,UNEMPLOYM5T & ! ,MA*9E 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 

,TEXT 3 

  

 ,PUBLI%$ BY ! 
   ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 
#bdbb ,N4 ,HAL/$ ,/41 ,*ICAGO1 ,ILL41 ,U4 ,S4 ,A4 
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   ,! ,P,R,E,A,M,B,L,E 
,( ,! ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,W,O,R,K,],S ,( ,! ,W,O,R,L,D 
   
   

    

,! 
WORK+ CLASS & ! EMPLOY+ CLASS HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,!RE CAN 
BE NO PEACE SO LONG AS HUNG] & WANT >E F\ND AMONG MILLIONS ( 
WORK+ PEOPLE & ! FEW1 :O MAKE UP ! EMPLOY+ CLASS1 HAVE ALL 
! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE4 
    

,BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES A /RUGGLE 
MU/ GO ON UNTIL ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD ORGANIZE AS A CLASS1 TAKE 
POSSESSION ( ! E>? & ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION1 & ABOLI% 
! WAGE SY/EM4 
    

,WE F9D ?AT ! C5T]+ ( MANAGEM5T ( 
! 9DU/RIES 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S MAKES ! TRADE UNIONS UNABLE 
TO COPE ) ! EV] GR[+ P[] ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS4 ,! TRADE 
UNIONS FO/] A /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* ALL[S ONE SET ( WORK]S TO BE 
PITT$ AGA9/ ANO!R SET ( WORK]S 9 ! SAME 9DU/RY1 !REBY 
HELP+ DEFEAT ONE ANO!R 9 WAGE W>S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! TRADE UNIONS AID 
! EMPLOY+ CLASS TO MISLEAD ! WORK]S 9TO ! BELIEF ?AT ! 
WORK+ CLASS HAVE 9T]E/S 9 COMMON ) !IR EMPLOY]S4 
    

,!SE 
CONDITIONS CAN BE *ANG$ & ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS UPHELD 
ONLY BY AN ORGANIZATION =M$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ALL ITS MEMB]S 9 
ANY ONE 9DU/RY1 OR 9 ALL 9DU/RIES IF NECESS>Y1 CEASE WORK 
:5EV] A /RIKE OR LOCK\T IS ON 9 ANY DEP>TM5T !RE(1 ?US 
MAK+ AN 9JURY TO ONE AN 9JURY TO ALL4 
    

,9/EAD ( ! 
CONS]VATIVE MOTTO1 0,A FAIR DAY'S WAGE = A FAIR DAY'S WORK10 WE 
MU/ 9SCRIBE UPON \R BANN] ! REVOLUTION>Y WAT*WORD1 0,ABOLITION 
( ! WAGE SY/EM40 
    

,IT IS ! HI/ORIC MISSION ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS TO DO AWAY ) CAPITALISM4 ,! >MY ( PRODUCTION MU/ 
BE ORGANIZ$1 NOT ONLY = ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLE ) CAPTIALI/S1 BUT 
ALSO TO C>RY ON PRODUCTION :5 CAPITALISM %ALL HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N4 
,BY ORGANIZ+ 9DU/RIALLY WE >E =M+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! NEW 
SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 
    

   
  ,=,E,W,O,R,D 
   

,UNEMPLOYM5T 
HAS BE5 TALK$ AB\T1 WRITT5 AB\T1 9VE/IGAT$4 ,IT HAS BE5 ! 
SUBJECT ( L5G?Y REPORTS & 9NUM]ABLE RESOLUTIONS4 ,A :OLE 
ALPHABET SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T1 AS WELL AS SEV]AL HUNDR$ LEAGUES & 
ASSOCIATIONS HAVE BE5 BORN TO 5D IT4 ,= F\R YE>S !RE HAS BE5 A 
DIZZY BALLYHOO ( PROMISES TO ABOLI% UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,BUT REALLY NO?+ 
HAS BE5 DONE AB\T IT4  
   

,! PRO( ?AT NO?+ HAS BE5 DONE AB\T IT SURR\NDS US EV]Y:]E1 9 ! DY+ ,C4 ,W4 ,A41 
9 ! MASSES ( M5 LOOK+ = JOBS1 9 ! FE> ( JOBLESSNESS ?AT 
WEI<S D[N ON ?OSE AT WORK4 ,?AT UNEMPLOYM5T IS JU/ AS MU* A 
PROBLEM AS IT EV] WAS1 IS A1 CLE> FACT ?AT ANYONE ) EYES ) 
:I* TO SEE CAN SEE4 
   

,IT IS BECAUSE IT IS TIME TO DO SOME?+ 
AB\T IT ?AT ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 ISSUES ?IS C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( 
! RELATION BETWE5 MA*9]Y & UNEMPLOYM5T1 E/ABLI%+ CLE>LY 
?AT ! CAUSE ( UNEMPLOYM5T IS EXPLOITATION1 & ?AT ! MA*9E 
HAS ADD$ TO UNEMPLOYM5T ONLY AS IT ADD$ TO EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS 
BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT ! ,NEW ,DEAL MA*9E WRECK+ IS NO MORE EFFECTIVE 
?AN ! MORE PRIMITIVE ,LUDDITE MA*9E WRECK+ ( A C5TURY AGO1 OR 
! MISGUID$ CRAFT EF=TS ( ! PA/ G5]ATION4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( 
?IS ?AT NO SORT ( LABOR MOVEM5T ?AT CONS5TS ITSELF ) AF=D+ 
A SY/EM ( 0LABOR BROK]AGE0 CAN COMBAT UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( 
?IS ?AT ! ONLY PROGRAM TO DEAL ) UNEMPLOYM5T IS ! VIGOR\S 
& REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W42 ?OSE :O W\LD DO 
SOME?+ AB\T UNEMPLOYM5T MU/ DO SOME?+ AB\T EXPLOITATION2 
?OSE :O W\LD 5D UNEMPLOYM5T MU/ 5D EXPLOITATION4  
   

,UNEMPLOYM5T IS NOT A PROBLEM ( BRICK-LAY]S1 ( G>M5T 
CUTT]S OR ( DOOR-KNOB POLI%]S2 IT IS A PROBLEM ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS4 ,IT WILL TAKE AN ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO SOLVE IT4 
,!RE IS ONLY ONE SU* ORGANIZATION--! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! 
,WORLD1 ) A PLACE 9 ONE OR ANO!R ( ITS COMPON5T 9DU/RIAL 
UNIONS = EV]Y MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS4  
   

,IF Y\ >E WE>Y ( WAIT+ = SOME?+ TO BE DONE AB\T UNEMPLOYM5T1 & HAVE DECID$ TO DO SOME?+ ABATE IT1 !N3-- 
    
   
   

A7 IF Y\ HAVE NOT JO9$ ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W41 DO SO AT ONCE2 
    
   
   

B7 IF Y\ >E WORK+1 ORGANIZE Y\R FELL[ WORK]S ON ! JOB1 & DON'T WORK TOO H>D1 OR TOO LONG1 OR = TOO LITTLE2 
    
   
   

C7 
IF Y\ >E NOT WORK+1 GET BUSY ON ! ONLY JOB Y\ EV] HAD1 ! JOB 
Y\ HAVE BE5 NEGLECT+ :ILE DO+ ! O!R CLASS'S JOB--! JOB ( 
ORGANIZ+ Y\R CLASS TO RUN ! WORLD 9 ITS [N 9T]E/4  
   

    

,ISSU$ ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#d1 BY ! 

    

,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D ( ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 
   
   

    

  
   
   

    

   
  ,U,N,E,M,P,L,O,Y,M,5,T 
  ,& ,! ,M,A,*,9,E 
   

   ,I4 
   
  ,! ,WORLD-WIDE ,CRISIS 
   

,AT 
! 5D ( ! YE> #aica ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,(FICE ( ! ,LEAGUE 
( ,NATIONS AT ,G5EVA REPORT$ #abe MILLION WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/]N 
NATIONS UNEMPLOY$4 ,! DEP? ( ! DEPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ ! PANIC 
( ,OCTOB]1 #aibi HAD NOT BE5 REA*$ AT ?AT TIME SO IT IS SAFE TO 
SAY1 US+ ?OSE FIGURES AS A BASIS = E/IMATE1 ?AT ! NUMB] ( 
UNEMPLOY$ REA*$ ! #ae MILLION M>K 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c4 ,9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALONE1 CONS]VATIVE FIGURES PLACE ! NUMB] ( 
UNEMPLOY$ AT #a#b11 & ?IS FIGURE IS 9ADEQUATE = ! REASON 
?AT IT DOES NOT 9CLUDE ! P>TIALLY UNEMPLOY$1 ! 0TEMPOR>Y 
LAY-(FS0 OR ?OSE :O DO CASUAL & SEASONAL LABOR1 NOR ALL[ = ! 
IDL5ESS 9 ! AGRICULTURAL & K9DR$ 9DU/RIES4 ,A FAIR] E/IMATE1 
!RE=E1 W\LD BE CLOSE TO #a#h11 UNEMPLOY$ AT ?IS TIME4  
   

,?IS PROGRESSIVE SLUMP 9TO ! SL\< ( IDL5ESS1 
POV]TY1 PAUP]ISM & MIS]Y HAS BE5 GO+ ON = F\R YE>S4 ,IT IS 
WORLD-WIDE4 ,IT CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ UPON AN ASSUMPTION ( LOCAL NATIONAL 
CAUSES4 ,IT EXT5DS FROM POLE TO POLE & FROM ,LONDON TO ! ,GANGES4 ,NOR 
CAN IT BE DAT$ FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! PANIC 9 #aibi OR ! ,WORLD 
,W>4 ,! SAME =CES ?AT PRODUC$ ! ,WORLD ,W> & ITS IMMOLATION ( 
OV] #d MILLION LIVES 9 VIOL5T DEA? OR DEA? FROM FAM9E & 
PE/IL5CE1 >E ! CAUSES ( ?IS PO/W> DESOLATION & SOCIAL 
DIS9TEGRATION4 ,! WORLD IS SICK FROM A PROGRESSIVE ECONOMIC P>ALYZES 
:OSE SYMPTOMS HAVE BE5 P]FECTLY APP>5T = FIFTY YE>S4  
   

,AS ?IS CONDITION ( WIDESPREAD 9T]NATIONAL 
UNEMPLOYM5T HAD BE5 PROGRESSIVE 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA S9CE LONG 
BE=E ! ,WORLD ,W>1 & ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 EXAGG]AT$ =M 9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! /OCK M>KET 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#i1 
WAS M]ELY ! CLIMAX ( A S]IES ( PROGRESSIVE /AGES ( WORLD 
ECONOMIC DISORD]1 WE MU/ LOOK = WORLD CAUSES RA!R ?AN NATIONAL 
CAUSES AS ! REASON = ! G5]AL COLLAPSE ( ! ECONOMIC 
/RUCTURE4 ,&1 AS ! WORLDWIDE PANIC BUR/ AT ! HEI<T ( ! 
P]IOD ( GREATE/ WEAL? PRODUCTION1 ) GRAN>IES & W>EH\SES 
CRAMM$ ) R$UNDANT GOODS1 & BANKS OV]BL[+ ) MONEY & 
CR$IT SYMBOLS1 !RE CAN BE NO NATURAL FACTOR SU* AS CROP FAILURE1 
FLOOD OR FAM9E 9 ! ANALYSIS4 ,! DIRECT OPPOSITE CONDITION1 ONE ( 
PEAK PRODUCTION & NATURAL SUP]ABUNDANCE PREVAIL$4 ,! FAULT MU/ 
LIE1 !RE=E1 9 ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4 

   

,TWO REASONS POPUL>LY ASSIGN$ = WIDESPREAD />VATION 
& PAUP]ISM 9 ! MID/ ( /UP5D\S MASSES ( /OR$ WEAL? /& 
\T4 ,ONE IS 0OV]PRODUCTION0 & ! O!R IS 0OV]-DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
TE*NIQUES ( PRODUCTION40 ,!Y BO? MAY BE R$UC$ TO ABSURDITY AS F> 
AS !Y >E TO BE CONSID]$ FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES4 ,= IT IS SILLY TO 
SPEAK ( OV]PRODUCTION ( :EAT :5 HALF ! WORLD IS )\T ABILITY 
TO OBTA9 SUFFICI5T BREAD4 ,IT IS EQUALLY FATU\S TO SPEAK ( 
OV]-PRODUCTION ( WOOL & COTTON :5 ! MASSES >E GR[+ RAGG$ 
& HAUNT+ ! SECONDH& CLO?+ /ATIONS ( ! ,SALIVATION ,>MY 
& ! RELIEF BUREAUS2 OR :ILE ! COLUMNS ( \R DAILY J\RNALS 
AB\ND ) APPEALS = *>ITABLE GIFTS ( CLO?+ & LAYETTES = 
NEWBORN 9FANTS4 ,IT IS TRAGIC IRONY TO ROOT \T 0OV]-PRODUCTIVE0 FRUIT 
OR*>DS2 TO PL[ UND] EV]Y ?IRD R[ ( COTTON2 OR TO RE/RICT ! 
PLANT+ ( GRA9 :5 MILLIONS ( ILL-CLAD & UND]-F$ WORK]S >E 
HAUNT+ ! G>BAGE DUMPS & BURR[+ 9 ! REFUSE CANS = A SCRAP 
( FOOD4 ,& ?AT CONDITION IS A FACT ( SU* COMMON OBS]VATION ?AT 
IT NE$S NO DATA ( REF]5CE4 ,IT IS /ILL MORE ABSURD TO SPEAK ( AN 
EXCESS ( BUILD+ :5 ! 0,= ,R5T0 SIGN HANGS ON EV]Y F\R? H\SE 
9 ! RESID5CE SUBURB1 :ILE ! EVICT$ =M] T5ANTS BUILD %ACKS 
& *ANTIES ( PACK+ BOXES1 BURLAP & T9 CANS ON ! FR+ES ( 
ALL \R CITIES1 SO ?AT ! NAME1 0,%ANTYT[N0 HAS COME 9TO COMMON 
USAGE AS DESCRIPTIVE ( !SE NEW BUT UNBOA/$ REAL E/ATE 
0ADDITIONS40  
   

,! O!R FACTOR ( ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY IS ONE ?AT 
REQUIRES A MORE S]I\S CONSID]ATION1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE IT HAS BE5 
SO WIDELY DISCUSS$ UND] V>I\S NAMES1 0ME*ANIZATION10 
0TE*NOCRACY10 0RATIONALIZATION10 0TE*NOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYM5T0 & MANY 
O!RS4 ,LET US TAKE A GLANCE AT IT = A MOM5T & SEE JU/ :AT IT 
IS1 = IT ISN'T NEW1 H[EV] NOVEL ! LATE T]M9OLOGY MAY SEEM1 OR 
H[EV] CLEV]LY ! MY/IC SOO?SAY]S ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE MAY DRAW 
!IR GRAPHS & DESCRIBE !IR CURVES ( /ATI/ICAL TR5DS4  
   

   ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 
   
   

,! 
,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION IS A FACT4 ,IT IS UNDISPUT$ ?AT MA*9ES HAVE 
BE5 DISPLAC+ M5 9 9DU/RY = OV] #b YE>S & AT A CON/ANTLY 
ACCEL]AT+ RATE4 ,FROM ! DECL9E ( ! FEUDAL ]A 9 ! F\RTE5? 
C5TURY1 :5 M5 FIR/ BEGAN TO PRODUCE ?+S ON AN EXT5SIVE SCALE 
= SALE & EX*ANGE RA!R ?AN1 AS 9 PREVI\S AGES1 TO SUPPLY ! 
NE$S & LUXURY TA/ES ( !IR OV]LORDS1 9 O!R WORDS1 S9CE ! 
BEG9N+ ( COMMODITY-PRODUCTION1 !RE HAS EXI/$ A GR[+ PR(IT 
MOTIVE = 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION4 ,A COMMODITY IS A ?+ PRODUC$ = 
SALE OR EX*ANGE RA!R ?AN = USE4 ,?IS PRODUCTION ( ?+S = 
SALE & EX*ANGE HAS BE5 ! IMPELL+ =CE ?AT HAS /IMULAT$ 
HUMAN GRE$ = WEAL? ?R\< TRADE & MANUFACTURE4 ,! MORE GOODS 
PRODUC$1 ! MORE WEAL? = HIM :O HELD POSSESSION ( ! \TPUT2 
!RE=E1 ! FA/] COMMODITIES C\LD BE PRODUC$ & SOLD1 ! MORE 
RAPIDLY C\LD WEAL? BE ACQUIR$4  
   

,! FIR/ ADVANCES 9 9CREAS$ P[] & PRODUCTIVITY ( 
LABOR W]E SL[4 ,WAT]-P[]1 HORSEP[] & W9D-P[] HAVE !IR 
LIMITATIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! /EAM-5G9E AS A 
PRACTICAL MEANS ( APPLY+ P[] TO PRODUCTION 9 #a<a ?AT ! REAL 
9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN4 ,LIKE ALL 9V5TIONS1 ! /EAM-5G9E WAS 
A SOCIAL GR[?4 ,IT HAD EXI/$ 9 EMBRYONIC =M = C5TURIES4 ,IT HAD 
BE5 US$ 9 CRUDE =M TO PUMP WAT] FROM ! M9ES ( ,CORNWALL = 
G5]ATIONS BE=E ,WATT & ,BOLTON1 9 RESPONSE TO ! UNIV]SAL DEM& 
= 9CREAS$ COMMODITY-PRODUCTION & = SOME =M ( P[] TO 
REPLACE ! HUMAN BODY & ! WAT]1 W9D & HORSE P[] APPLI$ TO 
SP9N+ & WEAV+1 IMPROV$ ! CRUDE /EAM-5G9E 9TO A PRACTICAL 
PRIME MOV] 9 9DU/RY4  
   

 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( P[] FROM ?AT DAY TO ?IS CAN BE 
MEASUR$ BE/ 9 T]MS ( ME*ANICAL =CE4 ,! BE/ 5G9ES ( ! 
EI<TE5? C5TURY PRODUC$ #e HORSEP[]4 ,! TURB9ES ( TODAY 
PRODUCE #c1 HORSEP[]4  
   

,! IMPACT ( ?IS NEW P[] UPON SOCIETY WAS TREM5D\S1 
EV5 9 ITS CRUDE BEG9N+S4 ,! PUNY HUMAN BODY ?AT HAD BE5 ! 
EMBODIM5T ( P[] & SKILL = #g1 YE>S WAS ?RU/ ASIDE LIKE 
SODS TURN$ UP BY ! PL[%>E4 ,! W9DMILL & WAT]-:EEL1 
LIMIT$ TO FAVORABLE TOPOGRAPHICAL >EAS1 W]E QUICKLY SUP]S$$4 ,OLD 
CRAFTS & ANCI5T WAYS ( MAK+ A LIV+ BECAME OBSOLETE & ,EUROPE 
SW>M$ ) HORDES ( DISPLAC$ & />V+ WORK+ M5 & WOM54 
,NEW MA*9ES TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! H&-DRIV5 TOOLS & ADAPT$ TO1 
US+ ! NEW P[] CAME 9TO BE+ ) EV]-9CREAS+ TEMPO4 ,GREAT 
MANUFACTUR+ CITIES SU* AS ,MAN*E/]1 ,LE$S & ,BIRM+HAM SUDD5LY 
TOOK ON AN ACCESS ( RAPID GR[? 9 WEAL? & POPULATION4 ,& AS 
ECONOMIC WEAL? IS P[]1 ! P[] & 9FLU5CE ( ! L&-HOLD+ 
>I/OCRACY GAVE WAY BE=E ?AT ( A NEWLY-5RI*$ COMM]CIAL 
>I/OCRACY4 ,TO SUPPLY ! FACTORIES ) RAW WOOL1 PEASANTS 9 
HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S W]E EVICT$ & !IR SMALL HOLD+ TURN$ 9TO 
%EEP-WALKS4 ,TO PROVIDE ! MANUFACTUR] ) AN UNLIMIT$ SUPPLY ( 
0FREE0 SLAVES 7?AT IS1 0FREE0 TO MOVE AB\T 9 SE>* ( A JOB7 ! 
FEUDAL LAWS ?AT B\ND M5 9 S]VICE TO ! LORD ( ! SOIL W]E 
TRAMP$ UND] FOOT OR REPEAL$ & ! EVICT$ PEASANTS W]E H]D$ TO 
! CITIES UND] PRESSURE ( />VATION TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R 9 
! SALE ( !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! NEW LORDS ( ! FACTORY & MILL4 
,BY #a#h#b#a1 ACCORD+ TO ,SEIGNOBOS' 
0,POLITICAL ,HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE ,S9CE #a#h#a#d10 !RE W]E #b1#e1 \T ( A 
TOTAL POPULATION ( #a#b11 ON POOR RELIEF 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,?IS 
0RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION0 HAD BE5 PRODUC$ BY DELIB]ATE 
EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&S ( ! PEASANTS & ! APPROPRIATION ( ! 
9DU/RIAL MA*9]Y & 9V5TIONS BY ! LEGAL PIRACY ( ! UP/>T 
MANUFACTUR+ >I/OCRACY ( ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,TO CONTROL OR DISPOSE ( 
?IS MASS ( 0TE*NOLOGICALLY UNEMPLOY$0 WORK]S )\T VIOL5T 
REVOLUTION WAS ! GREAT POLITICAL PROBLEM ( ,5GL&'S RUL+ CLASS 
= FIFTY YE>S1 JU/ AS ! PRES5T MASS ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S IS ! 
M5AC+ PROBLEM ( ! RUL+ CLASS ( TODAY4 
   

,9 ,5GL& 0!RE REMA9$ 9 #a#h#a#e10 SAYS ,SEIGNOBOS1 
   
    
ALMO/ NO 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS1 SMALL L&$ PROPRIETORS1 OR T5ANTS ON 
LEASE2 ALL L&S HAD F9ALLY BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO GREAT E/ATES1 
BELONG+ TO LORDS OR SQUIRES4  

,A SIMIL> CONC5TRATION HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 MANUFACTUR+ S9CE 
! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM HAD BE5 
REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY TWO *ANGES3 #a/1 ! NEW MA*9ES DRIV5 BY WAT] OR 
BY /EAM1 & ! NEW ME*ANICAL >TS1 HAD CREAT$ ! FACTORY SY/EM2 
#bND1 SMALL EMPLOY]S :O PRODUC$ DIRECTLY = A S+LE BUS9ESS H\SE1 
W]E REPLAC$ BY CAPITALI/ EMPLOY]S :O PRODUC$ ON A L>GE SCALE = 
! G5]AL M>KET & = EXPORTATION4  
    ,IT IS TO BE OBS]V$1 9 READ+ 
! ABOVE QUOTATION FROM ,SEIGNOBOS1 ?AT ,5GL&1 :OSE PRES5T 
POPULATION IS AB\T #d111 WAS SUFF]+ FROM A CONDITION ( 
0TE*NOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYM5T0 & 0SURPLUS POPULATION0 9 #ahba :5 H] 
POPULATION WAS >\ND #a#b114 ,!RE WAS NO DE>? ( WEAL? 9 
#a#h#b#a2 !RE IS NONE TODAY4 ,5GL& WAS ! WEAL?IE/ BECAUSE ! MO/ 
9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ NATION ON E>? 9 #a#h#b#a2 %E IS1 NEXT TO ! 
,UNIT$ /ATES1 ! WEAL?IE/ NATION 9 ! WORLD TODAY4 ,( H] TOTAL 
POPULATION1 #b1#e1 OR >\ND #ba P] C5T W]E ON POOR RELIEF 9 
#a#h#b#a4 ,AFT] A C5TURY ( COLONIZATION & MANY & VA/ EMIGRATIONS & 
! LOSS ( #c11 9 ! ,WORLD ,W>1 #b1#g#b#h1 W]E ON DOLES ON ,JAN4 
#c#a1 #aicb & !SE FIGURES1 LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DO NOT 
ADEQUATELY REFLECT ! ACTUAL NUMB]S ( H] UNEMPLOY$ :I* W]E MU* 
GREAT] & HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 ! PA/ YE> & A HALF4 ,9 #ahba ! 
UNEMPLOYM5T ( H] WORK]S WAS ATTRIBUT$ TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW 
MA*9ES1 ! EXCESSIVE BIR?RATE & ! DISPOSSESSION ( H] T5ANT 
F>M]S2 TODAY IT IS SIMIL>LY ATTRIBUT$ TO RATIONALIZATION1 
ME*ANIZATION1 0TE*NOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYM5T0 & AN EXCESSIVE BIR?RATE4 

,TWO FACTS /& =? 9 ?IS CONNECTION ?AT >E ( PRIME 
IMPORTANCE2 #a/1 ?AT POV]TY AMONG ! MASSES IS NOT CAUS$ BY 
PRESSURE ( POPULATION UPON ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE OR ! TILLABLE 
L& >EA1 = ! SAME PH5OM5A DEVELOP 9 ! SP>SELY 9HABIT$ 
,5GL& ( #ahba AS 9 ! D5SELY POPULAT$ ,5GL& ( #a#i#c#c2 #bND1 ?AT 
9V5TIONS & CONSEQU5T 9CREASE 9 ! RATE & MASS ( WEAL? 
PRODUC$ ?R\< ! GREAT] EFFICI5CY ( LABOR DO NOT RELIEVE OR 
PREV5T GR[+ POV]TY AMONG ! MASSES ( ! POPULATION4 ,WEAL? 
9CREASES FA/] ?AN POPULATION4 ,9 MOD]N TIMES1 FOOD & O!R MEANS 
( SUBSI/5CE HAVE REV]S$ ! ,MAL?USIAN 
LAW & HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 A GEOMETRIC RATIO1 ?AT IS AS ! S]IES #b1 
#d1 #h1 #a#f1 #cb ETC41 :ILE POPULATION HAS 9CREAS$ 9 AN >I?METICAL 
RATIO2 AS #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e ETC4 ,SO1 9/EAD ( B5EFITT+ ! WORK+ 
MASSES :O PRODUCE ALL ?IS 9CREASE ( WEAL?1 ! OPPOSITE RESULT 
FOLL[S & ! WORK]S GR[ RELATIVELY POOR] & ! RI* RI*]4 
   

,! 
PO9T ( MO/ IMPORTANCE 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS ! FACT ?AT :ATEV] 
! RATE ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE1 :E!R SL[1 AS 9 ! P]IOD ( 
E>LI] CAPITALISM1 :5 WAT]-P[]1 W9D-P[]1 HORSEP[] & ! 
E>LY /EAM-5G9E W]E ! PRIME MOV]S1 AS FROM #agce TO #a#h#c2 OR ) 
HI<LY ACCEL]AT$ DEVELOPM5T AS 9 ! P]IOD FROM #ahc TO #a#i2 OR 
) ! TREM5D\S ONW>D SWEEP ( ! MA*9E PROCESSES ?AT M>K$ 
! P]IOD FROM #ai TO #a#i#c#c2 OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 ) ! 
COMP>ATIVELY /ATIC CONDITION ( ! #g1 YE>S ?AT PREC$$ ! 
FIR/ ( !SE P]IODS1 :5 PRACTICALLY NO IMPROVEM5TS 9 ME*ANICAL 
PROCESSES OCCURR$1 ! RESULTS TO ! VA/ BODY ( WORK]S W]E ! 
SAME4 ,! RUL+ CLASS [N$ & CONTROLL$ ! MEANS ( WEAL? 
PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK]S US$ !M UPON T]MS DICTAT$ BY ! [N]S4 
,?AT CONDITION WAS SLAV]Y1 :E!R *ATTEL SLAV]Y1 9 :I* ! BODY 
( ! TOIL] & SKILL$ WORKMAN WAS [N$ \TRI<T BY ! PATRICIAN2 
OR FEUDAL S]FDOM1 9 :I* M$IEVAL LORDS [N$ ! SOIL & DICTAT$ 
! T]MS ( ITS USE BY FEUDAL EXACTIONS2 OR MOD]N WAGE-SLAV]Y1 9 
:I* ! CAPITALI/ MA/] [NS ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION ESS5TIAL 
TO LIFE & CONTROLS ! LIFE ( ! WORK] BY GIV+ OR )HOLD+ 
ACCESS TO IT UPON T]MS DICTAT$ BY HIMSELF & HIS CLASS4  
   

,! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY FROM EA* ( !SE P]IODS TO 
ITS SUCCESSOR WAS M>K$ BY P]IODS ( TEMPOR>Y SOCIAL & POLITICAL 
DIS9TEGRATION & REVOLUTION & ! IRRUPTION ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS 
PREVI\SLY SUPPRESS$ & HELD TO BE 9F]IOR4 ,& 9 EA* SUCCESSIVE 
P]IODIC REVOLUTION1 ! BASES ( PRIVILEGE & P[] W]E BROAD5$ 
& MADE TO 9CLUDE A MORE NUM]\S CLASS4  
   

,H[EV] IMPORTANT ! TREM5D\S 9CID5CE ( MA*9]Y 
& NEW & IMPROV$ TE*NOLOGY MAY APPE> 9 ! REC5T P]IOD1 IT IS 
M]ELY ! =M UND] :I* ! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSE ( POV]TY & 
UNEMPLOYM5T EFFECTS ITS RESULTS4 ,! ACTUAL CAUSE ( ! RECURR5T 
CYCLES ( MIS]Y & POV]TY AMONG ! WORK]S LIES 9 ! P[] ( A 
CLASS ( P>ASITIC NONWORK]S TO %ACKLE ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS ( ! 
HUMAN RACE BY CLAIM+ & EX]CIS+ ! RI<T TO [N & CONTROL 
EV]Y ACCESSION ( 9V5TION1 EV]Y NEW FRUIT ( HUMAN G5IUS 9 ! 
=M ( NEW MA*9]Y OR NEW PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION & TO APPROPRIATE 
! B5EFIC5T RESULTS ( SOCIAL & SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS EXCLUSIVELY TO 
!MSELVES BY [N+ & CONTROLL+ EV]Y MEANS BY :I* SU* RESULTS 
MAY BE APPLI$4  
   

   ,PRIMACY ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,FACTOR 9 ,HI/ORY 
   
   

,! 
9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ?AT MADE P[]-DRIV5 MA*9]Y ! PREVAIL+ 
ME?OD ( WEAL? PRODUCTION BEGAN AB\T #a#g#c#e4 ,WE SAY 0PREVAIL+0 
ME?OD1 = ! REASON ?AT :5 A MORE EFFICI5T WAY ( DO+ A ?+ 
COMES 9TO G5]AL USE1 ! OLD] & LESS EFFICI5T ME?ODS ONLY 
GRADUALLY DISAPPE>4 ,!Y /ILL SURVIVE BUT ONLY AS VE/IGIAL REMA9S 
( A DY+ CULTURE4 ,IT IS ! ELIM9ATION ( WA/E 5]GY BY ! MORE 
ADVANC$ ME?ODS ?AT R$UCES ! SOCIALLY NECESS>Y LABOR & 5ABLES 
! NATIONS DEVELOP+ !M TO GR[ MORE RAPIDLY 9 POPULATION1 WEAL? 
& P[] &1 !RE=E1 TO 0PREVAIL0 OV] PEOPLES US+ MORE 
PRIMITIVE ME?ODS4 ,WE SPEAK ( 0SOCIALLY NECESS>Y0 LABOR AS ?AT LABOR 
:I* IS APPLI$ TO PRODUCTION 9 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T WAY2 ?AT IS1 
:I* UTILIZES ! MO/ EFFECTIVE TOOLS & ME?ODS TO ACCOMPLI% ITS 
PURPOSE4 ,A MAN :O W\LD PL[ ) A CROOK$ /ICK OR AN OX TEAM 
HIT*$ TO A S+LEBOTTOM PL[ W\LD P]=M MORE MANUAL LABOR TO 
CULTIVATE AN ACRE ?AN A MAN :O US$ A MOD]N TRACTOR & A GANG 
PL[4 ,BUT ! EXTRA LABOR W\LD BE NO LONG] 0SOCIALLY0 NECESS>Y 
BECAUSE ! MOD]N TRACTOR & GANG PL[ IS ! TOOL ?AT HAS 
SOCIALLY SURVIV$ & BECOME ADOPT$ AS ! PREVAIL+ MEANS ( 
CULTIVATION4 ,?OSE :O W\LD P]SI/ 9 US+ ! MORE PRIMITIVE TOOLS 
& ME?ODS1 W\LD BE DOOM$ TO LAG BEH9D 9 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIAL 
SURVIVAL & ULTIMATELY ELIM9AT$4 ,IT IS ONLY ! SOCIALLY NECESS>Y 
MEANS ( WEAL? PRODUCTION & ! SOCIALLY NECESS>Y LABOR P[] ?AT 
DET]M9E ! TR5DS ( CIVILIZATION & ! %IFT+ ( POLITICAL 
P[]4  
   

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! P]IOD ( HI/ORY ?AT JU/ 
FOLL[$ ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S & ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION CULM9AT$ AB\T 
#a#h#b#a-#b#e 9 A S]IES ( 9DU/RIAL CRISES SIMIL> TO ! PRES5T4 
,P]IODIC PANICS HAVE FOLL[$ 9 CYCLES ( FROM EI<T TO TWELVE YE>S 
AS 9 #a#h#c#g1 #a#h#d#h1 #a#h#e#g1 #a#h#g#c1 #a1#h#h#d1 #a#h#i#c1 #a#i#g1 #aib & #a#i#b#i1 ) 
M9OR DEPRESSIONS OR W> 9 BETWE54 ,PANICS & P]IODS ( DEPRESSION 
HAD OCCURR$ AT V>I\S TIMES & 9 V>I\S NATIONS 9 HI/ORY BE=E 
?IS S]IES BUT ONLY ) ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ! 
N9ETE5? C5TURY DID ! 9DU/RIAL CYCLE BECOME E/ABLI%$ AS A 
*>ACT]I/IC ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! CAUSE ( !SE P]IODS ( 
ECONOMIC REACTION & DEPRESSION W]E BUT VAGUELY DEF9$ 9 ! 
E>LI] P]IODS4 ,!Y >E ?OROLY UND]/OOD TODAY H[EV] MU* ! 
SCI5TIFIC SQUID MAY TRY TO BECL\D ! CLE> WAT]S ( ECONOMIC TRU? 
) SOPHI/RY & OBSCURANTISM4 
,!Y CON/ITUTE A FATAL & 9H]5T DEFECT 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
:I* LEADS DIRECTLY TO 9EVITABLE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,! 
DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9E & MASS PRODUCTION IS M]ELY 9CID5TAL TO ! 
G5]AL LAWS GOV]N+ CAPITALISM & NOT ! PRIM>Y CAUSE ( PANICS 
& DEPRESSION4 ,!Y W\LD OCCUR UND] A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( 
PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? H[EV] PRIMITIVE ! TE*NIQUE 
( MANUFACTURE MI<T BE4 ,IT IS ONLY IMPORTANT TO PO9T \T ?AT ) 
EA* RECURR5CE ( ! 9DU/RIAL CYCLE ! P]IODS ( PANIC & 
DEPRESSION BECOME MORE 9T5SIFI$ & WORLD-WIDE 9 SCOPE AS ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM OBEY+ ITS 9H]5T LAW ( DEVELOPM5T BECOMES MORE 
9TEGRAT$ & C5TRALIZ$ 9TO A WORLD EMBRAC+ ME*ANISM4 
   

,! 
PRES5T POPULATION ( ! E>? IS E/IMAT$ AT AB\T #b BILLIONS4 ,IT IS 
PROBABLY ?REE TIMES AS GREAT AS ?AT ( #a#h#b#a4 ,YET ! 9DU/RIAL 
REVOLUTION ( #agge TO #a#h#b#a1 GOV]N$ BY ! SAME 9H]5T LAWS ( 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 PRODUC$ A SOCIAL & 9DU/RIAL CRISIS AS 
GREAT1 RELATIVE TO ! POPULATION ( ! CAPITALI/ NATIONS AFFECT$1 
AS ?AT RESULT+ FROM TE*NOLOGICAL & ME*ANICAL PROGRESS 9 ! 
P]IOD FROM #ahi TO #a#i#b#i4 ,! RATE & RELATIVE P] C5T ( 
DISPLACEM5T ( M5 BY MA*9ES )9 ! CAPITALI/ICALLY DEVELOP$ 
NATIONS W]E PROBABLY NOT LESS4 ,! BREAK+ UP ( E/ABLI%$ HABITS1 
CRAFTS1 TRADES & SOCIAL CU/OMS )9 ?OSE NATIONS WAS PROBABLY AS 
GREAT1 RELATIVE TO !IR POPULATIONS1 AS ?AT TAK+ PLACE 9 ! 
PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,! RELATIVE AM\NT ( UNEMPLOYM5T WAS 
PROBABLY EQUAL4  
   

,! SUPREMELY IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE1 H[EV]1 IS ?IS3 9 
! WORLD ( #ahba !RE W]E UNSETTL$ CONT95TS OP5 = SETTLEM5T 
& CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION :I* FURNI%$ REFUGE = ! DISPLAC$ 
WORK]S & ROOM = EXPANSION = !1 !N1 NEW CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 
,AM]ICA1 ,AU/RALIA & ,AFRICA FURNI%$ AN \TLET = ! DISPLAC$ 
HUMAN1 & ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS ?AT YET LAGG$ BEH9D 9 PRODUCTION 
ME?ODS & TE*NOLOGY PROVID$ CON/ANTLY EXP&+ FIELDS ( 
EXPLOITATION = CAPITAL4 ,TODAY !RE IS NO SU* \TLET4 ,!RE >E NO 
NEW L&S OR CONT95TS4 ,! MOD]N MA*9E HAS 9VAD$ !M ALL4 ,! 
:IR ( ! :EELS1 BELTS & LOOMS IS HE>D FROM ,BOMBAY TO ,LIV]POOL 
& ! ELECTRIC N]VES HAVE MADE ONE GREAT SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 
ORGANISM ( ! E>? FROM POLE TO POLE1 C>RY+ P[] & CULTURE 9 
ITS MOD]N =M ?RU\T ! SOCIAL UNIV]SE4 ,ONLY ! PRIMITIVE & 
OBSOLETE ME?OD ( CLASS [N]%IP & CONTROL REMA9S TO BLOCK ! 
SOCIALIZATION ( ! HUMAN RACE4  
   

,9 EXP&+1 ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 M>K$ BY ! 
9TRODUCTION ( NEW 9V5TIONS & MA*9E PRECESSES1 HAS PROCE$$1 
NOT ) UNI=M MOTION1 BUT ) CON/ANTLY ACCEL]AT$ PROGRESS4 ,! 
MORE MA*9ES ! MORE RAPID ! RATE ( 9V5TION1 = NEW 9V5TIONS 
& IDEAS DO NOT FALL FROM HEAV5 OR COME FROM 9SPIRATION1 BUT EVOLVE 
\T ( MA*9ES & PROCESSES 9 PRES5T USE AS ! H&S ( ! 
WORK]S 9 CONTACT ) !M SUGGE/ NEW] & MORE EFFICI5T ME?ODS 
& IMPROVEM5TS TO ! WORK]S BRA94 ,ONE NEW MA*9E BRE$S MANY4  
   

,! P[] LOOM ?REW #h1 H&-WEAV]S ONTO ! 
/REETS ( ,LONDON 9 ! P]IOD ( #a#h#b-#d4 ,?OSE ?AT SURVIV$ 
/>VATION & ! MORTALITY ?AT ATT5DS EXTREME POV]TY1 JO9$ ) 
O!R DISPLAC$ H&ICRAFTSM5 & ! EVICT$ PEASANTS & EMIGRAT$ 
OR W]E TRANSPORT$ AS 0CRIM9ALS0 TO ,AM]ICA & ! COLONIES1 :]E 
!Y SET TO WORK REPRODUC+ ! CIVILIZATION & ECONOMIC SY/EM FROM 
:I* !Y HAD JU/ BE5 EXPATRIAT$4  
   

,BUT ! DISPLAC$ WORK]S ( TODAY1 NUMB]+ MILLIONS 9 
ALL L&S1 CANNOT ESCAPE BY EMIGRATION OR BY VIOLAT+ CAPITALI/ LAW 
& BE+ TRANSPORT$ TO SOME P5AL SETTLEM5T4 ,= ! MA*9ES ?AT 
DIS9H]IT$ !M N[ PREC$E !M TO ! =EIGN L&4 ,IT IS ! 
MA*9ES ?AT N[ EMIGRATE & 9VADE NEW T]RITORY FA/] ?AN !IR 
HUMAN P>T--! WORK]S4 ,& ! EMIGRANT F9DS ! SAME MA*9ES & 
! SAME UNEMPLOYM5T FAC+ HIM 9 ALL L&S :]E CAPITALISM IS ! 
PREVAIL+ ME?OD ( WEAL? PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS NO ESCAPE FROM ! 
CONDITIONS BY EMIGRATION TO A NEW C\NTRY4 ,! DISEASE ?AT AFFLICTS 
SOCIETY IS CON/ITUTIONAL & 9H]5T 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ITSELF4 

   

,NEV]!LESS1 IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT IT IS NOT ! 
RATE ( ME*ANIZATION OR TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT PRODUCES ! 
POV]TY & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,IT IS NOT ! MA*9ES ?AT PRODUCE ! 
JOBLESSNESS & MIS]Y4 ,IT IS NOT OV]PRODUCTION ( :EAT ?AT PRODUC$ 
A BREAD FAM9E AMONG ! POOR4 ,IT IS NOT OV]PRODUCTION ( COTTON & 
WOOL ?AT MAKES M5 & WOM5 RAGG$ & UNCLAD4 ,IT IS NOT EXCESS ( 
WEAL? PRODUC$ ?AT MAKES ! PRODUC]S P5NILESS & UNABLE TO BUY 
EV5 A PORTION ( !IR [N PRODUCT4 ,COMMON S5SE & ! MO/ 
ELEM5T>Y SOCIAL LOGIC %\LD 5ABLE EV5 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMI/ TO 
SEE ?AT4 ,IT IS ! [N]%IP & CONTROL ( ! L& & MA*9]Y ( 
PRODUCTION BY A SOCIAL CLASS ?AT LIVES )\T WORK+1 ?R\< ! 
P]SI/5CY ( SOCIAL LAWS & CU/OMS ?AT HAVE BE5 \TGR[N BY ! 
ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS ! CAUSE ( ! PRES5T 
WORLD-WIDE UNEMPLOYM5T & SOCIAL MIS]Y1 EV5 AS IT CAUS$ ! MORE 
RE/RICT$ CRISIS ( A C5TURY AGO4 ,! WORLD C\LD BE> IT !N 
BECAUSE !RE WAS A WAY ( ESCAP+ AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY FROM IT BY 
EMIGRAT+ & DEVELOP+ NEW & UNAFFECT$ >EAS4 ,IT CANNOT ESCAPE BY 
EMIGRATION TODAY BUT MU/ TURN UPON AN OBSOLETE SY/EM ( CLASS CONTROL 
AS IT HAS DONE 9 O!R AGES & *ANGE IT4 ,! PREVAIL+ ME?OD ( 
PRIVATE CAPITALI/ [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 
DI/RIBUTION IS 9 9CREAS+ CONFLICT ) ! BIOLOGICAL NECESSITIES 
( ! RACE & :5 ?AT CONDITION >ISES !RE ALWAYS FOLL[ SOCIAL 
UPHEAVAL & REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4  
  ,I,I4 
  ,SURPLUS ,VALUE--! ,S\RCE ( ,?IEVES' ,LOOT 
   

,UND] 
ANY SY/EM 9 :I* ! MEANS ( PRODUC+ A LIV+ >E ! EXCLUSIVE 
PROP]TY ( A LIMIT$ CLASS1 ! WORK]1 DEPRIV$ ( SU* MEANS1 
PUR*ASES ! RI<T TO WORK = HIS LIV+1 PAY+ = IT 9 SURPLUS 
LABOR4 ,! WORK]'S DAY1 ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+1 IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO 
P>TS2 ! FIR/ & %OOT] P]IOD DUR+ :I* HE WORKS TO REPRODUCE 
! VALUE ( HIS [N LABOR-P[]1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 HIS LIV+2 & A 
SECOND & LONG] P]IOD 9 :I* HE PRODUCES ! SURPLUS VALUE :I* 
HE IS =C$ BY NECESSITY TO YIELD TO ! [N] ( ! L&1 MA*9]Y 
OR O!R MEANS ( PRODUC+ WEAL?4 ,! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ DUR+ ! 
5TIRE WORK+ DAY1 NO MATT] :AT !IR K9D OR *>ACT] MAY BE1 >E 
SOLD BY ! EMPLOY] & ?US >E TRANSMUT$ 9TO A PRICE-=M1 MONEY1 
& ! EMPLOY] RETURNS ! WORK]'S PORTION TO HIM 9 ?IS =M4 ,IT 
IS CALL$ WAGES1 BUT ! MONEY-=M 9 :I* IT IS PAID TO ! WORK] 
M]ELY CONCEALS ! COMMODITY-=M 9 :I* IT WAS ORIG9ALLY PRODUC$4 
,IT IS 9 REALITY M]ELY P>T ( ! TOTAL AM\NT ( COMMODITIES 
PRODUC$ BY ! WORK] DUR+ ! :OLE DAY'S WORK1 & ! SMALL] 
P>T2 = ! GREAT] PORTION IS RETA9$ BY ! EMPLOY]4 ,! 
TRANSMUTATION 9TO ! MONEY OR PRICE-=M ALSO CONCEALS ! DIVISION 
( ! DAY'S WORK 9TO ITS TWO CON/ITU5T P>TS--! NECESS>Y LABOR 
& ! SURPLUS LABOR4 ,! P>T ( ! DAY'S PRODUCT RETA9$ BY ! 
CAPITALI/ EMPLOY] IS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IT IS ! WEAL? PRODUC$ 9 ?IS 
SECOND P]IOD ( ! WORK+ DAY--SURPLUS VALUE--?AT CON/ITUTES ! 
SOLE OBJECT ( ALL CAPITAL 9VE/M5T4 ,IT IS ! BASIS ( ALL 
CAPITALI/ VALUES4 ,IT IS ! SUB/ANCE ( ALL SO-CALL$ E>N+ P[] 
( CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ! S\L ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ! SACR$ C[ ?AT IS 
WOR%IP$ AS A GOD4 ,IT IS ! 9C5TIVE ( ALL 5DEAVOR BY 
CAPITALI/-M9D$ HUMANS4 ,IT IS ! SUBJECT ( ALL S]MONS & PRECEPTS 
BY G[N$ CL]ICS & BE:ISK]$ PHILOSOPH]S :O DO HOMAGE TO ! 
SACR$ C[3 0,S]VANTS1 OBEY Y\R MA/]S--WORK LONG & H>D = HIM1 
& GREAT WILL BE Y\R REW>D--9 HEAV54 ,ON E>? Y\ WILL GET JU/ 
WAGES--A M]E SUBSI/5CE--:ILE Y\R MA/] TAKES ! RE/2 BUT 9 
HEAV51 AFT] Y\ >E DEAD--AH6 ! GOLD5 GLORIES ?AT AWAIT 
Y\--IDEOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ( ALL ! PRODUCT ( ! UNREQUIT$ 
SURPLUS LABOR :I* Y\ GAVE TO Y\R MA/] ON E>? & :I* HE 
CONV]T$ 9TO ! PHYSICAL E>?LY REALITIES ?AT HE 5JOYS EASE1 
COM=T1 LUXURY1 PEACE40  
   

,TO1 PRODUCE ?IS SURPLUS VALUE & TO CONV]T IT 9TO ! 
PRICE =M ( MONEY & CR$IT TO ! UTMO/ POSSIBLE EXPANSION IS ! 
OBJECT ( ALL CAPITALI/ 5DEAVOR4 ,! MORE EFFICI5T ! WORK] & 
! MORE EFFECTIVE ! MA*9]Y & TOOLS UPON :I* HIS LABOR-P[] 
IS EXP5D$1 ! GREAT] ! %>E ( WEAL? ACCRU+ TO ! [N] ( 
! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK]'S %>E REMA9S FAIRLY 
CON/ANT--JU/ 5\< TO REPRODUCE HIS LABOR-P[]--SUBSI/5CE = 
HIMSELF & 5\< MORE TO 5ABLE HIM TO BRE$ & SUPPORT HIS 
(F-SPR+--REPRODUCTIONS ( HIMSELF TO REPLACE HIM :5 HE IS WORN \T 
& 0SCRAPP$40 ,!RE IS ALWAYS A RES]VE >MY ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S ON 
H& EV5 9 ! BE/ ( TIMES TO KEEP D[N ! WAGE ?R\< 
COMPETITION = ! JOB AT ! LEVEL ( A M]E SUBSI/5CE4 ,9DE$1 ! 
5TIRE WORK+ ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY--ITS LAWS1 9/ITUTIONS 
& POLITICAL =MS AS WELL AS ITS RELIGIONS & E?ICAL & MORAL 
CODES >E DEVIS$ TO ?AT 5D--TO MA9TA9 A SURPLUS >MY ( 
PROP]TYLESS1 UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S = ! PURPOSE ( /ABILIZ+ ! 
WAGES & CONTROLL+ ! WORK]S AT A SUBSI/5CE LEVEL4 ,! SURPLUS 
WEAL? ?AT MAY BE PRODUC$ BY ! EXT5SION ( ! WORK+ DAY OR ! 
9T5SIFICATION ( ! SURPLUS LABOR1 EI!R ?R\< SPE$+ UP ! 
WORK OR DEVELOP+ ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! IMPLEM5TS & MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION1 IS PRACTICALLY UNLIMIT$4 ,WE MAY SAY ?AT :ILE ! 
WORK]'S %>E ( ! WEAL? PRODUC$ ALWAYS REMA9S PRACTICALLY AT A 
B>E LIV+ LEVEL1 ! MA/]'S %>E MAY BE 9DEF9ITELY 9CREAS$ BY 
ANY OR ALL ( ! FOLL[+ MEANS3  
   

#a4--,BY PROLONG+ ! WORK+ DAY4 
    
   
   

#b4--,BY IMPROV+ & 9CREAS+ ! EFFICI5CY ( ! MA*9]Y & MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 
    
   
   

#c4--,BY L[]+ ! WAGES OR ! WORK]'S %>E ( ! DAY'S PRODUCT4 
    
   
   

#d4--,BY 9T5SIFY+ ! LABOR BY SPE$+ UP ! WORK]4 
    
   
   

#e4--,BY EXP&+ ! M>KET OR RAIS+ ! PRICE ( ! PRODUCE )\T RAIS+ WAGES4 
    
   
   

,IT 
WILL BE NOTIC$ ?AT BY ANY OR ALL ( !SE MEANS ! P>T ( ! 
PRODUCT ( ! DAY'S WORK REMA9+ 9 ! H&S ( ! EMPLOY] IS 
9CREAS$ :ILE ! WORK]'S %>E REMA9S UN*ANG$4 ,?AT IS ! 
PECULI> QUALITY ( ! SURPLUS VALUE UPON :I* \R CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
RE/S & :I* SO 5DE>S IT TO ! GAMBL]S 9 ! WEAL? PRODUC$ BY 
O!RS1 CALL$ CAPITALI/S--! UNPRODUCTIVE G5TRY :O 0TOIL NOT 
NEI!R DO !Y SP910 YET ,SOLOMON 9 ALL HIS GLORY WAS A POOR SKATE 
COMP>$ TO ONE ( !SE LATT]-DAY P>ASITES4  
  ,I,I,I4 
  ,ECONOMIC ,DET]M9ISM 
   

,?US WE 
COME TO ! CRUX ( ! QUE/ION >\ND :I* ! 5TIRE ORGANIZATION 
( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS ORBIT$--! EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS VALUE 
FROM WAGE-WORK]S4 ,TO DO ?IS REQUIRES TWO FUNDAM5TAL ?+S ESS5TIAL 
TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS2 FIR/1 TO $UCATE & =CE 
! EXPLOIT$ SLAVE 9TO M5TAL1 MORAL & PHYSICAL SUBJECTION TO HIS 
CONDITION2 &1 SECOND1 TO TAKE & MA9TA9 POSSESSION ( ALL MEANS1 
& ALL IMPROVEM5TS & ADVANCES 9 ! MA*9]Y & TE*NOLOGY ( 
WEAL? PRODUCTION4 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL 
SAID1 0,IT IS QUE/IONABLE IF ALL ! ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS YET MADE 
HAVE LI<T5$ ! DAY'S TOIL ( ANY HUMAN BE+40 ,& ?AT IS QUITE 
NATURAL :5 WE CONSID] ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO ITS TWO 
CLASSES--?OSE :O DO ALL ! WORK & >E B>R$ FROM P>TICIPATION 9 
! FRUITS ( PROGRESS BY ! REQUIREM5T ?AT !Y %ALL HAVE NO %>E 
O!R ?AN A LIV+ 9 ALL ! ACCRUALS ( 9V5TION & SCI5TIFIC 
PROGRESS ?AT FL[ FROM !IR LABORS AS NATURALLY AS CL\DS RISE FROM 
! SEA2 & ?AT O!R CLASS ?AT DOES NO LABOR BUT TAKES & RETA9S 
POSSESSION ( ALL ! SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES !RE 
NEV] HAS BE5 & NEV] CAN BE ANY O!R ?AN 9CESSANT /RUGGLE UNTIL 
! WORK]S ORGANIZE AS A CLASS & TAKE POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & ! P[] ?AT FL[S FROM SU* POSSESSION & BANI% 
CLASS RULE =EV] FROM ! E>?4 ,! TIME = & ! NECESSITY ( 
SU* ACTION BY ! WORK]S IS DET]M9$ HI/ORICALLY BY ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY2 ?AT IS ! EVOLUTION 
FROM 9DIVIDUAL ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION BY H&ICRAFT TO ! VA/ 
9TEGRATIONS ( MASS PRODUCTION BY MA*9]Y & ! WORLD-WIDE M>K]S 
( TODAY4 ,PRODUCTION1 =M]LY 9DIVIDUAL1 HAS BECOME SOCIALIZ$2 
ME?ODS ( [N]%IP1 CONTROL & DI/RIBUTION REMA9 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 
,?IS IS AN ANA*RONISM ?AT IS AT W> ) NATURAL EVOLUTION1 PRODUC+ 
! SOCIAL /RESS & /RIFE ?AT CAN 5D ONLY :5 SOCIALIZ$ 
PRODUCTION BECOMES ONE ) COLLECTIVE WORK]S [N]%IP & CONTROL4 
,?AT ! FRE$OM ( ! WORK]S FROM CLASS OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION 
DEP5DS UPON ! DEVELOPM5T & CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( WEAL? 
PRODUCTION WAS CLE>LY SE5 OV] #c YE>S BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ,]A BY 
,>I/OTLE4 ,HE SAID3 0,IF ! WEAV]S %UTTLES W]E TO WEAVE ( 
!MSELVES1 !N !RE W\LD BE NO NE$ ( APPR5TICES = ! MA/] 
WORK]S1 OR ( SLAVES = ! LORDS40 ,SO WE >RIVE AT ?AT O!R GREAT 
LAW ( HUMAN PROGRESS FIR/ SET =? BY ,K>L ,M>X & ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 ! LAW ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM & ! ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 
,IT REVEALS ?AT 9 EV]Y HI/ORICAL EPO*1 ! MANN] 9 :I* ! 
PEOPLE ( ?AT EPO* PRODUC$ & DI/RIBUT$ ! WEAL? WAS ! FACTOR 
?AT DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( ! LAWS1 9/ITUTIONS1 MORAL CODES 
& IDEAS ( ! P]IOD4 ,?IS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE TRUE BECAUSE HUMAN 
LIFE1 LIKE ALL O!R =MS ( LIFE1 DEP5DS UPON PRODUCTION ( ! 
MEANS ( LIFE4 ,! IMPLEM5TS & 9/RUM5TALITIES ?AT M5 USE 9 
MAK+ A LIV+ HAVE AT ALL TIMES PLAY$ ! MO/ P[]FUL P>T 9 
%AP+ ! DE/9IES ( ! HUMAN RACE2 & CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( 
WEAL? PRODUCTION HAS ALWAYS DET]M9$ ! =M ( SOCIAL & 
POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:5 MAN EM]G$ FROM HIS PRIMITIVE BACKGR\NDS 
& ASS5T$ HIS SUP]IORITY OV] O!R PRIMATES IT WAS AS A TOOL-US+ 
ANIMAL4 ,IT MAY BE SAID ) ! FULL SUPPORT ( HI/ORY ?AT ! DEGREE 
( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM EXI/+ AMONG V>I\S PEOPLES & NATIONS HAS 
ALWAYS BE5 PROPORTION$ TO ! DEGREE (4 CONTROL !Y RETA9$ OV] 
! L&S1 TOOLS & IMPLEM5TS ) :I* !Y MADE4 !IR LIV+4 ,= 
ECONOMIC SECURITY IS ! F\NDATION ( LIB]TY4 ,:OSOEV] CONTROLS ! 
MEANS ( WEAL? PRODUCTION ( A NATION1 HOLDS P[] OV] ?AT NATION4 
,ALL P[] IS ECONOMIC AT BASE4 ,! %IFT+ ( C5T]S ( POLITICAL 
P[] 9 ! RIVALRIES ( NATIONS HAS ALWAYS BE5 PREC$$ BY A 
%IFT+ ( CONTROL ( ! PREVAIL+ WEAL?-CREAT+ AG5CIES4 ,& 
)9 ! NATIONS ! POSSESSION ( CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( WEAL? 
PRODUCTION BY ONE CLASS HAS MADE IT DOM9ANT OV] ! RE/ ( ! 
NATION1 PRODUC+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! MASSES1 D5I$ FREE ACCESS TO 
L& & TOOLS1 >E AT ! M]CY ( ! CLASS ?AT CONTROLS !SE 
NECESS>Y MEANS ( LIFE4 ,NO LAWS OR 0BILLS ( RI<T0 CAN SECURE ANY 
SORT ( RI<TS TO A CLASS ?AT HAS NO ORGANIZ$ P[] ( CONTROL OV] 
ITS MEANS ( MAK+ A LIV+4 ,WE MAY SAY1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! HI/ORY 
( HUMAN PROGRESS HAS BE5 A HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS 9 ! 
BROAD S5SE ( ! WORD1 MEAN+ ALL MEANS ( CREAT+ WEAL?1 M>K$ 
BY ! /RUGGLES = !IR CONTROL AS WEAL?-CREAT+ AG5CIES4 ,ALL 
POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS2 ALL E/ABLI%$ =MS ( ?\<T 9 
! RELIGI\S & POLITICAL FIELD2 ALL MORAL CODES2 ALL SOCIAL HABITS 
& CU/OMS >E CONDITION$ BY ! PREVAIL+ ME?ODS ( WEAL? 
PRODUCTION & ! CONTROL ( ITS IMPLEM5TS & AG5CIES4 ,! LAWS & 
MORAL CODES ( ANY ]A >E ?OSE =MULAT$ OR 9T]PRET$ BY ! 
[N]S ( ! WEAL?-CREAT+ MEANS = ! PURPOSE ( PROTECT+ & 
CONS]V+ !IR EXCLUSIVE CLASS CONTROL4 ,BUT 9V5TIONS *ANGE & 
ADVANCE FA/] ?AN HUMAN HABITS & LAWS1 CAUS+ BO? LAWS & MORAL 
CODES TO BREAK D[N :5EV] ! NEW] ME?ODS ( PRODUC+ WEAL? HAVE 
COME 9TO CONFLICT ) LAWS & CU/OMS4 ,WE >E N[ PASS+ ?R\< SU* 
A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 
  ,I,V4 
  ,! ,UNCONTROLL$ ,ECONOMIC ,CYCLE 
   

,CONTROL 
( ! MA*9]Y ( WEAL? PRODUCTION = ! PURPOSE ( CREAT+ 
SURPLUS VALUE IS1 !RE=E1 ! ACTUAT+ MOTIVE ( ALL CAPITALI/IC 
5T]PRISE4 ,IT REQUIRES = ITS PRACTICE & P]PETUATION BO? A 
CON/ANT EXPANSION & IMPROVEM5T ( ! MA*9]Y & MODES ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,AMONG SAVAGE & PRIMITIVE PEOPLES ! CRUDE ME?ODS ( 
PRODUCTION PRECLUD$ ! TAK+ ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,LIFE WAS L>GELY A 
CON/ANT /RUGGLE ) NATURE4 ,) PRIMITIVE ME?ODS ( H&ICRAFT 9 
A LAT] P]IOD1 ! PORTION ( ! DAY'S WORK DEVOT$ TO PRODUC+ ! 
WORK]'S LIV+ WAS NECESS>ILY LONG] ?AN ) ! IMPROV$ MA*9ES 
& L>GELY AUTOMATIC PROCESSES ( TODAY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ! RELATIVE 
PORTION ( ! DAY'S WORK GIV5 TO PRODUC+ SURPLUS VALUE = ! 
MA/]S HAS ADVANC$ ) ! ADVANCE ( ! MA*9E PROCESSES4 ,! 
WORK]'S PORTION ( ! DAY'S PRODUCE BE+ CONTROLL$ AT A LEVEL ?AT 
B>ELY SUFFIC$ TO 5ABLE HIM TO LIVE & ! L5G!N+ ( ! 
WORK+ DAY BE+ LIMIT$ BY HUMAN HABIT1 5DURANCE & A T5D5CY TO 
RESI/ *ANGE 9 E/ABLI%$ HABITS BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ! 
NATURAL ME?OD ( 9CREAS+ ! EMPLOY]'S %>E ( ! PRODUCE WAS TO 
IMPROVE ! EFFICI5CY ( ! MA*9]Y & !REBY TRANSF] AS MU* AS 
POSSIBLE ( ! SKILL & /R5G? ( ! WORK] TO ! MA*9E BY 
R$UC+ !M TO SIMPLE ME*ANICAL PROCESSES4 ,! WORK] CEAS$ TO BE A 
SKILL$ CRAFTSMAN :OSE EFFICI5CY EXI/$ 9 HIS PR(ICI5CY & 
MA/]Y ( A FEW SIMPLE TOOLS4 ,HE 9CREAS+LY BECAME AN UNSKILL$ 
LABOR] T5D+ A MA*9E :I* 9 TURN BECAME HIS MA/]4 ,HE PRODUC$ 
MORE & MORE COMMODITIES 9 A GIV5 TIME ) EA* IMPROVEM5T 9 
MA*9]Y & ME?ODS1 BUT ! 9CREASE BELONG$ TO HIS MA/] AS [N] 
( ! MA*9ES1 :ILE ! WORK]'S %>E DECL9$ 9 RELATIVE 
PROPORTION4 ,! SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ = ! CAPITALI/ ?US 
9CREAS+LY EXCE$$ ! WAGES ( ! WORK]4 ,IT IS BY ?IS PROCESS 
?AT !RE ACCUMULATES 9 ! POSSESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ AN EXCESS 
?AT MU/ BE SOLD ABROAD1 = ! WORK]'S PUR*AS+ P[] DOES NOT 
9CREASE PROPORTIONATELY4 ,! RESULT+ COMPETITION BETWE5 CAPITALI/S 
= M>KETS = ?IS EXCESS ( COMMODITIES1 & ! MONEY & CR$IT 
SYMBOLS 9TO :I* ! COMMODITIES >E TRANS=M$ 9 ! M>KET1 
/IMULATES ! CAPITALI/ TO *EAP5 PRODUCTION CO/S BY UTILIZ+ 
EV]Y POSSIBLE ME*ANICAL MEANS TO REPLACE ! WORK] ) FUR!R 
ME*ANICAL IMPROVEM5TS2 = EV]Y 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY ( A GIV5 
AM\NT ( LABOR P[] ) LESS5$ CO/1 5ABLES ! CAPITALI/ TO 
UND]SELL HIS COMPETITOR & CAPTURE ! M>KET4 ,IT ALSO PRODUCES A 
CON/ANT 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( SURPLUS VALUE :I* CANNOT BE US$ 
9 ! 9DU/RY ITSELF BUT MU/ BE 9VE/$ PR(ITABLY SOME:]E4 ,?IS 
BRE$S 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION = M>KETS & =EIGN FIELDS ( 
9VE/M5T :I* RESULTS 9 W>S4 ,IT PRODUCES ANO!R & MORE 
CUMULATIVE EFFECT 9 ?AT ! CON/ANT SEEK+ = A =EIGN FIELD ( 
9VE/M5T = ! ACCUMULAT$ SURPLUS VALUE CONV]T$ 9TO NEW 
CAPITAL1 RAPIDLY *ANGES RAW MAT]IAL PRODUC+ REGIONS ?AT W]E ONCE 
CU/OM]S 9TO 9DU/RIALLY DEVELOP$ REGIONS :I* BECOME RIVALS = 
M>KETS & RIVAL PRODUC]S ( SURPLUS VALUE4  
   

,?US ! M>KETS N>R[ RELATIVELY AS 9DU/RIAL 
EXPANSION PROCE$S ) AN 9CREAS+ SURFEIT ( UNSALABLE COMMODITIES 
& CAPITAL ?AT CANNOT F9D PR(ITABLE 9VE/M5T4 ,! /RUGGLE = 
SURVIVAL BETWE5 CAPITALI/S LEADS TO A MAD RACE = 9CREAS$ 
PRODUCTION AT L[] CO/S1 OV]-DEVELOPM5T ( PLANTS & MA*9]Y1 A 
RAPID FALL 9 PRICES 9 ! COMPETITION = M>KETS1 5D+ 9 A F9AL 
PANIC & :OLESALE %UT-D[NS1 BANKRUPTCY & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,!SE 
P]IODS ( CRISIS & PANIC FOLL[$ BY /AGNATION 9CREASE 9 
FREQU5CY1 SCOPE & 9T5SITY AS ! >EA OP5 = EXPANSION IS ?US 
FULLY DEVELOP$1 & AS MA*9E PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES TAKES ! 
PLACE ( RAW MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ! NEWLY DEVELOP$ REGIONS4 ,! 
AGRICULTURAL NATIONS ?AT =M]LY EX*ANG$ RAW MAT]IAL = 
MANUFACTUR$ GOODS RAPIDLY BECOME 9DU/RIALIZ$1 PRODUC+ !IR [N 
MANUFACTUR$ GOODS & CREAT+ !IR [N CAPITAL4 ,! EV]-N>R[+ 
FIELD ( EXPLOITATION & CONSEQU5T 9CREAS+ COMPETITION = ! 
M>KETS ?US REA* A F9AL /AGE 9 :I* FUR!R EXPANSION IS 
IMPOSSIBLE & ! ]A ( CAPITALISM 5DS AS IT HAS 5D$ 9 ! YE>S 
#a#i#b#i-#c#c 9 AN IMPASSE1 :]E IT COLLAPSE 9 A F9AL CATA/ROPHE ( 
WORLD-WIDE /AGNATION & REVOLUTION4 ,?AT IS ! CONDITION N[ 
PRES5T$4 ,?AT IS :AT HAS PRODUC$ ! WORLD REVOLUTION N[ TAK+ 
PLACE1 9 :I* ! OLD P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EMS1 ! OLD ME?ODS ( 
UNCONTROLL$ COMPETITION & ! OLD WAYS ( DO+ ?+S HAVE 
DISAPPE>$ =EV] FROM ,RUSSIA1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE & ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES1 TO GIVE PLACE TO DICTATOR%IPS1 9 :I* ! /ATE IS US$ BY 
! RUL+ CLASS TO /ABILIZE & CONTROL PRODUCTION & M>KETS 9 
PRES]VATION OR ATTEMPT$ PRES]VATION ( AN OBSOLETE SOCIAL & 
ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,! ]A ( CAPITALISM IS PASS+ 9TO A TRANSITION 
/AGE1 M>K$ BY COLLAPSE ( CR$IT & WORLD-WIDE /AGNATION & 
UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,M>KETS & FIELDS ( EXPLOITATION HAVE DISAPPE>$ 9 
PROPORTION AS PRODUCTION HAS 9CREAS$ 9T]NATIONALLY ?R\< 
ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY2 & CAPITALISM CAN1 !RE=E1 NO LONG] EXP&4 
,IT IS NE>+ AN 5D1 H[EV] SL[ MAY BE ! /RANGULATION ( ITS LIFE 
BREA?--! PRODUCTION & EXPANSION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,PREVI\S CRISES 
& PANICS HAVE PASS$ ?R\< PHASES FROM DEPRESSION TO RECOV]Y BY 
DEVELOP+ NEW FIELDS ( 9VE/M5T & NEW M>KETS4 ,?AT ( #ahcg 5D$ 
9 ! ,MEXICAN ,W> & ! CONQUE/ ( ,TEXAS & ,CALI=NIA4 ,! 
IMPOV]I%$ VICTIMS ( ! AFT]MA? ( ! PANIC ( #ahcg & ! 
M9OR DEPRESSION ( #ahdh P\R$ 9TO !SE NEWLY OP5$ T]RITORIES & 
PIONE]$ !M = EXPLOITATION BY ADV5TUR]S & !IR K9DR$1 ! 
CAPITALI/S4 ,! PANIC ( #aheg WAS ABSORB$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W> ]A ( 
9FLATION & ! HOME/EAD ACT PROVID$ AN \TLET = ! JOBLESS 
SOLDI]S :O W]E DEMOBILIZ$4 ,AN ]A ( RAILROAD BUILD+ & 
SPECULATION FOLL[$4 ,! PANIC ( #ahgc 5D$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
,NOR?WE/1 ! BUILD+ ( ! ,NOR!RN ,PACIFIC & A P]IOD ( 
WE/W>D EMIGRATION4 ,! PANIC ( #ahic WAS FOLL[$ BY ! 
,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>1 ! ,KLONDIKE GOLD RU% & ! BEG9N+S ( 
,AM]ICAN IMP]IAL EXPANSION4 ,! YE> #aiac SAW ANO!R PANIC DEVELOP+ 
BUT ! ,WORLD ,W> QUICKLY DEVELOP$ ! USUAL FEATURES ( A W> 
P]IOD--VA/ 9FLATION ( PRICES & ! ABSORPTION ( R$UNDANT 
MAN-P[]4 ,! 5TIRE WORLD W5T 9TO AN ORGY ( CR$IT FLOTATIONS4 ,A 
CRISIS APPE>$ 9 #aib BUT IT WAS DEF]R$ BY TAPP+ A NEW FIELD ( 
CR$IT 9/ALLM5T SALES ( AUTOS1 ELECTRIC DEVICES & EV]Y K9D ( 
GADGET IMAG9ABLE4 ,! DAY ( RECKON+ WAS DELAY$ 9 AN 9T]REGNUM 
( ! WILDE/ SPECULATION 9 HI/ORY :I* CAME TO ! PO9T ( 
COLLAPSE 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,! PANIC WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PRES5T DEPRESSION--! 
MO/ WORLD-DEVA/AT+ & LONG-CONT9U$ ( ! 5TIRE S]IES ( MAJOR 
PANICS4 ,! :OLE WORLD IS BANKRUPT4 ,!RE >E NO NEW WORLDS = ! 
,ALEX&] ( SURPLUS VALUE TO CONQU]--NO NEW CONT95TS1 NO UNDEVELOP$ 
M>KETS4 ,! WORLD B&ITS ( CAPITALISM HAVE RAVAG$ ! E>? & >E 
N[ WRANGL+ OV] ! SPOILS & CONSUM+ ! SPOILS 9 ! PROCESS 
( WRANGL+4 ,! W> ?AT USUALLY FOLL[S A WORLD DEPRESSION IS 
ALREADY ON ! HORIZON 9 V>I\S DIRECTIONS & ! OGRE ( CAPITALISM 
IS AB\T TO DR[N ITSELF 9 ITS [N BLOOD4  
  ,V4 
  ,! ,P>T ,PLAY$ BY ,MA*9E ,DEVELOPM5T 
   

,WE 
P]CEIVE1 !N1 ! P>T ?AT ME*ANICAL DEVELOPM5T & ADVANC+ 
TE*NOLOGY PLAY 9 PRODUC+ CRISES & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,WE SEE1 TOO1 ?AT 
!SE CRISES >E P]IODIC & RECUR AT ALL /AGES ( CAPITALI/IC 
EVOLUTION FROM ! ]A ( H&ICRAFT TO ! PRES5T4 ,!SE P]IODS ( 
RECURR5CE >E CALL$ ! 0,BUS9ESS ,CYCLE0 BY ,ROG] ,BABSON 
& O!RS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 ANALYZ$ BY CAPITALI/ ECONOMI/S FROM EV]Y 
POSSIBLE VIEWPO9T4 ,WESLEY ,C4 ,MIT*ELL1 ,IRV+ ,FI%]1 ,PAUL ,D\GLAS1 
,ROG] ,BABSON & 9NUM]ABLE O!RS HAVE GA!R$ ! MO/ EXHAU/IVE 
DATA & ASSIGN$ ! MO/ V>I\S REASONS = ! CYCLICAL SLUMP 9TO 
DEPRESSION FROM PEAKS ( PROSP]ITY4 ,PSY*OLOGY & A/ROLOGY HAVE BE5 
S]I\SLY 9VOLV$ AS EXPLANATIONS ( ! PH5OM5A4 ,PR(4 ,IRV+ 
,FI%] IS 9CL9$ TO ?9K ?AT A/RONOMICAL CAUSES SU* AS SPOTS ON 
! SUN1 P]IODIC DIM9UTION ( SOL> HEAT RADIATION & ! 
CONJUNCTION ( ! E>? & O!R PLANETS >E FACTORS 9 CAUS+ ! 
PANICS4 ,! ONE P]FECTLY OBVI\S REASON = ! CYCLICAL SLUMP IS 
=BIDD5--SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! =M ( DEBT BURD5S LAID UPON 9DU/RY1 
SU* AS OV] ISSUES ( SPECULATIVE CAPITAL & EXCESSIVE BOND ISSUES 
BAS$ UPON SPECULATIVE PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ! WORK]S 9 9DU/RY4 ,! 
CUMULATIVE *>ACT] ( 9VE/M5T CAPITAL DRAWN FROM SURPLUS VALUE 
MU/1 ( NECESSITY1 MAKE !SE SPECULATIVE CRISES MORE & MORE SEV]E 
& MORE WORLD-WIDE 9 SCOPE4 ,! ONLY ?+ TO CONSID] 9 ?IS 
PRES5T1 ! WORLD'S WOR/ & LONGE/ P]IOD ( /AGNATION & 
DEPRESSION CAUS$ BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 IS :E!R OR NOT IT IS ! 
9EVITABLE1 F9AL COLLAPSE FROM :I* !RE CAN BE NO RECOV]Y UND] 
CAPITALISM4 ,& :ILE WE >E TRY+ TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION1 IT IS WELL 
?AT WE REIT]ATE \R ORIG9AL /ATEM5T ?AT IT IS NOT ! 
TE*NOLOGICAL & ME*ANICAL ADVANCE ?AT PRODUCES ! CRISIS & ?AT 
MU/ ULTIMATELY 5D 9 AB&ONM5T ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( UNCONTROLL$ 
PRIVATE [N]%IP ( 9DU/RY & ! UNGOV]N$ CAPITALI/ MOB RULE ( 
! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE BY :I* ! 5TIRE WORLD MAKES ITS LIV+ 
?R\< LABOR4 ,! ADVANC+ MA*9E PROCESSES >E NO MORE TO BLAME 
?AN ADVANC+ $UCATION1 ADVANC+ SCI5CE1 ADVANC+ PROGRESS 9 
G5]AL4 ,IT IS ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT >E TO BE ADJU/$ TO ! 
*ANG+ TE*NOLOGY1 & NOT ! TE*NOLOGY ?AT IS TO BE ADJU/$ TO4 
! E/ABLI%$ & OBSOLETE SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AS ,H4 ,M4 ,HYNDMAN HAS 
SAID1 0,FACTS MOVE FA/] ?AN HUMAN M9DS40 ,! HUMAN M9D MU/ CAT* 
UP ) ! FACTS4 ,& 9 ?IS CONNECTION LET US QUOTE ! /ATEM5T ( 
,K>L ,M>X 7,VOL4 #a1 0,CAPITAL01 ,SWAN ,SONN5S*E9 ,$ITION7 3 
  ,CAPITAL IS NOT A ?+1 BUT A SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 P]SONS E/ABLI%$ BY ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ?+S4 

   

,! 0?+S0 9 ?IS REF]5CE >E ! 
IMPLEM5TS & MEANS ( PRODUC+ WEAL?1 [N$ BY ! CAPITALI/ 
CLASS4 ,! 0SOCIAL RELATION0 IS ?AT ( CAPITALI/ & WAGE SLAVE4 ,?IS 
SOCIAL RELATION IS E/ABLI%$ BY MEANS ( SURPLUS VALUE--! PRODUCT ( 
UNPAID LABOR :I* IS )HELD FROM ! WORK] BY ! CAPITALI/ 
?R\< ! DIVISION ( ! DAY'S WORK 9TO NECESS>Y LABOR & 
UNNECESS>Y OR SURPLUS LABOR4  
   

,! SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! WAGE 
SLAVE EXI/$ A LONG TIME BE=E ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL WAS 
SUFFICI5T TO (F] MEANS1 9C5TIVE & /IMULATION TO ! G5]AL 
IMPROVEM5T ( ! TOOLS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT BEGAN TO EXI/ :5 ! 
MA/] CRAFTSMAN ( ! MIDDLE AGES 5GAG$ ! S]VICES ( J\RNEYM5 
& APPR5TICES4 ,?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? PRODUC$ BY ! 
H&ICRAFT ( HIS 0HELP0 & ! SALE ( ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$1 ! 
MA/] CRAFTSM5 BECAME SEP>AT$ ECONOMICALLY FROM HIS J\RNEYM54 
,FROM GUILD-MA/] TO M]*ANT & MANUFACTUR] WAS A /EP & IT WAS 
FROM ! RAPID ACCUMULATION ( MANUFACTUR+ WEAL? ?AT SURPLUS VALUE 
BECAME BO? A MEANS & AN 9C5TIVE TO ! 9V5TION & 9TRODUCTION 
( P[]-DRIV5 MA*9]Y4 ,WE ?US SEE ?AT ! RELATION ( CAPITAL TO 
LABOR ANT$AT$ MA*9]Y & WAS ITS G5ESIS1 NOT ITS RESULT4  
   

,BUT LE/ WE GIVE ! CAPITALI/ UNDUE CR$IT = 
/IMULAT+ PROGRESS 9 ! >TS & SCI5CES1 IT IS WELL TO 
DIFF]5TIATE RI<T H]E BETWE5 0CAPITALISM0 & ! 0CAPITALI/04 ,IT 
WAS NOT ! CAPITALI/ :O 9V5T$ ALL ! VA/ COMPLEX ( ME*ANICAL 
DEVICES ?AT MAKE UP ! MOD]N TE*NOLOGY ( 9DU/RY4 ,9V5TIONS >E 
SOCIAL GR[?S4 ,MO/ 9V5TIONS >ISE FROM ! USE ( ! MA*9ES BY 
WORK]S4 ,MO/ ( ! WORLD'S GREATE/ 9V5TORS HAVE DI$ POOR--/RIPP$ 
( ! FRUITS ( !IR G5IUS & PATI5T LABORS BY CAPITALI/ 
PROMOT]S4 ,! 9TRICATE *>ACT] ( MOD]N MA*9]Y REPRES5TS ! 
AGGREGATE ( SMALL CONTRIBUTIONS & ACCRETIONS FROM ! H&S & 
BRA9S ( ?\S&S ( OBSCURE WORK]S & 9V5TORS :O DI$ 9 !IR 
OBSCURITY :ILE ! CLEV] PROMOT] CAPITALIZ$ ! 9V5TION OR 
PROCESS & REAP$ A H>VE/ ( SURPLUS VALUE FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( 
BO? ! 9V5TOR & ! WORK]S :O PRODUC$ ! 9CREAS$ VOLUME ( 
WEAL?4 ,! GREAT CAPITALI/S >E /RANGE COMB9ATIONS ( GAMBL]1 
ADV5TUR]1 HUCK/] & POLITICIAN2 !Y >E NEI!R SCI5TI/S NOR 
9V5TORS4 ,! ,ROCKEFELL]S1 ,MORGANS1 ,9SULLS1 ,KRUEG]S1 ,WEY]HAEUS]S1 
,C>NEGIES1 ,S*WABS1 & !IR LIKE NEV] CONTRIBUT$ A S+LE VALUABLE 
IDEA OR DISCOV]Y TO SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT ! ,M>CONIS1 ,DE ,=RE/S1 
,/E9METZS & ,MI*AELSONS ?AT TODAY DOM9ATE ! F9ANCIAL WORLD & 
REAP ! H>VE/ FROM !IR B5EFITS TO MANK9D4  
   

,NOT EV5 AS ORGANIZ]S ( 9DU/RY >E ! CAPITALI/S 
EI!R ORIG9AL OR ABLE4 ,!IR FAILURE AS ADM9I/RATORS IS CLE>LY 
%[N BY ! HAPHAZ>D & WA/EFUL MANN] 9 :I* !Y HAVE 
MANIPULAT$ ! BANKS1 ! RAILROADS & ! NATURAL RES\RCES ( ! 
C\NTRY4 ,!Y ACCUMULATE !IR VA/ HOLD+S AS FREQU5TLY BY WRECK+ 
& MAL-ADM9I/]+ 9DU/RY AS BY PROMOT+ IT4 ,9 EV]Y NATIONAL 
CRISIS ( W> OR DEPRESSION1 ! FIR/ /EP T[>D EFFICI5CY IS TO 
UNDO ! EVIL DONE BY !IR GRE$ & 9COMPET5CY AS /EW>DS ( ! 
PUBLIC WEAL4 ,! GOV]NM5T TOOK OV] ! RAILROADS DUR+ ! W> TO 
REORGANIZE !M 9TO A /ATE ( EFFICI5CY4 ,IT CALL$ 9 BO>DS ( 
TE*NICAL EXP]TS TO PRODUCE RESULTS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y 9 ! PRES5T 
PANIC TO CONSULT ! 0BRA9 TRU/0 BE=E ! POLITICIAN & CAPITALI/ 
CAN ACT 9TELLIG5TLY4  
   

,9 ! BEG9N+S ( CAPITALISM ! RATE ( ACCUMULATION 
( SURPLUS VALUE WAS NECESS>ILY SL[1 BE+ G5]AT$ FROM ! 
PRIMITIVE PROCESSES ( H&ICRAFT4 ,IT ACQUIR$ MOM5TUM LIKE A SN[BALL 
ROLL$ D[N HILL AS ! G5]AL DEM& = COMMODITIES 9CREAS$4 ,TRADE 
DEVELOP$ RAPIDLY BETWE5 ! NATIONS1 ! PRODUC]S ( RAW MAT]IAL 9 
UNDEVELOP$ NATIONS EX*ANG+ !IR PRODUCT = ! MANUFACTUR$ 
PRODUCT4 ,MANUFACTURE SUCCE$$ H&ICRAFT & ! ME*ANICAL 
DEVELOPM5T 9CREAS$ 9 SPE$ ?R\<\T ! CAPITALI/IC NATIONS4 ,! 
P[]-DRIV5 FACTORY SUCCE$$ H&-MANUFACTURE4 ,REVOLUTION FOLL[$ 
:5 ! AGR>IAN L&LORDS ATTEMPT$ TO /AY ! TIDE ( WEAL? & 
P[] ?AT SWEPT 9TO ! H&S ( ! PREVI\SLY DESPIS$ TRAD+ & 
MANUFACTUR+ CLASSES BY ! VA/ ACCUMULATIONS ( CAPITAL & 
COMMODITIES4 ,! FEUDAL SY/EM COLLAPS$ & ! FEUDAL >I/OCRACY WAS 
DISPLAC$ BY A HI!RTO UNPRIVILEG$ CLASS--! B\RGEOISIE4  
   

,IT %\LD BE CLE> FROM :AT HAS PREC$$ ?AT ! 
EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/IC 0SOCIAL RELATION0 ESS5TIAL TO ! 
EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM DEP5DS UPON ! ACCUMULATION ( 
SURPLUS VALUE4 ,& ?IS ACCUMULATION DEP5DS 9 TURN UPON ! 
CO-EXI/5CE ( UNDEVELOP$1 NON-9DU/RIAL RAW-MAT]IAL PRODUC+ 
REGIONS ) MANUFACTUR+ REGIONS1 EA* EX*ANG+ ITS PRODUCTS = 
?OSE ( ! O!R4 ,! SURPLUS VALUE :I* IS ! S\RCE ( CAPITALI/ 
ACCUMULATION >ISES FROM ! CONV]SION ( ! RAW MAT]IAL OR ! 
NATURAL RES\RCE 9TO ! MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE OR USABLE COMMODITY 
?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( LABOR APPLI$ TO MA*9]Y & ! 
NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,IT IS ! VALUE TRANSF]R$ FROM HUMAN LABOR TO ! 
RAW MAT]IAL 9 ! PROCESS ( MANUFACTURE OR CONV]SION 9TO 
COMMODITIES ?AT CREATES ! 0PR(IT0 ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,IT IS D]IV$ 
SOLELY FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( UNPAID LABOR4 ,! PAID-= PORTION ( 
! DAY'S WORK PRODUCES NO PR(IT4 ,QUITE NATURALLY1 ! RAW-MAT]IAL 
PRODUC+ NATIONS PREF] TO DEVELOP !IR [N MANUFACTUR+ RES\RCES 
& ?US SAVE ?IS PR(IT = !MSELVES4 ,SO CAPITAL IS BORR[$ FROM 
! ACCUMULATIONS ( SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ NATIONS & 
US$ TO DEVELOP ! 9DU/RIES ( ! LESS DEVELOP$ REGIONS4 ,?IS1 AS 
HAS BE5 %[N1 CON/ANTLY R$UCES ! FIELDS OP5 = EXPLOITATION1 
N>R[S ! M>KET & ULTIMATELY R5D]S ! TAK+ ( SURPLUS VALUE 
IMPOSSIBLE2 =1 AL?\< SURPLUS VALUE >ISES FROM PRODUCTION ONLY1 IT 
CANNOT BE CONV]T$ 9TO EI!R CAPITAL OR REV5UE UNTIL IT HAS PASS$ 
9TO ! MONEY-=M ?R\< SALE4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT CAPITALISM CAN EXI/ 
ONLY AS LONG AS IT HAS OP5 M>KETS & REGIONS UNDEVELOP$ 
CAPITALI/ICALLY 9 :I* TO EXP&1 = ! CONDITION ( PR(IT-TAK+ 
REQUIRES ?AT ! WORK] :O PRODUCES ! VALUES %ALL ALWAYS PRODUCE 
MORE = ! CAPITALI/ ?AN HE RECEIVES 9 WAGES OR PUR*AS+ P[]4 
,A /ABILIZ$ EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! PRODUC]S OR WORK]S & !IR 
EXPLOIT]S IS1 !RE=E1 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,MA*9]Y & TE*NOLOGY >E ! 
MEANS ?R\< :I* SURPLUS VALUE IS 9CREAS$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! 
WORK] & !REBY HA/5 ! ULTIMATE COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM4  
  ,V,I4 
  ,! ,MOD]N ,MA*9E ,]A 
   

,FROM ! 
FIR/ CRUDE MA*9ES ?AT 9AUGURAT$ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION TO ! 
0ONE-BILLION WILD HORSES0 ?AT REPRES5T ! ACCUMULAT$ HORSE-P[] ( 
TODAY IS A F> CRY4 ,! ME*ANICAL M>VELS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 
! SP9N+ J5NY ( ,H>GRAVES ) ITS EI<T SP9DLES1 ! SP9N+ 
MULE ( ,CROMPTON1 ! P[] LOOM ( ,>KWRI<T1 ! #e-HORSEP[] 
5G9ES ( ,WATT & ,BOLTON1 ! CRUDE LOCOMOTIVE ( ,/EPH5SON1 ! 
CLUMSY /EAMBOATS ( ,SYM+TON & ,FULTON1 W\LD EVOKE A SMILE IF 
PLAC$ BESIDE ! P[]-MON/]S ?AT N[ S5D !IR ?ROBB+ 5]GY 
PULS+ FROM GIGANTIC P[]-PLANTS TO \R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 & FILL 
! SKIES1 ! SEAS & ! SUBM>9E DEP?S ) !IR RU% & 
CLAMOR4 ,BUT AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( H&ICRAFT & PEASANT PRODUCTION 
!SE PRIMITIVE BEG9N+S ( MOD]N MA*9E PRODUCTION APPE>$ 
M>VEL\S 5\<4 ,! PROGRESS S9CE HAS NOT BE5 UNI=M 9 TEMPO4 
,EV]Y W> P]IOD & EV]Y P]IOD ( EMIGRANT PIONE]+ ON AN 
EXT5SIVE SCALE HAS TEMPOR>ILY R$UC$ ! >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ & 
=C$ ! MA/]S TO RAISE WAGES BY LESS5+ ! COMPETITION = ! 
JOBS4 ,= ! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR-P[] 9 ! SAME MANN] ?AT ! 
CAPITALI/ SELLS ! PRODUCT ( LABOR-P[]--AS A COMMODITY4 ,! SUPPLY1 
IF UNCONTROLL$ BY ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 REGULATES ! PRICE ( 
LABOR-P[]--! WAGES4 ,IT IS W>S1 EMIGRATION & 0PROSP]ITY PEAKS0 
?AT CREATE AN 9CREAS$ DEM& = MA*9]Y TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! 
MANUAL WORK]4 ,! )DRAWAL ( M5 FROM ! LABOR-P[] M>KET 9 
CAPITALI/ W>S = M>KETS & NEW FIELDS ( EXPLOITATION RELIEVES ! 
PRESSURE ( WANT & IMP5D+ />VATION FROM ! REMA9+ WORK]S 
& R5D]S !M TEMPOR>ILY MORE 9DEP5D5T 9 !IR DEM&S = A 
GREAT] %>E 9 ! MONEY-=M ( ! COMMODITIES :I* !Y PRODUCE4 
,MA*9ES & AUTOMATIC PROCESSES >E !N 9TRODUC$ TO TAKE ! PLACE 
( MANUAL WORK]S & AGA9 BUILD UP ! >MY ( UNEMPLOY$4 ,! SUPPLY 
( AVAILABLE LABOR P[] IS ?US 9CREAS$ & COMPETITION = ! JOBS 
AGA9 R$UCES ! WORK]S TO DOCILITY4 ,?US1 ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S1 
LA/+ NE>LY TW5TY YE>S FROM #agif TO #ahae W]E M>K$ BY AN IMM5SE 
ADVANCE 9 TE*NOLOGY4 ,! P]IOD ( EMIGRATION & COLONIZATION ?AT 
FOLL[$ ! DEMOBILIZATION ( ! >MIES1 ACT$ AS A SIMIL> 
/IMULATION TO 9V5TION4 ,& ?R\< ! CRISES & PANICS ?AT 
FOLL[$ AS A RESULT ( EA* SUCCESSIVE WAVE ( 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION1 
! MA*9E M>*$ ON TO ITS F9AL TRIUMPH :5 ! REC5T ,WORLD ,W> 
ACCEL]AT$ ! PROGRESS ( ME*ANIZATION UNTIL ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ! 
5TIRE WORLD 9 ONE VA/ 9DU/RIAL ORGANISM PRECIPITAT$ ! PANIC ( 
#a#i#b#i-#c#c4 ,& N[ WE %ALL SEE :AT ?IS VA/ ACCUMULATION ( SURPLUS 
VALUE 9 ! =M ( MA*9ES1 TE*NOLOGICAL WOND]S1 CR$ITS1 DEBTS1 
9VE/M5TS & UNSALABLE COMMODITIES1 ) ITS CONSEQU5T 
UNEMPLOYM5T1 DOLES & BREAD-L9ES CONSI/S ( AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y 
APEX ( ! MA*9E AGE4 ,NOT V]Y LONG AGO1 ,DR4 ,*AS4 ,A4 ,PROSS] ( 
,DUNWOODIE ,9/ITUTE1 ,M9NEAPOLIS1 :O HAD BE5 *AIRMAN ( ,PRESID5T 
,HOOV]'S ,NATIONAL ,UNEMPLOYM5T ,COMMITTEE1 SAID3  
  ,PROSP]ITY 
) 9DU/RY HUMM+ WILL ) C]TA9TY 5C\RAGE NEW 9V5TIONS TO 
DISPLACE CONT9UALLY MORE & MORE WORK]S4 ,?AT IS ! REASON ?AT 
PROSP]ITY WILL NOT ( ITSELF SOLVE ! UNEMPLOYM5T PROBLEM4 
  ,9 
#a#h#i#i1 #d1#g#a#c1 WORK]S TURN$ \T PRODUCTS TO ! VALUE ( 
@s#a#a1#e114 ,9 #a#i#b#i1 #h1#e#e1 WORK]S MADE PRODUCTS VALU$ AT 
@s#f#h1#e114 ,?AT IS1 LESS ?AN TWICE AS MANY WORK]S PRODUC$ SIX 
TIMES ! VALUE 9 PRODUCTS4 ,IF !RE HAD BE5 ! SAME VALUE 
PRODUCTION P] WORK] 9 #aibi AS 9 #a#h#i#i1 IT W\LD HAVE TAK5 
#b11 MORE WORK]S TO TURN \T !SE PRODUCTS & M]*&ISE4  
   

,! ABOVE FIGURES REF] TO ! MANUFACTUR+ 
9DU/RIES ALONE4 ,9 TRANSPORTATION1 M9+ & AGRICULTURE ! SAME 
RATE ( DISPLACEM5T ( MANUAL LABOR BY MA*9ES & NEW PROCESSES HAS 
TAK5 PLACE4 ,! APPROXIMATELY #b#e1 MILES ( RAILROADS 9 ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES EMPLOY$ #b1#g#e1#h#h#f PEOPLE 9 #a#i#b4 ,9 #aica ! TOTAL NUMB] ( 
EMPLOYES HAD DW9DL$ TO #a1#b#h#b1#h#b#e4 ,9 #aicc A FUR!R DECREASE WAS 
RECORD$ & ! RAILROADS N[ EMPLOY SLI<TLY LESS ?AN A MILLION4 ,A 
L>GE NUMB] ( !SE C\LD BE DISP5S$ ) IF EFFECTIVE 
REORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ =CES TOOK PLACE4 ,WAYNE ,W4 ,P>RI% E/IMATES ?AT ! 5TIRE TRANSPORTATION 9DU/RY C\LD BE C>RI$ ON ) NOT OV] #f1 EMPLOYES4 
   

,! 
PR9CIPAL DECREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( NECESS>Y WORK]S 9 TRANSPORTATION 
IS DUE TO L5G!N+ ( DIVISION PO9TS1 D\BLE-HEAD]S1 HEAVI] 
TRACTORS HAUL+ LONG] TRA9S1 L>G] & MORE DURABLE FREI<T C>S 
MADE ( /EEL 9/EAD ( WOOD & ! ELECTRIFICATION ( MANY ROADS4 
,! AV]AGE CAPACITY ( FREI<T C>S 9 #aic WAS #b#i4#d TONS2 9 #a#i#a1 
#c#e4#i TONS2 9 #a#i#a#e1 #c#i4#g TONS2 9 #a#i#b1 #d#b4#d TONS2 9 #a#i#b#e1 #d#d4#h TONS1 
& 9 #a#i#c#a1 #dg TONS4 ,& ! T5D5CY T[>D DISPLACEM5T ( M5 9 
! 9DU/RY IS LIKELY TO CONT9UE 9DEF9ITELY4  
   

,! COAL M9+ 9DU/RY HAS BE5 P]MAN5TLY AFFECT$ BY 
! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW FUELS SU* AS PETROLEUM & GAS1 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANTS & ! USE ( MORE ECONOMICAL 
FUEL CONSUM]S4 ,! /ATE ( ! 9DU/RY IS REVEAL$ 9 A V]Y ABLE 
REPORT1 AN EPITOME ( :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC = ,AUGU/ #c1 #a#i#c#c1 BY ,DR4 ,ALEX&] ,SA*S ( ! ,DIVISION ( ,RESE>* & ,PLANN+ ( ! ,N,R,A4 
,HE REPORT$ ?AT ! TOTAL DISPLACEM5T ( COAL BY O!R FUELS & BY 
NEW ME?ODS ( ECONOMY 9 FUEL CONSUMPTION1 AM\NT$ TO #cc P] C5T 
R$UCTION 9 ALL 9DU/RIAL & RAILROAD USES S9CE ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,HAD 
IT NOT BE5 = ?IS SAV+ 9 FUEL EFFICI5CY ACCORD+ TO ,DR4 ,SA*S 
,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS W\LD HAVE US$ #ba MILLION MORE TONS ( COAL 9 #aibi 
?AN IT DID4 ,DR4 ,SA*S SAYS FUR!R3 
  ,! EFFECT ( 
DISORGANIZATION HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY SEV]E UPON EMPLOYM5T4 ,9 #aibc 
! 9DU/RY EMPLOY$ #g#d1#g#i#c WAGE E>N]S1 :ILE 9 #aica ! FIGURE 
WAS #d#e1#b#a#c4 ,9 #aicb ! TOTAL EMPLOYM5T WAS #c#g#i1#e#f#e4 ,! TOTAL 
R$UCTION S9CE ! PEAK YE>1 #a#i#b#c1 HAS AM\NT$ TO AB\T #de P] C5T4 
,BUT EV5 ?AT DOES NOT REPRES5T ADEQUATELY ! LOSS ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,IT 
IS MAN-H\RS & MAN-DAYS ?AT TELL ! /ORY4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! NUMB] 
EMPLOY$ BE5 DRA/ICALLY R$UC$1 BUT ! WORK+ TIME HAS ALSO BE5 
CURTAIL$4 ,= A P]IOD ( ?IRTY-TWO YE>S 5D+ 9 #a#i#b#a1 BITUM9\S 
M9ES WORK$ ON AN AV]AGE ( #bac DAYS A YE>4 ,9 NO YE> DUR+ ?AT 
P]IOD DID ! M9ES AS A :OLE AV]AGE AS MU* AS #be DAYS4 ,S9CE 
#a#i#b#a1 ! SITUATION HAS BECOME MU* WORSE1 ! N9E-YE> P]IOD1 #aibb 
TO #a#i#c1 %[+ AN AV]AGE WORK+ TIME ( #ahi DAYS4 ,9 #a#i#c#a1 ! 
WORK+ TIME WAS #af DAYS1 & 9 #a#i#c#b1 #ade DAYS4  
   

,M9E P[] IS N[ G5]ALLY ELECTRIFI$4 ,! 
M9E MULE HAS BE5 L>GELY DISPLAC$ BY ! ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE4 ,! 
PROPORTION ( COAL UND]CUT BY MA*9E HAS 9CREAS$ FROM #ef P] C5T 
9 #aiah TO #h P] C5T 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,! FIR/ MA*9ES TO REPLACE 
H&-%OVEL]S W]E 9TRODUC$ 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,9 #aicb A TOTAL ( #a1#h#h1 
TONS W]E LOAD$ BY MA*9ES4 ,9 #aibi ?IS HAD 9CREAS$ 9 ! 
BITUM9\S M9ES TO #d#g1#e1 TONS4 ,ME*ANICAL LOAD+ HAS BE5 
9TRODUC$ *IEFLY 9 ! UNION FIELDS :]E WAGES W]E HI<E/ 9 
ORD] TO SAVE LABOR CO/S4 ,9 /RIP M9+ ! P[] %OVEL HAS 
/IMULAT$ PRODUCTION FROM #a1#c1 TONS 9 #aiad TO OV] #b11 
TONS 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,! 9CREAS$ EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK] BY ! MA*9E 
PROCESS IS REVEAL$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! PRODUCTION P] WORK] HAS 
RIS5 FROM #c4#h TONS 9 #aiah TO #e4#d TONS 9 #a#i#c#b1 AN 9CREASE ( #db P] 
C5T S9CE ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,WAGES HAVE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DECL9$4 ,NEWELL 
,G4 ,AL=D E/IMATES ?AT 9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S ! NUMB] ( M5 
DISPLAC$ BY ME*ANICAL LEAD+ ALONE WAS AB\T #e14 ,MO/ ( ?IS 
P]MAN5T DISAPPE>ANCE ( JOBS HAS OCCURR$ 9 ! COMP>ATIVELY 
HI<-WAGE FIELDS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,WE/ & ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S4  
   

 ,9 ! AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY ! PIONE] ,AM]ICAN F>M] 
HAS F\ND IT 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO SURVIVE 9 COMPETITION ) 
NEW] ME?ODS & MA*9ES4 ,UP TO #a#h#e#e1 ! YE> ?AT ,JAMES ,OLIV] 
PAT5T$ HIS ,OLIV] ,*ILL$ ,PL[1 ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN F>M] HAD 
IMPROV$ BUT LITTLE UPON ! ANCI5T ,ROMAN ME?OD ( SPAD+ ! SOIL1 
AN OP]ATION ?AT REQUIR$ #if MAN-H\RS TO TILL ONE ACRE4 ,! NEW PL[ 
GREATLY 9CREAS$ AGRICULTURAL EFFICI5CY4 ,!N CAME ! REVOLUTION 9 
TOOLS & ! #b-HORSE HIT* ) SIX #a#d-9* BOTTOMS1 :I* PL[$ 
FROM #ab TO #ae ACRES P] DAY4 ,TODAY WE HAVE ON ! L>GE F>MS ( ! 
WE/ ! TRACTOR-DRAWN1 #f-DISC OR DUCKFOOT PL[ :I* R$UCES ! 
MAN-H\RS P] ACRE TO ! DECIMAL FRACTION ( AN H\R1 4#h#h1 OR AB\T 
FIVE M9UTES TO ! ACRE4 ,\R NEW RATE ( TILL+ ! SOIL IS MORE ?AN 
#a TIMES ?AT ( ! PRIMITIVE F>M]4 ,! *ANGE IS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ 
BY COMP>ATIVE FIGURES %[+ ! NUMB] ( M5 ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ 
UND] ! DIFF]5T ME?ODS TO TILL ! SOIL = ! PRODUCTION ( ! 
#a#i#b#h-#b#i YIELD ( :EAT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,H]E >E ! FIGURES3  
   

,BY ! ANCI5T ME?OD ( SPAD+44444444444#f11 M5 
,) OX-DRAWN PL[S444444444444444444444444#a11  0 
,) ,OLIV] S+LE-BOTTOM PL[ ( #a#h#e#e4444444#e1  0 
,) MOD]N #f-DISC TRACTOR PL[444444444444444#d1  0 
   

,TO 
RETURN AGA9 TO MANUFACTUR+1 WE MAY CONSID] ! /EEL 9DU/RY4 ,ONE 
GREAT CORPORATION1 ! ,U4 ,S4 ,/EEL ,CORPORATION1 PRACTICABLY DOM9ATES 
?IS 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS ! L>GE/ S+LE EMPLOY] ( LABOR 9 ! WORLD4 
,9 #a#i1 ONE MAN WORK+ SEV5 FULL DAYS ( T5 H\RS EA*1 OR SEV5TY 
H\RS1 PRODUC$ ONE TON ( /EEL4 ,BY #a#i#b#i1 ) IMPROV$ TE*NOLOGY1 
ONE MAN PRODUC$ A TON ( /EEL 9 ?IRTE5 H\RS4 ,9 #ai ! \TPUT 
( /EEL 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS #a#a11 TONS1 REQUIR+ 
#f11 MAN-H\RS ( LABOR4 ,9 #aibi ! PRODUCTION HAD 9CREAS$ TO 
#e#h11 TONS1 BUT ! MAN-H\RS REQUIR$ HAD 9CREAS$ TO ONLY 
#g#g114 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE TOTAL PRODUCTION ( /EEL WAS 
9CREAS+ #dbg P] C5T1 ! LABOR-TIME REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE IT 
9CREAS$ ONLY #bb P] C5T4 ,PRODUCTION ( /EEL 9 #aicc IS F> BEL[ 
!SE FIGURES BECAUSE ( ! DEPRESSION1 &1 !RE=E1 NOT 
COMP>ABLE1 BUT IT IS KN[N ?AT ! MO/ ADVANC$ PRODUCTION ME?ODS 
HAVE NOT YET P]MEAT$ ! 9DU/RY & ! TR5D IS 9EVITABLE T[>D 
FUR!R DISPLACEM5T ( M54 ,?IS TR5D IS SE5 9 ! CITATION ( ! 
FACT ?AT 9 #a#i#b#i1 ! YE> ( PEAK PRODUCTION 9 /EEL & IRON1 ! 
NUMB] ( WORK]S W]E APPROXIMATELY ! SAME AS 9 #a#h#h#g1 AL?\< ! 
\TPUT ( /EEL HAD 9CREAS$ TO #i4#c TIMES ?AT ( #a#h#h#g4  
   

,NOR DO NEW 9DU/RIES ABSORB ! DISPLAC$ WORK]S4 ,! 
NEWE/ L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY IS AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTUR+4 ,MASS 
PRODUCTION 9 ?IS 9DU/RY IS ONLY TWELVE YE>S OLD4 ,! MAXIMUM 
PRODUCTION WAS REA*$ 9 #a#i#b#e-#f ) #h11 C>S4 ,BUT 9 #aibe IT 
EMPLOY$ #d#g1 FEW] M5 ?AN 9 #a#i#b#d1 & 9 #aibf IT OP]AT$ ) 
#f#i1 FEW] ?AN 9 #a#i#b#e4 ,9 #aii IT REQUIR$ #cc MAN-H\RS TO MAKE 
ONE C>2 9 #aibi ! TIME HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO #ib MAN-H\RS & 9 #aicb 
& #aicc ! TIME IS /ILL LESS4  
   

,! CURVE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T IS ACCEL]AT+ 9 
ALL FIELDS ( PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RY4 ,TO REVIEW EV5 ! MO/ REC5T 
ADVANCE W\LD REQUIRE VOLUMES4 ,WE CAN ONLY SUMM>IZE 9 ! BRIEFE/ 
WAY A FEW ( ! \T/&+ A*IEVEM5TS 9 9V5TION ?AT MAKE UP ! 
TR5D T[>D 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION ) FEW] WORK]S3  
   

,AN 
5SILAGE H>VE/+ MA*9E CUTS CORN/ALKS 9 ! FIELD & DELIV]S 
!M TO ! SILO )\T ! H&L+ ( ! /ALKS BY A S+LE HUMAN 
WORK]4 
   

,AN AUTOMATIC MA*9E PRODUCES #g#c1 ELECTRIC LI<T 
BULBS EV]Y #bd H\RS1 DISPLAC+ #b1 H& OP]ATORS = EA* MA*9E 
9/ALL$4  
   

,A MA*9E DIGG] :I* OP]ATES ) #cg LABOR]S & DOES ! WORK =M]LY REQUIR+ #g1 PICK & %OVEL M54  
    
   
   

,A TABULAT+ MA*9E DOES ! WORK ( #a SKILL$ ACTU>IES4  
    
   
   

,! 
,U4 ,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,COMM]CE REPORTS ?AT COMB9ES 9 ONE :EAT 
H>VE/+ >EA HAVE CUT ! NUMB] ( F>M LABOR]S REQUIR$ FROM 
#e1 TO #b14  
   

,AN AIRPLANE DRIV5 BY ,ROSCOE ,TURN] SPE$S FROM ,NEW ,YORK 
TO ,LOS ,ANGELES ON ,JULY #a1 #aicc 9 #a#a#a_/#b H\RS BETWE5 MIDNI<T & NOON 
AT AN AV]AGE SPE$ ( #bai MILES P] H\R4 ,IT IS REPORT$ ?AT ?IS 
RECORD HAS BE5 BEAT5 9 MORE REC5T FLI<T4  
   

,AN ,ITALIAN AVIATOR1 ,F4 ,AGELLO1 LA/ SUMM] ATTA9$ A 
SPE$ ( #dbd MILES P] H\R 9 A PLANE DRIV5 BY A #bi HORSEP[] 
MOTOR MAK+ #cb RESOLUTIONS P] M9UTE4  
   

 ,A BRICKMAK+ MA*9E OP]AT$ BY ONE MAN TURNS \T 
#d1 BRICKS P] H\R4 ,! =M] \TPUT WAS #ee BRICKS P] H\R4 ,! 
9CREASE AM\NTS TO #gb TIMES ! =M] PRODUCTION4  
   

,9 LOAD+ PIG IRON1 TWO M5 CAN N[ DO ! WORK =M]LY DONE BY #abh M54  
    
   
   

,& 
SO ON TO 9F9ITY4 ,! IRON *9K 9 FI%-PACK+2 DIAL PHONES1 
AUTOMATIC CIG>-MAK+ MA*9ES1 AUTOMATIC P[] /ATIONS1 AUTOMATIC 
/OK]S1 AUTOMATIC KNITT+ MA*9ES1 BOOKKEEP+ MA*9ES1 PA9T 
SPRAY]S1 ME*ANICAL COTTON-PICK]S1 TELEPHONIC TYPEWRIT]S1 ! 
ELECTRIC EYE1 A SORT ( ME*ANICAL BRA9 ( 5DLESS APPLICATIONS 9 
9DU/RY1 & SO =?4  
  ,V,I,I4 
  ,! ,ONE ,WAY ,\T--,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM 
   

,ALL 
( !SE M>VEL\SLY COMPLEX MA*9ES1 ME?ODS & TE*NOLOGY >E ! 
9/RUM5TALITIES ?R\< :I* CAPITALISM ACCOMPLI%ES ITS PURPOSE4 
,?AT PURPOSE IS NOT ! WELF>E ( ! MANY NOR ! SOCIAL GOOD ( ! 
MASSES4 ,IT IS ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ & PRODUC+ P>T ( ! 
POPULATION = ! 5RI*M5T ( A CLASS4 ,IT IS AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM 
BAS$ UPON ?IS EXPLOITATION = PR(IT MAK+ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( A 
CLASS4 ,! MA*9ES >E M]ELY ! MEANS ?R\< :I* ! SOCIAL 
RELATION ( [N] & WAGE-SLAVE IS MA9TA9$4  
   

,CAPITALISM IS ORGANIZ$ = A CLASS PURPOSE4 ,IT 
ACCOMPLI%ES ITS PURPOSE ?R\< ?IS SPECIAL =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL 
MA*9ES1 9V5TIONS1 PROCESSES & SCI5TIFIC ACCRETIONS ( KN[L$GE 
>E MADE SUBS]VI5T TO ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,! CORPORATE =M IS ! 
*>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM4 ,BE=E A NEW 9V5TION OR A NEW PROJECT 
CAN BE PUT 9 OP]ATION IT IS SUBJECT$ TO ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS 
CAPITALIZ$4 ,?AT IS1 ITS E>N+ P[]--ITS P[] TO EXTRACT SURPLUS 
VALUE FROM WORK]S--IS E/IMAT$ 9 ADVANCE & A CAPITAL VALUE PLAC$ 
UPON ?IS PROSPECTIVE E>N+ P[]4 ,?AT PROSPECTIVE VALUE IS CALL$ 
CAPITAL /OCK1 COMMON /OCK1 PREF]R$ /OCK1 OR IT IS BOND ISSUE OR 
SOME O!R =M ( DEBT LAID UPON ! WORK]S 9 ADVANCE ( PRODUCTION4 
,EV]Y WORK] MU/ ASSUME HIS %>E ( ?IS DEBT :5 HE TAKES A JOB4 ,SO 
EV]Y WORK] IS BORN 9 DEBT4 ,IF HE PRODUCES 5\< TO PAY ! 9T]E/ 
ON ! DEBT1 HE IS RETA9$ ON ! JOB4 ,IF HE CAN'T HE IS FIR$4 ,IF HIS 
WORK PRODUCES MORE ?AN A NORMAL RATE ( 9T]E/ ON ! DEBT1 ! DEBT 
IS 5L>G$ BY ! ISSUANCE ( MORE /OCK1 BONDS1 DEB5TURES1 ETC4 ,IF 
! DEBT BURD5 BECOMES GREAT] ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ! 
WORK]S1 FRANTIC EF=TS >E MADE TO IMPROVE ! 9/RUM5TS1 MA*9ES1 
PROCESSES & CONDITIONS ( PR(IT TAK+4 ,IF ?AT FAILS1 ! 
0BUS9ESS0 %UTS D[N OR GOES BANKRUPT4 ,IF ! MA*9ES CANNOT PAY A 
PR(IT1 !Y >E JUNK$ ALONG ) !IR HUMAN P>TS--! WORK]S4  
   

,IT IS ! ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL RELATION%IP ( [N] & WAGE 
SLAVE ?AT PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IT IS ?IS RELATION%IP ?AT 
PRODUCES ! SURPLUS VALUE1 NO MATT] :AT MA*9ES OR TE*NOLOGY >E 
US$ 9 ! PROCESS4 ,& IT IS AGA9/ ?IS SOCIAL RELATION%IP ?AT 
! WORK]S MU/ /RUGGLE TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 
,CAPITALISM IS ORGANIZ$ TO MA9TA9 ?IS RELATION%IP4 ,IF MA*9ES 
BECOME OV]BUILT OR OV]CAPITALIZ$ BO? !Y & ! UNSALABLE 
COMMODITY PRODUCTION ?AT FL[S FROM !IR USE AS 9/RUM5TALITIES ( 
SURPLUS VALUE WILL BE RE/RICT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,Y\ MAY CALL 
IT 0SABOTAGE0 OR 0CONTROLL$ ECONOMY0 OR :AT Y\ WILL1 ! RESULT IS 
! SAME4 ,JU/ N[ ! OV]CAPITALIZATION & ! R$UNDANT MA*9ES AS 
WELL AS ! EXTRA L& >EAS UND] CAPITALIZ$ OP]ATION >E BE+ 
SUBJECT$ TO ,N,R,A & ITS 0CODES04 ,! R$UNDANT CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 
MA*9ES & L&S WILL BE LO/ TO ! [N]S BUT O!RS WILL PR(IT 
& ! SOCIAL RELATION :I* IS ! S\L ( CAPITAL WILL BE PRES]V$4 

   

,IT BECOMES APP>5T1 !RE=E1 ?AT NO =M ( ORGANIZ$ 
RESI/ANCE TO ?IS SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ?AT ! WORK]S CAN MAKE 
WILL BE ( ANY AVAIL IF IT RECOGNIZES ! LEGITIMACY ( ! RELATION ( 
CAPITALI/ [N] & WAGE SLAVE4 ,CRAFT UNIONISM1 :I* IS M]ELY A =M 
( LABOR BROK]AGE 9 :I* ! REACTION>Y (FICIALS ( ! CRAFT 
UNIONS B>GA9 ) ! MA/]S = A BROK]AGE ON ! SALE ( WAGE 
SLAVES OR !IR S]VICES1 IS MANIFE/LY USEFUL ONLY TO P]PETUATE ! 
EXPLOITATION4 ,CRAFT UNIONISM RECOGNIZES ! RI<T ( ! CAPITALI/ TO 
EXPLOIT LABOR4 ,IT PROSP]S :5 !RE IS A L>GE TURNOV] ( LABOR 
P[]4 ,IT DECL9ES :5 ! CYCLICAL OV]-PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE 
PRECIPITATES A PANIC4 ,IT IS 9CREAS+LY HELPLESS TO PROTECT ! WORK] 
AS ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE 9CREASES ) IMPROV$ TE*NOLOGY4 ,CRAFT 
UNIONISM IS ! ONLY ?+ 9 ! LABOR WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 R5D]$ 
OBSOLETE BY ! PROGRESS ( ME*ANIZATION4 ,POLITICAL ACTION HAS NEV] 
BE5 ANY?+ UND] CAPITALISM BUT AN 9/RUM5T ( DEMAGOGY & SOCIAL 
DECEPTION = ! PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS AN P[]4 

   

,9 ! READJU/M5T ( ! SOCIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 
ORGANIZ$ CAPITAL & ! SUBJECT$ WAGE- WORK+ CLASS ?AT IS N[ 
TAK+ PLACE ! FUNCTION ( ! WORK]S AS ! SOLE PRODUC]S ( 
WEAL? BECOMES MORE CLE>LY APP>5T AS ME*ANIZATION 9CREASES4 ,! 
9DIVIDUAL WORK] MAY SEEM TO HAVE BECOME ( LESS IMPORTANCE ) ! 
GR[? ( ! MA*9E PROCESSES4 ,BUT ONLY AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! MORE 
COMPLEX ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE BECOMES1 ! MORE ORGANIC BECOME ITS 
PROCESSES4 ,?AT IS1 ! MORE HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & 9T]DEP5D5T BECOME 
ITS WORK+ P>TS4 ,BUT :ATEV] ME*ANICAL AG5CIES MAY BE US$1 IT IS 
LIV+ LABOR ?AT GIVES LIFE & P[] TO ! MA*9E PROCESS$4 ,! 
WORK+ CLASS BECOMES MORE HI<LY ORGANIZ$ = PRODUCTION UND] ! 
MA*9E PROCESSES2 IT MU/ ALSO BECOME MORE HI<LY ORGANIZ$ = 
RESI/ANCE TO CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL UNIT1 ! CRAFT UNIT1 
! DI/RICT OR REGIONAL UNIT ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR PASSES ) ! 
9DIVIDUAL PROCESSES BUT ! 9DU/RIAL =M ( ORGANIZATION BECOMES 
ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y ) ! ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY4  
   

,! S\RCE ( ALL P[] IS /ILL AT ! PO9T ( 
PRODUCTION--ON ! JOB--:]E ALL WEAL? IS PRODUC$4 ,! CAPITALI/ 
CLASS HAS LONG S9CE AB&ON$ ISOLATION & HAS ORGANIZ$ AS A CLASS 
TO CONTROL PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MU/ DO ! SAME4 ,ITS ONLY 
REFUGE FROM ECONOMIC & SOCIAL OPPRESSION TO ! LEVEL ( ABSOLUTE 
SLAV]Y IS 9 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,?AT IS ! BASIS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL 
,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD & ITS =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! OBJECTION IS 
RAIS$ ?AT Y\ CANNOT ORGANIZE ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,! ANSW] IS ?AT Y\ 
CANNOT ORGANIZE UNEMPLOY$ CAPITAL4 ,! SOCIAL DIS9TEGRATION ?AT 
TAKES PLACE 9 P]IODS ( DEPRESSION IS DE/RUCTIVE ALIKE TO BO?4 ,BUT 
! FACT REMA9S ?AT ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY MU/ DEP5D UPON ECONOMIC 
PRODUCTION = ITS EXI/5CE & ITS WEAL?2 & ! UNIT ( PRODUCTION 
IS /ILL ! WORK]--NOT ! MA*9E4 ,:5 ! WORK] IS LAID (F1 ! 
MA*9ES /OP1 PRODUCTION /OPS1 CONSUMPTION /OPS & 9VE/M5TS 
BEG9 A RAPID PROCESS ( DISSOLUTION4 ,CONTRAWISE1 :5 PRODUCTION IS 
RESUM$1 IT IS ! WORK] ?AT P\RS ! FIR/ LIFEBLOOD & VITALITY 
BACK 9TO 9DU/RY & ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES ?AT BR+S BACK 
CAPITALI/ PROSP]ITY4 ,! NEW TE*NOLOGY PO9TS ONLY TO BETT] =MS 
( ORGANIZATION AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,! H\RS MU/ BE %ORT5$2 ! 
WAGES RAIS$2 ! CONV]SION ( WEAL? TAK5 FROM LABOR 9 SURPLUS 
VALUE 9TO R$UNDANT CAPITAL & ! CAPITALIZATION ( PROSPECTIVE 
E>N+ PL[] MU/ BE *ECK$ BY ! ONLY CLASS ?AT HAS AN 9T]E/ 
9 *ECK+ IT--! WORK]S 9 9DU/RY4 ,! WORK]S 9 9DU/RY MU/ BE 
CONV]T$ 9TO AN EFFECTIVE ORGANIZ$ P[] TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] 
! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS CAN BE DONE ONLY ?R\< 9DU/RIAL 
UNIONISM AS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 ,) SU* A P[] BUILT 
UP ?R\< ORGANIZATION 9 9DU/RIAL =M1 ! WORK]S ON ! JOB WILL 
BE ABLE TO CONV]T ! RES]VE >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ 9TO AN EMPLOY$ 
>MY ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S BY %ORT5+ ! WORK+ DAY & DEVELOP+ 
UNITY ( ACTION = ! C>RY+ ON ( 9DU/RY :5 ! RAPIDLY 
APPROA*+ DEBACLE ( CAPITALISM REA*ES ITS F9AL DE/RUCTIVE CRISIS4 
,! OBJECTION ?AT ! UNEMPLOY$ CANNOT BE ORGANIZ$ IS NO MORE COG5T 
N[ ?AN 9 P]IODS ( PROSP]ITY2 = ! ORGANISM ( CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION HAS ALWAYS & AUTOMATICALLY PRODUC$ & MA9TA9$ SU* A 
RES]VE ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S4 ,!IR 9CREASE 9 NUMB]S DUR+ ! 
LAT] & MORE DISA/R\S PANICS ONLY PO9TS TO ! GR[+ IMPORTANCE 
& NECESSITY ( CORRECT ORGANIZATION ON ! JOB--! S\RCE ( ALL 
WEAL?1 ALL CAPITAL1 & ALL P[]4 ,! PRESSURE ( ! MASS ( 
UNEMPLOY$ BEH9D ! =CES ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S WILL1 IF CORRECT 
ORGANIZATION BE HAD AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 ONLY 9CREASE ! P[] 
( ! ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 = IT WILL MAKE ! P]IODIC 
PANICS MORE DANG]\S TO ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,EV5 9 ! PRES5T 
DEPRESSION :I* CAU<T ! WORK]S UNORGANIZ$ OR ORGANIZ$ ONLY 9 
OBSOLETE & 9EFFECTIVE CRAFT OR DI/RICT =MS1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 
HAS SE5 ! NECESSITY ( REMOV+ ?IS M5ACE TO !IR EXI/5CE AS A 
CLASS BY %ORT5+ ! WORK+ DAY & ! WORK+ WEEK4 ,?IS =CE 
WILL BE DIRECT$ UND] 9DU/RIAL UNION ORGANIZATION 9TO A MORE 
EFFECTIVE P[] = WORK+ CLASS CONTROL ( 9DU/RY & ! ULTIMATE 
DE/9Y ( ! WORK]S1 ABSOLUTE 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY1 WILL BE 
ATTA9$4  
   

,9 ! MEANTIME ! VA/ *AOS 9 9T]NATIONAL 
CAPITALISM CAN ONLY 9CREASE ) ! 9CREASE 9 9TEGRATION & 
ME*ANIZATION4 ,!RE IS NO ABSOLUTE CURE = UNEMPLOYM5T 9 A SY/EM 
BAS$ UPON SURPLUS VALUE4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO REORGANIZE SOCIETY ON A 
RATIONAL BASIS 9 CON=MITY TO ! ALREADY REVOLUTIONIZ$ 9DU/RIAL 
PROCESSES SAVE ?R\< CONTROL ( 9DU/RY BY ! WORK]S & ! 
ELIM9ATION ( ! PRICE SY/EM BAS$ UPON SURPLUS VALUE4 ,& !RE IS 
ONLY ONE =M ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ?AT %[S ! WAY TO 
?IS RESULT--9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY--& ?AT IS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( 
! ,WORLD4 ,ORGANIZATION BY 9DU/RIES1 )\T REG>D TO CRAFT SKILL OR 
ALIGNM5T2 )\T REG>D TO RACE1 COLOR1 CRE$ OR NATIONALITY4 
,9T]NATIONAL 9TEGRATION ( ALL LABOR'S P[] 9TO ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION1 NOT 
ONLY TO PRODUCE P[] = C>RY+ ON ! EV]Y DAY /RUGGLE ) ! 
CAPITALI/ CLASS1 :I* CANNOT BE AVOID$1 BUT TO C>RY ON PRODUCTION 
9 AN 9TELLIG5T & ORGANIZ$ MANN]1 = ! PURPOSE ( FE$+1 
CLO?+ & PROVID+ %ELT] = ! MASSES 9 ?AT RAPIDLY 
APPROA*+ TIME :5 CAPITALISM %ALL HAVE F9ALLY PROV5 ITSELF 
IMPOSSIBLE & %ALL BE NO MORE4 ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W41 BORN 9 #a#i#e1 
IS ! REFLEX & \TGR[? ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS NOT A VISION>Y 
UTOPIAN PLAN BUT ! LOGICAL L9E ( ACTION DEVELOP$ & 9DICAT$ BY 
MOD]N 9DU/RY = ! PRES]VATION ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! G]M ( ! 
NEW SOCIETY DEVELOP$ )9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD4 ,! WORK] :O READS 
ITS LIT]ATURE & PREAMBLE IS 9TELLIG5TLY PREP>$ TO TAKE HIS P>T 
9 ?AT 9EVITABLE /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CLASSES = CONTROL ( 9DU/RY 
:I* RAPIDLY APPROA*ES4 ,IT IS F> BETT] TO BE ?US PREP>$ TO ACT 
9TELLIG5TLY ?AN TO BE PRECIPITAT$ 9TO ! F9AL *AOS ( 
CAPITALISM'S COLLAPSE1 JU/ AS ! WORK]S HAVE BE5 PRECIPITAT$ 9TO 
! PRES5T HELL ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 MIS]Y & DEA?1 )\T W>N+ & 
)\T KN[L$GE OR ORGANIZ$ P[] TO HELP !MSELVES4  
   

,! WORK] :O READS ! LIT]ATURE ( ! 
,I4 ,W4 ,W4 & ORGANIZES 9TO 9DU/RIAL UNION =M UND] ! 
BANN] ( ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W41 NOT ONLY TAKES ! BE/ C\RSE = 
! IMM$IATE RELIEF ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 BUT 9SURES ! =MATION ( ?AT 
ORGANIZ$ NUCLEUS >\ND :I* ! WORK]S MU/ RALLY 9 ! *AOS 
:I* CAPITALISM MU/ 9EVITABLY PRODUCE4 ,PRODUCTION = USE & NOT 
= PR(IT IS ! ULTIMATE EVOLUTION>Y PHASE ( ADVANC+ MA*9E 
PRODUCTION4 ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 ALONE %[S ! WAY TO ?AT 
EVOLUTION>Y \TCOME & PREP>ES ! WORK] = IT4 ,MEAN:ILE IT WILL1 
IF SUPPORT$ LOYALLY BY ! WORK]S1 PROVIDE A MEANS 9 TIME ( 
9DU/RIAL PEACE AS WELL AS DUR+ TIMES ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE = ! 
GR[? & PRES]VATION ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4  
   

   

   

    

  
   
   

   

   

   

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,! 
PRESS IS ! LIFE ( ANY MOD]N MOVEM5T4 ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 PRESS 
IS FE>LESS4 ,IT FI<TS ! BOSS CLASS )\T COMPROMISE4 ,IT IS ! 
WORK]S BE/ $UCATIONAL & AGITATIONAL 9/RUM5T4 ,MAKE ! 
,I4 ,W4 ,W4 PRESS MORE P[]FUL & Y\ WILL HAVE /RONG] 
ORGANIZATION1 & MORE ( ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE :I* CAN BE SECUR$ 
ONLY BY 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE >E \R PUBLICATIONS3  
   

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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