,UND]/&+ ! ,KURDI% ,RESI/ANCE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,UNTIL REC5TLY1 FEW 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD HAD HE>D ( ! ,KURDS1 LET ALONE !IR REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4 ,BR\<T 9TO ! SPOTLI<T BY !IR FI<T AGA9/ ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE ( ,IRAQ & ,SYRIA 7,I,S,I,S71 !Y HAVE RECEIV$ A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION BO? FROM ! MA9/REAM MASS M$IA & FROM RADICALS & REVOLUTION>IES >\ND ! WORLD4 

,ROMANTICIZ$ & (T5 SUMM>IZ$ SUP]FICIALLY AS A POPULATION FI<T+ ,ISLAMI/S1 ! ,KURDS HAVE A TRADITION ( SELF-DEF5SE EXT5D+ ACROSS SEV]AL NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 FI<T+ = !IR LIB]ATION S9CE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 IF NOT PRIOR2 ! RELIGI\S REVOLTS L$ BY ,%EIKH ,SAID 9 #aibe & ! UPRIS+ AGA9/ ASSIMILATION 9 ,D]SIM 9 #aicg >E ONLY TWO EXAMPLES \T ( A LONG LEGACY ( ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE4 ,BUT )\T A D\BT1 ! MO/ LONG-LA/+ & EFFECTIVE ,KURDI% REBELLION HAS BE5 ! ONE LAUN*$ BY ! ,P,K,K 7,P>TIYE ,K>K]5 ,KURDI/ANE--,KURDI% ,WORK]S ,P>TY7 #d YE>S AGO4 ,! RESI/ANCE TO ,I,S,I,S 9 ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA 7WE/]N ,KURDI/AN--,ROJAVA7.<#a.> & ! FI<T = ! AUTONOMY ( ,KURDS 9 ,TURKEY 7NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN--,BAKUR7 >E ! CULM9ATION ( ! ,P,K,K'S DECADES-LONG /RUGGLE4 ,YET ! ,P,K,K LOOKS V]Y DIFF]5T TODAY ?AN IT DID DUR+ ITS =MATION1 & ITS ASPIRATIONS HAVE EVOLV$ ALONGSIDE ITS POLITICAL CONTEXT4 

,:AT FOLL[S IS MY ATTEMPT TO %>E :AT ,I HAVE LE>N$ & OBS]V$ DUR+ MY VISITS TO ,KURDI/AN1 9 BO? ,BAKUR & ,ROJAVA4 ,IT IS A LONG & COMPLEX /ORY FILL$ ) DIFFICULT CONTRADICTIONS1 SOME ( :I* WILL BE PRES5T$ BEL[4 ,9 ! FACE ( 9CR$IBLE ODDS1 ! RESILI5T ,KURDS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PUT !ORY 9TO PRACTICE ALONGSIDE A WELL-CRAFT$ /RATEGY4 ,TO UND]/& !IR MOVEM5T TODAY1 LETS />T BY LOOK+ AT H[ IT EM]G$4 

,! ,E>LY ,DAYS ( ! ,P,K,K 

  

,! ,P,K,K IS ! PRODUCT ( TWO DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL PROCESSES4 ,! FIR/ & MORE FUNDAM5TAL ONE IS ! =MATION ( ! ,TURKI% NATION-/ATE1 A PROJECT BAS$ UPON ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL NON-,MUSLIMS & ! ASSIMILATION ( ALL NON-,TURKI% E?NICITIES4 ,! SECOND & MORE IMM$IATE ACCEL]ANT IS ! P[]FUL Y\? & /UD5T MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#i#fS & '#gS 9 ,TURKEY4 

,TO UND]/& CONTEMPOR>Y ,TURKI% POLITICS1 BE IT ! (FICIAL D5IAL ( ! ,>M5IAN ,G5OCIDE OR ! REPRESSION ( ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE H[ DEEPLY ULTRA-NATIONALISM IS WOV5 9TO ! FABRIC ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ANALOG\S TO ! ,BAA?I/ REGIMES ELSE:]E 9 ! REGION1 :I* >E N[ MEET+ !IR EXPIRATION DATES4 ,ALL ! +R$I5TS >E !RE3 A =MIDABLE & *>ISMATIC LEAD]1 ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL2.<#b.> ! CREATION ( A NATIONAL ID5TITY1 ,TURKI%NESS2 & ASSIMILATION 9TO A HEGEMONIC YET CON/RUCT$ CULTURE4 ,9 ,TURKEY1 ! =MAL CREATION ( ! NATION-/ATE 9 #aibc WAS A MOD]NIZ+ PROJECT 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,V>I\S V]NACUL> LANGUAGES 7E4G41 ,KURDI%1 ,>ABIC1 ,>M5IAN1 ,GREEK7 AS WELL AS ! ,>ABIC ALPHABET 7MODIFI$ & US$ 9 WRITT5 ,OTTOMAN1 ,KURDI%1 & ,P]SIAN 9 ADDITION TO ,>ABIC7 W]E SCRAPP$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,LAT9 ALPHABET2 A LANGUAGE CALL$ ,TURKI% WAS RE-9V5T$1 BY MOD]NIZ+ V]NACUL> ,TURKI% ) A HEAVY DOSE ( ,EUROPEAN 9FLU5CE4 ,=MS ( RELIGI\S EXPRESSION1 FROM PUBLIC GA!R+S TO CLO?+1 W]E REPRESS$ 9 ! NAME ( MOD]N SECUL>ISM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,ISLAM BECAME REGULAT$ BY ! /ATE1 KEPT 9 RES]VE TO MOBILIZE AGA9/ LEFTI/S OR M9ORITIES4 ,AS A NATION-BUILD+ PROJECT1 ,KEMALISM ESS5TIALLY S[$ ! SE$S ( ITS [N DE/RUCTION2 IRONICALLY1 IT IS RESPONSIBLE = BO? ! NEOLIB]AL ,ISLAM ( ,RECEP ,TAYYIP ,]DOGAN & ! ,A,K,P1 & ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM ( ,OCALAN & ! ,P,K,K4 

,! DEGREE TO :I* ?IS ULTRA-NATIONALISM IS HAMM]$ 9TO ?OSE :O LIVE )9 ! BORD]S ( ,TURKEY IS DIFFICULT = A ,WE/]N AUDI5CE TO GRASP4 ,EV]Y MORN+ ( H] (FICIAL S*OOL+1 A ,KURDI% S*OOL*ILD HAS TO TAKE AN OA? ?AT BEG9S 0,I AM ,TURKI%1 ,I AM RI<T1 ,I WORK H>D10 ONLY TO FILE 9TO A CLASSROOM ) A PORTRAIT ( ,ATATURK />+ D[N FROM ! WALL1 :]E %E WILL HE> TEA*]S PRES5T ! HI/ORY ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE & EMPHASIZE ?AT ,TURKEY IS SURR\ND$ BY 5EMIES ON ALL SIDES4 ,%E MU/ GO ?R\< ! MOTIONS ( PATRIOTIC HOLIDAYS SEV]AL TIMES A YE>3 ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DECL>ATION ( ! REPUBLIC 7,O,K71 ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DEA? ( ,ATATURK 7WELL 444 F9E71 ! ,Y\? & ,SPORTS HOLIDAY 7S]I\SLY871 ! ,SOV]EIGNTY & ,*ILDR5'S ,HOLIDAY 7GIVE ME A BREAK74 ,= M51 COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE.<#c.> IS A RITE ( PASSAGE 9TO MANHOOD & A PRECONDITION ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,IT'S COMMON TO SEE R[DY /REET RITUALS 9 :I* Y\NG M5 >E S5T (F TO DO !IR MILIT>Y S]VICE BY CR[DS ( !IR CLOSE/ MALE FRI5DS4 

,NATIONALISM COMES NOT ONLY FROM ! ,RI<T BUT ALSO FROM ! ,LEFT1 & ! #aifh G5]ATION WAS NO EXCEPTION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ?IS G5]ATION RESEMBL$ ! OLD ,LEFT MORE ?AN ! NEW4 ,MANY ( ! MO/ REV]$ VET]ANS & M>TYRS ( ! LEFTI/ /UD5T MOVEM5T SAW !MSELVES AS CONT9U+ ,ATATURK'S PROJECT ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION FROM IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,IT'S TELL+ ?AT ! MO/ PROMIS+ MOVE ON ! P>T ( ! LEFTI/ /UD5T MOVEM5T 9VOLV$ LAUN*+ A FAIL$ C\P ( !IR [N ) DISSID5T MEMB]S ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,?IS P[]FUL Y\? MOVEM5T OCCUPI$ MANY UNIV]SITIES & ORGANIZ$ L>GE M>*ES1 9CLUD+ AN 9FAM\S M>* 9 :I* MEMB]S ( ! ,U,S ,NAVY'S #f? ,FLEET W]E 0DUMP$ 9 ! SEA0--PLAY+ ON ! MY?ICAL IMAG]Y ( ,ATATURK'S NATIONAL LIB]ATION >MY DUMP+ ! ,GREEKS 9TO ! ,AEGEAN ,SEA1 A FAIRYTALE (T5 REPEAT$ TO ,TURKI% S*OOL*ILDR54 ,?\< IT WAS EV5TUALLY CRU%$ BY ! MILIT>Y C\P ( ,M>* #a#b1 #a#i#g#a1 ?IS /UD5T MOVEM5T LEFT A LEGACY ( >M$ GR\PS1 9CLUD+ ,D5IZ ,GEZMIS'S ,?,K,O 7,TURKI% ,PEOPLE'S ,LIB]ATION ,>MY7 & ,MAHIR ,CAYAN'S ,?,K,P 7,TURKI% ,PEOPLE'S ,LIB]ATION ,P>TY74.<#d.> 

,ONE ( ! /UD5TS ACTIVE 9 ! PO/-C\P SECOND WAVE ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY WAS ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN4 ,BORN 9 #aidi 9 ! ,KURDI% T]RITORIES ( S\!A/]N ,TURKEY1 ,OCALAN CAME TO ! ,TURKI% CAPITAL ( ,ANK>A 9 #aiga TO /UDY4 ,HE WAS IMPRESS$ BY ! /UD5T MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD GONE AS F> AS TOR*+ ! VEHICLE ( ! ,AM]ICAN AMBASSADOR4 ,ALONGSIDE ! ,TURKI% /UD5T MOVEM5T1 :I* LEFT LITTLE SPACE TO TALK AB\T ! ,KURDS1 !RE WAS A NEW 9C>NATION ( ,KURDI% SOCIALISM ON ! RISE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! =M ( ! ,EA/]N ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CULTURAL ,H\SES 7,D,D,K,O74 ,O!R ,KURDI% GR\PS HAD EV5 />T$ TO ORGANIZE GU]RILLAS 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,OCALAN 5T]$ ?IS MILIEU & ADVANC$ HIS IDEA ( ,KURDI/AN AS AN 9T]NAL COLONY ( ,TURKEY1 QUICKLY GA9+ ADH]5TS4 ,COMPRIS+ A NUCLEUS ( POLITICAL MILITANTS1 ?IS DOZ5 OR SO PEOPLE CAME TO BE KN[N AS ,APOCUL> 7,APO]S71 A T]M US$ = ! FOLL[]S ( ,OCALAN'S ?\<T TO ?IS DAY4 ,NOT ALL ! MEMB]S ( ?IS 9ITIAL CADRE W]E ,KURDS1 BUT !Y ALL BELIEV$ 9 ,KURDI% LIB]ATION FROM ! ,TURKI% /ATE4 

,?IS CORE GR\P LEFT ,ANK>A TO FOM5T REVOLUTION 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL FLAVOR ( ! DAY1 ESPECIALLY ) ,TURKEY 9 ,N,A,T,O1 WAS ,M>XISM-,L59ISM2 F\ND$ 9 #ai< AT A MEET+ 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,FIS1 ! ,P,K,K 7,P>TIYE ,K>K]5 ,KURDI/ANE--,KURDI% ,WORK]S ,P>TY7 MODEL$ ITSELF ON ?OSE PR9CIPLES4 ,! FIR/ MANIFE/O WRITT5 BY ,OCALAN ?AT YE> CLOSES BY PR(ESS+ ?AT ! ,KURDI% ,REVOLUTION WAS A P>T ( ! GLOBAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT />T$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & WAS GR[+ /RONG] ?R\< NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 ,! GR\P ACQUIR$ ITS FIR/ ,A,K-#d#g FROM ,SYRIA & />T$ C>RY+ \T SMALL ACTIONS & AGITAT+ 9 T[NS 9 ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN4 ,OCALAN TRAVEL$ CON/ANTLY1 PRES5T+ L5G?Y LECTURES1 SOMETIMES DAY-LONG SESSIONS1 :I* W]E A MAJOR COMPON5T ( !SE 9ITIAL EF=TS4 ,?IS =M IS /ILL SE5 9 ! POLITICAL $UCATION SESSIONS ?AT ALL P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T >E EXPECT$ TO COMPLETE1 GU]RILLAS & POLITICIANS ALIKE4 

,?IS 9ITIAL PHASE WAS CUT %ORT BY ANO!R MILIT>Y C\P ONLY T5 YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#h--MU* BLOODI] 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES1 ) AT LEA/ #f#e1 >RE/$1 MORE ?AN #a1 TORTUR$1 & FIFTY PEOPLE HANG$ BY ! /ATE4 ,OCALAN HAD FL$ ! C\NTRY %ORTLY BE=E1 & MANY ( ! 9ITIAL CADRE FOLL[$ 9 HIS FOOT/EPS4 ,!IR DE/9ATION3 ,SYRIA4 ,9 FACT1 ,OCALAN CROSS$ FROM ,SURUC 9 ,TURKEY 9TO ,KOBANE 9 ,SYRIA--TWO T[NS ?AT HAVE BECOME SYMBOLS ( ! ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE1 & A CROSS+ HUNDR$S IF NOT ?\S&S ( ,KURDS HAVE MADE ?IS PA/ YE> TO JO9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S4 ,FROM ,SYRIA1 ,OCALAN />T$ HIS PROJECT 9 E>NE/ & BEGAN TO MAKE CONTACT ) ! ,KURDI% LEAD]%IP 9 ! REGION1 >RANG+ MEET+S ) ,B>ZANI & ,TALABANI1 TRIBAL LEAD]S ) A B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ L9E4 ,HE >RANG$ = ! FIR/ TRA9+S ( ,KURDI% GU]RILLAS 9 ,PALE/9IAN CAMPS1 & LAT] 9 MORE 9DEP5D5TLY RUN CAMPS 9 ,LEBANON4 ,! TRA9$ MEMB]S ( ! ,P,K,K CROSS$ BACK 9TO ,TURKEY TO BEG9 ! >M$ /RUGGLE ANN\NC$ BY !IR FIR/ L>GE-SCALE ACTION 9 ,AUGU/ ( #a#i#h#d1 ! RAIDS ON ! T[NS ( ,]UH & ,SEMD9LI4 

,! ,P,K,K 5T]$ ! #a#i#iS ) A GU]RILLA >MY ( MORE ?AN #a1 & />T$ LAUN*+ ATTACKS ON ,TURKI% MILIT>Y POSITIONS & O!R /ATE 9T]E/S SU* AS GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & L>GE-SCALE 5G9E]+ PROJECTS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 :AT HAD BEGUN AS A CONC5TRAT$ EF=T BY A CORE GR\P ( MILITANTS BEGAN TO TAKE HOLD )9 ! 5TIRE ,KURDI% POPULATION 9 ! REGION4 ,NEWROZ #aiib WAS A TURN+ PO9T 9 POPUL>IZ+ ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 

,NEWROZ1 CELEBRAT$ UNTIL REC5TLY MO/LY ACROSS ,IRAN & ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ1 REPRES5TS ! NEW YE> & ! WELCOM+ ( SPR+4 ,AL?\< ?IS CELEBRATION WAS EV5 OBS]V$ 9 C5TRAL ,ASIAN ,TURKIC COMMUNITIES1 ,TURKEY REJECT$ IT2 ! ,P,K,K ADVANC$ ! IDEA ( ,NEWROZ AS A NATIONAL HOLIDAY ( RESI/ANCE = ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN4 ,S9CE ! LATE '#hS1 ,M>* #ba HAS BE5 A DAY ( MASS GA!R+S1 (T5 CULM9AT+ 9 EPIC CLA%ES ) ! POLICE4 ,NEWROZ ( #aiib WAS ESPECIALLY BRUTAL1 AS ! RU?LESS POLICE /ATE ?AT WAS TO DEVA/ATE ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN BEGAN TO %[ ITS FACE2 ! KILL+ ( FIFTY PEOPLE DUR+ ,NEWROZ #aiib 9 ! T[N ( ,CIZRE WAS ! OP5+ ACT4 ,! '#iS 9 ,KURDI/AN SAW ! DIRTIE/ ( CIVIL W>S1 ) ! /ATE EMPLOY+ P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS CULL$ FROM BO? ULTRA-NATIONALI/S & ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/S4 ,TO DRY \T 0! SEA 9 :I* ! GU]RILLA SWAM10 #de VILLAGES W]E EVACUAT$ OR BURN$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,MO/ ( ! #d1 :O HAVE DI$ 9 ! W> 9 ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN P]I%$ 9 ! #a#i#iS4 

,OCALAN'S ,PRISON ,YE>S & ! ,PEACE ,PROCESS 

  

,OCALAN'S EV5TUAL CAPTURE ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #aiii IS A TALE TO BE TOLD1 REF]R$ TO BY ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T AS 0,! ,GREAT ,CONSPIRACY40 ,?REAT5$ BY ,TURKI% MILIT>Y ACTION1 ! ,SYRIAN GOV]NM5T F9ALLY TOLD ,OCALAN ?AT HIS WELCOME WAS OV] & HE HAD TO LEAVE4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL CADRE ( ! ,P,K,K SCRAMBL$ TO F9D HIM A NEW REFUGE1 BUT NO C\NTRY W\LD T\* HIM4 ,%UTTL$ BETWE5 ,GREECE & ,RUSSIA1 ,OCALAN F9ALLY F\ND HIMSELF UND] H\SE >RE/ 9 ,ITALY4 ,S9CE MEMB]S ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION >E NOT ALL[$ TO EXTRADITE PRISON]S TO C\NTRIES :]E CAPITAL PUNI%M5T EXI/S1 ONE E>LY MORN+ ,OCALAN WAS %UTTL$ TO ,K5YA1 :]E HE WAS PICK$ UP BY ,TURKI% COMM&OS4 ,DRUGG$ & TI$ UP1 ,OCALAN WAS FL[N BACK TO ,TURKEY2 ! VIDEO ( ?IS HAD A *ILL+ EFFECT ACROSS ,KURDI/AN4 

,A NEW PHASE ( ! ,KURDI% ,/RUGGLE WAS AT ! DOOR4 ,! ,P,K,K HAD TO RE9V5T ITSELF ) ITS LEAD] BEH9D B>S & S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 ! ONLY PRISON] 9 AN ISL& PRISON AB\T #e MILES FROM ,I/ANBUL4 ,9 ! 5D1 ,TURKEY ABOLI%$ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T 9 ITS QUE/ TO JO9 ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION1 & ,OCALAN'S S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE 9 PRISON2 ?IS ALSO MEANT ?AT ! ,TURKI% /ATE C\LD UTILIZE HIM 9 ! FUTURE4 ,BETWE5 #aiii & #b#d1 ! ,P,K,K DECL>$ A CEASEFIRE1 AL?\< ! ,TURKI% /ATE MASSACR$ CLOS$ TO #h FI<T]S AS !Y W]E ATTEMPT+ TO LEAVE ! C\NTRY TO REA* !IR MA9 BASE 9 ,IRAQ4 ,?IS WAS ! CLOSE/ ! ,P,K,K EV] CAME TO DECOMPOSITION1 & ,OCALAN'S SUPREME AU?ORITY WAS *ALL5G$4 ,BUT AS HE HIMSELF HAS PO9T$ \T1 0,! HI/ORY ( ! ,P,K,K IS A HI/ORY ( PURGES0--! ,P,K,K CADRE C5T]$ >\ND ,OCALAN SURVIV$ ITS *ALL5G]S1 9CLUD+ HIS [N BRO!R4 

,9 PRISON1 ,OCALAN F\ND TIME TO READ & WRITE AS HE IMM]S$ HIMSELF 9 A PANOPLY ( ?9K]S & SUBJECTS4 ,MANY HAVE REF]5C$ H[ HE /UDI$ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*92.<#e.> HE ALSO /UDI$ ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9 & HIS ,WORLD ,SY/EMS ,ANALYSIS1 AS WELL AS TEXTS ON ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION & ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( =MULAT+ HIS DEF5SE = ! ,TURKI% C\RTS AS WELL AS TO ! ,EUROPEAN ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,C\RT & PROVID+ A ROADMAP = PEACE 9 ,TURKEY1 HE P5N$ SEV]AL MANIFE/OS 9 :I* HE BROKE ) HIS TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 ) ALL ITS HI/ORICAL ,M>XI/-,L59I/ BAGGAGE1 & =MULAT$ MORE PALATABLE IDEAS UND] HIS CONDITIONS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,!SE IDEAS W]E ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY & ,CONF$]ALISM4 

,A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T %IFT$ ! CONTEXT ( ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION4 ,9 LATE #b#b1 ! ,JU/ICE & ,DEVELOPM5T ,P>TY 7,A,K,P71 HEAD$ TO ?IS DAY BY ! DESPOTIC ,RECEP ,TAYYIP ,]DOGAN1 WON ! G5]AL ELECTIONS & CAME TO P[]1 5D+ MORE ?AN A DECADE ( DYSFUNCTIONAL COALITION GOV]NM5TS4 ,MODEL+ ITSELF AS :AT CAN BE T]M$ ,ISLAMIC NEOLIB]ALISM1 ! ,A,K,P SET AB\T 9TEGRAT+ ,TURKEY FUR!R 9TO ! GLOBAL F9ANCIAL SY/EM BY MEANS ( PRIVATIZATION1 5CLOSURE1 & 9CURR+ DEBT4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! DEBT ONCE [$ TO ! ,I,M,F IS N[ HELD BY ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,TURKEY WAS SUBJECT$ TO DESECUL>IZATION BY A CREEP+ FUNDAM5TALI/ MORALITY.<#f.> & ! AU?ORIT>IAN RULE ( ,]DOGAN4 ,]DOGAN PRES5T$ ?IS PROJECT AS RETURN+ ,TURKEY TO ITS RI<TFUL HI/ORICAL PLACE BY RE9C>NAT+ ITS ,OTTOMAN H]ITAGE & EMPHASIZ+ ECONOMIC GR[? = ! NATION4 

,9 ,MAY #b#d1 ! ,P,K,K ONCE AGA9 BEGAN A PHASE ( >M$ /RUGGLE1 5D+ ! CEASEFIRE ?AT HAD HELD S9CE #a#i#i#i4 ,KURDS 5DUR$ 9CREAS+ REPRESSION BY ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE & CROSS-BORD] OP]ATIONS 9TO ,P,K,K POSITIONS 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ4 ,AS HE CONSOLIDAT$ P[]1 ,]DOGAN CAME TO REALIZE ?AT PEACE ) ! ,KURDS W\LD FACILITATE HIS PLANS = REGIONAL DOM9ATION ?AT 9CLUD$ PETROLEUM RES]VES 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ & A NUMB] ( OIL PIPEL9ES RUNN+ ?R\< ! REGION4 ,BY ALLY+ HIMSELF ) ! L>GE ,KURDI% POPULATION1 HE HOP$ TO PASS A NUMB] ( CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES CEM5T+ HIS P[]4 ,TO PUT ! PLANS 9TO PLACE1 9 #b#i1 ! ,TURKI% ,9TELLIG5CE ,AG5CY />T$ TO ACT AS AN 9T]M$I>Y 9 NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,A,K,P & ,P,K,K REPRES5TATIVES 9 A MEET+ 9 ,OSLO4 

,DESPITE ! R5EW$ DIALOGUE & V>I\S O!R OV]TURES1 ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE CONT9U$ ITS REPRESSION AGA9/ ,KURDS4 ,/>T+ 9 ,APRIL #b#i1 ! ,K,C,K 7,GR\P ( ,COMMUNITIES 9 ,KURDI/AN7 TRIALS S5T ?\S&S ( PEOPLE TO JAIL4 ,MILIT>ILY1 ONE ( ! MO/ HORRIFIC ATTACKS WAS ! BOMB+ ( #cd ,KURDI% PEASANTS ON ,DECEMB] #b#h1 #baa 9 ,ROBOSKI1 ,SIRNAK4 ,! ,TURKI% /ATE CLAIM$ !Y W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,P,K,K CROSS+ ! BORD]1 BUT !N HAD TO ADMIT ?AT !Y W]E COMMON VILLAG]S 9VOLV$ 9 CROSS-BORD] COMM]CE4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 NO ONE HAS BE5 BR\<T 9 FRONT ( A JUDGE = ?OSE MURD]S1 & ! VICTIMS ( ,ROBOSKI REMA9 FRE% 9 MANY PEOPLE'S M9DS4 

,! CEASEFIRES CAME & W5T ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY ?R\< ?OSE YE>S2 BY ! SUMM] ( #b#a#b1 ! ,P,K,K HAD GA9$ CONSID]ABLE T]RITORIAL P[]4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 COMPELL$ BY HIS T]RITORIAL AMBITIONS1 ,]DOGAN ANN\NC$ ?AT MEET+S HAD BE5 TAK+ PLACE ) ,OCALAN4 ,?REE MON?S LAT]1 DUR+ #b#a#c'S ,NEWROZ1 A LETT] FROM ,OCALAN WAS READ 9 :I* HE ANN\NC$ ANO!R CEASEFIRE4 ,?IS CEASEFIRE WAS RELATIVELY LONG-LA/+1 REMA9+ 9 PLACE UNTIL ,JULY #b#d1 #b#a#e4 ,BUT JU/ :5 IT SEEM$ LIKE /ABILITY WAS RETURN+ TO ,TURKEY1 A *ASM OP5$ 9 ,TURKI% REALITY ON ,MAY #c#a1 #b#a#c4 ,?IS WAS ! ,GEZI ,RESI/ANCE4 

,GEZI 

  

,! ,GEZI ,RESI/ANCE WAS ! L>GE/ & FI]CE/ SOCIAL MOVEM5T ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC HAS SE5 5ACT$ BY ITS NON-,KURDI% POPULATION4 ,A MOVEM5T SP>K$ BY A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A P>K 9 C5TRAL ,I/ANBUL GREW TO AN ALL-\T NATIONAL REVOLT AGA9/ ,]DOGAN & HIS NEOLIB]AL POLICIES4 ,KURDS W]E PRES5T 9 ! ,GEZI ,RESI/ANCE1 TOO1 ESPECIALLY AFT] IT MATUR$ 9TO A NON-NATIONALI/ & PRO-REVOLUTION>Y EV5T4 ,BUT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,TURKI% HI/ORY1 ! ,KURDS W]E NOT ! MA9 PROTAGONI/S ( AN 9SURRECTION4 

,! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T 9 ! ,GEZI ,RESI/ANCE IS /ILL A CONTROV]SIAL TOPIC4 ,A SUBTLE BITT]NESS CAN BE FELT ON BO? 5DS4 ,MANY 9 WE/]N ,TURKEY FELT LIKE ! ,KURDS W]E AT BE/ TOO LATE TO JO9 ! UPRIS+ & AT WOR/ DID NOT EV5 WANT TO1 = FE> ( JEOP>DIZ+ !IR NEGOTIATIONS & PEACE PROCESS4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,KURDS 9 ! REGION PO9T$ TO ! LACK ( MEAN+FUL SOLID>ITY FROM E?NIC ,TURKS DUR+ MASSACRE AFT] MASSACRE COMMITT$ AGA9/ !M OV] ! PREC$+ DECADES4 ,9 REALITY1 BO? ( !SE POSITIONS >E C>ICATURES4 ,MANY ,KURDS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CLA%ES >\ND ,GEZI FROM DAY ONE2 %ORTLY AFT] ! P>K WAS TAK5 FROM ! POLICE1 ! ,KURDI% POLITICAL P>TY ( ?AT TIME 7,B,D,P7 SET UP A L>GE 5CAMPM5T AT ITS 5TRANCE & FLEW FLAGS ) ,OCALAN'S FACE OV] ,TAKSIM ,SQU>E--A SURREAL SI<T4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ,KURDS W]E ALREADY 5GAG$ 9 !IR [N CIVIL DISOB$I5CE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! CON/RUCTION ( =TRESS-LIKE MILIT>Y BASES 9 !IR REGION4 

,9 ! RUN-UP TO ! ,GEZI REBELLION1 ! ABOVEGR\ND W+ ( ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( =M+ ! ,H,D,P 7,PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACY ,P>TY7 AFT] MORE ?AN A YE> ( CONSULTATIONS AS ! ,H,D,K 7,PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONGRESS74 ,ONE ( !IR ,M,PS /OOD 9 FRONT ( A BULLDOZ] ALONG ) ONLY A DOZ5 OR SO PEOPLE TO BLOCK ! UPROOT+ ( ! TREES DUR+ ! FIR/ PROTE/S 9 ,GEZI1 WELL BE=E IT BECAME A MASSIVE UPRIS+4 ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE !N ?AT :5 IT WAS TIME TO SELECT A LOGO = ! ,H,D,P1 !Y *OSE AN IMAGE ( A TREE4 

,REG>DLESS ( GRUDGES1 ,GEZI =EV] TRANS=M$ ,TURKEY--& ) IT ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T'S RELATION%IP TO ,TURKI% SOCIETY 9 G5]AL & T[>DS ! ,A,K,P & ! PEACE PROCESS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,MANY ,TURKS :O W]E ON ! RECEIV+ 5D ( POLICE BRUTALITY HAD ! VEIL LIFT$ FROM !IR EYES & W]E F9ALLY ABLE TO IMAG9E ! SUFF]+ TAK+ PLACE 9 S\!A/]N ,TURKEY4 ,! M$IA BLACK\T ( ! ,GEZI ,RESI/ANCE MADE IT CLE> TO ! P>TICIPANTS ?AT !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 KEPT 9 ! D>K AB\T :AT WAS ACTUALLY TRANSPIR+ 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,AT ! TAIL 5D ( ! ,GEZI RESI/ANCE1 :5 A ,KURDI% Y\? NAM$ ,M$5I ,YILDIRIM WAS KILL$ PROTE/+ ! CON/RUCTION ( A =TRESS-LIKE POLICE /ATION 9 ,KURDI/AN1 ! MOVEM5T SAW HIM AS ONE ( ITS [N & ORGANIZ$ SOLID>ITY DEMON/RATIONS ) ! ,KURDS4 

,?IS FURI\S YET JOY\S REBELLION1 9ITIAT$ BY A G5]ATION ?AT CAME ( AGE UND] SUCCESSIVE UN/ABLE COALITION GOV]NM5TS ONLY TO BECOME ADULTS UND] ,]DOGAN'S DECADE-LONG IRON RULE1 S]V$ TO CONSOLIDATE HATR$ AGA9/ ,]DOGAN4 ,?IS G5]ATION HAD BE5 DEF9$ AS APOLITICAL OR EV5 ANTI-POLITICAL1 BUT 9 REALITY !Y W]E :AT ,SUKRU ,>G9 HAS ID5TIFI$ AS C\NT]-POLITICAL4 

,! ,WILD ,Y\? ( ,KURDI/AN 

  

,CIZRE IS ! EPIC5T] ( A REGION 9 ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN CALL$ ,BOTAN4 ,! T[]+ M\NTA9S 9 ?IS REGION >E ! LOCATION ( MANY ,P,K,K CAMPS1 & ! T[NS AT !IR BASE >E SOME ( ! MO/ REBELLI\S4 ,CIZRE 9 P>TICUL> CONT9UES TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO ?IS DAY4 ,CIZRE IS :]E ! #d? ,/RATEGIC ,/RUGGLE ,P]IOD ( ! ,P,K,K MAT]IALIZ$1 %IFT+ ! PO9T ( CONFLICT FROM M\NTA9\S L&SCAPES DOTT$ ) GU]RILLA CAMPS TO URBAN EPIC5T]S 9 :I* CELLS ( ,KURDI% MILITANTS ORGANIZ$4 

,9 ,JUNE #b#a#c1 9 ! T[N ( ,CIZRE1 A GR\P ( #a Y\? /&+ C]EMONIALLY 9 =MATION ANN\NC$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PATRIOTIC ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T 7,Y,D,G-,H74.<#g.> ,) MEMB]S RANG+ FROM !IR E>LY TE5S TO WELL 9TO !IR TW5TIES1 ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION COORD9AT$ URBAN GU]RILLA ACTIVITY )9 EV]Y MAJOR METROPOLITAN C5T] 9SIDE ,TURKI% BORD]S4 ,KURDI% Y\? BEGAN TO EMPLOY ,MOLOTOV COCKTAILS 9/EAD ( /ONES4 ,! REC5T SPIKE ( URBAN COMBAT 9 ,KURDI% T[NS & NEI<BORHOODS CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,REBELLI\S ,KURDI% Y\? W]E ESPECIALLY EFFECTIVE ,OCTOB] #f-#h1 #b#a#d1 :5 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! CITY ( ,KOBANE 9 ,ROJAVA WAS AB\T TO FALL TO ,I,S,I,S4 ,) ! SANCTION ( ! (FICIAL ,KURDI% LEAD]%IP1 ,KURDI% Y\? W5T ON ! (F5SIVE1 DEVA/AT+ /ATE =CES4 ,! IMPLICIT DEM& 9 ! RIOTS WAS = ,TURKEY TO /OP PROVID+ LOGI/ICAL & MAT]IAL SUPPORT TO ,I,S,I,S1 & TO ALL[ ,KURDI% =CES PASSAGE ACROSS ITS BORD]S--= EXAMPLE1 BY ALL[+ SOME HEAVI] >TILL]Y TO CROSS ,TURKEY TO REA* ,KOBANE FROM ,IRAQ4 ,AFT] ! DEA?S ( FIFTY PEOPLE & ! IMPOSITION ( CURFEWS 9 SIX DIFF]5T CITIES & M>TIAL LAW 9 ! ,KURDI% CAPITAL ( ,AM$1 ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T F9ALLY P]MITT$ ! ,IRAQI ,KURDI% ,PE%M]GA ( ! ,K,D,P TO REA* ,KOBANE ) !IR WEAPONS4 

,!RE >E GREAT POLITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,P,Y,D & BY EXT5SION ! ,P,K,K & ! ,K,D,P1 ! CURR5T REGIME ( ,KURDS 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ :O HAVE HAD AUTONOMY S9CE ! FIR/ ,GULF ,W> 9 #a#i#i#a4 ,! ,P,K,K_/,P,Y,D >E FI<T+ = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BAS$ ON SELF-GOV]NANCE1 SELF-DEF5SE1 AUTONOMY1 & WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 ) AN EMPHASIS ON ECOLOGY & A CRITIQUE ( ALL HI]>*IES1 MO/ NOTABLY /ATE P[]4 ,! ,K,D,P1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS CULTIVAT+ A NATIONAL ,KURDI% B\RGEOISIE & ACTS AS A CLOSE ALLY ( ,]DOGAN4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS1 ! ,K,D,P F\<T TOGE!R ) ,TURKEY AGA9/ ! ,P,K,K4 ,T5SIONS REMA9 HI<4 

,! ,Y,D,G-,H IS P]HAPS /RONGE/ 9 ,CIZRE4 ,AFT] ! UPRIS+ 9 DEF5SE ( ,KOBANE1 ,CIZRE 5T]$ ! NATIONAL DISC\RSE AGA9 :5 Y\? ROSE UP FOLL[+ ! FUN]AL ( ,UMIT ,KURT1 TAK+ CONTROL ( ! ?REE NEI<BORHOODS ( ,SUR1 ,CUDI1 & ,NUR4 ,!Y W]E ABLE TO CREATE AN AUTONOM\S ZONE )9 !SE NEI<BORHOODS = TWO MON?S BY DIGG+ A TOTAL ( #ahd DIT*ES >\ND !IR NEI<BORHOODS4 ,! ,TURKI% /ATE EFFECTIVELY LO/ CONTROL ( ?IS >EA AS ! Y\? TOOK OV]1 BURN+ D[N AT LEA/ FIVE BUILD+S BELONG+ TO ! /ATE OR ITS ASSOCIAT$ 9T]E/S--9CLUD+ A S*OOL :]E MANY ( !M W]E ALSO /UD5TS4 

,ON A T\R ( ,CIZRE1 ,I ASK$ SOME ( ! MEMB]S ( ,Y,D,G-,H :Y !Y DUG DIT*ES RA!R ?AN BUILD+ B>RICADES1 ! TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD ( ASS]T+ AUTONOMY S9CE TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,MY HO/1 ,HAPO1 EXPLA9$ ?AT S9CE ! Y\? >E >M$ ) ,A,K-#d#gS1 ROCKET-PROPELL$ GR5ADES1 & SMALL >MS1 ! POLICE CANNOT EXIT !IR >MOR$ VEHICLES1 BUT !Y CAN /ILL PL[ ?R\< B>RICADES4 ,BUT AGA91 S9CE !Y CANNOT EXIT !IR VEHICLES1 !Y ALSO CANNOT TRAV]SE ! DIT*ES4 ,HAPO DESCRIB$ H[ AT FIR/ !Y US$ PICKAXES & %OVELS TO EXCAVATE !SE DIT*ES1 BUT !N !Y COMM&E]$ CON/RUCTION VEHICLES4 ,! CON/RUCTION VEHICLES ( ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 HE SAID1 SNEAK+ A SUBTLE SMILE4 ,I REALIZ$ HE MEANT ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T BELONG+ TO ! ABOVEGR\ND POLITICAL P>TY ( ! ,KURDI% ,MOVEM5T1 ! ,H,D,P4 

,! WILD Y\? ( ,CIZRE >E ORGANIZ$ 9TO 0TEAMS0 ( >\ND T5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,HAPO TOLD ME ?AT ONCE ! NUMB] ( A TEAM GR[S TO MORE ?AN ?IRTY1 !Y SPLIT 9TO SMALL] GR\PS4 ,! TEAMS TAKE !IR NAMES =M ,KURDI% M>TYRS1 (T5 REC5T ONES & SOMETIMES FROM ,CIZRE ITSELF--AN E]IE REPRODUCTION ( M>TYRDOM & MILITANCY4 ,TEAMS CLAIM !IR T]RITORY BY TAGG+ !IR NAMES ON WALLS1 MU* AS GRAFFITI CREWS DO ELSE:]E >\ND ! WORLD4 ,DUR+ ! HI< PO9T ( CLA%ES1 EA* NEI<BORHOOD E/ABLI%ES A BASE :]E EXPLOSIVES1 ,MOLOTOV COCKTAILS1 & WEAPONS >E /OCKPIL$ DUR+ ! DAY 9 PREP>ATION = ! CONFRONTATIONS ?AT OCCUR AT NI<T4 ,! Y\NG] *ILDR5 >E SOMETIMES ON ! FRONT L9ES ?R[+ ROCKS AT >MOR$ POLICE VEHICLES1 BUT !Y >E ALWAYS ! ONES :O S\ND ! AL>M BY RUNN+ ?R\< ! NEI<BORHOOD %\T+3 0,! SY/EM IS COM+6 ,! 5EMY IS COM+60 

,! DIVISION IS CLE> = ! ,KURDI% MILITANTS BO? 9 ! P]SONAL & ! POLITICAL4 ,!RE IS ! SY/EM1 & !RE IS /RUGGLE4 ,/UD5TS LEAVE ! SY/EM 7UNIV]SITIES7 9 ORD] TO JO9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,! SY/EM & CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9EVITABLY CORRUPT ALL =MS ( ROMANTIC LOVE2 H5CE1 REAL LOVE IS LOVE = Y\R PEOPLE1 = :OM Y\ /RUGGLE4 ,Y\NG MILITANTS TW5TY YE>S ( AGE >E NOT ALL[$ TO SUCCUMB TO !IR C>NAL DESIRES OR FALL 9 LOVE4 ,IF !Y DO1 & !Y >E HONE/ AB\T IT1 !Y WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE A SELF-CRITICISM & HOPEFULLY GET AWAY ) A PUNI%M5T ONLY 9VOLV+ A FUR!R1 P]HAPS COLLECTIVE1 SELF-CRITICISM SESSION ON ! PLAT=M1 AS !Y SAY 9 ! ,P,K,K4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,P,K,K IS AT A TURN+ PO9T3 A NEW G5]ATION ( MILITANTS IS HITT+ ! /REETS1 TRANS=M+ ! *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,P]HAPS ! =MATION ( ! ,Y,D,G-,H WAS A WAY = ! OLD GU>D TO ASS]T MORE CONTROL OV] ! REBELLI\S Y\? ( ! ,KURDI% SLUMS4 ,EV5 IF SU* A /RATEGY WAS AT PLAY1 ! Y\? >E PROV+ H>D TO CONTROL2 ! (FICIAL LEAD]%IP IS ACKN[L$G+ ?AT !RE >E GR\PS ACT+ \TSIDE ( !IR DIRECTIVES4 ,ONLY ,OCALAN HIMSELF C\LD REIGN !M 94 ,! FUTURE ( ! ,P,K,K & ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T WILL BE DET]M9$ BY ?IS REBELLI\S Y\?3 WILL !Y WILL FOLL[ ! P>TY L9E LOCK/EP1 OR COME UP ) !IR [N IDEAS8 

,ULTIMATELY1 ,OCALAN HAD TO 9T]V5E = ! DIT*ES TO BE CLOS$ ON ,M>* #b1 #b#a#e4 ,:5 ,I BR\<T ?IS UP TO ,HAPO1 :O CONSI/5TLY EXPRESS$ SKEPTICISM AB\T ! (FICIAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,H,D,P & ! PEACE PROCESS1 HE SAID ?AT ,APO IS ! L9E !Y DON'T CROSS1 & ?AT !IR 9SURRECTION 9 ,CIZRE HAS /R5G!N$ HIS NEGOTIAT+ H& )9 PRISON4 ,I WAS LEFT WOND]+ H[ MU* ( ! LEAD]%IP CULT >\ND ,OCALAN HAS TO DO ) HIS IMPRISONM5T1 & :E!R ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES BE+ PUT 9 PLACE CON/ITUTE AN ATTEMPT TO ABOLI% HIMSELF AS ! LEAD]4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1 ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y & POLICE 9VAD$ ,CIZRE & DECL>$ A CURFEW :I* W\LD LA/ = N9E DAYS4 ,!Y 5=C$ ?IS CURFEW BY PLAC+ SNIP]S ON ! M9>ETTES ( MOSQUES TO %OOT ANYONE \T ON ! /REETS4 ,! SIEGE WAS ONLY BROK5 UND] ! PRESSURE ( A M>* ORGANIZ$ BY ,KURDS FROM SURR\ND+ T[NS1 :I* WAS JO9$ BY ! ,H,D,P'S P>LIAM5T MEMB]S4 ,:5 PEOPLE F9ALLY 5T]$ ! T[N1 !Y F\ND #ba CIVILLIANS DEAD1 #ae ( :OM DI$ ON ! SPOT AFT] BE+ %OT2 ! O!RS DI$ FROM !IR W\NDS OR O!R ILLNESSES BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT GET TO ! HOSPITAL4 ,AMONG !M WAS A #c#e-DAY-OLD BABY & A #g#a-YE>-OLD MAN :O HAD ATTEMPT$ TO GET BREAD DUR+ ! CURFEW4 ,! ?REE REBELLI\S NEI<BORHOODS ( ,NUR1 ,SUR & ,CUDI W]E RIDDL$ ) BULLETS & L>G] AMMUNITION4 ,! /ATE BLAM$ ! ,P,K,K = ! DEA?S1 AL?\< NOT ONE MEMB] ( ! /ATE =CES WAS 9JUR$--GIV+ ! LIE TO ! PRET5SE ?AT ! NEI<BORHOODS W]E FILL$ ) 0T]RORI/S40 ,?IS LATE/ MASSACRE 9 ,CIZRE WILL BE REMEMB]$ = A LONG TIME & FUEL ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T4 

,! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,KURDI/AN 

  

,LIKE ! MOVEM5TS ?AT PREC$$ IT1 ,GEZI TOOK GREAT 9SPIRATION FROM ! UPRIS+S 9 ,EGYPT1 ,TUNISIA1 & ! ,>AB ,SPR+ ?AT W]E ABLE TO TOPPLE DICTATORS SWIFTLY4 ,AL?\< ,]DOGAN /ILL SITS ON HIS ?RONE 9 ! PALACE HE BUILT = HIMSELF = OV] A BILLION DOLL>S1 ,GEZI WAS NOT A COMPLETE FAILURE1 AS IT OP5$ A NEW SPACE = JOYFUL REVOLT 9 ,TURKEY'S FUTURE4 ,SYRIA1 ANO!R C\NTRY ?AT ROSE UP DUR+ ! ,>AB ,SPR+1 SEEMS TO HAVE EXP]I5C$ A SIMIL>LY BITT]SWEET \TCOME4 ,BA%> ,AL ,ASSAD CRU%$ ! REBELLION 9 ! C5TRAL CITIES ( ,SYRIA1 :ILE ! P]IPH]Y WAS ?R[N 9TO A BRUTAL CIVIL W> ?AT OP5$ UP ! /AGE = JIHADI/ GR\PS FROM ,IRAQ & ELSE:]E TO >RIVE & EV5TUALLY CONV]GE UND] ! BANN] ( ,I,S,I,S4 

,! SILV] L9+ 9 ,SYRIA WAS SUPPLI$ BY ! ,KURDS 9 ,ROJAVA1 :O HAD BE5 ORGANIZ+ CL&E/9ELY = DECADES TO SUPPORT ! ,P,K,K 9 ! NOR? & TO E/ABLI% !IR [N POLITICAL & MILIT>Y /RUCTURES4 ,AS 9 ,TURKEY1 ! ,ASSAD REGIME DID NOT P]MIT ! EXPRESSION ( ! ,KURDI% ID5TITY OR $UCATION 9 ! MO!R TONGUE1 UND]SCOR+ ! SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ,KEMALISM & ,BAA?ISM4 ,A MASSACRE 9 ! CITY ( ,QAMI%LO1 9 :I* ! ,SYRIAN REGIME KILL$ #eb PEOPLE AFT] A SOCC] RIOT ON ,M>* #a#b1 #b#d1 IS (T5 CIT$ AS ! =EBE> ( ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION4 ,! MA9 ,KURDI% POLITICAL P>TY1 ! ,P,Y,D1 IS = ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES ! SI/] ORGANIZATION ( ! ,P,K,K2 ,OCALAN'S PORTRAIT IS UBIQUIT\S 9 ,ROJAVA4 

,! ,P,Y,D & O!RS ORGANIZ$ UND] ! BANN] ( ,TEV-,DEM 7,MOVEM5T = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY7 TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! APPROA*+ 9/ABILITY 9 ,SYRIA TO DECL>E AUTONOMY ON ,JULY #a#i1 #b#a#b4 ,IT WAS A RELATIVELY SMOO? OP]ATION1 AS PREP>ATORY MEET+S HAD ALREADY TAK5 PLACE 9 MOSQUES ?R\<\T ! REGION3 MORE ( A TAKEOV] ?AN A BATTLE4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO ?REE CANTONS RUNN+ ALONG ! ,TURKI% BORD]1 SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R BY PRIM>ILY ,>AB REGIONS4 ,!SE CANTONS >E ,AFR9 9 ! WE/1 ,KOBANE 9 ! C5T]1 & ,CIZIRE 9 ! ,EA/4 ,IT WAS ALMO/ UNBELIEVABLE ?AT AFT] DECADES ( FI<T+1 ! ,KURDS--N[ 9 PURSUIT ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM--HAD CLAIM$ !IR [N T]RITORY4 

,OCALAN'S ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY & ,CONF$]ALISM IS ! VISION BE+ IMPLEM5T$ 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,AUTONOMY1 ECOLOGY1 & WOM5'S LIB]ATION >E ! ?REE C5TRAL PO9TS ( EMPHASIS4 ,! MO/ BASIC UNIT ( ?IS NEW SOCIETY IS ! COMMUNE4 ,COMMUNES EXI/ FROM ! NEI<BORHOOD LEVEL TO WORKPLACES 9CLUD+ SMALL PETROLEUM REF9]IES & AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES4 ,!RE >E COMMUNES SPECIFIC TO WOM51 SU* AS ! ,WOM5'S ,H\SES4 ,ALL !SE COMMUNES >E ORGANIZ$ 9TO ASSEMBLIES ?AT GO UP TO ! CANTONAL LEVEL4 ,! CURR5T ECONOMIC MODEL 9 ,ROJAVA IS MIX$3 !RE >E PRIVATE1 /ATE1 & COMMUNAL PROP]TIES4 ,9 ! ,ROJAVA ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT 7SOME?+ AK9 TO !IR CON/ITUTION71 PRIVATE PROP]TY IS NOT FULLY DISQUALIFI$1 BUT IT IS SAID ?AT !RE WILL BE LIMITS IMPOS$ UPON IT4 ,IT IS A SOCIETY /ILL 9 TRANSITION2 SO F>1 IT IS MU* MORE ANTI-/ATE ?AN ANTI-CAPITALI/1 BUT IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT !RE IS A /RONG ANTI-CAPITALI/ PU% FROM )94 ,TIME WILL %[ H[ F> ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ,ROJAVA >E WILL+ TO TAKE IT4 

,! REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA IS A WOM5'S REVOLUTION2 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T = LIB]ATION PLACES WOM5'S LIB]ATION ABOVE ANY?+ ELSE4 ,9 ADDITION TO HAV+ !IR [N >MY & AUTONOM\S WOM5-ONLY ORGANIZATIONS1 ALMO/ EV]Y ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE FROM ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS TO ! >M$ ,P,K,K =MATIONS IS RUN BY CO-*AIRMAN%IP ( A MAN & A WOMAN4 ,QUOTAS >E IMPOS$ = MEMB]%IPS & O!R POSITIONS1 SO ?AT EQUAL P>TICIPATION FROM BO? G5D]S IS 5SUR$4 ,M>* #h1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY1 IS TAK5 V]Y S]I\SLY BY ,KURDI% WOM51 & EV5 MORE SO N[ ) ! WOM5'S RESI/ANCE EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,Y,P,J 7,WOM5'S DIVISION ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEF5SE ,UNITS--! ,Y,P,G74 ,9 HIS WRIT+S1 ,OCALAN RECOGNIZES PATRI>*Y & ! SEP>ATION ( G5D]S AS ! FIR/ SOCIAL PROBLEM 9 HI/ORY4 ,P]HAPS P>ADOXICALLY1 MANY ,KURDI% WOM5 MILITANTS ATTRIBUTE !IR LIB]ATION TO ,OCALAN & HIS ?\<T4 

,! ,FI<T]S 

  

,EV5 ?\< ! ,KURDI% SEIZURE ( P[] 9 ,ROJAVA W5T SMOO?LY1 ! HONEYMOON WAS BRIEF4 ,AFT] CAPTUR+ A L>GE AM\NT ( MILIT>Y MA*9]Y FROM ,MOSUL ON ,JUNE #a1 #b#a#d1 ,I,S,I,S PU%$ NOR? 9 ,IRAQ & 9 ,SYRIA4 ,) ITS ADVANCE CAME /ORIES ( MASSACRES1 5SLAVEM5T1 DISPLACEM5T1 & RAPE4 ,A MON? & A HALF LAT]1 9 ,AUGU/1 ,I,S,I,S REA*$ ! ,YAZIDI POPULATION1 A NON-,MUSLIM ,KURDI% SPEAK+ COMMUNITY NE> ! ,S9J> ,M\NTA9S1 :]E !Y KILL$ ?\S&S & DISPLAC$ NE> #b#i1 PEOPLE1 #e1 ( :OM W]E /R&$ ON M\NTA9S )\T FOOD OR WAT]4 ,I,S,I,S FI<T]S SEEM$ ESPECIALLY KE5 ON WIP+ \T ?IS POPULATION BELONG+ TO A PRE-,ISLAMIC FAI? ) MANY ANIMI/IC ASPECTS1 :O HAD BE5 P]SECUT$ = C5TURIES AS DEVIL WOR%IP]S1 )/&+ MORE ?AN SEV5TY MASSACRES 9 !IR HI/ORY4 ,! ,IRAQI ,KURDI% ,REGIONAL ,GOV]NM5T LACK$ ! AGILITY TO 9T]V5E ) ITS PE%M]GA =CES--9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,P,K,K1 :O MOBILIZ$ RAPIDLY1 TRAVEL+ ACROSS ! C\NTRY FROM ITS MA9 BASE ON ! ,IRAQI-,IRANIAN BORD] 9 ,Q&IL4 ,9 COM+ TO ! RESCUE ( ! ,YAZIDI & >M+ & TRA9+ ?IS POPULATION = SELF-DEF5SE1 ! ,P,K,K GA9$ CR$IBILITY 9 ! REGION RUN BY ,B>ZANI & HIS ,K,D,P4 ,DESPITE ! T5SIONS BETWE5 REGIONAL ,KURDI% =CES1 ALL ! /ORIES & IMAGES ,I,S,I,S CIRCULAT$ ?R\< SOCIAL M$IA HAD ! EFFECT ( UNIFY+ ! ONCE DISP>ATE ,KURDS1 AS ! ,P,K,K_/,Y,P,G JO9$ ) ! ,K,D,P 9 AN UNEASY ALLIANCE4 

,( ALL ( ! ,KURDI% >M$ =CES1 ! ,Y,P,G IS ! NEWE/4 ,! PEOPLE'S DEF5SE =CES W]E =M$ %ORTLY AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 & !IR NUMB]S QUICKLY SWELL$ ) VOLUNTE]S JO9+ TO DEF5D ,KURDI% T]RITORIES FROM ,I,S,I,S4 ,?IS W>TIME MOBILIZATION IS ALSO SUPPORT$ BY CONSCRIPTION1 :I* HAS />T$ TO CREATE T5SION AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE :O >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 FI<T+ OR :O SAY !Y HAVE ALREADY DONE !IR MILIT>Y S]VICE ) ! ,ASSAD ,REGIME4 ,BUT BEYOND ?IS SIMM]+ PO9T1 9 PLACES SU* AS ,KOBANE1 ! ,Y,P,G & ! ,Y,P,J >E COMPRIS$ ( PEOPLE DEF5D+ !IR [N T[NS & CITIES4 

,KOBANE BECAME GR\ND Z]O 9 ! RESI/ANCE AS ,I,S,I,S CLOS$ 9 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 TAK+ VILLAGES ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY ?ANKS TO !IR REC5TLY OBTA9$ MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY4 ,I,S,I,S WAS ESPECIALLY KE5 TO CAPTURE ,KOBANE1 AS IT OCCUPIES ! MO/ DIRECT R\TE BETWE5 ! ,TURKI% BORD] & ! DE FACTO ,I,S,I,S CAPITAL ( ,RAQQA4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,KOBANE WAS ALSO ! LAUN*+ PO9T ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,! ,Y,P,G & ,Y,P,J (F]$ A H]OIC RESI/ANCE ) ! LITTLE FIREP[] !Y HAD1 MO/LY SMALL >MS SUPPORT$ BY ROCKET-PROPELL$ GR5ADES & ! HI<]-CALIB] ,RUSSIAN ,DU%KAS M\NT$ ON ! BACKS ( PICKUP TRUCKS4 ,AS !Y RETREAT$ FUR!R & FUR!R 9TO ! CITY PROP] ( ,KOBANE1 ! ,Y,P,G & ,Y,P,J REA*$ NE>-CELEBRITY /ATUS1 ?ANKS 9 P>T TO ! ,WE/'S ROMANTICIZATION & OBJECTIFICATION ( ,Y,P,J WOM5 FI<T+ ! BE>D$ HORDES ( ,I,S,I,S4 ,EV]YONE FROM PROM95T LEFTI/ ACADEMICS TO ,M>IE ,CLAIRE MAGAZ9E1 :O FEATUR$ ! ,Y,P,J 7TO ! SNICK]+ ( ,Y,P,J MEMB]S 9 ,KOBANE71 />T$ S++ ! PRAISES ( ! ,KURDI% FI<T]S4 

,ONE HAS TO ADMIT ! NEATNESS ( ! CONTRA/ ON ! ,ROJAVA BATTLEFIELD3 A FEM9I/ >MY C\RAGE\SLY RESI/+ MISOGYNI/ B&S ( FUNDAM5TALI/S4 ,APP>5TLY1 MANY FI<T]S )9 ,I,S,I,S BELIEVE ?AT IF A WOMAN KILLS !M1 !Y WILL NOT 5T] HEAV5 AS GLORI\S M>TYRS4 ,?IS BELIEF IS KN[N BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,Y,P,J & US$ 9 A =M ( PSY*OLOGICAL W>F>E ON ! FRONT L9ES4 ,! WOM5 ( ! ,Y,P,J MAKE IT A PO9T TO S\ND !IR %RILL BATTLE CRY1 A WELL-KN[N ,KURDI% EXCLAMATION ( RAGE OR SUFF]+ CALL$ ZILGIT1 BE=E !Y 5T] 9TO BATTLE ) ,I,S,I,S4 ,!Y >E MAK+ SURE ! JIHADI/S KN[ !Y >E AB\T TO BE S5T TO HELL4 

,HUNDR$S ( ,KURDS FROM ,TURKEY CROSS$ ! BORD] TO JO9 ! ,Y,P,G =CES DEF5D+ ,KOBANE ALONGSIDE ,P,K,K GU]RILLA UNITS ?AT MOV$ 9TO ! REGION4 ,TURKI% LEFTI/S ALSO />T$ MAK+ ! J\RNEY1 BECOM+ M>TYRS !MSELVES4 ,9 ONE CASE1 ,SUPHI ,NEJAT ,AGIRNASLI1 A SOCIOLOGY /UD5T AT ONE ( ! MO/ PRE/IGI\S UNIV]SITIES 9 ,I/ANBUL1 9FLU5C$ 9 HIS [N WRIT+S BY ! ,FR5* J\RNAL ,TIQQUN1 W5T TO ,ROJAVA ONLY TO BE M>TYR$ AFT] A FEW WEEKS4 ,! NOM DE GU]RE HE HAD *OS5 WAS ,P>AMAZ ,KIZILBAS1 A SYN!SIS ( ! NAME ( A WELL-KN[N ,>M5IAN SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>Y EXECUT$ BY ! ,OTTOMONS & ! ,ALEVI FAI?1 HI/ORICALLY REPRESS$ 9 ,TURKEY4 ,?IS EXEMPLIFIES ! *>ACT] ( SOLID>ITY 9 ! REGION3 A ,TURKI% REVOLUTION>Y1 ASSUM+ ! NAME ( AN ,>M5IAN ONE1 GO+ TO DEF5D ! ,KURDI% REVOLUTION4 

,AS REPORT$ 9 ! ,WE/]N M$IA1 MANY ,AM]ICANS & ,EUROPEANS ALSO MADE ! J\RNEY TO JO9 ! RANKS ( FI<T]S 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,SOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! ,Y,P,G OR ,Y,P,J2 O!RS JO9$ O!R UNITS1 SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,FRE$OM ,=CES 7,B,O,G71 COMPRIS$ ( COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,AP>T FROM 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>IES >RIV+ 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION1 !RE >E ALSO EX-MILIT>Y OR MILIT>Y WANNABES FROM ! ,U,K OR ! ,U,S :O BELIEVE ?AT ! W> AGA9/ ,ISLAMIC EXTREMI/S ?AT !Y W]E TRICK$ \T ( BY CORRUPT ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5TS HAS F9ALLY >RIV$4 ,SOME ( !SE 9T]NATIONALS HAVE />T$ TO W>M TO ! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY AS PRACTIC$ BY !IR COMRADES-9->MS2 O!RS QUICKLY GOT \T1 REALIZ+ !Y W]E AMONG 0A BUN* ( R$S40 

,! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>IES FI<T+ ALONGSIDE !IR ,KURDI% COMRADES WILL RETURN TO !IR HOMEL&S ) /RATEGIC EXP]I5CE 9 ! BATTLEFIELD & A R5EW$ S5SE ( 9SPIRATION & P]SPECTIVE ON :AT IS POSSIBLE :5 PEOPLE COMMIT !MSELVES TO LIB]ATION4 

,9 ! MIDDLE ( FALL #b#a#d1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ,KOBANE WAS AB\T TO FALL4 ,SOLID>ITY DEMON/RATIONS W]E HELD GLOBALLY4 ,RIOTS %OOK ,TURKEY TO PRESSURE ,]DOGAN TO /OP SUPPORT+ ,I,S,I,S4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 MEET+S W]E HELD BETWE5 ! REGIONAL P[]S TO FIGURE \T A RESPONSE4 ,Y,P,G MEMB]S 9 ,KOBANE REC\NT ?AT IT APPE>$ TO BE A MATT] ( H\RS BE=E ! CITY W\LD FALL2 !Y RETREAT$ TO A C5TRAL P>T ( ! CITY1 GA!R+ !IR AMMUNITION TO BE DE/ROY$ RA!R ?AN CAPTUR$ BY ,I,S,I,S4 ,IT WAS AT ?AT MOM5T1 RA!R ?AN A MON? E>LI] :5 ,I,S,I,S HAD NOT EV5 5T]$ ! CITY1 ?AT ! MU*-PROMIS$ ,U,S & ,FR5* AIR/RIKES F9ALLY BEGAN 9 E>NE/4 

,BEYOND A D\BT1 )\T ?AT A]IAL SUPPORT1 ! M9IMALLY->M$ ,Y,P,G =CES W\LD NOT HAVE EM]G$ VICTORI\S4 ,! FACT ?AT ! BOMB>DM5T CAME AT ! V]Y LA/ POSSIBLE M9UTE %[S ?AT1 ASIDE FROM :ATEV] BACKROOM NEGOTIATIONS & DEALS W]E TAK+ PLACE1 ,N,A,T,O C\NTRIES DID NOT WANT AN ,I,S,I,S VICTORY2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y APP>5TLY WANT$ ! ,KURDS TO 9H]IT A COMPLETELY DE/ROY$ CITY4 

,N,A,T,O ASSI/ANCE 9 ! ,KURDI% SELF-DEF5SE IS A T\*Y SUBJECT1 TO SAY ! LEA/--ESPECIALLY CONSID]+ ?AT ! CAPTURE ( ,OCALAN WAS UND]/OOD AS A ,N,A,T,O OP]ATION4 ,:5 ?IS REALITY IS BR\<T UP AMONG ,Y,P,G MEMB]S 9 ,KOBANE1 !Y FIR/ JOKE AB\T 0,COMRADE ,OBAMA40 ,PU%$ FUR!R1 !Y PO9T \T ?AT :ILE ! ,U,S & ,ISRAEL >E BAD1 !Y >5'T NE>LY AS BAD AS ! ,>AB ,REGIMES4 ,BUT REALLY1 AT ! 5D ( ! DAY1 IT IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( SURVIVAL4 ,IDEALLY1 ! ,Y,P,G W\LD BE ABLE TO OBTA9 ! NECESS>Y WEAPONRY TO M\NT !IR [N DEF5SE2 BUT LACK+ ?AT1 IF ! QUE/ION IS BETWE5 IDEOLOGICAL PURITY & SURVIVAL1 ! *OICE SEEMS CLE>4 

,KOBANE 

  

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ITS LIB]ATION FROM ,I,S,I,S1 ,KOBANE WAS A W>-TORN RU9 9 :I* MO/ BUILD+S HAD LO/ !IR UPP] FLOORS TO >TILL]Y FIRE4 ,A]IAL BOMB>DM5T BY COALITION =CES ALSO DID SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE4 ,MAHMUD1 A FRI5D & COMRADE FROM ,KOBANE1 %[$ ME >\ND ! CITY HE HAD NEV] LEFT 9 HIS LIFE2 HIS EYES FILL$ ) TE>S AS HE REMEMB]$ ALL HIS FRI5DS :O DI$ 9 ?OSE /REETS4 ,WE W]E WALK+ 9 A <O/ T[N :]E ! ONLY PEOPLE WE SAW W]E FI<T]S OR ! SMALL NUMB] ( HOLD\TS :O HAD /AY$ BEH9D OR JU/ RETURN$ FROM REFUGEE CAMPS 9 ,TURKEY4 ,!Y C\LD BE SE5 DIGG+ ?R\< ! RUBBLE1 TRY+ TO SALVAGE ANY?+ FROM ! WRECKAGE4 ,UNEXPLOD$ MUNITIONS & BOOBY TRAPS LEFT BEH9D BY ,I,S,I,S CONT9U$ TO KILL EV5 AFT] !IR DEP>TURE1 ) AT LEA/ T5 DEAD 9 ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS FOLL[+ ! CITY'S LIB]ATION4 ,DESPITE ! HI< TOLL PAID BY ! ,KURDS--! NUMB] ( FI<T]S KILL$ WAS ABOVE #b--!RE WAS A S5SE ( EXCITEM5T & VICTORY 9 ! AIR1 AS NEWS CAME 9 DAILY ( ,I,S,I,S UNITS BE+ PU%$ BACK FUR!R & FUR!R4 

,MAHMUD IS ONE ( ?REE BRO!RS1 ALL ( :OM >E MEMB]S ( ! ,Y,P,G 9 ONE ROLE OR ANO!R4 ,LIKE PRACTICALLY ALL ( ! ,Y,P,G :O HAVE BE5 ?R\< ! CONFLICT1 !Y HAVE %RAPNEL 9 !IR BODIES & HE>+ LOSS FROM EXPLOSIONS & GUNFIRE4 ,AN EXP]I5C$ MA*9I/ BY TRA9+1 HE F\ND A ROLE 9 ! RANKS AS A GUNSMI?--NOT ONLY FIX+ WEAPONS1 BUT ALSO MANUFACTUR+ NEW DESIGNS1 ESPECIALLY LONG-RANGE SNIP] RIFLES4 ,YET HE WAS ONLY ABLE TO PLAY ?IS P>T UNTIL ,I,S,I,S 5T]$ ! CITY LIMITS ( ,KOBANE4 ,AFT] ?AT1 EV]YONE TOOK UP >MS TO FI<T1 9CLUD+ HIS #a#c-YE>-OLD %OP ASSI/ANT4 

,/ORIES ( H]OISM >E EV]Y:]E1 FROM ! SNIP] :O BLEW UP AN ,I,S,I,S TANK BY %OOT+ HIS R\ND 9TO ITS MUZZLE TO O!RS :O GALLANTLY CLIMB$ ON TOP ( ANO!R TANK TO ?R[ A GR5ADE D[N ITS HAT*4 ,/ORIES PILE UPON /ORIES AS ,MAHMUD TAKES ME ?R\< ! CITY /REETS1 N>RAT+ ! MON?S-LONG BATTLE ( ,KOBANE4 ,DUR+ ONE /RET*1 HE DIDN'T SLEEP = FIVE DAYS /RAI<T--NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E UND] CONSI/5T ATTACK1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE HE WAS SO AFRAID4 ,HE SAID ?AT AT ONE PO9T HE WANT$ TO DIE JU/ SO IT W\LD BE OV]4 ,FROM HIS PLATOON ( AB\T A HUNDR$ PEOPLE1 ONLY F\R >E /ILL ALIVE2 WE SP5D MANY H\RS LOOK+ AT PICTURES ( HIS FALL5 COMRADES ON HIS PHONE4 ,MANY ( ! ,Y,P,G HAVE SM>TPHONES1 9CLUD+ ,MAHMUD & HIS BRO!R ,>IF1 :O W\LD BE REPRIM&$ BY !IR COMM&] = *ECK+ ,FACEBOOK :ILE !Y W]E 5GAG$ 9 TR5* W>F>E4 ,HIS BRO!R ,>IF WAS A SNIP]4 ,BUT HE LEFT ! ,Y,P,G AFT] ! TRAUMA ( %OOT+ A COMRADE BY MI/AKE4 

,! /5* ( DEA? WAS /RONG 9 SOME NEI<BORHOODS1 ) BODIES /ILL UND] ! WRECKAGE & ! CORPSES ( ,I,S,I,S FI<T]S ROTT+ ALONGSIDE ROADS LITT]$ ) AB&ON$ TANKS DE/ROY$ BY ! ,Y,P,G4 ,TO PREV5T ! SPREAD ( DISEASE1 ! BODIES ( ,I,S,I,S FI<T]S W]E USUALLY BURN$2 BUT ! %E] NUMB] ( CORPSES MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO DEAL ) ALL ( !M4 ,EV5 SURR\ND$ BY ALL ?IS DEA? & C>NAGE1 JOYFUL MOM5TS W]E COMMON1 P]HAPS DUE TO ! NEWS ( ADVANCES >RIV+ FROM ! FRONT4 ,WE SP5T \R EV5+S HUNT+ *ICK5S ) ,M#a#fS = D9N]1 !N SMOK+ N>GILE AFT] N>GILE1 S++ >\ND A FIRE1 WAIT+ = ! SUN TO RISE OV] ! ,TURKI% BORD] 9 ! DI/ANCE4 

,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION FROM ,BORD]S 

  

,SURREAL AS IT WAS = ,U,S PLANES TO ASSI/ RADICAL LEFTI/ FI<T]S1 ! A]IAL BOMB>DM5T />T$ TO %IFT ! TIDE T[>DS ! ,Y,P,G AS !Y TOOK BACK T]RITORY FROM ,I,S,I,S BIT BY BIT1 EV5TUALLY PU%+ !M TO ! WE/]N BANK ( ! ,EUPHRATES & COM+ )9 #d KM ( ,RAQQA4 ,ON ,JULY #a1 #b#a#e1 JO9T OP]ATIONS BETWE5 ! ,FREE ,SYRIAN ,>MY & ! ,Y,P,G LIB]AT$ ,TELL ,ABYAD FROM ,I,S,I,S4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS WAS MULTIFOLD4 ,FIR/1 ?IS WAS ! MO/ COORD9ATION TO OCCUR YET BETWE5 ! ,F,S,A & ! ,Y,P,G1 P]HAPS APPEAS+ SOME ( ! CONC]NS ( ,SYRIAN REVOLUTION>IES :O REG>D ! ,KURDS AS PRO-,ASSAD4 ,SECOND1 AN IMPORTANT ,I,S,I,S BORD] ACCESS PO9T 9TO ,TURKEY WAS CAPTUR$1 CLOS+ A CORRIDOR !Y HAD BE5 MA9TA9+ 9TO ,SYRIA & ,RAQQA4 ,BUT P]HAPS MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY ( ALL1 ! TAK+ ( ,TELL ,ABYAD CONNECT$ ! ,EA/]N CANTON ( ,CIZIRE ) ,KOBANE1 CREAT+ AN UN9T]RUPT$ /RET* ( ,ROJAVA & BREAK+ ! ISOLATION ( ,KOBANE = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,! ,KURDS >E ONE ( ! MANY CASUALTIES ( BORD]S CROSS+ ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD--9 !IR CASE1 ! BORD]S DRAWN BY ,SYKES-,PICOT AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!SE BORD]S BETWE5 ,TURKEY1 ,SYRIA1 ,IRAQ1 & ,IRAN >E ! ONES ! ,KURDS >E ATTEMPT+ TO REMOVE1 & IT IS ?IS EXP]I5CE ?AT 9=MS !IR CRITIQUE ( BORD]S EV]Y:]E4 ,! ,KURDS >E (T5 M5TION$ AS A PEOPLE )\T A NATION-/ATE2 ! ,P,K,K L$ A NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE = DECADES1 & ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION /RUGGLE CAN /ILL BE CLASSIFI$ AS SU*--BUT NOT 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE4 ,IT IS ALMO/ LIKE NATIONAL LIB]ATION UPDAT$ = ! #b#a/ C5TURY4 ,BO? 9 ,TURKEY & 9 ,SYRIA1 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T IS TRY+ TO PROVIDE A COMMON FI<T+ PLAT=M = ALL OPPRESS$ PEOPLES1 LEFTI/ REVOLUTION>IES1 & O!RS--A COLLECTIVE ( PEOPLES !Y (T5 REF] TO AS 0! =CES ( DEMOCRACY40 ,?IS PLAT=M RESEMBLES ! 9T]COMMUNALISM ( ,HUEY ,NEWTON 9 ?AT IT PROMOTES SOLID>ITY & COMMON ACTION :ILE PRES]V+ ! AUTONOMY ( EA* CON/ITU5T4 

,?IS IS EVID5T 9 ! POLITICS ( ! ,H,D,P &1 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 9 ! SELF-GOV]NANCE /RUCTURES 9 ,ROJAVA--ESPECIALLY 9 ! EA/]N CANTON ( ,CIZIRE1 :]E ,KURDS1 ,>ABS1 & ,ASSYRIANS LIVE TOGE!R1 P>TICIPATE 9 COMMUNAL-SELF GOV]NANCE1 & MOBILIZE FI<T+ =CES )9 ! ,Y,P,G4 ,= A REGION PLAGU$ BY E?NIC DIVISION1 ! ,KURDI% PROPOSITION IS A ?IRD WAY4 ,?IS IS H[ !Y REF] TO !IR PROJECT TO CONTRA/ IT ) ! *OICE BETWE5 ,I,S,I,S & ! ,ASSAD REGIME ON ONE SIDE ( ! BORD]1 & BETWE5 ! ,A,K,P & ,TURKI% NATIONALISM ON ! O!R4 

,?IS PROPOSITION PRES5TS DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & SELF-GOV]NANCE VIA CONF$]ALISM AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE4 ,! ,KURDS >E NOT ! ONLY ONES ATTEMPT+ TO BREAK ! BORD]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,9 ADDITION TO ,I,S,I,S :O HAS SUCCESSFULLY R$RAWN ! MAP1 ,]DOGAN ALSO HAS HIS [N AMBITIONS UND] ! RUBRIC ( ! 0,GREAT ,MIDDLE ,EA/ ,PROJECT10 9 :I* ,TURKEY W\LD ASSUME ITS RI<TFUL ROLE 7NEO-,OTTOMANISM7 AS ! DOM9ANT REGIONAL P[]4 ,ALREADY TODAY1 MO/ ( ! =EIGN BUS9ESS 9 ,B>ZANI'S ,KURDI% ,REGION 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ IS ,TURKI% CAPITAL4 ,A /RONG ,P,Y,D & ,P,K,K 9 ! REGION W\LD BE AN OB/ACLE TO ?IS PROJECT4 

,ELECTIONS & A ,MASSACRE 

  

,= ?IRTE5 YE>S1 ! ,A,K,P HAS WON OV]:ELM+ VICTORIES 9 ,TURKI% NATIONAL ELECTIONS1 HOLD+ P[] AS A S+LE P>TY4 ,! ,H,D,P WAS ABLE TO H>NESS ANTI-,]DOGAN S5TIM5T ) A CLEV] POLITICAL /RATEGY DUR+ ! RUN-UP TO ! HI/ORIC ELECTIONS ( ,JUNE #g1 #b#a#e4 ,! ,TURKI% ELECTORAL SY/EM HAS A #a.0 ?RE%OLD3 UNLESS A P>TY RECEIVES #a.0 ( ! NATIONAL VOTE OR ABOVE1 IT CANNOT 5T] P>LIAM5T1 & VOTES CA/ = IT >E EFFECTIVELY VOID4 ,TO SIDE/EP ?IS1 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T HAS USUALLY RUN 9DEP5D5T C&IDATES :O1 AFT] W9N+ A SEAT1 W\LD BECOME P>TY MEMB]S4 ,:ILE ?IS RUN>\ND /RATEGY HELP$ TO GET AB\T ?IRTY-FIVE REPRES5TATIVES 9TO P>LIAM5T1 RECEIV+ MORE ?AN #a.0 ( ! VOTE W\LD SECURE AT LEA/ TWICE AS MANY POSITIONS4 

,! ELECTION ( ,JUNE #g PRES5T$ ! POSSIBILITY TO DISPLACE ! ,A,K,P & SABOTAGE ,]DOGAN'S AMBITIONS ( 9CREAS+ HIS P[]S BY MEANS ( CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES ?AT W\LD MAKE HIM ! ULTIMATE PATRI>* ( ,TURKEY4 ,SELAHATT9 ,DEMIRTAS1 ! Y\?FUL & *>ISMATIC CO-*AIRP]SON ( ! ,H,D,P1 MADE 0,WE WON'T LET HIM BECOME PRESID5T60 ONE ( HIS MA9 CAMPAIGN SLOGANS4 ,! HATR$ ( ,]DOGAN ?AT HAD CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,GEZI UPRIS+ 9T]SECT$ ) DISCONT5T OV] ,]DOGAN'S SUPPORT ( ,I,S,I,S & 5?USIASM 9SPIR$ BY ! RESI/ANCE ( ,KOBANE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,H,D,P SECUR$ #a#c.0 ( ! NATIONAL VOTE & #h ,M,PS1 CREAT+ A SITUATION 9 :I* NO S+LE P>TY C\LD =M A GOV]NM5T BY ITSELF & NECESSITAT+ ?AT A COALITION =M TO ASSUME P[]4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! >M$ ,P,K,K & ! ELECTORAL ,H,D,P IS DELICATE YET COMPLEM5T>Y4 ,! ,H,D,P MU/ /RIKE A DIFFICULT BALANCE3 !Y RECEIVE !IR LEGITIMACY 9 ! EYES ( ! ,KURDI% POPULATION AS ! ABOVEGR\ND W+ ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 BUT !Y ALSO NE$ TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES OCCASIONALLY 9 ORD] TO PLAY ! POLITICAL GAME SUCCESSFULLY ON ! NATIONAL SCALE4 ,]DOGAN & HIS CRONIES1 :O >E %REWD & AW>E ( ?IS1 /OKE ! FIRES :]EV] !Y CAN BY PITT+ ! ,H,D,P AGA9/ ! ,P,K,K & BO? ( !M AGA9/ ,OCALAN1 :OM !Y PORTRAY AS MORE LEVELHEAD$--AN EASY TASK1 :5 COMMUNICATION ) HIM IS CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE & NO ONE HAS HE>D FROM HIM 9 FIVE MON?S4 ,! ,H,D,P IS 9 A PREC>I\S POSITION AS A LEGAL & UN>M$ POLITICAL P>TY (T5 SUBJECT TO ! SAME REPRESSION AS ,P,K,K MEMB]S4 

,FOLL[+ ! ELECTION1 NO ONE C\LD WORK \T H[ TO CREATE A COALITION GOV]NM5T4 ,AS EV]YONE'S ATT5TION WAS FOCUS$ ON ! ELECTORAL /ALEMATE1 ,]DOGAN MADE IT CLE> ?AT HE W\LD PU% = E>LY ELECTIONS TO GIVE ! POPULATION ANO!R OPPORTUNITY TO BR+ ! ,A,K,P TO P[]4 ,!N CAME ! MASSACRE 9 ,SURUC4 

,IT WAS JU/ ANO!R DELEGATION ( Y\NG LEFTI/S FROM ,I/ANBUL TO ,KURDI/AN4 ,?IS ONE WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? ,ASSOCIATIONS ,F$]ATION ) ! GOAL ( GIV+ A H& 9 ! REBUILD+ ( ,KOBANE1 BR++ TOYS TO REFUGEE *ILDR51 & PLANT+ TREES 9 ! REGION4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #b1 #b#a#e1 ,S,G,D,F ORGANIZ$ A PRESS CONF]5CE AT ! ,AM>A ,CULTURAL ,C5T]1 ! DE FACTO CONV]G5CE C5T] = VOLUNTE]S TRAVEL+ TO ASSI/ ) ! REFUGEE CAMPS4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ?IS1 A SUICIDE BOMB] KILL$ #cd PEOPLE4 ,?IS MASSACRE %OCK$ ! :OLE C\NTRY1 SETT+ 9 MOTION A D[NW>D SPIRAL ( EV5TS4 ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ,]DOGAN CUT A DEAL ) ! ,U,S TO ALL[ !M USE ( ! ,TURKI% ,9CIRLIK ,AIR ,BASE AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S 9 EX*ANGE = !IR TACIT SUPPORT ( A NEW CAMPAIGN ( ANNIHILATION AGA9/ ! ,P,K,K4 ,SEIZ+ UPON ! MURD] ( TWO POLICE (FIC]S ! DAY AFT] ! BOMB+ = JU/IFICATION 7A RETALIATION LAT] EXPLICITLY DIS[N$ BY ! (FICIAL *ANNELS ( ! ,P,K,K71 ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T BEGAN A MASSIVE AIR CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,P,K,K POSITIONS 9 NOR!RN ,IRAQ & S\!A/]N ,TURKEY4 ,9 ADDITION1 RAIDS TOOK PLACE ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 RESULT+ 9 MORE ?AN #b >RE/S & CONT9U+ TO ?IS DAY4 ,SO BELLIG]5T W]E ! ACTIONS ( ! ,A,K,P ?AT !Y EV5 >RE/$ ONE ( ! 9JUR$ FROM ! SOCIALI/ DELEGATION BOMB$ 9 ,SURUC4 

,! ,A,K,P CLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS GO+ AFT] ALL ! EXTREMI/ T]RORI/S 9 ! C\NTRY3 ! ,P,K,K1 ,I,S,I,S1 & ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ GR\P ,D,H,K,P-,C 7,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PEOPLES ,LIB]ATION ,P>TY -- ,FRONT74 ,( !SE ?REE1 ! ,D,H,K,P-,C DOES NOT HOLD A C&LE TO ! O!RS 9 T]MS ( NUMB]S OR EFFECTIV5ESS2 IT SEEMS !Y W]E ?R[N 9 = GOOD MEASURE4 ,:ILE ! ,A,K,P & ,]DOGAN CLAIM 9 ! M$IA ?AT !Y >E ALSO GO+ AFT] ,I,S,I,S1 9 REALITY ?IS IS NO?+ BUT W9D[ DRESS+4 ,( ! #b$d >RE/$ BY ! 5D ( ,AUGU/1 LESS ?AN #e.0 W]E >RE/$ ON ALLEGATIONS ( BELONG+ TO ,I,S,I,S1 & MANY ( ?OSE W]E LAT] RELEAS$4 ,( ! BOMB+ CAMPAIGN TOTAL+ APPROXIMATELY #d AIR/RIKES1 ONLY ?REE T>GET$ ,I,S,I,S4 ,!SE AIR/RIKES >E T>GET+ ,P,K,K CAMPS1 ESPECIALLY ! C5TRAL ONE ( ,Q&IL--BUT CIVILIANS HAVE ALSO BE5 KILL$1 SU* AS T5 9 ! NE>BY ,IRAQI VILLAGE ( ,ZELGELE4 

,AL?\< ! ,SURUC BOMB+ T>GET$ ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T1 IT IS BE+ US$ AS AN EXCUSE TO DECIMATE IT4 ,AS ( ?IS WRIT+ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,TURKI% ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,ASSOCIATION MORE ?AN #dg CIVILIANS & #dg ,P,K,K GU]RILLAS HAVE BE5 KILL$4 ,! ,P,K,K IS HITT+ BACK H>D :]EV] IT CAN3 AS ( N[1 AT LEA/ #ib POLICEM5 OR SOLDI]S HAVE BE5 KILL$1 & #bd (FICIALS ( ! /ATE OR SECURITY =CES KIDNAPP$4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS REPRESSION1 ,KURDI% T[NS & CITIES ROSE UP ) DEMON/RATIONS & RIOTS 9 EV]Y S+LE T[N = MANY NI<TS 9 A R[4 ,! RESPONSE BY ! /ATE WAS BRUTAL2 M$IA PUNDITS OBS]V$ ?AT ! C\NTRY HAD REGRESS$ TO ! BLOODY #a#i#iS4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS C]TA9LY ! CASE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! /ATE1 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T HAS EVOLV$3 ,KURDS 9 MORE ?AN SIXTE5 T[NS TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE ( DECL>+ AUTONOMY FROM ! /ATE & BEGAN TO EMPHASIZE !IR RI<T TO SELF-DEF5SE4 ,!SE DECL>ATIONS W]E MET ) MORE BRUTALITY & >RE/S4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! T[NS ( ,SILOPI & ,CIZRE1 ! /ATE RESPOND$ BY US+ SNIP]S TO GO AFT] *ILDR5 & CITIZ5S :O W]5'T EV5 DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONFLICTS4 ,H\SE RAIDS & EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS SOON FOLL[$4 ,BOMB+S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE HAVE RESULT$ 9 CATA/ROPHIC =E/ FIRES1 9FLICT+ YET ANO!R =M ( ANGUI% ON ! REGION4 ,MANY T[NS 9 ! REGION >E /ILL DECL>$ SPECIAL SECURITY ZONES1 A DESIGNATION AK9 TO M>TIAL LAW2 CURFEWS & OP]ATIONS BY SPECIAL =CES >E WIDESPREAD4 

,A NEW E>LY ELECTION HAS BE5 CALL$ = ,NOVEMB] #a1 #b#a#e4 ,IT IS ALREADY CLE> ?AT ! RUN-UP TO ! NEXT ELECTION WILL RESULT 9 ESCALATIONS FROM ! ,A,K,P & ,]DOGAN1 :O HAS %[N ?AT HE IS WILL+ TO DO ANY?+ TO HOLD ON TO P[]1 EV5 ?RU/ ! C\NTRY 9TO CIVIL W>4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT HE WILL USE HIS EXECUTIVE P[]S TO PO/PONE ! ELECTION = A YE> ON ! GR\NDS ?AT !RE IS A SECURITY RISK = ELECTIONS TO TAKE PLACE4 ,! SUCCESSES ( ! ,KURDS ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,TURKI%-,SYRIAN BORD]1 !IR SM>T POLITICAL *OICES & H]OIC FI<T+ MANEUV]S HAVE PU%$ ! ,A,K,P & ,]DOGAN TO A BREAK+ PO9T4 ,IF ! CURR5T DRIVE = A TRULY FASCI/ POLICE /ATE IS ANY 9DICATION1 HIS FALL FROM P[] WILL BE AS BRUTAL AS HIS REIGN4 

,I AM 9SPIR$ BY ! P]SEV]ANCE ( ! ,KURDS :O >E ATTEMPT+ TO BREAK \T ( /ALE LEFTI/ DOGMAS :ILE /ILL 9SI/+ ON REVOLUTION4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( MILLIONS DOES NOT OCCUR OV]NI<T1 BUT !Y HAVE BEGUN TO IMPLEM5T NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS & /RUCTURES ?AT AIM AT ABOLI%+ ! /ATE & O!R HI]>*IES1 SU* AS M5 OV] WOM5 OR HUMANS OV] NON-HUMANS4 ,FROM MY OBS]VATIONS1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS /UBBORN MULTIG5]ATIONAL /RUGGLE HAS ! POT5TIAL TO TRANS=M ! WORLD'S MO/ SECT>IAN REGION 9TO AUTONOM\S ZONES ( COOP]ATION & SOLID>ITY4 ,AS LONG AS !Y >E ABLE TO SURVIVE ,I,S,I,S & ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE & CONT9UE CON/RUCT+ !IR REVOLUTION FROM BEL[1 !Y WILL HAVE MU* MORE TO TEA* ?OSE ( US FI<T+ = LIB]ATION ELSE:]E4 

.<#a.> ,GEOGRAPHICALLY1 ,KURDI/AN IS DEF9$ BY C>D9AL DIRECTIONS4 ,SO WE/]N ,KURDI/AN1 :I* IS 9 NOR!RN ,SYRIA1 IS CALL$ ,ROJAVA 7,WE/72 NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN1 :I* IS 9 S\!A/]N ,TURKEY1 IS ,BAKUR 7,NOR?72 S\!RN ,KURDI/AN1 9 NOR!RN ,IRAQ1 IS ,BA%UR 7,S\?72 & EA/]N ,KURDI/AN1 9 S\?WE/]N ,IRAN1 IS ,ROJHELAT 7,EA/74 

.<#b.> ,KN[N AS ,ATATURK--! GREAT ,TURK--AFT] #a#i#c#d4 

.<#c.> ,AL?\< ,TURKEY HAS UNIV]SAL CONSCRIPTION1 IT ALSO HAS LAWS :I* P]MIT ONE TO PAY NE>LY @s#a1 TO BE EXEMPT FROM IT4 ,9 ADDITION1 ?OSE ) HI<]-LEVEL $UCATION >E (T5 ABLE TO L& SAF] POSITIONS4 ,?US ?OSE :O ACTUALLY FI<T ! W>S >E PR$OM9ANTLY POOR4 

.<#d.> ,MAHIR WAS KILL$ 9 A MILIT>Y RAID DUR+ ! KIDNAPP+ ( ,N,A,T,O TE*NICIANS ) ! DEM& ( FREE+ ,D5IZ & TWO O!RS :O W\LD ALSO BE EXECUT$1 ,HUSEY9 ,9AN & ,YUSUF ,KUPELI4 ,D5IZ WAS HUNG BY MILIT>Y RULE4 

.<#e.> ,AL?\< ,WE/]N LEFTI/S >E FASC9AT$ BY ! ,BOOK*9-,OCALAN CONNECTION1 IT IS NOT AS IF ,KURDI% MILITANTS >E WALK+ >\ND ) ,BOOK*9 UND] !IR >MS 9 ! REGION4 ,SURE1 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM RESEMBLES LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES1 BUT PO9T+ TO ,BOOK*9 AS ! IDEOLOGICAL =EFA!R REEKS ( ,EUROC5TRISM4 

.<#f.> ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT ,MUSLIMS W]E SUBJECT$ TO A CONS]VATIVE SECUL>ISM 9 ,TURKEY PRIOR TO ! ,A,K,P4 ,]DOGAN'S ELECTORAL SUCCESSES CAPITALIZ$ ON ! RESULT+ FRU/RATION4 

.<#g.> ,! WORD = 0,PATRIOTIC0 9 ,Y,D,G-,H IS YURTSEV]1 :I* MEANS MORE ACCURATELY 0ONE :O LOVES HIS OR H] HOMEL&40 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#b? ,OCTOB] #bb FROM HTTPS3_/_/CRIME?9C4COM_/#b#a#e_/#i_/#b#c_/FEATURE-UND]/&+-!-KURDI%-RESI/ANCE-HI/ORICAL-OV]VIEW-EYEWITNESS-REPORT47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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