40_<#c_> 

,9 FACT1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT BO? ! ,CATAL ,HUYUK & ,WADI ,KUBBANIYA PEOPLES1 :O MAY NOT HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY EXCEPTIONAL1 RAISE ! QUE/ION1 ,:Y DID 0CIVILIZATION0 7MORE PRECISELY1 ! DRA/IC *ANGE FROM HUNT+ & GA!R+ TO FOOD CULTIVATION & CIVIC SOCIAL RELATION%IPS7 EM]GE AT ALL8 ,?IS QUE/ION SEEMS %R\D$ 9 MY/]Y BECAUSE ! *ANGEOV] FROM ONE CULTURAL =M TO ANO!R SEEMS TO BE MORE DRA/IC ?AN IT ACTUALLY WAS4 ,:AT ,CATAL ,HUYUK & ! E>LIE/ FOOD CULTIVATORS TELL US IS ?AT ! TRANSITION FROM TRIBE TO VILLAGE & CITY WAS NOT ! PR$ICTABLE RESULT1 AS >*AEOLOGICAL OR?ODOXY W\LD HAVE IT1 ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE OR1 AS MORE REC5T !ORIES W\LD CLAIM1 ( POPULATION PRESSURE1 W>1 OR O!R DRA/IC 5VIRONM5TAL PRESSURES ?AT MI<T HAVE PRODUC$ HUNG] ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! TRANSITION FROM TRIBE TO CITY WAS NOT ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( ECONOMI/S RELATION%IPS ?AT \R ,EURO-,AM]ICAN M9DS FOI/ UPON PREHI/ORY & HI/ORY2 NOR WAS ! TRANSITION1 :5 IT OCCURR$1 AS DELICI\SLY COMPLETE & %>PLY DEL9EAT$ ) POL>ITIES ( A W> BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY AS !ORETICAL OR?ODOXY W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 

,CONV]SELY1 HUNT+ & FOOD-GA!R+ PEOPLES1 :O BY ALL CONV5TIONAL /&>DS ( >*AEOLOGY SEEM TO HAVE LACK$ ! 0ECONOMIC BASE0 = AN URBAN SOCIETY1 ACTUALLY =M$ SIZABLE CITIES & 9ITIALLY US$ A TE*NICS MORE AK9 TO LATE ,PALEOLI?IC LIFEWAYS ?AN ,NEOLI?IC4 ,AS ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O /UDI$ ! ,WADI ,KUBBANIYA SITES CONCLUDE1 0,!RE DOES NOT1 9 FACT1 SEEM TO BE ANY S+LE 'CAUSE' = ! BEG9N+S ( AGRICULTURE .<& WE MAY REASONABLY ADD1 ! CITY.>4 ,IT MAY WELL HAVE BEGUN AS A NATURAL 9T]ACTION BETWE5 E>LY PEOPLES & ! PLANT SPECIES !Y CAME TO EXPLOIT REGUL>LY4 ,IT PROBABLY HAPP5$ MANY TIMES 9 ! PA/1 :5EV] ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLES MADE EXT5SIVE & SU/A9$ USE ( PLANT RES\RCES4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT 9 ?IS 9/ANCE BECAUSE ! PLANTS US$ .<BY ! ,WADI ,KUBBANIYA PEOPLE.> W]E C]EALS1 & !SE C]EALS PROVID$ ! ECONOMIC BASE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R CIVILIZATION4 ,! RISE ( AGRICULTURE1 H[EV]1 DID NOT LEAD RAPIDLY OR 9EVITABLY TO ID5TIFIABLE SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC *ANGE4 ,IT SIMPLY PROVID$ ANO!R RES\RCE 9 A BROADLY BAS$ HUNT+1 FI%+1 & GA!R+ ECONOMY40_<#d_> ,I F9D ?IS CONCLUSION1 ) ITS WAYW>D SUGGE/IONS & ITS %ADES ( HET]ODOXY1 ALL ! MORE TANTALIZ+ BECAUSE ITS AU?ORS DO1 9 FACT1 USE ! CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & T]M9OLOGY ( TRADITIONAL >*AEOLOGY ) ITS REC\RSE TO SU* WORDS AS ECONOMIC BASE1 RES\RCE1 & EXPLOIT4 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CITIES CONGEAL \T ( M]E MI/4 ,CLE>LY A CITY REQUIRES A TANGIBLE FOOD SUPPLY1 ONE ?AT IS SUFFICI5TLY PL5TIFUL TO SUPPORT SU* NONAGR>IAN /RATA AS >TISANS1 ADM9I/RATORS1 & %AMANLIKE PRIE/S TO P]=M !IR SPECIALTIES4 ,IF ! REMA9S ( ,CATAL ,HUYUK & ! ,WADI ,KUBBANIYA C]EAL F>M]S SUGGE/ ANY?+1 H[EV]1 IT IS ?AT E>LY CITIES =M$ TO MEET CULTURAL RA!R ?AN /RICTLY ECONOMIC OR DEF5SIVE NE$S4 ,! %R9ES SO EVID5T AT ,CATAL SUGGE/ ?AT ! POPULATION ( ! CITY WAS COMMITT$ TO ! P]=MANCE ( RELIGI\S RITUALS1 ?AT CULTIC & PRIE/LY FUNCTIONS DO MORE TO EXPLA9 :Y ?IS CITY >OSE 9 ,ANATOLIA MANY MILL5NIA AGO ?AN DO ECONOMIC OR MILIT>Y FUNCTIONS4 ,PALEOLI?IC LIFEWAYS2 RI*LY ELABORAT$ BY TIME & 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES1 MAY HAVE BE5 MORE T5ACI\S ?AN WE HAVE SUPPOS$ !M TO BE4 ,!Y MAY HAVE BE5 MORE ATTRACTIVE TO TRIBAL PEOPLES1 EV5 MANY SELF-ANO9T$ 0CIVILIZ$0 ONES1 OR1 AT LEA/1 MORE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! LONG EVOLUTION ( HUMAN CULTURE4 

,IF ?IS CONCLUSION IS S\ND1 ! URBAN & AGRICULTURAL 0REVOLUTIONS0 SO CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ 9 ! >*AEOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ) ! RISE ( URBAN CULTURE DO NOT =M AN ELEGANT FIT BY MOD]N /&>DS4 ,! RISE ( CITIES MAY HAVE HAD MORE TO DO ) %R9ES1 CULTIC PRACTICES1 & TEMPLES RI* 9 NATURALI/IC SYMBOLS ?AN ) ! 0DISCOV]Y0 ( C]EAL CULTIVATION1 PL[S1 & DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS4 ,NOT ?AT ! CITY GAVE RISE TO !SE AGR>IAN BASICS1 AS ,JANE ,JACOBS SEEMS TO SUGGE/4 ,APP>5TLY1 AGRICULTURE 9 A SIMPLE =M WAS KN[N TO HUNT]S & FOOD GA!R]S LONG BE=E VILLAGES BEGAN TO DOT ! L&SCAPE ?AT PHAS$ FROM ! ,PALEOLI?IC 9TO ! ,NEOLI?IC4 ,BUT ! %R9E1 LAT] 5CLOS$ BY A TEMPLE1 MAY HAVE BE5 MORE AU!NTICALLY A H>B+] ( ! CITY ?AN ! PL[1 & A QUASIRELIGI\S FIGURE SU* AS ! %AMAN OR PRIE/ MAY HAVE BE5 AN E>LI] CIVIC LEAD] ?AN ! POLITICALLY A/UTE *IEF4 ,BY ! SAME TOK]I1 ! E>LIE/ 0CITIZ50 MAY HAVE ASSUM$ HIS OR H] CIVIC FUNCTIONS AS A MEMB] ( A CONGREGATION RA!R ?AN1 AS A 0RESID5T0 ( AN URBAN DI/RICT4 ,! E>LIE/ CIVIC C5T]1 9 EFFECT1 MAY HAVE BE5 A C]EMONIAL >EA RA!R ?AN A M>KETPLACE1 A C5T] = ! WOR%IP ( NATURAL DEITIES & =CES4 

,IF ?IS BACKGR\ND ACCURATELY PORTRAYS ! FACTORS ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! CITY & ! FUNCTIONS ( ITS RESID5TS1 IT HI<LI<TS MANY FEATURES ( E>LY CITY LIFE ?AT CONTRADICT MOD]N ECONOMI/IC BIASES AB\T URBANISM1 NOTABLY CONTEMPOR>Y ONES ?AT VISUALIZE ! CITY AS A BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE & ITS CONC]NS AS PRIM>ILY FISCAL OR COMM]CIAL4 ,DESPITE ! HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ CRAFTS ?AT APPE> 9 CITIES AS DIFF]5TLY SITUAT$ 9 TIME FROM \R [N CITIES AS ,CATAL ,HUYUK1 !RE IS NO EVID5CE ( ! EXI/5CE ( AN 9T]NAL M>KET )9 ! COMMUNITY ITSELF1 & C]TA9LY V]Y LITTLE BEYOND LOCAL B>T]4 ,A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( TRADE MAY HAVE DEVELOP$ BETWE5 CITIES OR BETWE5 A CITY & AN ESS5TIALLY TRIBAL COMMUNITY4 ,BUT TRADE 9SIDE ! CITY ITSELF WAS M9IMAL OR1 AT LEA/1 M>G9AL4 ,TO SUMM>ILY REPEAT ,K>L ,POLANYI'S RI* PROB+ 9TO :AT HE WAS TO CALL 0! ANONYMITY ( ! ECONOMY 9 E>LY SOCIETY0 & HIS COMPELL+ DEMOLITION ( ! VIEW ?AT ! M>KET WAS NECESS>ILY ! DECISIVE ELEM5T 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! CITY W\LD EXHIBIT A LACK ( APPRECIATION = ! ?OR\<NESS & ELEGANCE ( HIS ANALYSIS4_<#e_> ,9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ,POLANYI1 NO DOME/IC M>KETPLACE APPE>S 9 E>LY CITIES UNTIL ,HELL5IC TIMES1 :5 ! ,A!NIAN AGORA BECAME A MODE/ C5T] = EX*ANGES ( GOODS AS WELL AS 9T5SE CIVIC ACTIVITY4 ,EV5 SO1 ,>I/OTLE WAS TO REG>D MONEYMAK+ AS AN 0UNNATURAL0 URGE ?AT REQUIR$ PUBLIC CONTROL & SELF-RE/RA9T4 ,:AT E>LY CITY DWELL]S ACTUALLY EX*ANG$ ) EA* O!R W]E S]VICES4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 M5 & WOM5 COJO9TLY CONTRIBUT$ !IR %>E TO ! COMMON FUND ( MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,IT WAS ?IS %>$ POOL ( ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT CON/ITUT$ ! ECONOMIC LIFE0 ( TRIBAL COMMUNITIES & E>LY CITIES4 ,PEOPLE CONTRIBUT$1 9 EFFECT1 !IR SKILLS 9 GR[+ FOOD1 9 WORK+ WOOL & FLAX1 9 CRAFT+ METALS & /ONE1 &1 BY NO MEANS ( LEA/ IMPORTANCE1 !IR >TI/IC & DECORATIVE TAL5TS 9 BEJEWEL+ & DESIGN+ >TIFACTS = DEITIES1 PRIE/S1 & MEMB]S ( !IR [N COMMUNITY4 

0,PO/ULATES0 ( 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 & ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0NATURAL & UNNATURAL TRADE0 >E NOT /RICTLY >*AIC4 ,WE F9D !M MO/ SELF-CONSCI\SLY & PHILOSOPHICALLY /AT$ 9 ,GREECE4 ,BUT PRIOR TO ! FULL FL[]+ ( ! ,HELL5IC POLIS1 MAT]IAL LIFE 9 CITIES WAS DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 ! BLOOD TIES1 RELIGI\S OBLIGATIONS1 MUTUAL LOYALTIES1 MAGICAL TE*NIQUES1 & ! 9T5SELY NATURALI/IC S5SIBILITIES ( ! TRIBAL WORLD4 ,GUID$ MORE BY CU/OM ?AN RATIONALLY VDIC$ /RICTURES1 !SE =M ! PSY*OLOGICAL SETT+ & 9/ITUTIONAL C>RYOV]S = ! MORE RATIONALI/IC CIVILIZATION WE LAT] F9D 9 ! ,GREEK >*IPELAGO4 ,?IS UNCONSCI\S TRIBAL & MUTUALI/IC SUB/RATE ( OBLIGATION & ASSOCIATION WAS1 9 FACT1 MORE =CEFUL AS A GUIDE = HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AN ITS =MULATION 9TO A SOPHI/ICAT$ CIVIC & POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OR SOCIAL !ORY4 

,9 ! SO-CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE0 OR >*AIC WORLDS1 MORE ?AN FOOD 5T]$ ! 0COMMON POOL10 ,POSSIBLY1 ALL ?+S %ORT ( ONE'S CLOSE/ POSSESSIONS1 9CLUD+ ASPECTS ( ONE'S V]Y ID5TITY1 HAD A HI<LY COLLECTIVE AURA ?AT DE/9$ !M TO BE %>$ OR TO BE US$ COMMUNALLY4 ,9ITIALLY1 IF ! CITY HAD A PRON\NC$ FUNCTION AT ALL1 IT WAS A RELIGI\S ONE4 ,! /RONG EMPHASIS ?AT MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S N[ PLACE ON POLITICAL & C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL =MS AS 9/ITUTIONS = EFFICI5TLY R$I/RIBUT+ PRODUCE FROM ECOLOGICALLY DIFF]5T >EAS MAY BE OV]/AT$4 ,?AT GREAT IMP]IAL SY/EMS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ! ,9CAS1 ,AZTECS1 ,BABYLONIANS1 ,EGYPTIANS1 ,P]SIANS1 & ,*9ESE1 W]E C5T]S = COLLECT+ & R$I/RIBUT+ A GREAT V>IETY ( GOODS FROM HI<LY DIV]SE & DI/ANT ECOLOGICAL REGIONS CAN H>DLY BE FAULT$ AS A REALITY4 ,9DE$1 BY IMP]IAL TIMES MANY ANCI5T CITIES W]E AS CONSPICU\S = !IR W>EH\SES AS !Y W]E = !IR TEMPLES & PALACES4 

,BUT SU* AN EMPHASIS ON MAT]IAL FUNCTION1 LIKE ! HI<LY DET]M9I/IC /RATEGIES TO EXPLA9 ! EXI/5CE ( EV]Y COMMUNITY )9 \R PURVIEW1 BETRAYS A V]Y MOD]N BIAS4 ,IT REVEALS A PROCLIVITY1 ALMO/ AN UN?9K+ COMPULSION1 TO ASSIGN A 0MAT]IAL ROLE0 TO EV]Y PH5OM5ON1 P>TICUL>LY EV]Y 9/ITUTION & =M ( ASSOCIATION1 ?AT EXI/S 9 ! PA/ AS WELL AS ! PRES5T4 ,WORSE1 IT CRUDELY D[NGRADES ! RI*LY ASSOCIATIVE ROLE PLAY$ BY MAT]IAL ?+S SU* AS GIFTS1 :I* S]VE TO FO/] A MU* DEEP] HUMAN ATTRIBUTE3 ! NE$ TO BE GR\ND$ 9 COMMUNITY1 TO 5JOY %>$ S5SIBILITIES ?AT >E SPIRITUALLY SUPPORTIVE & )\T :I* AU!NTIC 9DIVIDUALITY IS *IM]ICAL4 ,HUMAN P]SONALITY1 :I* IS NURTUR$ BY P>5TAL C>E1 K9%IP TIES1 FRI5D%IP1 & ! ASSURANCE OR SECURITY PROVID$ BY P]SONAL SUPPORT SY/EMS1 BECOMES A MAT]IAL ?+--A MANIPULATABLE OBJECT AMONG MANY O!R OBJECTS & COMMODITIES--PRECISELY :5 ITS IMMAT]IAL SUPPORT SY/EMS >E SUBV]T$ & ITS TRAITS REIFI$4 ,QUITE AN OPPOSITE CASE CAN BE MADE = ! BELIEF1 SO WIDELY PROMOT$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y 0CULTURAL MAT]IALI/S10 ?AT *IEFDOMS1 MON>*IES1 BUREAUCRACIES1 >MIES1 CL]ICAL HI]>*IES1 & ! UNLIMIT$ 9VE/M5T !Y REQUIR$ W]E DI/RIBUTIVE AG5CIES & PROCESSES ?AT S]V$ HUMANITY'S 0NE$S10 MY?IC OR REAL4 ,IT C\LD BE MORE VALIDLY %[N ?AT !Y REFLECT$ A MANIA = DOM9ATION ?AT CREAT$ MY?IC 0NE$S0 & SY/EMS ( CONTROL ON A SCALE SO H>MFUL TO ! COMMUNITIES !Y W]E PL$G$ TO S]VICE ?AT !Y & !IR LEGACY ( WA/E1 DE/RUCTION1 & CRUELTY N[ ?REAT5 ! V]Y 3 EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY & ITS NATURAL FUNDAM5T1 ,9DE$ ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE WAS TO HAVE ITS ROOTS 9 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN SU* ?AT A CR$O ( DOM9ATION WAS TO EMBRACE ! PLANET4 

,BUT AN IMPORTANT CAVEAT MU/ BE VOIC$ H]E :5 WE SPEAK ( A MANIA = DOM9ATION ?AT CAN SO FACILELY BE US$ TO COLOR \R IMAGE ( ! E>LY1 ESS5TIALLY TEMPLE1 CITIES AT ! DAWN ( CIVIC LIFE4 ,BY NO MEANS IS IT CLE> ?AT ! SAC]DOTAL HI]>*IES ?AT EM]G$ 9 !SE CITIES FROM ,]E* 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA TO ,TEOBHUACAN 9 ,MEXICO IMM$IATELY L$ TO A HI]>*ICAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! FAIRLY EGALIT>IAN TRIBAL OR VILLAGE PEOPLES ON :OM !Y DEP5D$--PEOPLES :O BUILT !IR MONUM5TS1 (T5 MASSIVE 9 SIZE2 :O CREAT$ !IR PLAZAS1 DWELL+S1 & ALT>S2 :O FILL$ !IR TEMPLE /OREH\SES1 ]ECT$ !IR WALLS1 & %AP$ ! SCULPTURES ?AT DAZZLE ! MOD]N EYE4 ,?AT SU* VA/ EF=TS ) !IR 5ORM\S MOBILIZATIONS ( LABOR C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE = PURPOSES ?AT SEEM SO 0PR(ITLESS0 & 0USELESS0 BY PRES5T-DAY URBAN /&>DS )\T CO]CION ( ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN K9D SEEMS UN?9KABLE AT FIR/ GLANCE--SO MU*1 9 FACT1 ?AT ALL E>LY TEMPLES & MORTU>IES >E NORMALLY REG>D$ AS ! WORK ( SAVAGELY CO]CIVE RUL]S & BRUTAL TYRANTS4 

,BUT IF ?IS IMAG]Y IS C]TA9LY TRUE WELL 9TO HI/ORY1 WE HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT IT REFLECTS ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT GAVE US \R E>LIE/ CITIES & !IR CULTIC /RUCTURES AT ! DAWN ( HI/ORY4 ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ELSE:]E1 9 GREAT DETAIL1 H[ AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY MAY HAVE SL[LY PHAS$ 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY HI]>*ICAL ONE-9ITIALLY !OCRATIC1 ULTIMATELY FEUDAL1 & F9ALLY MON>*ICAL4.<#a.> ,H]E1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! E>LIE/ CITIES W]E L>GELY IDEOLOGICAL CREATIONS ( HI<LY COMPLEX1 /RONGLY AFFILIAT$1 & 9T5SELY MUTUAL/IC COMMUNITIES ( K9 GR\PS1 ECOLOGICAL 9 \TLOOK & ESS5TIALLY EGALIT>IAN & NONDOM9E]+ 9 *>ACT]4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ IF A SIZABLE CITY LIKE ,CATAL ,HUYUK1 :I* DATES BACK #i1 YE>S1 OR A HUGELY MONUM5TAL CITY LIKE ,TEOTIHUACAN1 :I* WAS SL[LY ]ECT$ >\ND #c ,B4C4 & CEAS$ TO BE OCCUPI$ >\ND #h ,A4,D41 W]E ORIG9ALLY CON/RUCT$ BY =CIBLY 0MOBILIZ+0 L>GE NUMB]S ( 0OPPRESS$0 VILLAG]S 9 SURR\ND+ COMMUNITIES OR1 SURPRIS+ AS IT MAY SEEM1 :E!R !Y W]E VOLUNT>Y 5T]PRISES UND]TAK5 BY DEV\T 0P>I%ION]S0 :O VIEW$ !IR CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES AS A SORT ( 0CALL+40 ,WE ASSUME ?AT A CO]CIVE /RATEGY WAS FOLL[$ BY OPPRESSIVE ELITES AT ! 9CEPTION ( CITY LIFE BECAUSE WE READ \R LIT]>Y ACC\NTS ( ,MESOPOTAMIAN & ,EGYPTIAN =C$ LABOR BACK 9TO CITY LIFEWAYS 9 A MI/Y PRELIT]ATE ]A4 ,IT IS EASY TO4 OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ANY LIT]>Y TRADITION ( URBAN1 LIFE1 EV5 ! V]Y E>LY ,GILGAME% EPIC ?AT DATES BACK TO ! BEG9N+S ( ,MESOPOTAMIAN CITY LIFE1 IS ALREADY EVID5CE ( A TE*NICALLY ADVANC$1 (T5 CO]CIVE1 SOCIETY4 ,CATAL ,HUYUK1 ,J]I*O1 ,]E*1 ,TEOTIHUACAN1 ,MONTE ,ALBAN1 & ,TIKAL1 TO CITE CITIES F>-REMOV$ FROM MOD]N URBAN DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CULTUR$ >EAS ( ! ,NE> ,EA/ & ! ,AM]ICAS1 >E MY/]IES TO US ?AT WE TRY TO DISPEL ) \R [N MOTIVATIONS & SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,YET !IR >*AEOLOGICAL REMA9S >E RI* ) ! EVID5CE ( IDEOLOGICAL ASPIRATIONS & HUMAN RELATION%IPS ?AT W]E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM \R [N SECUL> ONES--CULTIC & COMMUNAL S5SIBILITIES ?AT VIEW$ 0! CITY0 7IF SU* A WORD CAN BE US$ 9DISCRIM9ATELY TO 5COMPASS ALL SIZABLE HUMAN SETTLEM5TS7 AS A MONUM5T TO LIFEWAYS & S5TIM5TS ?AT W]E BASICALLY DIFF]5T FROM \R [N4 ,POSSIBLY1 ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE :O RE>$ ! MONUM5TS 9 ! E>LIE/ ( !SE CITIES W]E CLOS] 9 !IR \TLOOK TO ! M$IEVAL >TISANS :O (T5 WILL+LY GAVE ( !IR TIME & SKILLS TO SL[LY ]ECT OV] G5]ATIONS ! GREAT CA!DRALS ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 !Y SPEAK TO A D$ICATION ?AT /&S 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! M5TALITY ( ! 5G9E]S & CON/RUCTION CREWS :O >E SE$+ ! MOD]N WORLD ) HI<-RISE RESID5TIAL & (FICE /RUCTURES 9 URBAN >EAS ( EV]Y CONT95T4 

,WE >E CONFRONT$1 TOO1 ) ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 E>LY & MOD]N CONCEPTIONS ( 0CITIZ5%IP40 ,H[ DID ANCE/RAL 0CITIZ5S0 ( ! FIR/ CITIES VIEW !MSELVES8 ,9 :AT S5SE W]E !Y DIFF]5T FROM US--OR SIMIL> TO US8 ,BY ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS1 WE 5C\NT] A PROBLEM ?AT LACKS ! DEGREE ( COMPLET5ESS & FIXITY ?AT WE F9D 9 A PHYSICAL /RUCTURE SU* AS ! REMA9S ( A TEMPLE OR PALACE4 ,CITIZ5%IP1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IS A PROCESS1 NOT A REALITY ?AT IS R$UCIBLE TO A CONCISE1 S+LE-L9E DEF9ITION4 ,IT DOES NOT LEAP 9TO BE+ FROM A VACUUM1 SURR\ND$ BY /REETS = P]SONAL DISPLAY1 BUILD+S 9TO :I* ! SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUAL CAN RETREAT1 & D5SE POPULATIONS ?AT FO/] P]SONAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,CATAL ,HUYUK1 9 FACT1 HAD NO /REETS AT ALL1 TO CITE AN 9TRIGU+ FEATURE ( ! CITY4 ,A PUEBLOLIKE CITY1 IT HAD SMALL SQU>ES BUT NO OP5 BYWAYS4 ,IT LACK$ ! /REETS ?AT SU* MOD]NI/S AS ,M>%ALL ,B]MAN & ,RI*>D ,S5NETT REG>D AS ! /RUCTURAL ESS5CE ( URBANISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =M ( WIDE B\LEV>DS 9 :I* ! MONADIC EGO ( \R TIME CAN DISPLAY ITSELF 9 D&YLIKE FA%ION & ASS]T ITS 09DIVIDUALITY40 ,ONE MOV$ FROM ONE P>T ( ,CATAL TO ANO!R OV] RO(TOPS1 ASC5D+ OR DESC5D+ LADD]S1 5T]+ 9TO ! RECESSES ( DWELL+S & CROSS+ SMALL SQU>ES4 

,?IS IS A SIGNIFICANT P]SONAL FACT1 NOT M]ELY A /RUCTURAL ECC5TRICITY4 ,CATAL ,HUYUK MU/ HAVE BE5 A HI<LY COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY4 ,IT WAS 9T5SELY PEOPL$--MORE LIKE A TRIBE ?AN :AT WE1 TODAY1 W\LD CALL A CITY4 ,YET EV5 BY MOD]N /&>DS ( URBANISM SU* AS SIZE & D5SITY1 IT WAS A T[N1 NOT A VILLAGE4 ,FROM A HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 GIV5 TIME & PLACE1 IT WAS EV5 AN IMM5SE CITY IF >*AEOLOGICAL CALCULATIONS ( ITS POPULATIONS >E REMOTELY CORRECT4 ,:AT DOES ?IS TABLEAU MEAN8 ,9 :AT S5SE W]E ITS M5 & WOM5 0URBAN08 ,WE CAN SURMISE ?AT !Y W]E NOT M]E 0RESID5TS0 ( ! CITY OR ! ANCE/RAL MEMB]S ( MOD]N-DAY 0CON/ITU5CIES40 ,!Y W]E NOT BURD5$ BY ! ANONYMITY & AWESOME S5SE ( P]SONAL ISOLATION ?AT IS ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC TRAIT ( ! MOD]N URBAN DWELL]4 ,9 SOME S5SE1 !Y W]E 0PROTOCITIZ5S0 ( A HI<LY >TICULAT$ & RI*LY TEXTUR$ COMMUNITY 9 :I* A HI< S5SE ( COLLECTIVITY1 N\RI%$ BY SU* ORGANIC FACTS AS K9%IP TIES & A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 WAS 9TEGRAT$ ) ! CIVIC FACTS ( POLITICALLY DEF9$ RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,!Y W]E COMMUNITIES 9 TRANSITION BETWE5 ! BIOLOGICAL REALITIES ( ! TRIBAL WORLD1 ROOT$ 9 BLOOD TIES1 G5D]1 & AGE GR\PS1 & ! POLITICAL REALITIES ( ! URBAN WORLD1 ROOT$ 9 RESID5TIAL PROP9QUITY1 VOCATIONAL MOBILITY1 & LEGAL PR]OGATIVES4 ,E>LY CITIES PROBABLY DID NOT CONTA9 CITIZ5S 9 ! S5SE ( SELF-EMP[]$ 9DIVIDUALS E?ICALLY UNIT$ BY IDEALS ( CIVIC VIRTUE1 RATIONAL 9 !IR SOCIAL POLICIES1 & COMPLETELY FREE TO P>TICIPATE ?R\< DISC\RSE & PRACTICE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR CITIES--9 %ORT1 ?OSE ATTRIBUTES ?AT ,GREEK SOCIAL ?9K]S W]E TO CALL PHRONESIS1 ! PRACTICAL REASON 9VOLV$ 9 CREAT+ & MANAG+ A COMMUNITY4 ,ALL ! EVID5CE WE HAVE ( !SE PROTOCITIZ5S SUGGE/S ?AT !IR P[] = SOCIAL ACTION WAS L>GELY CONTROLL$ BY OBLIGATIONS TO K9 GR\PS & !OCRATS1 !IR IDEALS GUID$ MORE BY FAI? ?AN REASON1 !IR S5SE ( VIRTUE MORE PRAGMATIC ?AN E?ICAL1 & !IR SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS MORE BIOLOGICALLY D]IVATIVE ?AN CULTURAL 9 *>ACT]4 

,YET !SE SEEM+LY UNCIVIC FEATURES PROVID$ A CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT MATRIX = :AT WAS TO GR[ 9TO ! HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ CLASSICAL NOTION ( ! 0CITIZ540 ,IF SOCIAL EMP[]M5T SEEM$ TO D]IVE MORE FROM SU* GR\P ATTRIBUTES AS ! FAMILY OR ! CLAN ?AN FROM P]SONAL ATTRIBUTES1 ! 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ 9 !SE CITIES 5JOY$ A REAL S5SE ( P[] AS SU*1 NOT A BODY ( CONF]R$ RI<TS ?AT W]E MORE =MAL & JURIDICAL ?AN SUB/ANTIVE4 ,TRIBAL SOCIETIES >E KN[N ?AT EXHIBIT A HI< DEGREE ( RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL UNIQU5ESS & FREE WILL1 H[EV] MU* CU/OM & PUBLIC OP9ION SEEM TO PLACE LIMITS ON P]SONAL BEHAVIOR4 ,ONE CANNOT SIMULTANE\SLY D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( PRIMITIVE 9DIVIDUALITY :ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! EXI/5CE ( A FAIRLY SPONTANE\S EGO & CONSID]ABLE SELF-ASS]TION AMONG1 SAY1 C]TA9 HUNT+ & GA!R+ COMMUNITIES SU* AS ! PYGMIES ( ! ,ITURI ,=E/ :O 9CLUDE \TRAGE\SLY BOA/FUL M5 & EXTREMELY %REWD WOM54 ,BY !IR M>K$ PRES5CE1 SU* P]SONAL TRAITS AS BOA/FULNESS & %REWDNESS1 9DE$ HUMOR1 GAEITY1 & REFLECTIV5ESS1 FRANKLY CONTRADICT ! CONV5TIONAL IMAGE ( PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES AS DIVE/$ ( EGO & P]SONALITY1 ! MOD]N CLAIM TO 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y NEUROTIC NOTION ( P]SONALITY MAY NOT HAVE BE5 AS COMMON AMONG SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVES AS IT IS TODAY 9 ! METROPOLITAN >EAS ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS IS IT ABS5T4 ,BUT 9DIVIDUALITY C]TA9LY EXI/S AMONG REMA9+ PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 ALBEIT 9 A DIFF]5T =M & FAC$ BY MORE OV]T CON/RA9TS ?AN \R [N1 NOTABLY :]E ! RULES ( ! GAME >E FAIRLY EXPLICIT & MUTUALI/IC 9 CONTRA/ TO \R MOD]N1 HI<LY 5G9E]$ SOCIETY1 :I* BOMBA/ICALLY CELEBRATES ITS =MAL 0FRE$OMS0 & TRIES TO IGNORE ITS LACK ( SOCIAL CONC]N4 

,SURPRIS+LY1 CITIZ5%IP & ! POLITICAL =MS ?AT FO/] IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 )\T LOOK+ PRECISELY AT ?OSE PRIMAL ORGANIC 9/ITUTIONS--P>TICUL>LY CLANLIKE RELATION%IPS1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES OR ! V>I\S C\NCILS ?AT SP9 (F FROM !M1 & ! EGALIT>IAN \TLOOK1 9 SUM1 ! TRIBALISM--?AT ! CITY1 9 ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( ! REC5T PA/1 WAS SUPPOS$LY DESIGN$ TO OV]COME4 ,R\SSEAU WAS TO PI?ILY OBS]VE ?AT 0H\SES MAKE A T[N BUT CITIZ5S MAKE A CITY40_<#f_> ,YET HE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO LESS SURPRIS$ ?AN ALL ! MAJOR SOCIAL !ORI/S ( HIS DAY TO LE>N ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES1 ( CITIZ5%IP D]IVE MORE DIRECTLY FROM ! TRIBAL WORLD ?AN ! VILLAGE WORLD1 FROM RUDE %ELT]S RA!R ?AN H\SES4 ,H\SES MAY MAKE T[NS1 EV5 HUGE URBAN BELTS ?AT SUBV]T ! CONDITIONS = AN ACTIVE1 P>TICIPATORY BODY POLITIC1 BUT SIMPLE HUTS & T5TS--! 0PRIMITIVE0 DWELL+S ( HUNT+1 GA!R+1 & PA/ORAL PEOPLES@5--PROVID$ ! HOMES = 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL TYPES ?AT (T5 EMBODI$ ! CIVIC IDEALS WE ASSOCIATE ) CITIZ5%IP4 

,NOTIONS ( HUMAN SCALE--( COMMUNITIES ?AT >E MODE/ 9 SIZE & COMPREH5SIBLE POLITICALLY & LOGI/ICALLY TO !IR RESID5TS >E DI/9CTLY TRIBALI/IC 9 *>ACT] & ORIG94 ,!Y >E =M$ FROM ! IDIOM ( A CIVIC M5TALITY ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 FAMILIAL LOYALTIES &'EXT5D$ K9%IP RELATION%IPS4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 MANY E>LY CITIES1 9S(> AS !Y LEAVE ANY WRITT5 ACC\NT ?AT IS OP5 TO US1 >E4 0F\ND$0 5TITIES4 ,!IR 0ANCE/RY0 ORIG9ATES 9 A %>$ DEITY OR A DEL9EATIVE PROG5ITOR ) SOME K9D ( P]SONAL EMBODIM5T4 ,! ,SONS ( ,A5EAS1 ! ,TROJAN H]O :O 0F\ND$0 ,ROME 9 ! CITY'S URBAN MY?OLOGY1 >E NO DIFF]5T 9 PR9CIPLE ?AN ! ,*ILDR5 ( ,ISRAEL & ! ,BIBLICAL ,JACOB :O WAS ! PATRI>*AL ANCE/OR ( ! ,HEBREW TRIBES4 ,! WORD 0CITIZ510 9 FACT1 APPE>S SPORADICALLY1 OR LATE 9 ! HI/ORY ( CITIES4 ,QUITE COMMONLY1 ! 0CITIZ5S0 ( A COMMUNITY D5OT$ !MSELVES AS 0BRO!RS10 A T]M 9 WIDESPREAD USE ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & E>LY ,R5AISSANCE4 ,M5 & WOM5 9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ! PA/ VISUALIZ$ !IR RELATION%IPS 9 T]MS ( FAMILIAL CONNECTIONS4 ,AS 0/RANG]S0 BEGAN TO =M ! MAJORITY ( URBAN DWELL]S 9 LATE CLASSICAL & M$IEVAL CITIES1 ?IS FAMILIAL IMAG]Y ) ITS EMPHASIS ON SMALLNESS ( SCALE1 ACCESSIBILITY ( P]SON1 & CLOSE-KNIT SUPPORT SY/EMS ( ! K9D WE ASSOCIATE 

,) 0HUMANLY SCAL$0 COMMUNITIES BECAME ! \TLOOK & PR]OGATIVE ( URBAN ELITES1 NOTABLY ! MUNICIPAL >I/OCRATS &6 NOBLES :O /AK$ \T A REAL OR LEG5D>Y CLAIM TO ! CITY'S 0F\ND]40 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! NEW]1 DWELL]S ( ! CITY1 TOO1 =M$ !IR [N 0BRO!RHOODS0 9 :I* TIES1 RI<TS1 >ID DUTIES W]E SOLEMNIZ$ BY BLOOD OA?S & K9%IPLIKE RITUALS4 ,9 TIME1 ! WORD 0BRO!R0 BECAME AN ECUM5ICAL =M ( CIVIC ADDRESS & AFFILIATION1 SPANN+ CLASS TIES & 9T]E/S4 

,! CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WE MO/ COMMONLY ASSOCIATE ) A 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 (T5 REA* BACK 9 ALMO/ UNBROK5 CONT9UITY TO TRIBAL ASSEMBLES4 ,IT IS FAIRLY C]TA9 ?AT FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ANCI5T CITIES W]E (T5 ! KEY/ONE ( ! CIVIC 9/ITUTIONAL >* & EXT5SIONS ( TRIBAL ASSEMBLAGES ) !IR REMOTE ORIG9S 9 PRIMITIVE EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IPS4 ,SO1 #a1 ! NOTIONS ( CONS5SUS :]E IT EXI/$1 PROLONG$ DISC\RSE ) ITS GOAL ( >RIV+ AT A COMMONALITY ( VIEWS1 & A S5SE ( AGREEM5T W]E PRON\NC$ FEATURES ( SU* A RADICAL POLITICAL 7LOMOCRACY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 C\NCILS1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ORGANS ( ASSEMBLIES1 PAT5TLY ORIG9ATE 9 ! SMALL] ASSEMBLIES ( ELD]S1 *IEFS1 & W>RIORS4 ,AS CONTRACTIONS ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY--! 0VOICE ( ! PEOPLE0 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! PEOPLE !MSELVES--!Y >E UBIQUIT\S FEATURES ( A TRIBALI/IC VIEW ( ! R$UC$ ASSEMBLY PROJECT$ 9TO REPUBLICAN CONCEPTS ( SELF-GOV]NANCE4 

,YET H]E1 TOO1 ,I MU/ ADD A CAVEAT ?AT 9ITIALLY SEEMS TO BREAK ! CONT9UITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T FROM TRIBE TO CITY4 ,! CITY MAY CONT9UE ! TRADITIONS ( ! TRIBE 9/ITUTIONALLY 9TO A RI* SKE9 ( P>TICIPATORY1 9DE$ ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS1 BUT IT ALSO CON/ITUTES ITS ANTI!SIS BIOLOGICALLY4 ,! CITY IS ! P]PETUATOR ( ! K9 GR\P 9S(> AS ! LATT] IS A P>O*IAL EXPRESSION ( BLOOD TIES ,I HUT EXCLUDE ! /RANG]--! \TSID]--:O CANNOT CLAIM A COMMON ANCE/RY ) ! BRO!RS & SI/]S4 ,TRIBALISM IS EQUATABLE ) FAMILIAL EXCLUSIVITY1 NOT ONLY FAMILIAL SOLID>ITY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 EXCLUSIVITY & SOLID>ITY IS CRUCIAL H]E4 ,:E!R ,HE LIVE OR REAL1 TRIBALISM HAS ITS UNIV]SAL SOLV5T 9 BLOOD1 ! M$IUM ?AT ACCORDS EQUALITY OR ISONOMIA 7TO USE ! ,HELL5IC T]M7 TO ITS MEMB]S4 ,!ORETICALLY1 ONE DOES NOT JO9 A TRIBE2 ONE IS BORN 9TO IT OR1 AT MO/1 ADOPT$ BY IT BECAUSE ( ! S]VICES IT REQUIRES4 ,ADOPTION 9VOLVES ELABORATE RITUALS ?AT TRANS=M ! \TSID] 9TO AN 9SID]--AN 09ORGANIC0 BE+1 TO USE ,M>X'S =MULATION1 9TO AN 0ORGANIC0 P>T ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,! CITY BREAKS ?IS BIOLOGICAL SPELL1 ) ITS ECOLOGICAL AURA1 H[EV] FICTIVE IT MAY BE 9 REALITY4 ,IT EXORCIZES ! BLOOD OA? FROM ! FAMILY ) ITS P>O*IAL MY?S & ITS *AUV9I/IC EXCLUSIVITY1 :ILE RETA9+ OR REWORK+ ITS CONCEPT ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,PAT]NITY IS GIV5 A HI< PLACE 9 ! CIVIC FIRMAM5T ( VALUES1 BUT ! FA!RS >E SL[LY DIVE/$ ( !IR ABSOLUTE P[]S OV] ! SONS--SONS :O >E NE$$ BY ! CITY TO P]=M ADM9I/RATIVE & MILIT>Y S]VICES4 ,! /RANG] IS D5I$ =MAL LEGAL /ATUS 9 ! CITY'S SY/EM ( GOV]NANCE BUT IS ADMITT$ 9TO ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( CIVIC PROTECTION & SOLICITUDE1 ESPECIALLY IF BE>+ SKILLS1 WEAL?1 & MAT]IAL RES\RCES4 

,BUT ! ECOLOGICAL AURA REMA9S AS LEG5D BY HYPO/ASIZ+ ! CITY'S F\ND]S1 ! E?NIC CONT9UITY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 ! /ATUS ( ITS RUL]S1 AL?\< REALITY 5HANCES ! HIDD5 P[]S ( ! NEW] RESID5TS :O CAN CLAIM NO TIE TO ! CIVIC PROG5ITORS4 ,H5CE1 ! CITY CREATES A SPECIAL K9D ( SOCIAL SPACE4 ,A PROJECTION ( FAMILIAL & TRIBAL =MS1 ! CITY SUBV]TS ! AU!NTIC SUB/ANCE ( ! P>O*IALISM ?AT FLAVORS K9%IP TIES ) A MY/]I\S 9W>DNESS & RESCUES TRIBAL 9/ITUTIONS AS ECUM5ICAL =MS ( CIVIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,! ,GREEK DEMOCRAT1 ,KLEIS!NES1 IS ALMO/ A SYMBOL ( !SE %REW$ MANEUV]S1 MANEUV]S BY NO MEANS UNIQUE TO ! ,A!NIAN POLIS4 ,TO BREAK ! HOLD ( FAMILY TIES ?AT OB/RUCT$ ! P[] ( CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ! CITIZ5RY WAS ORGANIZ$ 9TO T]RITORIAL 0W>DS10 BUT EA* 0W>D' WAS FELICIT\SLY CALL$ A 0TRIBE40 ,! MUNICIPAL SPACE ( ,A!NS1 9 EFFECT1 WAS EXP&$ TO CREATE A L>GELY CIVIC CITIZ5RY1 UN5CUMB]$ BY ! M9DLESS TRIBAL OBLIGATIONS & BLOOD OA?S ?AT IMP$$ ! RI<TS ( ! /RANG] BUT 9 A =M ?AT WORE ! SYMBOLS & 5JOY$ ! PRE/IGE ( TRIBAL TRADITION4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( ! GREAT TASKS ( ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ WILL BE TO DEVELOP AN ECOLOGICAL CIVICISM ?AT RE/ORES ! ORGANIC BONDS ( COMMUNITY )\T REV]T+ TO ! >*AIC BLOOD-TIE AT ONE EXTREME OR ! TOTALIT>IAN 0FOLK PHILOSOPHY0 ( FASCISM AT ! O!R4 

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