,TWO ,ME?ODS ( ,TRADE-,UNION ,POLICY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #aig 7VOL4#a1 NO4#d74 
,S\RCE3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG3 ,SELECT$ ,POLITICAL ,WRIT+S1 $IT$ & 9TRODUC$ BY ,ROB]T ,LOOK] 
,TRANSLAT$3 7FROM ! ,G]MAN7 ,W4,D4 ,GRAF 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S ) SPECIAL ?ANKS TO ,ROB]T ,LOOK] = HELP ) P]MISSIONS4 
,COPYRI<T3 ,R&OM ,H\SE 7,C7 #a#i#g#b1 ,I,S,B,N_/,I,S,S,N3 #b#b#d#e#i#f4 ,PR9T$ ) ! P]MISSION ( ,R&OM ,H\SE4 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#d4 

,! NEW WAGE AGREEM5T ( ! PR9T]S' UNION \TW>DLY APPE>S NOT TO BE CONNECT$ 9 ANY WAY ) ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! ,MANNHEIM ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE1 BUT FOLL[+ UPON ITS HEELS IT CAN BE SE5 AS A DRA/IC COMM5T>Y ON IT4 ,! PR9T]S' TRADE UNION HAS LONG BE5 REG>D$ 9 ,G]MANY AS A PRIME EXAMPLE ( ! P[] & SUCCESS ?AT A PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION CAN A*IEVE 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E ONLY IF IT REMA9S 9 ! 'POSITIVE REALM' ( ! WORK]'S CURR5T 9T]E/S & C>EFULLY CLOSES ITS M9D TO 'ROMANTIC-REVOLUTION>Y' 5TICEM5TS4 ,?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY - FROM ITS CONSCI\S ACCEPTANCE ( ! PROVISIONS :I* ! REACTION IMPOS$ UPON IT ?R\< ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS1 RI<T UP TO ITS LATE/ WAGE AGREEM5T - ! ,G]MAN PR9T]S' UNION HAS BE5 ! CLASSICAL EMBODIM5T ( ?AT TRADE-UNION POLICY :I* PREF]S PEACE TO /RUGGLE1 SETTLEM5T ) CAPITALISM TO CONFLICT1 POLITICAL NEUTRALITY TO OP5 SUPPORT = ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 & :I*1 FILL$ ) SCORN = REVOLUTION>Y 'FANATICISM'1 SEES ITS IDEAL 9 ! ,5GLI% TYPE ( TRADE UNION4 ,IT HAS TAK5 A LONG TIME1 BUT N[ ! FRUITS ( SU* A POLICY HAVE BECOME OBVI\S TO EV5 ! MO/ %ORT-SI<T$ ( P]SONS4 ,= DECADES ! SPL5DID /ATE ( ! TREASURY1 ! SECURE CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ! RELATIVELY FAVORABLE WORK+ CONDITIONS & ! LONG-LA/+ PEACE 9 ! TRADE SEEM$ TO BE ! BE/ TE/IMONY = ! PR9T]S' ME?OD4 ,TODAY1 BECAUSE ( ! NEW WAGE AGREEM5T1 ! :OLE SPL5DID $IFICE ALL AT ONCE APPE>S TO LIE 9 RU9S4 ,9/EAD ( A*IEV+ EXCEPTIONAL ECONOMIC SUCCESS1 ! PR9T]S1 DESPITE ALL !IR T5ACITY1 P]SEV]ANCE1 DISCRETION1 MOD]ATION1 & DESPITE ! SPL5DID /ATE ( ! ORGANIZATION & ITS FUNDS1 HAVE F9ALLY ALL[$ CAPITAL TO DICTATE SU* DISGRACEFUL CONDITIONS TO !M ?AT A G5]AL WAVE ( 9DIGNATION IS PASS+ ?R\< ! RANKS ( ! NORMALLY COLD-BLOOD$ SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 IF ONE WI%ES TO ASSESS CORRECTLY ! FIASCO (1 LET US SAY1 ! ,5GLI% ME?OD( TRADE-UNION POLICY 9 ALL ITS SIGNIFICANCE1 !N ONE MU/ COMP>E ! ,G]MAN PR9T]S' MO/ REC5T WAGE AGREEM5T ) ! ,RUSSIAN PR9T]S' LATE/ A*IEVEM5TS - A COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! FRUITS ( A DECADES-LONG WORK ( PEACEFUL ORGANIZATION & ! RESULTS ( ONE S+LE YE> ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL4 

,! PR9T]S' TRADE UNION 9 ,RUSSIA1 LIKE MO/ ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS1 IS COMP>ATIVELY NEW4 ,! MEMORABLE RIS+ ( ! ,PET]SBURG PROLET>IAT ON ,JANU>Y #b#bND1 #a#i#e1 & ! SUBSEQU5T S]IES ( MASS /RIKES :I* SEIZ$ ALL ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES & ALL ! TRADES 9 EA* CITY1 PROVID$ ! IMPETUS = A FEV]I% TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE 9 ALL >EAS1 & CONNECT$ ) ?IS1 = ! =MATION1 E/ABLI%M5T & 5L>GEM5T ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! 5L>GEM5T ( ! TRADE UNIONS PROCE$$1 & IS PROCE$+1 RI<T 9 ! MID/ ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 9 ! MID/ ( /REET BATTLES1 UND] ! REL5TLESS D[NP\R ( >RE/S1 JAIL S5T5CES1 TRIALS1 DISCIPL9>Y PUNI%M5TS1 AMID T]RIBLE UNEMPLOYM5T1 & DESPITE ! FREQU5T BUT*]Y C>RI$ \T BY ! LIC5TI\S SOLDI]Y4 ,! PR9T]S' TRADE UNION WAS BORN 9 ,PET]SBURG ON ,JULY #bND1 #a#i#e1 9 ,MOSC[ ON ,OCTOB] #c#a/1 & 9 O!R CITIES = ! MO/ P>T 9 ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( ! SAME YE>4 ,! NEW TRADE UNION1 LIKE ALL O!RS 9 ,RUSSIA1 CLE>LY BORE ! M>K ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y ANTEC$5TS4 ,9 ITS :OLE NATURE & ACTIVITY IT REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ITS CLOSE SPIRITUAL RELATION%IP ) ! REVOLUTION & ITS POLITICAL TASKS1 ) ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ) ITS G5]AL PROLET>IAN CLASS *>ACT]4 ,9 ,MOSC[ ! PR9T]S' G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,OCTOB] #aie WAS ! />T+-PO9T ( ! HUGE1 G5]AL MASS /RIKE :I* SPREAD FROM ,MOSC[ ACROSS ! :OLE ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE1 SWEEP+ AWAY ! COM$Y ( ,BULYG9'S ,DUMA & =CIBLY OBTA9+ ! ,CZ>I/ ,MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c?4 ,!REUPON IT WAS ! PR9T]S' TRADE UNION 9 ,PET]SBURG ?AT BORE ! ACTUAL CO/S ( BR++ AB\T FRE$OM ( ! PRESS :51 FOLL[+ ! ,OCTOB] ,MANIFE/O1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( REALIZ+ BY DIRECT ACTION1 NAMELY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OMS :I* HAD BE5 PROMIS$ ON PAP]4 ,IT WAS ACTUALLY ! PR9T]S' UNION ?AT1 DUE TO ! COMPLET5ESS ( ITS [N P[]1 DID AWAY 9 PRACTICE ) ! C5SOR%IP 9 ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE1 & 9 ?IS WAY WROTE AN IMMORTAL PAGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,EV5 AP>T FROM ?IS1 ! PR9T]S' TRADE UNION IS M9DFUL AT EV]Y /EP ( ! OV]ALL TASKS & 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION & ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS1 & ALWAYS GIVES !SE PRIORITY OV] ! N>R[] 9T]E/S ( !IR TRADE4 ,?US1 BY BOYCOTT+ REACTION>Y PAP]S1 ! PR9T]S HAVE FREQU5TLY 5T]$ 9TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9 AN EFFECTIVE WAY1 EV5 AT ! CO/ ( JEOP>DIZ+ !IR [N MAT]IAL POSITION4 ,& EV]Y G5]AL POLITICAL RIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT1 EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y & DEMON/RATIVE MASS /RIKE1 IS SUPPORT$ RESOLUTELY BY ! PR9T]S ?R\< G5]AL & LOCAL /RIKES4 ,LIKE O!R ACTIVE PROLET>IANS1 BUT TO AN EV5 GREAT] EXT5T1 ! PR9T]S 9 ,RUSSIA W]E TAK5 TO TASK1 IMPRISON$1 & MANY FELL VICTIM 9 ! /REET BATTLES4 

,! TRADE-UNION POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PR9T]S ?US REPRES5TS ! DIRECT OPPOSITE ( ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN UNION4 ,! =M] IS A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE ( BOLD 'REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICISM' 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY ?AT ! LATT] IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( ! ,5GLI% FANATICISM = SOCIAL PEACE4 ,N[ :AT IS ! SITUATION ) REG>D TO ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 ! PURE TRADE-UNION A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y-ROMANTIC ,RUSSIAN PR9T]S8 ,ALREADY 9 ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #a#i#e1 FOLL[+ HALF A YE> ( /ORMY TRADE-UNION /RUGGLES1 ! PR9T]S OBTA9$ A UNIV]SAL N9E-H\R WORK+ DAY1 9/EAD ( ! =M] CU/OM>Y TWELVE- OR EV5 ?IRTE5-H\R WORK+ DAY4 ,NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS1 H[EV]1 !Y CONT9U$ ! /RUGGLE UND] ! SLOGANS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM & F\<T = ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,9 A NUMB] ( CASES !Y HAVE A*IEV$ TOTAL VICTORY4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE !Y DONE ?IS )\T SUFF]+ A MAT]IAL LOSS 9 WAGES1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y !Y HAVE OBTA9$ SIMULTANE\S WAGE 9CREASES4 ,LET US TAKE ONLY A FEW EXAMPLES4 ,9 ! CITY ( ,SAM>A ! PR9T]S HAVE BR\<T AB\T ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 ALL PRIVATELY [N$ PR9T+ WORKS1 &1 TOGE!R ) ?IS1 A SIGNIFICANT 9CREASE 9 WAGES = PIECE-WORK1 IMPROVEM5T ( ! WORK%OPS1 REGUL> PAYM5T ( WAGES1 SICKNESS 9SURANCE ( HALF ! NORMAL WAGE = UP TO F\R MON?S1 &1 F9ALLY1 FULL PAYM5T ( WAGES = ! TIME LO/ DUE TO! /RIKE ?AT L$ TO ?IS SETTLEM5T4 ,9 ! CITY ( ,OREL ! PR9T]S OBTA9$ ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 A WAGE 9CREASE ( #b P] C5T1 A RISE 9 ! PIECE-WAGE BY #a P] C5T1 & ! CREATION ( AN >BITRATION >RANGEM5T 9 :I* !Y HAVE EQUAL REPRES5TATION4 ,9 ,ODESSA 9 ,MAY & ,JUNE ( #a#i#f1 FOLL[+ A G5]AL /RIKE1 ! PR9T]S A*IEV$ ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 &1 ALONG ) IT1 WAGE 9CREASES RANG+ FROM #a TO #d P] C5T & ! ABOLITION ( OV]-TIME4 ,9 ,YEKAT]9OSLAV ! PR9T]S' TRADE UNION DECID$ ?AT1 AFT] ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 ! NEXT TASK ( ! WAGE /RUGGLE W\LD BE ! COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( ! J\RNEYM5'S M$ICAL B5EFITS SY/EM 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! HEAL? 9SURANCE W\LD BE GRANT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! WORK]S1 BUT ?AT ! CO/S ( IT W\LD FALL EXCLUSIVELY TO ! BOSSES4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( ! CURR5T YE> ! PR9T]S' UNION 9 MO/ CITIES ( ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE MADE A NEW P[]FUL ?RU/ AIM$ AT BR++ AB\T ! EI<T-H\R DAY BY MEANS ( A G5]AL /RIKE1 &1 TOGE!R ) IT1 ! SIX-DAY WEEK = NEWS-PAP] PR9T+-WORKS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,MO/ ( !SE G5]AL /RIKES PROV$ TO BE EI!R :OLLY OR P>TIALLY SUCCESSFUL1 ) ! RESULT ?AT TODAY ! SIX-DAY WEEK HAS BECOME VIRTUALLY ! NORM 9 ! TRADE & ! EI<T-H\R DAY IS ON ! PO9T ( CELEBRAT+ ITS TRIUMPH4 

,NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS1 ! PR9T]S' TRADE UNIONS1 LIKE ?OSE 9 ALL O!R SPH]ES 9 ,RUSSIA1 HAVE MADE ONE ( ! MA9 GOALS ( !IR /RUGGLE ! RECOGNITION ( ! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES1 NAMELY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 9 EV]Y PLACE ( WORK4 ,!SE FACTORY COMMITTEES WILL BREAK ! BOSSES' MA/]-9-!IR-[N-H\SE ATTITUDE4 ,! MO/ /UBBORN & SELF-SACRIFIC+ BATTLES - AP>T FROM ?OSE = ! EI<T-H\R DAY - HAVE BE5 F\<T = RECOGNITION ( !SE DELEGATES ( ! WORK]S4 ,& 9 ?IS1 TOO1 ! ,RUSSIAN PR9T]S HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 MO/ CASES4 ,JU/ #a PRES5T A SAMPLE1 LET US QUOTE A FEW EXC]PTS FROM ! WAGE AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,MOSC[ PR9T]S & ! BOSSES3 

#a4 ,! QUE/ION AS TO H[ ! FACTORY IS TO BE SUBDIVID$ = ! ELECTION ( ! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES %ALL BE DECID$ 9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! FACTORY WORK]S4 ,! ASSEMBLY = ?IS PURPOSE %ALL BE CONV5$ UPON ! WI% ( ONE-T5? ( ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ! FACTORY1 & %ALL BE HELD 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! MANAGEM5T & *AIR$ BY A FREELY ELECT$ *AIRMAN4 

#c4 ,EV]Y FACTORY DEP>TM5T %ALL ELECT ITS [N REPRES5TATIVES1 ONE = EA* #e WORK]S 7OR FRACTION !RE(74 

#d4 ,ALL WORK]S ( EI<TE5 YE>S ( AGE & OV]1 )\T REG>D TO SEX OR L5G? ( EMPLOYM5T1 %ALL BE ELIGIBLE TO /& = ELECTION & TO VOTE 9 ! ELECTIONS ( DELEGATES4 

#h4 ,! FACTORY MANAGEM5T %ALL NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO DIS*>GE ! ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S PRIOR TO ! EXPIRY ( !IR T]M ( (FICE 7ONE YE>74 ,9 ! EV5T ?AT ! FACTORY MANAGEM5T 9T5DS TO DIS*>GE A DELEGATE IMM$IATELY UPON ! EXPIRY ( HIS T]M ( (FICE1 IT %ALL BE OBLIG$ TO COMMUNICATE ITS 9T5TION TO ALL ! WORK]S ONE MON? PRIOR !RE-TO4 

#i4 ,! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES MU/ BE GA9FULLY EMPLOY$4 ,!Y %ALL BE FREE TO DEP>T FROM ! G5]AL WORK+ REGULATIONS 9 ! EV5T ?AT ! DUTIES ( !IR (FICE SO REQUIRE4 ,! FACTORY MANAGEM5T MAY NOT MAKE ANY WAGE D$UCTIONS = SU* ACTIVITIES4 

#a4 ,! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES %ALL ATT5D ALL MEET+S BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! FACTORY MANAGEM5T1 EXCEPT 9 SU* CASES AS ! REPRES5TATIVES P]MIT ! FACTORY MANAGEM5T TO DEAL DIRECTLY ) ! WORK]S4 

#a#a4 ,! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES %ALL DECIDE COLLECTIVELY ON ! QUE/ION ( HIR+ & FIR+ EA* WORK] AFT] ! FACTORY MANAGEM5T HAS SUBMITT$ TO !M ! P]T95T FACTS4 ,:]E ! [N]S >E NOT SATISFI$ ) ! DECISION ( ! REPRES5TATIVE COMMISSION1 !Y MAY APPEAL TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( FACTORY WORK]S4 

#a#b4 ,! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES %ALL DET]M9E ! MAXIMUM NUMB] ( APPR5TICES P]MISSIBLE = EA* DEP>TM5T & = ! :OLE FACTORY4 

#a#c4 ,! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES %ALL 5SURE ! /RICT MUTUAL ADH]5CE ( ! LA/ AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! FACTORY DIRECTORATE4 

#a#f4 ,! WORK]S %ALL BE OBLIG$ TO SUPPORT !IR REPRES5TATIVES ) ALL !IR P[]4 ,9 ! EV5T ( A DISCIPL9>Y PUNI%M5T !Y MU/ SUPPORT ! SAME WAGE DEM&S1 /RIKES1 BOYCOTTS ETC41 AS !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 

#a#g4 ,! DELEGATES ( ! WORK]S %ALL FUNCTION AS ! FACTORY'S REPRES5TATIVES 9 RELATIONS ) O!R LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y %ALL BE OBLIG$ TO REMA9 9 ! CLOSE/ CONTACT ) ! LATT]1 & %ALL 9=M ALL ! WORK]S ( !IR FACTORY ON ! /ATE ( ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE 9 O!R 5T]PRISES4 

,?IS DOCUM5T BE>S ! SIGNATURE ( ! ',MOSC[ ,PR9T]S' ,TRADE ,UNION'4 ,& :5 ONE HAS LOOK$ AT ?IS DOCUM5T & HAS !N CONSID]$ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PR9T]S M5TION$ E>LI]1 ONE MI<T BE P]MITT$ TO ASK3 :O HAS A*IEV$ ! GREAT] ECONOMIC P[] - ! ATTACK+ COLUMNS ( ! ,RUSSIAN 'ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>IES' OR ! ,G]MAN LEVIES UND] ! ,REXHAUS5 FLAG ( SOCIAL PEACE8 

,TO BE SURE1 REVOLUTIONS & REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES CANNOT BE TRANSPLANT$ >TIFICIALLY1 BY MEANS ( 'GOOD 9T5TIONS'1 9TO A C\NTRY4 ,BUT ! EXAMPLES & LESSONS ( A NEI<BOR+ REVOLUTION>Y C\NTRY CAN AT LEA/ %AKE ! BELIEF ?AT TREAD+ S(TLY IS ! ONLY ME?OD ( A*IEV+ BLISS4 ,& WELL !Y %\LD4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,TWO ,ME?ODS ( ,TRADE-,UNION ,POLICY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,TWO ,ME?ODS ( ,TRADE-,UNION ,POLICY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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