,TWO WEEKS ?AT %OOK ,SPA9 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,FLOOD 

,TEXT 3 

,AS SOON AS AN ELECT$ LEFT- REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T TOOK P[] 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,SPA9 WAS HEAD+ T[>DS A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,! AN>*I/ PRESS REPEAT$LY W>N$ ( ITS APPROA*1 ! GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ BY ACCUS+ ! AN>*I/S ( TRY+ TO UND]M9E ! >MY4 ,ON ,MAY #a/ ! AN>*I/ ,C,N,T UNION HELD A NATIONAL CONGRESS 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 P>TIALLY TO DRAW \T ! LESSONS ( AN UPRIS+ TWO YE>S E>LI] & P>TIALLY TO PREP>E = ! COM+ REVOLUTION BY RE-UNIT+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & PROPOS+ AN ALLIANCE TO ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T UNION4 

,ON ,JULY #a#a? ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] WAS W>N$ ( ! COM+ C\P TO :I* HE REPLI$ 0,BY :I* Y\ MEAN Y\ >E SURE ! MILIT>Y WILL RISE8 ,V]Y WELL !N1 BUT = MY P>T ,I AM GO+ TO HAVE A LIE D[N04 ,LIKEWISE :51 SIX DAYS LAT]1 ! >MY ACTUALLY ROSE 9 ,MOROCCO ! GOV]NM5T CLAIM$ TO BE 9 CONTROL ( ! SITUATION4 ,!IR 9ACTIVITY C\LD BE EXPLA9$ BY TWO ?+S3 ON ! P>T ( ! LEFT !RE WAS A NAIVE TRU/ 9 ! LOYALTY ( ! >MY1 A BELIEF ?AT IT WAS LOYAL TO ! AB/RACT NOTION ( ! ,SPANI% /ATE RA!R ?AN TO ! WI%ES ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 

,?IS IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! 9ITIAL REACTIONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES :O ISSU$ A JO9T /ATEM5T ACCEPT+ ! GOV]NM5T'S VIEW ?AT IT C\LD CONTROL ! >MY1 & SAY+ IF !IR HELP WAS NE$$ !N !IR =CES W\LD FOLL[ ! GOV]NM5T'S COMM&4 ,SO BY ! TIME ( ! RIS+ 9 ,SPA9 PROP] ON ! #a#i? NEI!R ! LEFT P>TIES NOR ! /ATE HAD MADE ANY PREP>ATIONS BESIDES ASK+ ! >MY = LOYALTY4 

,!RE WAS ALSO A SECOND EXPLANATION4 ,?AT IS ?AT ! /ATE WAS FULLY AW>E ?AT L>GE SECTIONS ( ! >MY W]E DISLOYAL1 BUT WAS UNWILL+ TO TAKE ! /EP ( RELEAS+ >MS TO ! UNIONS 9 ORD] TO HEAD (F ! C\P4 ,?IS %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE TO AN>*I/S4 ,9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY ! /ATE HAD ALREADY *OS5 TO ACCEPT FASCISM RA!R ?AN RISK POPUL> REVOLUTION4 

,=TUNATELY 9 ,SPA9 ! AN>*I/S W]E /RONG 9 NUMB]S & ALREADY HAD A LIMIT$ QUANTITY ( >MS & PREVI\S EXP]I5CE ( REBELLION4 ,SO ON ! NI<T ( ! #a#h?_/#a#i? :5 ! >MY WAS TAK+ UP POSITION & ! LEFT WAS URG+ PEOPLE TO /AY AT HOME & RELY ON ! GOV]NM5T2 ! ,C,N,T WAS DECL>+ A G5]AL /RIKE1 S5D+ MILITANTS \T TO M\NT RAIDS = >MS 7FROM %IPS 9 ,B>CELONA H>BOR7 & ASK+ ACTIVI/S TO GA!R AT ITS C5T]S ) :ATEV] WEAPONS !Y HAD TO H&4 

,?IS MEANT ?AT AS ! REBELL+ TROOPS TOOK UP POSITION ON ! MORN+ ( ! #a#i? 9/EAD ( ! UN>M$ & PASSIVE POPULATION !Y HAD EXPECT$ TO FACE !Y F\ND ! WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS B>RICAD$ (F & T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S GA!R$ TO RESI/ !M4 ,FURI\S /REET FI<T+ WAG$ 9 ,B>CELONA :]E ! AN>*I/S W]E AID$ BY ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & LAT] ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,>MY /RONG PO9TS W]E GRADUALLY OV]-:ELM$ BY WAVES ( POORLY >M$ BUT H]OIC WORK]S1 ) ! BALANCE %IFT+ DECISIVELY 9 FAVOR ( ! WORK]S :5 AN >TILL]Y COLUMN WAS CAPTUR$ & ITS GUNS BR\<T TO BE> ON ! >MY /RONG PO9TS4 ,! AN>*I/S SUFF]$ MANY CASUALTIES1 9CLUD+ LEAD+ MILITANTS LIKE ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 BUT AT ! 5D ( #cf H\RS ! WORK]S CONTROLL$ ,B>CELONA4 

,ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA9 A COMMON PATT]N WAS SE5 OV] ! FIR/ FEW DAYS2 9 >EAS ( /RONG AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE :]E ! WORK]S MANAG$ TO OBTA9 QUANTITIES ( >MS ! >MY WAS DEFEAT$4 ,9 >EAS :]E ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AN>*I/S WAS WEAK & ! WORK]S TRU/$ 9 ! LEFT_/REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ! >MY TOOK OV] & BEGAN TO R\ND UP & EXECUTE AN>*I/S1 'R$S' & TRADE UNION ACTIVI/S4 ,9 >EAS :]E ! AN>*I/S W]E UNABLE TO SEIZE >MS1 LIKE ,Z>AGOZA1 DESPITE !IR GREAT] NUMB]S !Y W]E DEFEAT$ AS !Y WAIT$ 9 VA9 = ! LOCAL GOV]NM5T TO RELEASE >MS TO !M4 ,AS ! >MY WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ /RON<OLDS WORK]S SEIZ$ VEHICLES & =M$ COLUMNS :I* HEAD$ (F TO :]EV] ! FRONT-L9E AGA9/ FASCISM WAS1 !IR >RIVAL (T5 TIPP+ ! BALANCE & 5SUR+ ! DEFEAT ( ! >MY 9 ?OSE >EAS4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT1 9 ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ALONE1 #a#e1 WORK]S JO9$ ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS FROM ,B>CELONA4 

,AS MI<T BE IMAG9$1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FI<T+ WAS 9ITIALLY *AOTIC1 UNITS W]E COMPOS$ ( :OEV] HAPP5$ TO BE 9 ! UNION C5T]S AT ! TIME ( ! RIS+ &1 LAT]1 :OEV] MANAG$ TO GET A PLACE ON ONE ( ! VEHICLES HEAD+ = ! FRONT4 ,:]E BREAKS 9 ! FI<T+ ALL[$ IT !SE COLUMNS BEGAN TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 MO/ COMMONLY 9 UNITS ( AB\T #a & ELECT$ (FIC]S TO CO-ORD9ATE BATTLE /RATEGY4 

,ALONGSIDE ! FI<T+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS BREAK+ \T4 ,DEFEAT+ ! FASCI/ UPRIS+ PUT ! WORK]S 9 CONTROL ( ! /REETS & ?IS CONTROL RAPIDLY EXP&$ TO 9CLUDE !IR WORKPLACES4 ,?IS REVOLUTION FL[$ FROM BEL[ & WAS C>RI$ ?R\< TO V>Y+ EXT5TS 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS & 9 DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES4 ,! FIR/ ORGANIZATIONS TO SPR+ UP W]E ! ,SUPPLY ,COMMITTEES1 SET UP 9 EA* ( ! WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS4 ,!SE OP5$ UP COMMUNAL RE/AURANTS1 S]V+ FOOD EXPROPRIAT$ FROM LOCAL %OPS4 ,LAT] !Y OBTA9$ SUPPLIES & MADE EX*ANGES BY S5D+ TEAMS TO ! M>KET G>D5S & LOCAL VILLAGES4 ,:]E !RE W]E %ORTAGES1 A RATION+ SY/EM WAS 9TRODUC$ & SOME FOODS RES]V$ = ?OSE ) SPECIAL NE$S4 

,ON ,JULY #b#h? ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,B>CELONA ,C,N,T ,UNIONS 5D$ ! G5]AL /RIKE & ASK$ WORK]S TO RETURN TO WORK4 ,NO DIRECTION WAS ISSU$ AS TO :AT =M PRODUCTION %\LD N[ TAKE BUT AS WORK]S RETURN$1 (T5 TO F9D ! BOSSES HAD FL$1 !Y SPONTANE\SLY COLLECTIVIZ$ !IR 9DU/RIES4 ,MANY 9DU/RIES HAD ALREADY SE5 A RETURN TO WORK & HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ 9CLUD+ RAILWAYS 7#b#a/71 BUSSES 7#b#e?71 WAT] & ELECTRICITY SUPPLY 7#b#f?7 & METAL PRODUCTION 7#b#f?74 ,AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ,JOSE ,PEIRATS DESCRIBES H[ 9DU/RY !N FUNCTION$ 0,EA* CONFISCAT$ 5T]PRISE WAS ADM9I/]$ COLLECTIVELY BY WORK]S & ! MO/ QUALIFI$ TE*NICIANS1 SUBJECT TO ! APPROVAL ( WORK]S 9 MASS MEET+S04 

,! EXT5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION WAS UNEV54 ,=EIGN MULTI-NATIONALS1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E FREQU5TLY NOT COLLECTIVIZ$ BUT 9/EAD JU/ PUT UND] WORK]S' CONTROL 7:]E ALL ! BOSSES' DECISIONS HAD TO BE APPROV$ BY ! WORK]S BUT ! WORK]S DID NOT MAKE ! DECISIONS74 ,9 O!R >EAS ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E /RONG 5\< TO OPPOSE COLLECTIVIZATION OR LIMIT ITS SPREAD1 AS !Y WANT$ TO LIMIT ! REVOLUTION TO NATIONALIZATION 7I4E4 /ATE [N]%IP7 OR PREV5T IT ALTOGE!R4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! REVOLUTION WAS MORE F> REA*+4 ,! ABSOLUTE POV]TY & H>% OPPRESSION MO/ PEASANTS SUFF]$1 ALONG ) YE>S ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A & ! PRACTICAL EXAMPLES ( L& TAKE-OV]S & ! F\ND+ ( %ORT LIV$ 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES 9 PREVI\S YE>S1 RESULT$ 9 A MASSIVE SOCIAL EXPLOSION4 ,9 MANY >EAS MONEY WAS ABOLI%$ )9 H\RS ( ! REVOLUTION & MASS MEET+S CALL$ TO COLLECTIVIZE ! L&4 ,! EXT5T ( ! REVOLUTION V>I$ FROM REGION TO REGION BUT ONLY A M9ORITY *OSE NOT TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES 7& MANY ( !SE LAT] *ANG$ !IR M9DS74 ,BY ! 5D ( ! FIR/ C\PLE ( WEEKS ( ! REVOLUTION HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES W]E COLLECTIVIZ$ & >RANG+ DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD = ! FRONT & ! CITIES4 

,9 FACT MO/ COMM5TATORS AGREE ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ( ! REVOLUTION W]E ITS HI< PO9T4 ,A MASSIVE WAVE ( WORK+ CLASS CREATIVITY WAS RELEAS$1 DEAL+ ) A ?\S& DIFF]5T PROBLEMS4 ,BUT !SE WEEKS W]E ALSO ! LIMIT ( ! REVOLUTION1 AFT] TAK+ MO/ ( ,SPA9 & CONTROLL+ PRACTICALLY ALL ( PRODUCTION ! REVOLUTION /ALL$4 

,ON ,JULY #b?1 ! DAY ! WORK]S F\ND !MSELVES 9 CONTROL ( ,B>CELONA1 ,L\IS ,COMPANYS1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7REGIONAL GOV]NM5T7 SUMMON$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I TO HIS (FICE 9 ! ,PRESID5CY4 ,A DELEGATION 9CLUD+ LEAD+ ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I 7,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION7 MILITANTS LIKE ,SANTILLAN & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 7BO? ( :OM LAT] TOOK POSITIONS AS ,M9I/]S 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT & ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T RESPECTIVELY7 W5T TO MEET HIM4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PUT ON RECORD ! 9T]VIEW ?AT TOOK PLACE3 

0,COMPANYS RECEIV$ US /&+ UP & WAS VISIBLY MOV$ BY ! OCCASION4 ,HE %OOK H&S1 & W\LD HAVE EMBRAC$ US BUT = ! FACT ?AT HIS P]SONAL DIGNITY1 DEEPLY AFFECT$ BY :AT HE HAD TO SAY TO US1 PREV5T$ HIM FROM SO DO+4 ,! 9TRODUCTIONS W]E BRIEF4 ,WE SAT D[N1 EA* ( US ) HIS RIFLE BETWE5 HIS KNEES4 ,9 SUB/ANCE :AT ,COMPANYS TOLD US WAS ?IS3 

0,FIR/ ( ALL4 ,I HAVE TO SAY TO Y\ ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I HAVE NEV] BE5 ACCORD$ ! TREATM5T TO :I* !IR REAL IMPORTANCE 5TITL$ !M4 ,Y\ HAVE ALWAYS BE5 H>%LY P]SECUT$1 & ,I ) MU* SORR[1 BUT =C$ BY POLITICAL REALITIES1 ,I :O BE=E WAS ) Y\1 AFT]W>DS F\ND MYSELF OBLIG$ TO OPPOSE Y\ & P]SECUTE Y\4 ,TODAY Y\ >E ! MA/]S ( ! CITY & ( ,CATALONIA BECAUSE Y\ HAVE DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ MILIT>I/S1 & ,I HOPE ?AT Y\ WILL NOT TAKE (F5SE IF AT ?IS MOM5T ,I REM9D Y\ ?AT Y\ DID NOT LACK ! HELP ( ! FEW OR MANY LOYAL MEMB]S ( MY P>TY & ( ! GU>DS & MOZOS44440 

,HE PAUS$ = A MOM5T & CONT9U$ SL[LY3 0,BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT1 P]SECUT$ UNTIL ! DAY BE=E YE/]DAY1 TODAY Y\ HAVE DEFEAT$ ! MILIT>Y & ! FASCI/S4 ,I CANNOT !N1 KN[+ :AT1 & :O1 Y\ >E1 SPEAK TO Y\ O!R ?AN ) S9C]ITY4 ,Y\ HAVE WON1 & EV]Y?+ IS 9 Y\R H&S- IF Y\ DO NOT NE$ ME NOR WI% ME TO REMA9 AS ,PRESID5T ( ,CATALONIA1 TELL ME N[1 & ,I WILL BECOME ONE SOLDI] MORE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 Y\ BELIEVE ?AT 9 ?IS POSITION1 :I* ONLY AS A DEAD MAN W\LD ,I HAVE AB&ON$ IF ! FASCI/S HAD TRIUMPH$1 ,I ) ! M5 ( MY P>TY1 MY NAME & MY PRE/IGE1 CAN BE ( USE 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 :I* HAS 5D$ SO WELL TODAY 9 ! CITY .<,B>CELONA.> BUT :I* WILL 5D WE KN[ NOT H[ 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 Y\ CAN C\NT ON ME & ON MY LOYALTY AS A MAN & AS A POLITICIAN :O IS CONV9C$ ?AT TODAY A :OLE PA/ ( %AME IS DEAD & :O DESIRES S9C]ELY ?AT ,CATALONIA %\LD PLACE H]SELF AT ! HEAD ( ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE C\NTRIES 9 SOCIAL MATT]S40 

,ESS5TIALLY ! ,C,N,T AGRE$ ) ,COMPANYS & - 9/EAD ( COMPLET+ ! REVOLUTION BY COLLECTIVIZ+ ALL 9DU/RY1 ABOLI%+ ! /ATE & DISMANTL+ ITS REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS - IT CALL$ A TRUCE ) ! /ATE 9 ! NAME ( 0ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY0 & ACCEPT$ P>TIAL COLLECTIVIZATION :]E ! /ATE CONTROLL$ ! TOP LEVELS ( DECISION MAK+4 ,AS AN>*I/S !Y KNEW ?AT ! /ATE & ! REVOLUTION C\LD NOT COEXI/ = LONG & ?AT ! CONT9U$ SURVIVAL ( ! /ATE MEANT ! DEA? ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT !Y BELIEV$ !Y HAD NO ALT]NATIVE1 OR RA!R ?AT ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE WAS AN 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP04 

,AN>*I/S TODAY /ILL >GUE AB\T ?IS BUT !RE IS A GOOD CASE = SAY+ IF ! ,C,N,T HAD *OS5 A DIFF]5T PA? !N EV5TS W\LD HAVE TURN$ \T QUITE DIFF]5TLY4 ,AS IT WAS1 ! /ATE WAS TO DE/ROY ! REVOLUTION OV] ! NEXT YE> & 9 DO+ SO LOSE ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM ANYWAY4 ,ONE EXAMPLE ( ! ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITIES WAS ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD ! ABILITY & PLANS TO SEIZE ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% GOLD RES]VE 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! W> & IF !Y HAD DONE SO MU* ( ?IS C\LD HAVE BE5 US$ TO BUY >MS 9 ! SIX WEEKS BE=E ! ,NON-,9T]V5TION ,PACT CAME 9TO EFFECT4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE PROVID$ ! MILITIAS ) ! DESP]ATELY NE$$ WEAPONS & AMMUNITION TO FI<T A PROTRACT$ W> AGA9/ DUG-9 SOLDI]S4 ,9/EAD ! ,C,N,T 5D$ UP GU>D+ ! GOLD = ! /ATE & WAT*+ MO/ ( IT S5T TO ,RUSSIA1 9 RETURN = WEAPONS :I* W]E ONLY PROVID$ TO ! REGUL> /ATE >MY1 :ILE ITS MILITIAS ON ! FRONT W]E />V$ ( >MS & AMMUNITION4 

,! AN>*I/S W]E RI<TLY AW>E ?AT ! REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE MADE BY !IR ORGANIZATIONS SEIZ+ P[] ON BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AL?\< !Y HAD AB\T #a4#e MILLION MEMB]S1 !RE W]E MANY WORK]S 9 ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T UNION ALSO1 & O!RS :O BELONG$ TO NO UNION4 ,BECAUSE ! DOM9ANT V>IETY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS AN>*O- SYNDICALISM 7:]E ! AN>*I/ UNION IS ! VEHICLE = *ANG+ SOCIETY71 NO O!R WAY =W>D WAS SE54 ,BUT NECESSITY IS ! MO!R ( 9V5TION & )9 A FEW MON?S NEW IDEAS DID />T TO EM]GE4 

,AN ORGANIZATION ( ,C,N,T & ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ,F$]ATION MEMB]S CALL$ ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS =M$4 ,!Y PO9T$ \T ?AT A ?IRD *OICE EXI/$3 ABOLI% ! /ATE1 SOCIALIZE ALL ! 9DU/RIES UND] WORK]S' CONTROL AT ALL LEVELS1 & ADM9I/] ! W> ?R\< ELECT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES FROM BO? ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T 7TO :I* >RANGEM5T !Y GAVE ! RA!R UN=TUNATE NAME 0JUNTA074 ,BE=E !SE IDEAS AB\T COMPLET+ ! REVOLUTION C\LD GR[ 9FLU5TIAL1 !Y W]E CRU%$ 9 ,MAY #aicg BY AN >M$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION SPE>HEAD$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?OSE :O SAW ! FILM ',L& & ,FRE$OM' WILL BE AW>E ( SOME ( ! DETAILS ( ?IS4 

,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION DID1 H[EV]1 LEAVE US ! F9E/ EXAMPLE ( AN>*ISM 9 PRACTICE4 ,!RE W]E ! POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS ( 9DU/RY @& ! L&1 & ! =MATION ( AN>*I/ FI<T+ UNITS UND] ! DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( ! MILITIAM5 & WOM5 9 !M4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT WAS ! LACK ( A NEGATIVE LEGACY - :]EAS ,L59ISM DE/ROY$ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION :5 IT TURN$ ON ! WORK+ CLASS & IMPOS$ ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T1 MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 & SUPPRESS$ ALL DEMOCRATIC DISCUSSION2 ! AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 DID NO?+ ( ! SORT4 ,!Y >E ! PRO( ?AT REVOLUTION DOES NOT HAVE TO BE DICTATORIAL4 ,9 AN AGE :5 CAPITALISM TRIES TO PRET5D ?AT !RE IS NO POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE TO IT1 ! EXAMPLE ( ,SPA9 CAN CONT9UE TO 9SPIRE US TODAY4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,TWO WEEKS ?AT %OOK ,SPA9 -- ,ADD$4 
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