,*APT] #a 
,URBANIZATION ,AGA9/ ,CITIES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,ONE3 ,URBANIZATION ,AGA9/ ,CITIES 

  

,! TITLE ( ?IS *APT] HAS BE5 DELIB]ATELY WORD$ TO CREATE A P>ADOX 9 ! READ]'S M9D4 ,H[1 IT MAY BE FAIR TO ASK1 CAN1 WE SPEAK ( URBANIZATION AGA9/ CITIES8 ,! TWO WORDS1 0URBANITY0 & 0CITY10 >E USUALLY TAK5 TO BE SYNONYMS4 ,9DE$1 AS CONV5TIONAL WISDOM W\LD HAVE IT1 A CITY IS BY DEF9ITION AN URBAN 5TITY1 & AN URBAN 5TITY1 9 TURN1 IS C]TA9LY REG>D$ AS A CITY4 

,YET ,I %ALL TAKE GREAT PA9S TO %[ ?AT !Y >E 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO EA* O!R--9 FACT1 ?AT !Y >E BITT] ANTAGONI/S4 ,MY REASONS = MAK+ SU* AN UNOR?ODOX DI/9CTION BETWE5 URBANIZATION & CITIFICATION >E NOT 9T5D$ TO BE SEMANTIC WORD JUGGL+4 ,! CONTRADICTION =MS ! V]Y RATIONALE = WRIT+ ?IS BOOK4 0,URBANIZATION AGA9/ CITIES0 IS MEANT TO FOCUS AS %>PLY AS POSSIBLE ON A HUMAN & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS SO DEEP-SFEAT$ WE >E H>DLY AW>E ( ITS EXI/5CE1 MU* LESS ITS GRAVE IMPACT ON SOCIAL FRE$OM & P]SONAL AUTONOMY4 ,I REF] TO ! HI/ORIC DECL9E ( ! CITY AS AN AU!NTIC >5A ( POLITICAL LIFE 7?AT ONCE LIV$ 9 SOME BALANCE ) ! NATURAL WORLD7 &1 P]HAPS NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! DECL9E ( ! V]Y NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP4 

,SO SWEEP+ A /ATEM5T OBVI\SLY REQUIRES SOME CL>IFICATION AT ! \TSET ( \R DISCUSSION4 ,ACCORD+ TO MO/ SOCIAL !ORI/S1 ! TRADITIONAL 0CONTRADICTION0 CREAT$ BY ! RISE ( URBANISM HAS BE5 ! CITY'S AGES-OLD 0CONFLICT0 ) ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,HI/ORY1 WE >E COMMONLY TOLD1 IS FILL$ ) 9NUM]ABLE EXAMPLES ( ! CITY'S EF=TS TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! TRAMMELS ( AGR>IAN P>O*IALISM4 ,! CITY1 IT IS EMPHASIZ$1 HAS ALWAYS TRI$ TO ASS]T ITS COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE & SECUL> CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS OV] ! N>R[ PROV9CIALISM & CON/RICTIVE K9%IP TIES ( ! RURAL T[N & VILLAGE4 ,WE TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT FROM ANCI5T TO MOD]N TIMES ! CITY & C\NTRYSIDE HAVE BE5 AT 0W>0 ) EA* O!R4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS 0W>0 IS SUPPOS$ TO BE EMBODI$ 9 ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! FEUDAL LORD & ! URBAN M]*ANT1 ! PEASANT FOOD-CULTIVATOR & T[N-DWELL+ CRAFTSP]SON1 ! L&BAS$ >I/OCRAT & ! CITIFI$ CAPITALI/1 ! F>M] & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]4 

,?AT SU* CONFLICTS HAVE EXI/$ OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & E*O 9 MOD]N SOCIETY IS TRUE 5\<4 ,WE /ILL RETA9 +RA9$ VISIONS ( A CLEANS+ & VIRTU\S PA/ORAL LIFE ?AT /&S 9 MORAL CONTRA/ ) ! TA9T$ & S9FUL WORLD ( ! CITY4 ,! CONTRA/ HAS BE5 ! SUBJECT ( ,BIBLICAL 9VECTIVES1 ! !ME ( SOME ( \R MO/ \T/&+ NOVELS1 & A C5T]PIECE 9 ! WRIT+S ( MANY DI/+UI%$ SOCIOLOGI/S4 

,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 H[EV]1 ?IS ,MANI*EAN DRAMA CAN BE A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( REALITY4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT CITY & C\NTRYSIDE HAVE COMMONLY VIEW$ EA* O!R ANTAGONI/ICALLY 9 ! PA/4 ,& !RE HAVE BE5 LONG /RET*ES ( HI/ORY :5 EA* TRI$ TO ASS]T ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DOM9ANCE OV] ! O!R4 ,BUT !RE HAVE ALSO BE5 TIMES :5 !Y EXI/$ 9 AN ALMO/ EXQUISITELY S5SITIVE1 CREATIVE1 & ECOLOGICAL BALANCE ) EA* O!R4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ ADMIRABLE HUMAN ADV5TURES M CULTURE1 TE*NICS1 & SOCIAL FRE$OM HAVE OCCURR$ PRECISELY 9 ?OSE P]IODS :5 A COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 CITY & C\NTRY1 9DE$ BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE1 SUCCESSFULLY REPLAC$ ! MUTUAL RIVALRY = SUPREMACY4 

,TODAY1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! CITY HAS F9ALLY A*IEV$ COMPLETE DOM9ANCE OV] ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9DE$1 ) ! EXT5SION ( SUBURBS 9TO NE>BY OP5 L& ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE1 ! CITY SEEMS TO BE LIT]ALLY 5GULF+ ! AGR>IAN & NATURAL WORLDS1 

ABSORB+ ADJAC5T T[NS & VILLAGES 9TO SPRAWL+ METROPOLITAN 5TITIES--A =M ( SOCIAL CANNIBALISM ?AT C\LD EASILY S]VE = \R V]Y DEF9ITION ( URBANIZATION4 ,ALL TALK ( METROPOLITAN ,BABYLON & ,ROME TO ! CONTR>Y1 WE HAVE NO COMP>ABLE P>ALLELS 9 ! PA/ TO URBANIZATION ON \R PRES5T-DAY SCALE4 ,WORSE1 ! CITY SEEMS TO BE REPLAC+ RURAL CULTURE & ALL ITS RI* TRADITIONAL =MS ) ! MASS M$IA & TE*NOCRATIC VALUES WE T5D TO ASSOCIATE ) 0CITY LIFE40 ,IF ALL ( ?IS IS TRUE--AS ,I FRANKLY BELIEVE IT IS--,I PLAN TO 9TRODUCE 9 ?IS BOOK A V]Y DISCORDANT QUALIFICATION4 ,CONTR>Y TO MO/ VIEWS ON ! SUBJECT1 ,I PLAN TO %[ ?AT IF WE USE WORDS SU* AS 0CITY0 & 0C\NTRY0 MEAN+FULLY TO DESCRIBE ?IS PROCESS ( PHYSICAL1 CULTURAL1 & ECOLOGICAL URBAN CANNIBALISM1 ! IMAGE ( AN ALL-DEV\R+ 0CITY0 ?AT IS 5GULF+ A SUP9E & HELPLESS 0C\NTRY0 IS A %E] MY?4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT ! CITY & ! C\NTRY >E UND] SIEGE TODAY--A SIEGE ?AT ?REAT5S HUMANITY'S V]Y PLACE 9 ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,BO? >E BE+ SUBV]T$ BY URBANIZATION1 A PROCESS ?AT ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY !IR ID5TITIES & !IR VA/ WEAL? ( TRADITION & V>IETY4 ,URBANIZATION IS 5GULF+ NOT ONLY ! C\NTRYSIDE2 IT IS ALSO 5GULF+ ! CITY4 ,IT IS DEV\R+ NOT ONLY T[N & VILLAGE LIFE BAS$ ON ! VALUES1 CULTURE1 & 9/ITUTIONS N\RI%$ BY AGR>IAN RELATION%IPS4 ,IT IS DEV\R+ CITY LIFE BAS$ ON ! VALUES1 CULTURE1 & 9/ITUTIONS N\RI%$ BY CIVIC RELATION%IPS4 ,CITY SPACE ) ITS HUMAN PROP9QUITY1 DI/9CTIVE NEI<BORHOODS1 & HUMANLY SCAL$ POLITICS--LIKE RURAL SPACE1 ) ITS CLOS5ESS TO NATURE1 ITS HI< S5SE ( MUTUAL AID1 & ITS /RONG FAMILY RELATION%IPS--IS BE+ ABSORB$ BY URBANIZATION1 ) ITS SMO!R+ TRAITS ( ANONYMITY1 HOMOG5IZATION1 & 9/ITUTIONAL GIGANTISM4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! URBANIZATION ( BO? ! CITY & ! C\NTRY IS DESIRABLE IS AN ISSUE ?AT ,I %ALL E>NE/LY EXPLORE1 ,BUT ,I CANNOT EMPHASIZE TOO /RONGLY ?AT EV5 IF WE ?9K 9 ! OLD T]MS ( CITY V]SUS C\NTRY & ! UNIQUE POLITICAL CONTRA/S SU* A TIME-HONOR$ IMAG]Y HAS NURTUR$1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 CITY & C\NTRY HAS L>GELY BECOME OBSOLETE1 ,URBANIZATION ?REAT5S TO REPLACE BO? CONTE/ANTS 9 ?IS SEEM+LY HI/ORIC ANTAGONISM4 ,IT ?REAT5S TO ABSORB !M 9TO A FACELESS URBAN WORLD 9 :I* ! WORDS 0CITY0 & 0C\NTRY0 WILL ESS5TIALLY BECOME SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL >*AISMS4 

,P]HAPS \R GREATE/ DIFFICULTY 9 UND]/&+ URBANIZATION & ITS GRAVE IMPACT ON SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE TODAY /EMS FROM \R T5D5CY TO L9K IT ) \R V]Y NAIVE IDEA1 ( ! CITY4 ,WE >E (T5 SATISFI$ TO CALL ANY URBAN 5TITY A CITY IF IT IS DEMOGRAPHICALLY CONGE/$1 /RUCTURALLY SIZABLE1 &1 MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 POPULAT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS :OSE WORK NO LONG] DEALS DIRECTLY ) FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,URBANIZATION1 LIKE CITIFICATION1 SEEMS TO MEET !SE CRIT]IA SO COMPLETELY ?AT WE COMMONLY ID5TIFY ! TWO1 & DI/+UI% !M MORE AS A MATT] ( DEGREE ?AN ( K9D4 ,?US1 WE T5D TO REG>D A SPRAWL+ METROPOLITAN >EA M]ELY AS AN OV]SIZE CITY1 OR IT MAY BE AN AGGLOM]ATION ( CLOSELY PACK$ 0CITIES0 ?AT ,AM]ICANS CALL 0URBAN BELTS0 & ! ,BRITI% CALL 0CONURBATIONS40 

,GRANT$ ?AT WE >E F9D+ IT 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT1 ON C>EFUL REFLECTION1 TO REG>D URBAN BELTS & CONURBATIONS M]ELY AS CITIES4 ,WE UNEASILY S5SE ?AT !Y >E SOME?+ MORE--IF NOT SOME?+ NEW]--?AN :AT PREVI\S G5]ATIONS CALL$ CITIES4 ,:AT CONFUSES US AB\T SU* P]PLEX+ ISSUES IS ?AT ! PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 SU* NEW URBAN 5TITIES >E PLA9LY 5GAG$ 9 CITY-TYPE OCCUPATIONS & SEEM TO FOLL[ CITIFI$ LIFEWAYS4 ,9CREAS+LY REMOV$ FROM ! NATURAL WORLD1 METROPOLITAN DWELL]S R>ELY1 IF EV]1 E>N !IR LIVELIHOOD AS F>M]S1 H[EV] FA%IONABLE URBAN & SUBURBAN G>D5+ HAS BECOME 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,!Y >E EMPLOY$ 9 URBAN JOBS1 BE !Y PR(ESSIONAL1 MANAG]IAL1 S]VICE-ORI5T$1 CRAFT-ORI5T$1 OR ! LIKE4 ,!Y FIVE HI<LY PAC$ & CULTURALLY URBANE LIFEWAYS-?AT LOCK 9TO ME*ANICALLY FIX$ TIME SLOTS--NOTABLY1 ! 0N9E-TO-FIVE0 PATT]N--RA!R ?AN FOLL[ AGR>IAN CYCLES GUID$ BY SEASONAL *ANGE & DAWN-TO-DUSK P]SONAL RHY?MS4 ,URBAN 5VIRONM5TS >E HI<LY SYN!TIC RA!R ?AN NATURAL4 ,FOOD IS NORMALLY B\<T RA!R ?AN GR[N4 ,DWELL+S T5D TO BE CONC5TRAT$ RA!R ?AN DISP]S$4 ,P]SONAL LIFE IS NOT OP5 TO ! CONSID]ABLE PUBLIC SCRUT9Y WE F9D 9 SMALL T[NS OR ROOT$ 9 ! /RONG K9%IP SY/EMS WE F9D 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,URBAN CULTURE IS PRODUC$1 PACKAG$1 & M>KET$ AS A SEGM5T ( ! CITY DWELL]'S LEISURE TIME1 NOT 9FUS$ 9TO ! TOTALITY ( DAILY LIFE & HALL[$ BY TRADITION AS IT IS 9 ! AGR>IAN WORLD4 ,?AT C\NTRY LIFE IS GR[+ MORE & MORE LIKE CITY LIFE & LOS+ ITS SIMPLE/ NATURAL ATTRIBUTES IS A PO9T ?AT WILL BECOME HI<LY SALI5T = ! PURPOSES ( \R DISCUSSION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 :AT C\NTS IS1?AT ! A=EM5TION$ DI/9CTION /ILL EXI/S' 9 ! IMAGE ( :AT WE CALL URBANIZATION 7CONCEIV$ AS CITIFICATION7 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM RURALIZATION4 

,SUP]FICIAL AS !SE CONT9UITIES & CONTRA/S MAY BE1 !Y BEG9 TO DISSOLVE COMPLETELY :5 WE />T TO EXPLORE HI/ORY = RI*]1 FULL] /&>DS ( :AT WE MEAN BY ! WORD CITIES4 ,I USE ! PLURAL1 CITIES1 ADVIS$LY3 ,DESPITE C]TA9 SIMIL>ITIES1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CITIES ( ! PA/ ALSO HAVE CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE4 ,HI/ORY PRES5TS US ) A WIDE RANGE ( UNIQUE & DI/9CTIVE CITIES--! E>LIE/ 9 ,SUM] C5T]+ >\ND TEMPLES2 LAT] ONES1 SU* AS ,BABYLON1 >\ND PALACES2 ! MORE DYNAMIC ,GREEK DEMOCRACIES >\ND CIVIC SQU>ES ?AT FO/]$ CITIZ5 9T]ACTION2 M$IEVAL & MORE REC5T ONES1 >\ND A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T M>KETPLACES4 ,H[EV] DIV]SIFI$ CITIES MAY HAVE BE5 9 ! PA/1 \R LANGUAGE GIVES !M CONSID]ABLE PRE/IGE4 ,! T]M CIVILIZATION HAS ITS ORIG9 9 CIVITAS--A ,LAT9 WORD OCCASIONALLY US$ = CITY--& D5OTES ! CULTURAL SOPHI/ICATION ! WE/]N WORLD HAS TRADITIONALLY IMP>T$ TO SOME K9D ( URBANISM4 ,MO/ ( \R UTOPIAN VISIONS1 :E!R HEAV5LY OR E>?LY1 TAKE ! =M ( A PITY1 A 0,NEW ,J]USALEM'' TO4 SPEAK 9 SACR$ T]MS1 OR AN IDEALIZ$ V]SION ( ! ,HELL5IC 0CITY-/ATE0 TO USE ,SECUL> LANGUAGE4 

,BUT H]E WE ABRUPTLY 5C\NT] ! LIMITS ( ! T]M URBANIZATION AS A SYNONYM = CITIFICATION4 ,URBANIZATION DOES NOT COM=TABLY FIT 9TO AN IMAG]Y ( ! CITY DRAWN FROM !OCRATIC1 MON>*IC1 DEMOCRATIC1 & ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES PEOPL$ BY CRAFTSFOLK & SMALL M]*ANTS :O W]E 5GAG$ 9 A NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,\R URBAN BELTS & CONURBATIONS >E VA/ 5G9ES = OP]AT+ HUGE CORPORATE 5T]PRISES1 9DU/RIAL NETWORKS1 DI/RIBUTION SY/EMS1 & ADM9I/RATIVE ME*ANISMS4 ,!IR FACILITIES1 LIKE !IR T[]+ BUILD+S1 /RET* ALMO/ 5DLESSLY OV] ! L&SCAPE UNTIL !Y BEG9 TO LACK ALL DEF9ITION & C5TRALITY4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO ROOT !M 9 A TEMPLE1 PALACE1 PUBLIC SQU>E1 OR ! SMALL1 9TIMATE M>KETPLACE ( CRAFTSFOLK & M]*ANTS4 ,TO SAY ?AT !Y HAVE ANY SPECIFIC C5T] ?AT GIVES !M CIVIC ID5TITY IS (T5 SO ILL-FITT+ AS TO BE ABSURD1 EV5 IF ONE ALL[S = C5T]S ?AT L+] ON FROM PA/ ]AS :5 CITIES W]E /ILL CLE>LY DEL9EABLE >EAS = HUMAN ASSOCIATION4 

,:AT1 !N1 DO \R PREMOD]N CITIES ) !IR RI* DIV]SITY ( =MS & FUNCTIONS HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,WE >RIVE AT A BASIC *>ACT]I/IC ( CITY LIFE ?AT IS ! RESULT NOT ONLY ( HUMAN PROP9QUITY1 /RUCTURAL SIZE1 OCCUPATIONS1 & AN URBANE CULTURE4 ,:AT MAJOR CITIES ( ! PA/ %>E--:ATEV] !IR DIFF]5CES >E L>GELY MORAL1 (T5 SPIRITUAL1 ATTRIBUTES ) DEEP ROOTS 9 A NATURAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT %>PLY DI/+UI% !M FROM ! PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES WE ASSOCIATE ) URBANIZATION4 ,CITIES ( ! PA/ FROM !IR V]Y BEG9N+S W]E ULTIMATELY :AT ,I W\LD CALL COMMUNITIES ( ! HE>T0--MORAL ASSOCIATIONS ?AT W]E N\RI%$ BY A %>$ S5SE ( IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5T & PUBLIC CONC]N4 ,CIVIC IDEOLOGY & CONC]N C5T]$ >\ND A /RONG BELIEF 9 ! GOOD LIFE = :I* ! CITY PROVID$ ! >5A & CATALYTIC AG5T4 ,! GOOD LIFE BY NO MEANS MEANT ! AFFLU5T LIFE1 ! LIFE ( P]SONAL PLEASURES & MAT]IAL SECURITY4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT MEANT A LIFE ( GOODNESS1 ( VIRTUE & PROBITY4 ,?IS S5SE ( CIVIC CALL+ C\LD ASSUME A HI<LY SPIRITUAL =M SU* AS WE F9D 9 ! ,JEWS' REV]5CE = ,J]USALEM OR A HI<LY E?ICAL =M AS 9 ! ,GREEKS' ADMIRATION = ,A!NS4 ,BETWE5 !SE EMOTIVE & 9TELLECTUAL EXTREMES1 CITY DWELL]S ( ! PA/ T5D$ TO =M SOCIAL COMPACTS0 ?AT W]E GUID$ NOT ONLY BY MAT]IAL & DEF5SIVE CONSID]ATIONS BUT BY LOYALTIES TO !IR CITIES ?AT W]E %AP$ BY RI*LY TEXTUR$ IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5TS4 

,LOVE ( ONE'S CITY1 A DEEP & ABID+ S5SE ( LOYALTY TO ITS WELF>E1 & AN ATTEMPT TO PLACE !SE S5TIM5TS )9 A RI* MORAL & ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT1 :E!R ,GOD-GIV5 OR 9TELLECTUAL1 CLE>LY DI/+UI%ES ! MAJORITY ( CITIES ( PA/ ]AS FROM ?OSE ( PRES5T ONES4 ,WE HAVE VIRTUALLY NO EQUIVAL5T 9 ! MOD]N CITY ( ! ,NE> ,EA/]N S5SE ( CIVIC SPIRITUALITY1 ! ,GREEK FEEL+ ( POLITICAL AFFILIATION1 ! M$IEVAL 5DE>M5T TO COMMUNAL FRAT]NITY1 & ! ,R5AISSANCE LOVE ( URBAN PAGEANTRY ?AT 9FUS$ ! O!RWISE DISP>ATE CITIZ5RY ( ! PA/4 ,SU* LOYALTIES1 ) !IR MORAL UND]P9N+S1 MAY L+] ON 9 ! RESID5TS ( MOD]N CITIES1 BUT MORE AS A FEV]$ APPETITE = ! MAT]IAL1 CULTURAL1 & N]V\S /IMULATION ( :AT WE TODAY DESIGNATE AS ! GOOD LIFE ?AN AS A PRODUCT ( ! E?ICAL /URD9ESS1 SPIRITUAL COMMITM5T1 & S5SE ( CIVIC VIRTUE ?AT M>K$ ! CITIZ5RY ( E>LI] ]AS4 ,IT ALSO MEANT A LOVE ( ! L&1 ( PLACE & NATURAL SETT+ ?AT GAVE RISE TO A RI* ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY & RESPECT = ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,TO SPEAK TRU?FULLY1 \R PRES5T-DAY RELATION%IP TO ! CITY USUALLY TAKES ! =M ( V]Y PRAGMATIC MAT]IAL REQUIREM5TS4 ,A MOD]N CITY1 SUBURB1 T[N1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 A VILLAGE IS (T5 EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( ! 0MUNICIPAL S]VICES0 IT (F]S TO ITS RESID5TS4 ,! TRADITIONAL RELIGI\S1 CULTURAL1 E?ICAL1 & ECOLOGICAL FEATURES ?AT ONCE 5DE>$ CITIZ5S TO !IR CITY1 & ITS NATURAL SURR\ND+S HAVE DISSOLV$ 9TO QUANTITATIVE1 (T5 E?ICALLY NEUTRAL1 CRIT]IA4 ,! CITY IS ! FIR/ FUND 9TO :I* WE MAKE A S]IES ( SOCIAL 9VE/M5TS = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( RECEIV+ A NUMB] ( DI/9CTLY MAT]IAL RETURNS4 ,WE EXPECT \R P]SONS & PROP]TY TO BE PROTECT$1 \R %ELT]S TO BE SAFEGU>D$1 \R G>BAGE TO BE REMOV$1 \R ROADS TO BE REPAIR$1 \R 5VIRONM5T TO BE PHYSICALLY & SOCIALLY TIDY--:I* IS TO SAY1 SP>$ FROM ! 9VASION ( 0UNDESIRABLE ELEM5TS40 

,D\BTLESS WE WANT \R CITIES TO BE CULTURALLY /IMULAT+1 ECONOMICALLY VIABLE1 & ATTRACTIVE 9 REPUTATION4 ,BUT SU* ATTA9M5TS >E NOT NECESS>ILY A FUNCTION ( ! CITY AS SU*4 ,!Y (T5 DEP5D UPON ! RESULTS ( P]SONAL 5T]PRISE1 ! PRES5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL TYPES :O RESIDE 9 IT BY VIRTUE ( BIR? OR *OICE4 ,= A CITY TO CLAIM A FAM\S SON--&1 MORE REC5TLY1 A FAM\S DAU<T]--DOES NOT NECESS>ILY REFLECT WELL UPON ! CITY'S REPUTATION = PRODUC+ GIFT$ OR R5[N$ PEOPLE BUT RA!R ON ! 9DIVIDUAL GIFTS ( ONE OR MORE ( ITS RESID5TS4 ,IT DOES NOT PROVIDE US ) EVID5CE ( ! CITY'S CULTURAL MILIEU BUT ( A SPECIFIC P]SON'S GIFTS & BIOGRAPHY ?AT (T5 9VOLVE A VALIANT EF=T TO TRANSC5D A COMMUNITY'S OPPRESSIVE 5VIRONM5T4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE1 = EXAMPLE1 ) ,JAMES ,JOYCE'S RELATION%IP ) ,DUBL91 ,OSC> ,WILDE'S RELATION%IP ) ,LONDON1 OR ,CEZANNE'S RELATION%IP ) ,P>IS4 

,H5CE1 URBAN 0CIVILIZATION0 AS WE KN[ IT TODAY IS ! ]RATIC BYPRODUCT ( A P>TICUL> CITY1 NOT ITS MA9 & DI/+UI%+ CONSEQU5CE4 ,SU* A 0CIVILIZATION0 EM]GES FROM ! WAYW>D ACTIVITIES ( FAIRLY PRIVATIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS OR CORPORATIONS RA!R ?AN ! 9NATE TRAITS ( ! MUNICIPALITY ITSELF4 ,A CIVIC CULTURE DOES NOT /EM FROM ! COLLECTIVE EF=TS ( A UNIQUE & COHESIVE PUBLIC1 H[EV] UNUSUAL ! CITY MAY BE 9 T]MS ( ITS REGIONAL LOCATION & ITS HI/ORIC TRADITIONS4 ,IT /EMS FROM ! P]SONAL ACTIVITIES ( C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS W,KO HAPP5 TO OCCUPY A RESID5CE )9 ! CITY'S CONF9ES1 /AFF ITS %OPS & (FICES1 WORK ITS 9DU/RIES1 &1 ( C\RSE1 PRODUCE ITS >TI/IC >TIFACTS4 ,URBAN 0CIVILIZATION10 TODAY1 IS NOT A *>ACT]I/IC CIVIC PH5OM5ON ?AT EM]GES FROM A DI/9CTIVE PUBLIC & BODY POLITIC2 IT IS SIMPLY ! EXUDATE ( FREE 5T]PRISE ) ITS PAT9A ( 0PUBLIC S]VICE0 & CULTURAL *>ITY4 ,?AT MAYORS1 CORPORATE LEAD]S1 & PHILAN?ROPI/S MAY VIE ) EA* O!R 9 CELEBRAT+ ! PROJECTS !Y 9ITIATE--PROJECTS ?AT MAY RANGE FROM CONC]T HALLS & MUSEUMS TO AIRPORTS & 9DU/RIAL P>KS--IS SIMPLY EVID5CE ( ! %ALL[NESS ( :AT TODAY IS CALL$ 0CIVIC-M9D$NESS40 ,R>ELY DO !SE PROJECTS1 :I* 9 ANY CASE >E SELDOM FREE ( VULG>ITY1 N\RI% ! CITY AS A COLLECTIVITY & >5A = PUBLIC ACTIVITY4 ,LIKE IRIDESC5T BUBBLES ?AT RISE1 GLI/51 & BUR/1 !Y =M ! SURFACE ( ! CITY'S (T5 /AGNANT CULTURAL LIFE & SOCIAL MALAISE4 

,9 FACT1 LIKE ANY M>KETPLACE1 ! MOD]N CITY IS ! HECTIC C5T] ( A L>GELY PRIVATIZ$ 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ANONYM\S BUY]S & SELL]S :O >E MORE 9VOLV$ 9 EX*ANG+ !IR W>ES ?AN 9 =M+ SOCIALLY & E?ICALLY MEAN+FUL ASSOCIATIONS4 ,CITIES TODAY >E TYPICALLY MEASUR$ MORE BY !IR SUCCESS AS BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES ?AN CULTURAL FOCI4 ,! ABILITY ( AN URBAN 5TITY TO 0BALANCE ITS BUDGET10 TO OP]ATE 0EFFICI5TLY10 TO 0MAXIMIZE0 ITS S]VICE ) M9IMAL CO/1 ALL ( !SE >E REG>D$ AS ! HALLM>K ( MUNICIPAL SUCCESS4 ,CORPORATE MODELS =M ! IDEAL EXAMPLES ( URBAN MODELS1 & CIVIC LEAD]S TAKE GREAT] PRIDE 9 !IR MANAG]IAL SKILLS ?AN 9 !IR 9TELLECTUAL ABILITIES4 

,?IS DOM9ANT 5TREPR5EURIAL CONCEPT ( ! CITY HAS ITS PRECISE C\NT]P>T 9 ! DOM9ANT CONTEMPOR>Y NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,IF WE T5D TO VIEW ! CITY AS \R MO/ IMM$IATE SOCIAL 09VE/M5T10 WE EXPECT ! CITY TO GIVE US ADEQUATE MAT]IAL 0RETURNS40 ,WE PAY \R TAXES ) A DI/9CT EXPECTATION ( ! S]VICES !Y WILL BUY4 ,! GREAT] ! S]VICES = ! MONEY WE PAY1 ! MORE PR(ITABLE IT IS TO RESIDE 9 A GIV5 CITY4 ,CIVIC AM5ITIES >E CLE>LY MEASURABLE 9 T]MS ( ! NUMB] ( S*OOLS1 CLASS SIZES1 P>KS1 FIREH\SES1 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES1 POLICE1 CRIME RATES1 P>K+ SPACES--9DE$1 9 T]MS TOO NUM]\S TO 9V5TORY4 ,:5 WE 0BUY0 9TO A RESID5TIAL >EA1 WE RECONNOIT] IT PRIM>ILY = !SE MAT]IAL & LOGI/ICAL AM5ITIES & SECOND>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 = ! CULTURAL /IMULATION & S5SE ( COMMUNITY IT PROVIDES4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! RESID5T ( MO/ CITIES TODAY T5DS TO DEVELOP A V]Y DI/9CTIVE SELF-IMAGE4 ,IT IS NOT ! IMAGE ( A CITIZ5--A HI/ORICALLY REM>KABLE T]M ?AT ,I HAVE YET TO DESCRIBE--BUT ?AT ( A TAXPAY]4 ,HE OR %E DOES NOT HAVE A S5SE ( SELF APPROPRIATE TO :AT WE MI<T CALL A PUBLIC FIGURE BUT RA!R ?AT ( A FREE-:EEL+ 9VE/OR4 ,D\BTLESS1 TAXPAY]S & 9VE/ORS (T5 =M MANY ASSOCIATIONS1 BUT !Y ALLY ) EA* O!R TO ADVANCE OR PROTECT V]Y SPECIFIC 9T]E/S4 ,LIKE ALL S5SIBLE 5TREPR5EURS :O >E 9VOLV$ 9 ! BUS9ESS ( RESID+ 9 A CITY1 !Y WANT A FAVORABLE RETURN = :AT !Y PAY1 &1 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 09 NUMB]S !RE IS /R5G?40 ,ACCORD+LY1 ALL COMMON ADAGES TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y CAN FI<T ,CITY ,HALL--PRESUMABLY1 ! PLACE :]E ! CORPORATE BO>D MEETS--&1 DEP5D+ AS MU* UPON !IR WEAL? AS UPON !IR NUMB]S1 !Y MAY SUCCE$4 

,BUT BEYORID ?IS ECONOMICALLY SECURE 9T]PLAY ( CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S & DEM&S1 ! CITIZ5 QUA TAXPAY] IS NOT EXPECT$ TO GET DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS4 ,NOR DOES ! CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN 5VIRONM5T 5C\RAGE HIM OR H] TO DO SO4 ,A 0GOOD CITIZ50 IS ONE :O OBEYS ! LAWS1 PAYS TAXES1 VOTES RITUALI/ICALLY = PRESELECT$ C&IDATES1 & 0M9DS HIS OR H] [N BUS9ESS40 ,?IS NOTION ( APPROPRIATE CIVIC BEHAVIOR IS NO T M]ELY A MUTUALLY %>$1 QUIETI/IC VISION ( MOD]N-DAY CITIZ5%IP2 IT IS A POLITICAL DESID]ATUM ?AT1 IF VIOLAT$1 EXPOSES--MORE ACTIVE TAXPAY]S TO *>GES ( 0M$DL+0 AT BE/ & 0VIGILANTISM0 AT WOR/4 ,BO? TAXPAY]S & MUNICIPAL (FICIALS PRUD5TLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! PEOPLE ( A CITY %\LD BE PROP]LY REPRES5T$ BY EFFICI5T1 SPECIALIZ$1 & PR(ESSIONAL SURROGATES ( 0! PUBLIC40 ,DAY-TO-DAY P[]1 H[EV]1 RESIDES' PRECISELY 9 ! H&S ( !SE MANAG]IAL SURROGATES1 NOT 9 !IR 0CON/ITU5CIES0 :O 9CREAS+LY ACQUIRE ! ANONYMITY &' FACELESSNESS ?AT ! WORD 0CON/ITU5CY0 D5OTES4 ,LIKE ! TRADITIONAL LIB]AL CONCEPT ?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :5 IT GOV]NS LEA/1 SO ! CONTEMPOR>Y LIB]AL ,CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP SEEMS TO BE ?AT A 0CON/ITU5T0 IS BE/ :5 HE OR %E ACTS ! LEA/4 

,SU* A CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP IS FRAU<T ) GRAVE PSY*OLOGICAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,9DIVIDUALS :OSE PUBLIC LIVES B>ELY TRANSC5D ! SOCIAL LEVEL ( M]E TAXPAY]S T5D TO =M V]Y PASSIVE IMAGES ( !IR P]SONALITIES & ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T >\ND !M4 ,AN 9CREAS+LY DISEMP[]$ CITIZ5 MAY WELL BECOME A QUIETI/IC & HI<LY RETIR+ SELF4 ,A MAJOR LOSS ( SOCIAL P[] T5DS TO R5D] A P]SON LESS ?AN HUMAN & !REBY YIELDS A LOSS ( 9DIVIDUATION ITSELF4 ,SU* CON/ITU5TS LIVE 9 A PA9FULLY CONTRADICTORY WORLD4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SOCIETY BECOMES AN 9T5SELY PROBLEMATIC PRES5CE 9 !IR LIVES4 ,! SOCIAL REALM IS A POT5TIAL S\RCE ( W>1 ( ECONOMIC 9/ABILITY1 ( CONT5D+ FACTIONS & IDEOLOGIES ?AT MAY REA* DIRECTLY 9TO ! MO/ GU>D$ NI*ES ( PRIVATE LIFE4 ,!SE PROBLEMS BECOME P>TICUL>LY 9TIMATE :5 ISSUES SU* AS ABORTION1 MILIT>Y CONSCRIPTION1 SEXUAL FRE$OM1 & E>N+ CAPACITY 9VADE ! 9DIVIDUAL'S DOME/IC REALM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE SU* ISSUES RAGE >\ND ! 0CON/ITU5T10 HE OR %E IS /EADILY DIVE/$ ( ! P[] TO ACT UPON !M4 ,9DE$1 ! 0CON/ITU5T'S0 9TELLECTUAL EQUIPM5T TO =M AN ASSUR$ OP9ION IS ]OD$ BY AN EV]-DEEP5+ S5SE ( P]SONAL 9COMPET5CE & PUBLIC DETA*M5T4 ,A PREOCCUPATION ) TRIVIA--! PROBLEMS ( %OPP+1 FA%ION1 P]SONAL APPE>ANCE1 C>E] ADVANCEM5T1 & 5T]TA9M5T 9 A ?OR\<LY BOR+ MILIEU--REPLACES ! MORE H]OIC /ANCE ( A SOCIALLY & 5VIRONM5TALLY 9VOLV$ BODY POLITIC4 ,WE ?US 5C\NT] A TW(OLD DEVELOPM5T3 A WORLD 9 :I* GR[+ SOCIAL P[] PREEMPTS CONC]NS ?AT W]E ONCE L>GELY )9 ! PURVIEW ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY1 & ! /EADY ]OSION ( P]SONAL P[] & ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY = ACTION4 ,)9 ?IS P>ALYZ+ =CEFIELD1 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SELF-ID5TITY BEG9S TO SUFF] A CRUCIAL DECL9E4 ,SELF-RECOGNITION DISSOLVES /EADILY 9TO A GRIM LACK ( SELFHOOD4 ,9ACTION BECOMES ! ONLY =M ( ACTION ) ! RESULT ?AT ! 0CON/ITU5T0 RETREATS 9TO AN 9W>DNESS ?AT LACKS ! SUB/ANCE TO R5D] ONE 9DIVIDUALLY FUNCTIONAL4 

,A WORLD 9 :I* P]SONALITY ITSELF RESEMBLES ! TABULA RASA ( AN AIMLESS SOCIETY & A MEAN+LESS WAY ( P]SONAL FIFE W\LD SEEM TO RAISE MORE UNIV]SAL ISSUES ?AN ! FATE ( ! CITY & ! CITIZ54 ,BUT 9 MANY RESPECTS ?IS UNIV]SALITY EXPRESSES ITSELF AS A NE$ = A L>G] P]SPECTIVE T[>D CIVIC ISSUES4 ,! CITY IS NOT ONLY ! 9DIVIDUAL'S FIR/ SOCIAL 09VE/M5T02 IT IS HIS OR H] MO/ 9TIMATE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,[+ TO ITS VITAL IMM$IACY1 

! CITY REMA9S 7AS IT HAS ?R\<\T HI/ORY7 ! MO/ DIRECT >5A 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN ACT AS A TRULY SOCIAL BE+ & FROM :I* HE OR %E CAN ATTA9 ! MO/ IMM$IATE SOCIAL SOLUTIONS TO ! BROAD] PROBLEMS ?AT BELEAGU] ! PRIVATIZ$ SELF4 ,9S(> AS ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SELF-DEF9ITION AS AN EMP[]$ P]SON & CITIZ5 IS EV5 POSSIBLE TODAY1 ! CIVIC T]RA9 ON ALL ITS LEVELS MU/ BE REGA9$ BY ITS CON/ITU5TS & RECON/ITUT$ 9 NEW WAYS TO R5D] PEOPLE SOCIALLY OP]ATIONAL4 ,CIVIC REEMP[]M5T ( ! CITIZ5 ?US BECOMES A P]SONAL ISSUE AS WELL AS A SOCIAL ONE4 ,IT ,IS EQUIVAL5T TO REGA9+ ONE'S PRIVATE SELFHOOD AS WELL AS ONE'S PUBLIC SELFHOOD1 ONE'S P]SONALITY AS WELL AS ONE'S CITIZ5%IP4 

,TO ATTA9 SU* REEMP[]M5T & SELF-RECON/ITUTION HAS ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS4 ,SO MU* ( CIVIC P>TICIPATION & CIVIC-M9D$NESS HAS BE5 LO/ 9 ?IS C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY ITS LATT] HALF1 ?AT WE WILL HAVE TO PROBE DEEPLY 9TO ! BURI$ HI/ORY ( ! CITY & ( ,CITIZ5%IP = REF]5CE PO9TS BY :I* TO UND]/& :]E WE ,/& 9 ! SWIRL ( URBANIZATION ?AT SURR\NDS US4 

,WE WILL WANT TO KN[ :AT ! CONCEPTS ( 0CITY0 & 0CITIZ5%IP0 REALLY MEAN--NOT SIMPLY AS IDEAL DEF9ITIONS BUT AS FECUND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ?AT REVEAL ! GR[? ( COMMUNITIES & ! 9DIVIDUALS :O PEOPLE !M--9DE$1 ?AT TURN !M 9TO A G5U9E PUBLIC SPH]E & A VITAL BODY POLITIC4 ,IT IS PA9FULLY *>ACT]I/IC ( \R PRES5T-DAY MYOPIA ?AT !SE V]Y WORDS1 PUBLIC ,NPH]E & BODY POLITIC1 HAVE SIMPLY DROPP$ \T ( \R SOCIAL VOCABUL>Y4 ,:5 WE USE !M AT ALL1 WE R>ELY SEEM TO UND]/& :AT !Y MEAN OR AT LEA/ MEANT TO E>LI] CIVILIZATIONS 9 :I* WE CLAIM TO HAVE \R CIVIC & SOCIAL ROOTS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 SUPPLANT$ BY SU* T]MS AS 0ELECTORATE0 &1 ( C\RSE1 0TAXPAY]S0 & 0CON/ITU5TS0--ADM9I/RATIVE T]MS ?AT D5ATURE ! CONCEPTS ( POLITICS & COMMUNITY BY DEF9ITION4 

,IT ALSO BEHOOVES US TO EXAM9E ! K9D ( 9/ITUTIONS CITIES HAVE CREAT$ TO FO/] CITIZ5%IP & PUBLIC EMP[]M5T4 ,A ROM>KABLE NUMB] ( CONFLICT+ 9/ITUTIONAL ISSUES CLU/]$ >\ND ! CITY AS IT ME&]$ ITS WAY ?R\< DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL =MS3 DEC5TRALIZATION V]SUS C5TRALIZATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY V]SUS REPRES5TATIVE REPUBLICANISM1 ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE V]SUS C\NCILS ( DEPUTIES1 RECALL & ROTATION ( PUBLIC (FICIALS V]SUS L5G?Y T5URE 9 (FICE & PR(ESSIONAL FIXIDITY4 POPUL> MANAGEM5T ( SOCIAL AFFAIRS V]SUS BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL & MANIPULATION4 ,!SE ISSUES HAVE EXPLOD$ REPEAT$LY1 FROM ANCI5T TIMES TO ! PRES5T1 9TO BITT] CIVIC CONFLICTS4 ,!Y P]SI/ 9 \R V]Y MID/ UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0RE=M0 MOVEM5T TO ALT] CITY *>T]S & MO/ REC5TLY AS NEI<BORHOOD MOVEM5TS TO E/ABLI% 0GRASS-ROOTS0 DEMOCRACY4 

,WE WILL WANT TO KN[ H[ ! HI< IDEALS ( A FREE CITIZ5RY ) A S5SE ( PLACE 9 A *]I%$ NATURAL 5VIRONM5T W]E V>I\SLY REALIZ$ & LO/1 (T5 TO BE REGA9$ = LIMIT$ P]IODS ( TIME 9 ! SAME >EA OR 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,WE WILL HAVE TO ASK H[ 0COMMUNAL LIB]TY0 7TO USE ,B5JAM9 ,B>B] S PHRASE7 HAS F>$ ) ! =TUNES ( ! CITIZ5RY & H[ EA* 9T]ACT$ ) ! O!R1 = NEI!R ! CITY'S =MS ( FRE$OM NOR ! CITIZ5 CAN BE ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R )\T DO+ VIOL5CE TO ! MEAN+ ( BO?4 ,?AT URBANIZATION EV5TUALLY SEP>AT$ FROM CITIFICATION TO TAKE ON A LIFE ( ITS [N & RAVAGE ! CITY & C\NTRYSIDE1 ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS AGRICULTURAL ALIKE WILL BE AN ABID+ !ME 9 ALL WE %ALL HAVE TO EXPLORE4 ,?IS SEP>ATION BEG9S ) ! MASSIVE 9/ITUTIONAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT EV5TUALLY DISPOSSESS$ ! CITIZ5 ( HIS OR H] PLACE 9 ! CITY'S DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,URBANIZATION1 9 EFFECT1 BO? PRESUPPOSES & LAT] PROMOTES ! R$UCTION ( !4 CITIZ5 TO A 0TAXPAY]10 0CON/ITU5T10 OR P>T ( AN 0ELECTORATE40 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT URBANIZATION YIELDS NOT ONLY A DRA/IC COLONIZATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE BUT ALSO ( ! CITY'S & ! CITIZ5 S V]Y SELF-ID5TITY4 ,LIKE ! MOD]N M>KET1 :I* HAS 9VAD$ EV]Y SPH]E ( P]SONAL LIFE1 WE %ALL F9D ?AT URBANIZATION HAS SWEPT BE=E IT ALL ! CIVIC AS WELL AS AGR>IAN 9/ITUTIONS ?AT PROVID$ EV5 A MODICUM ( AUTONOMY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BORN ( ! CITY1 URBANIZATION HAS BE5 ITS P>5T'S MO/ EFFECTIVE ASSAILANT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! AGR>IAN WORLD ?AT IT HAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNDONE4 

,IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO SEE ! EXT5T TO :I* PRESUMABLY NONURBAN 9/ITUTIONS1 (T5 REMOTELY TRIBAL 9 ORIG9 & ROOT$ 9 A MORE NATURALI/IC SOCIETY1 BECAME 9TEGRAL FEATURES ( ! DEMOCRATIC CITY 9 ! =M ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS1 & ! T[N MEET+S SO R$OL5T ( AN ACTIVE MUNICIPALISM & CITIZ5%IP 9 \R [N DAY4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! SAME CAN BE SAID = FEUDAL1 !OCRATIC1 & MON>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ) ! CA/LE1 TEMPLE1 & PALACE AS !IR C5T]S4 ,9DE$1 WE NE$ GO NO FUR!R1 IF WE *OOSE1 ?AN ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS TO F9D ?AT POPUL> ASSEMBLIES UND] DIFF]5T NAMES HAVE BE5 ! PR9CIPAL MEANS BY :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE F\<T \T ! ISSUES ( JU/ICE & FRE$OM ) NOBLES1 MON>*S1 & C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES4 ,EA* OPPOS+ CAMP HAS F\<T ) ! O!R = CIVIC & ULTIMATELY SOCIAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,! CURR5T LEGALI/IC IMAGE ( ! CITY AS A 0CREATURE0 ( ! /ATE IS NOT AN EXPRESSION ( CONTEMPT4 ,IT IS AN EXPRESSION ( FE>1 ( C>EFUL DELIB]ATION 9 A PURPOSIVE EF=T TO SUBDUE POPUL>1 DEMOCRACY4 ,?AT ! T]M HAS BE5 CODIFI$ 9TO LAWS1 EV5 9 SELF-PR(ESS$ 0DEMOCRACIES10 EXPRESSES A DREAD ( A M5AC+ CIVIC OR MUNICIPAL 9CUBUS 9 EV]Y C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL SY/EM1 ONE ?AT HAS ALWAYS ?REAT5$ TO DISMEMB] C5TRALIZ$ P[] AS SU* & RE/ORE ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY TO A PUBLIC ?AT HAS BE5 CRUELLY DISPOSSESS$ ( ITS V]Y ID5TITY44 

,HI/ORY IS AN ALL-IMPORTANT VEHICLE 9 \R 5T]PRISE1 ! C\NT]P>T ( EVOLUTION 9 AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA*4 ,! 0P[]S-?AT-BE0 LIVE 9 A COMPULSIVE FE> ( REMEMBRANCE1 A FE> ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL MEMORY ( PA/ 9/ITUTIONS1 CULTURES1 & ! SE>* = ORIG9S4 ,AN ESS5TIAL !ME ( ,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S #aihd IS ! EF=T BY A HI<LY TOTALIT>IAN /ATE TO ELIM9ATE ! S5SE ( CONTRA/ E>LI] LIFEWAYS IMPOS$ AS A *ALL5GE TO EXI/+ ONES4 ,?9K+ ITSELF HAD TO BE RE/RUCTUR$ TO EXCLUDE ?IS *ALL5GE BY US+ WORDS--,ORWELL'S FAM\S 0,NEWSPEAK0--?AT ATT5UAT$ !IR PREVI\S WEAL? ( MEAN+ & ! DISQUIET+ ALT]NATIVES ?AT ! PA/ POS$ TO A FIX$1 ET]NALIZ$1 & AHI/ORICAL 0N[0 OR COMMITM5T TO 0N[NESS40 ,PREVI\SLY1 AU?ORITY HAD RE/$ ON TRADITION1 (T5 9 A HI<LY DI/ORT$ =M2 TODAY1 IT RE/S OIL CONDITION+1 ) NO REG>D TO A TR\BL+ PA/4 

,! PURPOSE ( ,ORWELL'S 0,NEWSPEAK0 ,WAS TO *ANGE ?9K+ BY 0! 9V5TION ( NEW WORDS & BY /RIPP+ SU* WORDS AS REMA9$ ( UNOR?ODOX MEAN+S1 & 9S(> AS POSSIBLE ( ALL MEAN+S :ATEV]10 ,WORDS SU*1 AS 0FREE10 ,ORWELL TELLS US1 /ILL EXI/$ 9 0,NEWSPEAK0 BUT NOT 09 ITS OLD S5SE ('POLITICALLY FREE' OR '9TELLECTUALLY FREE1' S9CE POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL FRE$OM NO LONG] EXI/$ EV5 AS CONCEPTS & W]E !RE=E ( NECESSITY NAMELESS40_<#a_> ,ONE C\LD ONLY USE ! WORD 0FREE0 9 A /RICTLY FUNCTIONAL1 AMORAL1 & TE*NICAL S5SE1 SU* AS 9 ! /ATEM5T 0,?IS DOG IS FREE FROM LICE0 OR 0,?IS FIELD IS FREE FROM WE$S40 0,NEWSPEAK WAS DESIGN$ NOT TO EXT5D BUT DIM9I% ! RANGE ( ?\<T0 BY A PROCESS ( ABBREVIATION--BY R5D]+ CONCEPTS MORE FUNCTIONAL ?AN MORAL 9 NATURE & BY DEMEMORIZ+ ?\<T 7IF ,I MAY CO9 A PHRASE7 ?AT WAS DESIGN$ TO UPROOT ! M9D FROM A S5SE ( CONT9UITY & CONTRA/ ) A *ALL5G+ PA/4 

,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP MAKES NO COMPROMISES ) AN EMPHASIS ON 0N[NESS0 & ! CYB]NETIC LANGUAGE ( ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY ?AT IS SO FA%IONABLE TODAY4 ,! PAGES ?AT FOLL[ >E ?OR\<LY 9FUS$ ) HI/ORY & ITS MORAL MEAN+1 & ) LANGUAGE ?AT IS RI* 9 SECOND>Y MEAN+S4 ,! READ] WILL F9D NO WORDS LIKE 0FE$BACK10 09PUT10 0\TPUT10 & 0BOTTOM L9ES10 :I* >E CURR5TLY US$ AS SUB/ITUTES = PROCESSUAL & ?\<T-LAD5 T]MS SU* AS DIALOGUE1 ORIG9S1 0EXPLANATIONS10 0JUDGM5TS10 & 0CONCLUSIONS40 ,I HAVE BE5 AT PA9S TO EMPHASIZE MY USE ( HI/ORY & TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE = A V]Y DI/9CT REASON4 ,?IS BOOK DEALS ) CITIES & CITIZ5%IP--TRADITIONALLY1 ! %>$ FATE ?AT CONFRONTS 0T[N & C\NTRY0 9 ! MOD]N ]A--& ! IMPACT ( URBANIZATION UPON P]SONALITY1 FRE$OM1 & HUMANITY'S S5SITIVITY TO NATURE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO A BOOK AB\T MORALITY & E?ICS4 ,MY CONC]N ) ! WAY PEOPLE COMMUNE--?AT IS1 ACTIVELY ASSOCIATE ) EA* O!R1 NOT M]ELY =M COMMUNITIES--IS AN E?ICAL CONC]N ( ! HI<E/ PRIORITY 9 ?IS WORK4 ,I AM CONC]N$ ) ! 0SOCIAL COMPACTS0 PEOPLE =M AS E?ICAL BE+S & ! 9/ITUTIONS !Y CREATE TO EMBODY !IR E?ICAL GOALS4 

,TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ?IS IS ! ,GREEK1 MORE PRECISELY1 ! ,A!NIAN1 IDEAL ( CIVICISM1 CITIZ5%IP1 & POLITICS1 AN IDEAL1 ?AT HAS SURFAC$ REPEAT$LY ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS IDEAL =MS A CRUCIAL *ALL5GE--DESPITE ITS MANY LIMITATIONS = ! MOD]N ]A4 ,I PROPOSE TO EXPLORE NOT ONLY ! ILLS ( URBANIZATION 9S(> AS !Y HAVE SUBV]T$ T[N & C\NTRY 79CLUD+ ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T71 ALIKE1 BUT TO EXPLORE ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONDITIONS ?AT GAVE RISE TO COMMUNITIES1 CITIZ5S1 & A POLITICS :OSE HI< REG>D = P]SONAL ACTIVISM HAS ALWAYS MADE COMMUNITY ! RI*E/ & MO/ FULFILL+ EXPRESSION ( \R HUMANITY4 

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