,T[>DS ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY ( ,P[] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FELIPE ,CORREA 

,TEXT 3 

,! FOLL[+ PIECE BY ,BRAZILIAN AN>*I/ ,FELIPE ,CORREA REVIEWS CONTEMPOR>Y DISCUSSIONS ( P[] FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE & !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO A BROAD] !ORY ( P[] = UTILIZATION 9 BUILD+ ANALYSIS & /RATEGY4 ,TO AVOID CONFUSION ! >TICLE TITLE HAS BE5 *ANG$ TO REF] TO AN 0AN>*I/ !ORY ( P[]0 BUT WE HAVE PRES]V$ ! >TICLES USE ( ! PHRASE 0LIB]T>IAN !ORY ( POLITICAL P[]0 - AS \TSIDE ! ,U4,S4 ! T]M 0LIB]T>IAN0 HAS ALWAYS HI/ORICALLY BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*ISM4 

,P>T #a3 ,IBANEZ & ,LIB]T>IAN ,POLITICAL ,P[] 

  

,9 ?IS FIR/ >TICLE ( ! S]IES ,I WILL USE = DISCUSSION ! >TICLE 0,= A ,LIB]T>IAN ,POLITICAL ,P[]0 70,POR UM ,POD] ,POLITICO ,LIB]T>IO071 BY ,TOMAS ,IBANEZ .<"9.>4 ,9 IT - A %ORT >TICLE1 :I* DOES NOT EXCE$ MORE ?AN A FEW PAGES - ! AU?OR PLACES HIMSELF CRITICALLY 9 RELATION TO ! LIB]T>IAN APPROA* ?AT HAD BE5 MADE ! !ME4 ,! >TICLE BY ,IBANEZ WAS ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 AS A CONTRIBUTION = ! SEM9> 0,P[] & ITS ,NEGATION0 70,O ,POD] E SUA ,NEGACAO071 PROMOT$ BY ! ,C,I,R,A & ! ,C,S,L ,P9ELLI1 9 ,JULY ( #a#i#h#c4 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME1 = ! AU?OR1 AN>*ISM WAS 0TI$ TO ! RIGIDITY ( CONCEPTS & PROPOSALS CREAT$1 = ! MO/ P>T1 DUR+ ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES40 ,&1 = HIM1 TO DISCUSS ! QUE/ION ( P[] 9 DEP? W\LD BE A RELEVANT R5OVATION 9 ! !ORETICAL CAMP ( AN>*ISM4 

,! ,SEMANTIC ,PROBLEM ,) ,DISCUSSIONS ,AB\T ,P[] 

  

,ALREADY AT ?AT TIME ,IBANEZ ID5TIFI$ ?AT 0! POLYSEMY .<A WORD ?AT HAS MORE ?AN ONE MEAN+.> ( ! T]M 'P[]' & ! BREAD? ( !IR SEMANTIC SPECTRUM CON/ITUTE ! CONDITIONS = A DIALOGUE ( ! DEAF40 ,= HIM1 9 ! DISCUSSION AB\T P[]1 ! DISC\RSES OV]LAP & DO NOT >TICULATE ) ONE ANO!R4 ,& ?IS HAPP5S BECAUSE 0!Y DEAL ) PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T OBJECTS1 9 ! CONFUSION 9DUC$ BY ! REC\RSE TO ANO!R COMMON T]M3 P[]40 

,& SO ! ID5TIFI$ NE$ = 0\R DEF9+ ! T]M 'P[]'1 BE=E WE 9ITIATE ! DISCUSSION40 ,REG>DLESS ( SU* EF=TS1 ! AU?OR DID NOT BELIEVE IT TO BE POSSIBLE TO >RIVE AT AN OBJECTIVE & 'ASEPTIC' DEF9ITION ( ! WORD 0P[]10 S9CE 0IT DEALS ) A POLITICAL T]M LOAD$ ) MEAN+1 ALWAYS ANALYZ$ FROM A PRECISE POLITICAL LOCATION1 & ( :I* IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO HAVE A 'NEUTRAL' DEF9ITION40 

,P[] ,FROM A ,TRIPLE ,DEF9ITION 

  

,! FIR/ ELEM5T TO />T A DEF9ITION ( P[] IS ?AT1 )9 A LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE1 IT CANNOT BE CONSID]$ ONLY 9 A NEGATIVE MANN]3 09 T]MS ( NEGATION_/D5IAL1 EXCLUSION1 REFUSAL1 OPPOSITION1 CONTRADICTION40 ,= ,IBANEZ1 P[] CAN BE DEF9$ />T+ FROM ?REE 9T]PRETATIONS3 #a47 AS CAPACITY1 #b47 AS ASYMMETRY 9 P[] RELATIONS1 & #c47 AS /RUCTURES & ME*ANISMS ( REGULATION & CONTROL4 ,LET'S SEE1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR HIMSELF1 H[ ONE DEF9ES P[] 9 EA* ( !SE MEAN+S4 

#a4 ,P[] AS CAPACITY 

  

0,9 ONE ( ITS S5SES1 PROBABLY ! MO/ G5]AL & DIA*RONICALLY FIR/1 ! T]M 'P[]' ACTS AS AN EQUIVAL5T ( ! EXPRESSION 'CAPACITY TO'1 I4E43 AS A SYNONYM = ALL ! EFFECTS ( :I* A GIV5 AG5T1 ANIMAT$ OR NOT1 CAN BE ! DIRECT OR 9DIRECT CAUSE4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 P[] IS DEF9$ 9 RELATIONAL T]MS1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 9 ORD] = AN ELEM5T TO BE ABLE TO PRODUCE OR 9HIBIT AN EFFECT1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% AN 9T]ACTION40 

,?\<T ( 9 ?IS S5SE1 P[] C\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS 'HAV+ P[] TO' OR 'HAV+ P[] ='1 A CAPACITY = REALIZATION OR A POT5TIAL =CE ?AT C\LD BE APPLI$ 9 A SOCIAL RELATION4 ,?IS PLACES SOCIAL RELATIONS AS ! PREMISE ( ?IS DEF9ITION ( P[]4 ,?AT IS1 9T]ACTION BETWE5 SOCIAL AG5TS4 

#b4 ,P[] AS ASYMMETRY 9 P[] RELATIONS 

  

0,9 A SECOND S5SE ! T]M 'P[]' REF]S TO A C]TA9 TYPE ( RELATION BETWE5 SOCIAL AG5TS1 & ONE IS N[ ACCU/OM$ TO *>ACT]IZ+ IT AS AN ASYMMETRIC OR UNEQUAL CAPACITY ?AT ! AG5TS POSSESS TO CAUSE EFFECTS ON ! O!R POLE ( A GIV5 RELATION%IP40 

,:ILE /ILL AN*OR$ 9 P[] AS CAPACITY1 ?IS O!R MEAN+ ALL[S US TO ?9K ( ! ASYMMETRIES ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL =CES ?AT >E 5C\NT]$ 9 A P>TICUL> SOCIAL RELATION%IP4 ,!SE =CES1 ALWAYS ASYMMETRIC & UNEQUAL1 :5 9 9T]ACTION_/RELATION1 =GE ! EFFECTS OV] ONE OR MORE POLES1 AS EA* ONE ( !M POSSESSES A DI/9CT =CE &1 !RE=E1 A DI/9CT CAPACITY4 ,AGA91 IT AFFIRMS P[] AS A RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIAL AG5TS1 EA* ONE ( :I* HAS A DI/9CT CAPACITY TO CAUSE EFFECTS ON O!RS4 

#c4 ,P[] AS /RUCTURES & ME*ANISMS ( REGULATION & CONTROL 

  

0,9 A ?IRD MEAN+1 ! T]M 'P[]' REF]S TO ! MACRO-SOCIAL /RUCTURES & ! MACRO-SOCIAL ME*ANISMS ( REGULATION OR ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT SPEAKS ( '9/RUM5TS' OR 'DEVICES' ( P[]1 ( 'C5T]S' OR ( '/RUCTURES' ( P[]1 ETC40 

,CONCEIV$ ( 9 ?IS WAY P[] W\LD CON/ITUTE ! 0SY/EM0 ( A GIV5 SOCIETY1 ) REG>DS TO ITS /RUCTURES & ME*ANISMS ( REGULATION & ( CONTROL4 ,IT W\LD BE ! SET ( RULES ( A GIV5 SOCIETY1 :I* 9VOLVES BO? ! TAK+ ( DECISIONS = ITS E/ABLI%M5T & TO DEF9E ITS CONTROL1 AS WELL AS ! ACTUAL APPLICATION ( ?IS CONTROL4 ,A /RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY ?AT MAKES DELIB]ATIVE & EXECUTIVE 9/ANCES NECESS>Y4 

,:AT ,>E ! ,POSSIBILITIES ( A ,SOCIETY ,)\T ,P[]8 

  

,DEP>T+ FROM !SE ?REE 9T]PRETATIONS1 IT CAN BE AFFIRM$ ?AT 0TO SPEAK ( A SOCIETY ')\T P[]' CON/ITUTES AN AB]RATION1 :E!R WE POSITION \RSELVES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( P[]_/CAPACITY 7MEAN+ ?AT ONE W\LD HAVE A SOCIETY ?AT 'C\LDN'T DO' ANY?+871 :E!R WE POSITION \RSELVES AT ! LEVEL ( ASYMMETRIC RELATIONS 7:I* W\LD MEAN SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS )\T ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS871 OR BY POSITION+ \RSELVES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( P[] AS ME*ANISMS & /RUCTURES ( MACRO-SOCIAL REGULATION 7:I* W\LD BE A SY/EM :OSE ELEM5TS W]E NOT '=C$' BY ! SET ( RELATIONS ?AT DEF9E EXACTLY ?AT SY/EM ITSELF8740 

,!RE IS NO SOCIETY )\T SOCIAL AG5TS ) CAPACITY1 & !RE IS NO SOCIETY :]E ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS >E SYMMETRIC - ?AT IS1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL SOCIAL AG5TS HAVE ! SAME CAPACITY TO CAUSE EFFECTS ON O!RS1 9 ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS - OR )\T /RUCTURES & ME*ANISMS ( SOCIAL CONTROL & REGULATION4 ,?IS ALL[S US TO AGREE ) ,IBANEZ 9 RELATION TO ! ABSURD :I* MEANS1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! DEF9ITIONS PRES5T$ BY ! AU?OR1 SPEAK+ ( SOCIETY )\T P[]1 ( /RUGGL+ AGA9/ P[]1 ( 5D+ OR DE/ROY+ P[]4 

,IBANEZ BELIEVES ?AT 0P[] RELATIONS >E 9H]5TLY L9K$ TO ! SOCIAL FACT ITSELF1 !Y >E 9H]5T 9 IT1 IMPREGNATE IT1 CONTA9 IT1 AT ! V]Y 9/ANT 9 :I* !Y EMANATE FROM IT40,:5 DEAL+ ) ANY ASPECT ( ! SO-CALL$ SOCIAL CONTEXT1 IT CAN BE AFFIRM$ ?AT 9 IT EXI/ 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 DIV]SE ELEM5TS ?AT CON/ITUTE A GIV5 SY/EM4 ,= ! AU?OR1 BESIDES ?IS1 0!RE >E 9EVITABLY C]TA9 EFFECTS ( ! P[] ( ! SY/EM ON ITS ELEM5TS1 EXACTLY AS !RE >E ALSO EFFECTS ( ! P[] BETWE5 ! ELEM5TS ( ! SY/EM40 ,?AT IS1 P[] P]MEATES BO? ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ELEM5TS AS WELL AS ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SY/EM & ELEM5TS4 

,TO CONCEIVE ( A SOCIETY )\T P[] MEANS1 = ! AU?OR1 TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ! EXI/5CE ( A 0SOCIETY )\T SOCIAL RELATIONS1 )\T SOCIAL RULES & )\T PROCESSES ( SOCIAL DECISIONS40 ,?AT IS1 IT W\LD BE TO CONCEIVE ! 0UN?9KABLE40 

,A ,LIB]T>IAN ,CONCEPTION ( ,P[] 

  

,SU* >GUM5TS ALL[ = ! AFFIRMATION ?AT 0!RE EXI/S A LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( P[]1 & IT IS FALSE ?AT ?IS HAS TO CON/ITUTE A NEGATION_/D5IAL ( P[]40 ,TO D5Y ?IS FACT W\LD NECESS>ILY IMPLY A DIFFICULTY BO? 9 T]MS ( ANALYSIS ( ! REALITY1 & 9 T]MS ( CONCEPTION ( A /RATEGY4 0,:ILE ?IS IS NOT FULLY ASSUM$ BY LIB]T>IAN ?\<T10 ,IBANEZ EMPHASIZES1 0IT WILL NOT BE CAPABLE ( 9ITIAT+ ! ANALYZES & ACTIONS ?AT 5ABLE IT TO HAVE =CE 9 ! SOCIAL REALITY40 

,& :AT HE >GUES MAKES S5SE IF WE LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM OR EV5 ?AT :I* WAS CALL$ ! 0LIB]T>IAN CAMP40 ,GO+ BEYOND ! SEMANTIC ASS]TIONS - :I* V]Y (T5 GAVE_/GIVE TO ! WORD 'P[]' A ,/ATE MEAN+ - IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT 0LIB]T>IAN ?\<T0 NEV] D5I$ ! CAPACITY ( SOCIAL AG5TS1 ! ASYMMETRIES 9 P[] RELATIONS OR ! /RUCTURES & ME*ANISMS ( REGULATION & CONTROL4 

,AN EXAMPLE ?AT IS SIGNIFICANTLY COMMON 9 ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,CONSID]+ ! ASYMMETRIC RELATIONS ( CLASSES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY &1 BAS+ IT ON ! IDEA ( ! CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 LIB]T>IANS SEEK TO PROMOTE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! =CE ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS IS OV]RIDD5 & :I* E/ABLI%ES A SY/EM ( REGULATION & CONTROL F\ND$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T & ON F$]ALISM4 ,EV5 ) ?IS G5]IC EXAMPLE1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT IF ! DOM9ANT CLASS IS REMOV$ FROM ITS CONDITION ( DOM9ATION & GIVES WAY TO A LIB]T>IAN /RUCTURE1 EV5 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 ?IS P[] RELATION BETWE5 ! DOM9ANT CLASS SEP>AT$ FROM DOM9ATION & ! WORK+ CLASS CON/ITUTES AN ASYMMETRIC RELATION4 

,9 ?IS S5SE IT IS POSSIBLE TO ASSUME ?AT 9 FACT1 HI/ORICALLY1 !RE IS A LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( P[] ?AT - EV5 ?\< IT HAS NOT BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 SUFFICI5T DEP? & HAS BE5 COMPLICAT$ BY A S]IES ( FACTORS - POSSESSES ELEM5TS ( RELEVANCE TO ?IS DEBATE :I* IS N[ BE+ REALIZ$4 

,DOM9ATION AS A ,TYPE ( ,P[] 

  

,:5 LIB]T>IANS REALIZE A DISC\RSE AGA9/ P[]1 SAYS ,IBANEZ1 !Y USE ! 0T]M 'P[]' TO REF] 9 FACT TO A 'C]TA9 TYPE ( P[] RELATION'1 ?AT IS1 V]Y CONCRETELY1 TO ! TYPE ( P[] ?AT IS 5C\NT]$ 9 ! 'RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION'1 9 ! '/RUCTURES ( DOM9ATION'1 9 ! 'DEVICES ( DOM9ATION'1 OR 9 ! '9/RUM5TS ( DOM9ATION' ETC4 7BE !SE RELATIONS ( A CO]CIVE1 MANIPULATIVE OR O!R NATURE740 ,SO1 = HIM1 DOM9ATION IS A TYPE ( P[] RELATION1 BUT Y\ CANNOT DEF9E DOM9ATION AS P[]1 AS !Y CON/ITUTE DI/9CT CATEGORIES4 ,= ! AU?OR1 Y\ CAN NOT 5COMPASS 9 ! RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION 0! RELATIONS ?AT L9K ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ?AT ( GR\PS40 ,?AT IS1 Y\ CAN NOT 9CORPORATE LIB]T>IAN RELATIONS 9 TO ! CATEGORY ( DOM9ATION4 ,BUT ?IS SEEMS SOME:AT OBVI\S4 ,:AT IS NOT OBVI\S1 9 FACT1 IS ?AT :5 Y\ EQUATE P[] ) DOM9ATION1 Y\ ASSUME ?AT P[] IS CONTR>Y TO FRE$OM4 ,AN AFFIRMATION ) :I* ! AU?OR DISAGREES4 0,FRE$OM & P[] >E NOT REALLY SITUAT$ ACCORD+ TO A RELATION ( SIMPLE OPPOSITION40 ,&3 0,P[] & FRE$OM ?US F9D !MSELVES 9 AN 9EXTRICABLY COMPLEX RELATION ( ANTAGONISM_/POSSIBILITY40 ,?US CONCEIV$1 P[] C\LD BE CONTRADICTORY TO FRE$OM1 BUT C\LD ALSO POT5TIALIZE ITS REALIZATION4 ,IT W\LD BE1 9 FACT1 ! TYPE ( P[] ?AT W\LD DET]M9E ?IS RELATION ) FRE$OM4 

,?US1 ,IBANEZ BELIEVES ?AT 0LIB]T>IANS >E SITUAT$1 9 REALITY1 AGA9/ ! SOCIAL SY/EMS BAS$ ON RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION 79 ! /RICT S5SE74' ,D[N ) P[]6' IS A =MULA ?AT %\LD DISAPPE> FROM ! LIB]T>IAN LEXICON & BE REPLAC$ BY ',D[N ) RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION'4 ,BUT ON ?IS PO9T IT IS NECESS>Y TO TRY TO DEF9E ! CONDITIONS ?AT MAKE SU* A SOCIETY POSSIBLE40 

,AGA9/ ,DOM9ATION & = A ,LIB]T>IAN ,POLITICAL ,P[] 

  

,IT CAN BE SAID1 BAS$ ON ?IS /RUCTURAL >GUM5T1 ?AT 0LIB]T>IANS >E NOT AGA9/ P[]1 BUT AGA9/ A C]TA9 K9D ( P[]10 & 9 !IR /RATEGIES SEEK TO BE 0BUILD]S ( A V>IETY ( P[]1 :I* IT IS CONV5I5T 7& ACCURATE7 = US N[ TO CALL 'LIB]T>IAN P[]'1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY3 'LIB]T>IAN POLITICAL P[]'40 ,?IS W\LD MEAN TO ASSUME ?AT LIB]T>IANS DEF5D A 7LIB]T>IAN7 WORK+ MODEL ( 9/RUM5TS1 DEVICES & RELATIONS ( P[]4 

,IMAGE3 0,9 ! ,JAWS ( ,P[]0 BY ,S,L ,ROTE4 ,BLOG_/,WEBSITE 

,P>T #b3 ,B]TOLO & ,P[] AS ,SOCIAL ,FUNCTION ( ,REGULATION 

  

,9 ?IS SECOND >TICLE ( ! S]IES1 ,I WILL BE US+ ! >TICLE 0,P[]1 ,AU?ORITY1 ,DOM9ATION0 .<"9"9.> BY ,AM$EU ,B]TOLO = DISCUSSION4 ,! MA9 CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! AU?OR WILL BE PRES5T$ S*EMATICALLY4 

,DISCUSSIONS ON ! ,ISSUES ( ,P[]1 ,AU?ORITY & ,DOM9ATION 

  

,ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 0! CU/OM1 NOT ONLY ACADEMICALLY1 IS TO />T A DISC\RSE ( SEMANTIC DEF9ITIONS FROM3 #a7 AN ETYMOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW &_/ OR #b7 A HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW40 ,H[EV]1 = HIM1 NEI!R ( ! APPROA*ES HAVE MU* RELEVANCE TO ! DISCUSSION HE 9T5DS TO HAVE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS CLAIMS1 ! ETYMOLOGY ( ! ?REE T]MS IS ( DI/ANT ORIG91 9 T]MS ( TIME1 ALL[+ ONE1 AT MO/1 TO C>RY \T AN EX]CISE 9 0L+UI/IC >*AEOLOGY40 ,BESIDES ?IS1 = HIM ! ?REE T]MS HAVE A V]Y SIMIL> ORIG9AL MEAN+4 ,P[]1 = EXAMPLE1 0D]IVES FROM ! ,LAT9 'POLIS' 7BOSS1 [N]702 0,DOM9ATION D]IVES FROM 'DOM9US' 7HEAD ( ! H\SEHOLD1 HEAD ( ! FAMILY72 ,AU?ORITY1 BY CONTRA/1 COMES FROM ! ,LAT9 'AUCTOR'1 :I* 9 ITS ORIG9 MEANS ONE ?AT MAKE BELIEVE1 ?AT ADDS SOME?+0 .<#a.>4 

,) RELATION TO ! HI/ORICAL USAGE ( ! T]MS1 ,B]TOLO ID5TIFIES ?AT !Y >E MULTIPURPOSE & CAN1 9 MANY CASES1 BE SUB/ITUT$ = ONE ANO!R4 ,& 9 ?IS CASE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS BELIEF1 A HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS ALSO C\LD NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM POS$4 ,= HIM1 09 RELATION TO ! DEF9ITIONS ( AU?ORITY & P[]1 !Y HAVE EV]Y?+ = EV]YONE10 :I* MOTIVATES HIM TO SE>* = SOME DEF9ITIONS ?AT WILL BE N[ REPRODUC$4 

,DEF9ITIONS ( ,P[] 

  

0,P[] IS A7 CAPACITY OR NATURAL FACULTY TO ACT .<444.>2 B7 G5]AL OR MORAL FACULTY1 RI<T TO DO SOME?+2 C7 AU?ORITY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! CONCRETE S5SE1 ! BODY CON/ITUT$ TO EX]CISE IT1 GOV]NM5T' 7,LAL&E1#a#i#g#a74 ',P[] IS ! P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION MAK+' & 'A DECISION IS A L9E ( CONDUCT :I* C>RIES SEV]E SANCTIONS' 7,LASSWELL & ,KAPLAN1 #a#i#f#i74 ,P[] IS ! 'RI<T TO BE 9 *>GE' 7,F]R]O1 #a#i#h#a74 ',WE CALL P[] ! CAPACITY ( A SOCIAL CLASS TO REALIZE ITS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 9T]E/S' 7,P\LANTZAS1 #a#i#g#b74 ',P[] IS ! ABILITY TO E/ABLI% & EXECUTE DECISIONS1 EV5 :5 O!RS OPPOSE !M' 7,MILLS1 #a#i#g74 ,P[] 'IS A P]MAN5T BODY :I* WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO OBEY1 :I* HAS MAT]IAL MEANS TO OBLIGE US & ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ! BELIEF ?AT ONE HAS 9 ITS /R5G?1 TO ! BELIEF 9 ITS RI<T TO COMM&1 ?AT IS1 9 ITS LEGITIMACY & 9 ! HOPE ( ITS K9DNESS' 7,J\V5EL1 #a#i#d#g74 ,BY P[]1 ONE MU/ UND]/& 'ALL ! MEANS BY :I* ONE CAN P]SUADE ! WILL ( O!R M5' 7,M\SNI]1 #a#i#g#a74 ,Y\ CAN DEF9E P[] AS ! 'CAPACITY TO REALIZE DESIRES' 7,RUSSELL1#a#i#f#g74 ',BY P[] ONE MU/ UND]/& .<444.> ! POSSIBILITY = SPECIFIC M&ATES 7OR = ANY M&ATE7 TO BE OBEY$ BY P>T ( A GIV5 GR\P ( M5' 7,WEB]1 #a#i#h74 ',P[] IS COMMUNICATION REGULAT$ BY A CODE 7,LUHMAN1 #a#i#g#i740 

,DEF9ITIONS ( ,AU?ORITY 

  

0,AU?ORITY IS 'ANY P[] EX]CIS$ OV] A MAN OR GR\P ( PEOPLE BY ANO!R MAN OR GR\P' 7,ABBAGNANO1 #a#i#f#d74 ',AU?ORITY IS A RELATION%IP BETWE5 UNEQUALS' 7,S5NET1#a#i#h#a74 ',AU?ORITY IS A WAY TO DEF9E & 9T]PRET DIFF]5CES 9 /R5G?' 7,S5NET1 IBID471 ',AU?ORITY IS A QUE/ = /ABILITY & SECURITY FROM ! =CE ( O!RS' 7,S5NET1 IBID474 ,AU?ORITY IS AN 'ACCEPT$ DEP5D5CE' 7,HORKHEIM]1 NO DATE74 ,AU?ORITY IS 7PSY*OLOGICAL7 SUP]IORITY OR P]SONAL ASC5DANCE .<444.> & 7SOCIOLOGICAL7 RI<T TO DECIDE &_/ OR COMM&' 7,LAL&E1 #a#i#g#a74 ',! ESS5CE ( AU?ORITY .<444.> IS TO GIVE TO A HUMAN BE+ ?AT SECURITY & ?AT RECOGNITION 9 ! DECISION ?AT LOGICALLY CORRESPONDS TO AN EFFECTIVE & SUPRA-9DIVIDUAL AXIOM OR TO A D$UCTION' 7,SIMMEL1 #a#i#g#h74 ',AU?ORITY IS ! EXPECT$ & LEGITIMATE POSSESSION ( P[]' 7,LASSWELL & ,KAPLAN1 #a#i#f#i740 

,DEF9ITIONS ( ,DOM9ATION 

  

,DI/9CTLY FROM ! BROAD DEF9ITIONS ( P[] & AU?ORITY1 ! AU?OR NOTES ?AT1 9 RELATION TO DOM9ATION1 !RE IS A LITTLE MORE CONCEPTUAL AGREEM5T3 0! WORD DOM9ATION IS ALMO/ ONLY US$ 9 ! S5SE ( ! P[] TO IMPOS$ AD ALTRI 7BY LAW OR 9 FACT7 ONE'S [N WILL1 ) 9/RUM5TS ( CO]CION1 PHYSICAL OR M5TAL40 ,! T]M DOM9ATION1 & ITS CORRELAT+ ADJECTIVES & V]BS1 IS LESS 0MULTI-PURPOSE ?AN AU?ORITY & P[]4 ,P]HAPS BY REASON ( ! EMOTIVELY NEGATIVE VALUE DISSEM9AT$ ?AT EXI/S 9 ITS CURR5T USE40 ,/ILL1 ,B]TOLO HI<LI<TS ?REE CASES 9 :I* DOM9ATION IS US$ 9 A 0NEUTRAL0 S5SE3 ,SIMMEL 7#a#i#g#h71 0= :OM DOM9ATION IS A UNIV]SAL CATEGORY ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION1 ( :I* P[] IS A P>TICUL> =M02 ,DAHR5DORF 7#a#i#g71 0:O PROPOSES A DEF9ITION ( DOM9ATION AS 'POSSESSION ( AU?ORITY1 ?AT IS1 AS A RI<T TO PROMULGATE AU?ORIT>IAN ORD]S02 ,LASSWELL & ,KAPLAN 7#a#i#f#i71 :O CONSID] ?AT 0DOM9ATION IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL ( P[] 7BUT ! ,5GLI% T]M US$ IS 'RULE' & NOT 'DOM9ATION'1 :I* C\LD BE TRANSLAT$ DIFF]5TLY740 .<#b.> 

,AS IT CAN CLE>LY BE NOT$ 9 ! DEF9ITIONS ABOVE1 ! SEMANTIC RANGE C]TA9LY POSES DIFFICULTIES TO ! DEBATE4 ,!RE IS1 AS ! AU?OR PO9TS \T1 A FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ?AT >ISES BETWE5 :AT Y\ MI<T CALL A =M-CONT5T ISSUE1 9 :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEEP5 ! DISCUSSION BY TAK+ ONLY ! =M 7! NAME ( CONCEPTS SU* AS 0P[]10 0AU?ORITY10 0DOM9ATION0 ETC471 )\T 5T]+ 9TO ! CONT5TS GIV5 HI/ORICALLY BY ! AU?ORS 9 ! DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! !MES4 ,IT IS1 9 ?IS S5SE1 AB\T GO+ BEYOND ! T]MS - ?AT IS1 ! NAME GIV5 TO A P>TICUL> 0BOX0 - & 5T]+ 9TO CONCEPTS - ?AT IS1 9VE/IGAT+ ! CONT5TS ( ! BOX4 ,AN ASPECT ?AT W\LD ALREADY ELIM9ATE MU* ( ! POLEMICS G5]AT$ 9 DISCUSSIONS ( ! LIB]T>IAN UNIV]SE4 .<#c.> 

,?US1 AS ,B]TOLO PUTS IT1 IT IS 0NECESS>Y TO RESUME ! ATTEMPT ( DEF9ITION FROM AN ID5TIFICATION ( ! CONCEPTS & ! CONT5TS1 EV5 ?\<1 NATURALLY1 ?IS WAY ( PROCE$+ IMPLIES SOME DIFFICULTIES 9 LEXICON ?AT WE WILL TRY TO OV]COME40 ,9 REALITY1 ! PROBLEMS ID5TIFI$ 9 RELATION TO ! DISCUSSION AB\T P[] DO NOT EXI/ ONLY 9 AN>*ISM3 0IT MAY BE COM=T+ = ! AN>*I/S TO KN[ ?AT NOT EV5 (FICIAL SCI5CE HAS BR\<T MU* CL>ITY TO ?IS SET ( '?+S' 7RELATIONS1 BEHAVIORS1 SOCIAL /RUCTURES4447 ?AT >E CLASSIFI$ AS P[] 7OR AS AU?ORITY OR AS DOM9ATION7 9 ! LA/ C5TURY40 ,A PROBLEM :I*1 IF IT AFFECTS HUMAN SCI5CES 9 G5]AL1 C\LD NOT FAIL TO AFFECT AN>*ISM4 

,AN>*ISM & ! ,!ORY ( ,P[] 

  

,B]TOLO ID5TIFIES ! GAP 9 !ORETICAL AN>*I/ DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! !ME ( P[]4 ,IT W\LD MEAN1 = HIM1 NOT NECESS>ILY 0TO UNFA/5 IT1 BUT AT LEA/ TO CLE>LY DEF9E AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX CONCEPTUAL NODE - & NOT SIMPLY TO F9D AN AGREEM5T 9 RELATION TO ! WORDS - A C5TRAL NODE )9 AN>*I/ ?\<T40 

,P>ADOXICALLY1 HE SAYS1 0AN>*ISM - :I* CAN BE REG>D$ AS ! MO/ RADICAL CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION EXPLA9$ SO F>1 A !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CRITIQUE - HAS NOT PRODUC$ A MORE >TICULAT$ & SUBTLE !ORY ( P[] ?AN ! APOLOGI/S ( DOM9ATION40 

,! AU?OR BELIEVES ?AT 0! BRILLIANT 9TUITIONS AB\T P[] ?AT ! 'FA!RS' ( AN>*ISM HAD W]E NOT FOLL[$ BY AN ADEQUATE REFLECTION ON !IR IMPORTANCE40 ,9TUITIONS :I*1 FOLL[+ ?IS1 W\LD EV5 BE FRUITFUL TODAY1 BUT :I*1 IF !Y >E NOT ! SUBJECT ( DISCUSSION & DEEP5+ ( UND]/&+1 RUN ! RISK ( 0SCL]OSIS 9 /]EOTYP$ =MULAS1 9 BELIEFS1 9 TABOOS1 LOS+ A L>GE P>T ( ITS USEFULNESS AS A FUNDAM5TAL WORK+ HYPO!SIS = ! 9T]PRETATION & TRANS=MATION ( REALITY40 

,! NE$ = DEEP5+ ! DEBATE ON P[]1 !RE=E1 W\LD BE FUNDAM5TAL 9 ! LIB]T>IAN CAMP = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ADEQUATE ME?ODS ( ANALYSIS & ( /RATEGIES CAPABLE ( C>RY+ \T SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,= ?IS1 ! 9TUITIONS ?AT ,B]TOLO UND]/OOD TO BE PRES5T 9 ! CLASSICS W\LD NOT BE 5\<3 0,! 9TUITIONS HAVE BECOME SCL]OSIS & ! RELATIVE LACK ( T]M9OLOGICAL & CONCEPTUAL PRECISION1 9EVITABLE & P]HAPS NECESS>Y 9 ! FIR/ DEVELOPM5TS ( REFLECTION1 BECOMES AN OB/ACLE TO ! PROGRESS ( ?\<T & ACTION1 ! S\RCE ( UNJU/IFIABLE 'OR?ODOXIES' &1 !RE=E1 ( UNJU/IFIABLE 'H]ESIES'1 ( TRADITIONAL IMMOBILITY & ( '9NOVATIVE' NONS5SE1 ( SEMANTIC DISCUSSIONS & ( SOCIAL P[]LESSNESS40 

,?IS WRIT+ BY ,B]TOLO 9T5DS1 AS HE HIMSELF AFFIRMS1 0MODE/LY & AMBITI\SLY - TO PROPOSE SOME DEF9ITIONS ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 C\LD MAKE ! DEBATE BETWE5 AN>*I/S NOT ONLY MORE REW>D+1 BUT ALSO MAKE ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & NON-AN>*I/S LESS >DU\S40 ,O!RWISE1 HE BELIEVES1 ONE RUNS ! RISK ( CONT9U+ A 0DIALOGUE ( ! DEAF40 ,= ?IS HE PROPOSES TO DEF9E1 9 T]MS ( =M & CONT5T1 P[]1 AU?ORITY & DOM9ATION3 0IT IS CLE> ?AT ! DEF9+ WORK IS DIRECT$ NOT SO MU* AT ! T]MS1 BUT ! CONCEPTS BEH9D ! T]MS & AT ! CONT5TS BEH9D ! CONCEPTS40 

,PROPOS$ ,DEF9ITION 

  

,SEEK+ A CONCEPTUAL ALIGNM5T1 ,B]TOLO SUGGE/S /&>D DEF9ITIONS = P[]1 AU?ORITY & DOM9ATION4 

,P[] 

  

0,! PRODUCTION & APPLICATION ( NORMS & SANCTIONS !N DEF9E ! FUNCTION ( SOCIAL REGULATION1 A FUNCTION = :I* ,I PROPOSE ! T]M P[]40 ,! AU?OR BELIEVES ?AT P[]1 DEF9$ 9 !SE T]MS1 IS RELAT$ TO ,PR\DHON'S CONCEPT ( COLLECTIVE =CE & ALSO ) ! DEF9ITION ( ,LASSWELL & ,KAPLAN POS$ E>LI]3 0,P[] IS P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION MAK+0 & 0A DECISION IS A L9E ( CONDUCT :I* C>RIES SEV]E SANCTIONS40 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT ,CLA/RES ALSO WORKS ) A SIMIL> DEF9ITION TO DI/+UI% 0NON-CO]CIVE P[]10 :I* W\LD RESEMBLE ?IS DEF9ITION ( P[]1 & 0CO]CIVE P[]10 :I* IS CLOSE TO ! AU?OR'S DEF9ITION ( DOM9ATION4 ,= ,CLA/RES1 0POLITICAL P[] AS CO]CION 7OR AS RELATIONS ( COMM&-OB$I5CE7 IS NOT ! MODEL ( TRUE P[]1 BUT SIMPLY A P>TICUL> CASE40 ,HE ALSO MA9TA9S ?AT 0! SOCIAL IS NOT ?9KABLE )\T ! POLITICAL1 9 O!R WORDS1 !RE IS NO SOCIETY )\T P[]40 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 !RE >E A FEW ELEM5TS ?AT %\LD BE HI<LI<T$4 ,= ,B]TOLO1 P[] IS DEF9$ >\ND SOCIAL REGULATION & MAY OR MAY NOT BE CO]CIVE 7& !RE=E IMPLY DOM9ATION74 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 AS ANY SOCIETY HAS REGULATORY SY/EMS1 !RE C\LD NOT BE1 9 ?IS S5SE1 SOCIETY )\T P[]1 5DORS+ ,CLA/RES' AFFIRMATION4 

,ID5TIFY+ ?AT ONE USES 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON ! TOPIC ! T]M P[] TO DESCRIBE DIFF]5T CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES1 ! AU?OR PROPOSES 0TO RETA9 ?IS T]M ONLY TO DEF9E .<444.> ! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( REGULATION1 ! PROCESSES BY :I* A SOCIETY IS REGULAT$1 PRODUC+ /&>DS1 APPLY+ !M1 MAK+ !M TO BE RESPECT$40 ,& 9 ?IS S5SE1 TO DEF9E P[] FROM A MACRO LEVEL1 ?AT W\LD FUNCTION 9 T]MS ( SOCIETAL MANAGEM5T & W\LD BE L9K$ TO ! DECISION MAK+ PROCESSES4 

,AU?ORITY 

  

,= ! CATEGORY ( AU?ORITY1 ,B]TOLO DEF5DS ! FOLL[+ USAGE3 0,I PROPOSE1 F9ALLY1 TO CALL AU?ORITY ! ASYMMETRIES ( COMPET5CE ?AT DET]M9E ASYMMETRIES ( RECIPROCAL DET]M9ATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & ! 9FLU5CE 9 ! ASYMMETRIES BY REASON ( P]SONAL *>ACT]I/ICS40 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 AU?ORITY W\LD BE FUNDAM5TALLY L9K$ TO ! CAPACITY TO PROP]LY EXECUTE A C]TA9 ACTIVITY & ! MULTIPLE 9FLU5CES ?AT1 P]SONALLY1 >E EX]CIS$ 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,DI/+UI%+ P]SONAL & FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS1 ,B]TOLO PUTS IT ?US3 09 ! CASE ( P]SONAL RELATIONS1 WE CAN DEF9E ! ASYMMETRY AS 9FLU5CE2 9 ! CASE ( FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS WE CAN DEF9E ! ASYMMETRY AS AU?ORITY40 

,DOM9ATION 

  

0,DOM9ATION1 !N1 DEF9ES ! RELATIONS BETWE5 UNEQUALS - UNEQUALS 9 T]MS ( P[]1 NAMELY1 FRE$OM - ! SITUATIONS ( 'SUPRA-ORD9ATION' & SUBORD9ATION2 IT DEF9ES ! SY/EMS ( P]MAN5T ASYMMETRY BETWE5 SOCIAL GR\PS40 ,DOM9ATION1 9 ?IS S5SE1 W\LD IMPLY ! 9EQUALITIES ( P[] ?AT W\LD DEF9E P]MAN5T RELATIONS ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE1 ALSO AT ! MACRO LEVEL1 NOT BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT BETWE5 SOCIAL GR\PS 7CA/ES1 CLASSES ETC474 

,! RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION >E BAS$1 !RE=E1 ON ! RELATIONS ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE1 09 :I* ! COMM& HAS ! CONT5T ( REGULAT+ ! BEHAVIOR ( ?AT :I* OBEYS40 ,?IS RELATION ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,B]TOLO1 DOES NOT COME FROM ! REGULATORY FUNCTION4 ,HE >GUES ?AT ONE DOES NOT OBEY 79 A BROAD S5SE7 A NORM2 = HIM ONE RESPECTS A NORM4 ,OB$I5CE IS CONNECT$ TO A COMM&1 0?AT IS1 TO ! WAY 9 :I* A NORM IS PRES5T$ )9 A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION40 ,?US1 DOM9ATION W\LD BE FUNDAM5TALLY L9K$ TO ! 0EXPROPRIATION ( ! REGULATORY FUNCTION EX]CIS$ BY A M9ORITY10 RESPONSIBLE = 5=C+ ITS RULES 0ON ! RE/ ( SOCIETY0 - ?AT IS1 IT W\LD BE L9K$ TO IMPOSITION4 

,!RE=E1 IF ! 0SOCIAL FUNCTION ( REGULATION0 ( A SOCIETY IS 0EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A P>T ( ! SOCIETY1 IF ! P[] IS !N ! MONOPOLY ( A PRIVILEG$ 7DOM9ANT7 SECTOR1 ?IS GIVES RISE TO ANO!R CATEGORY1 TO A SET ( HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE ?AT ,I PROPOSE TO CALL DOM9ATION40 ,DOM9ATION1 DEF9$ 9 ?IS WAY1 W\LD IMPLY HI]>*Y & ! MONOPOLY ( P[]4 

,P[]1 ,AU?ORITY & ,DOM9ATION 

  

,DEF9$ 9 !SE T]MS1 ,B]TOLO AFFIRMS ?AT P[] & AU?ORITY W\LD BE 0NEUTRAL0 CONCEPTS1 ?AT IS1 !Y >E NEI!R NECESS>ILY GOOD NOR BAD4 ,AU?ORITY W\LD IMPLY SOME?+ EVID5T 9 SOCIETY2 ! DIFF]5CES 9 COMPET5CIES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS & ! 9T]ACTION & MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ?AT IS EX]CIS$ BETWE5 ! DIV]SE AG5TS 9 ANY SOCIAL RELATION%IP4 ,?AT IS1 IT IS A CATEGORY ?AT EMBRACES SOCIAL DIV]SITY & ASSUMES IT AS 9EVITABLE4 ,9 RELATION TO P[]1 ! AU?OR SAYS3 0WE DEF9E P[] 9 ?IS WAY AS A 'NEUTRAL' & EV5 NECESS>Y SOCIAL FUNCTION1 NOT ONLY = ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY1 ( CULTURE & ( MAN1 BUT ALSO = ! EX]CISE ( ?AT FRE$OM SE5 AS A *OICE BETWE5 C]TA9 POSSIBILITIES1 :I* WE TAKE AS A DEP>TURE PO9T = \R DISC\RSE40 

,?IS RELATION BETWE5 P[] & FRE$OM ALL[S US TO BETT] UND]/& ,B]TOLO'S PROPOSITIONS4 ,= HIM1 FRE$OM IS DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! POSSIBILITY ( *OICE ?AT EA* ONE HAS &1 ?US1 0! LEVEL ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROCESS ( REGULATION0 IS FUNDAM5TAL 0= FRE$OM AS SELF-DET]M9ATION1 BECAUSE ! 9DIVIDUAL IS FRE] .<444.> ! GREAT] IS !IR ACCESS TO P[]40 ,IF P[] IS DEF9$ >\ND ! REGULATORY FUNCTIONS ( A SOCIETY1 IT IS NATURAL ?AT1 ! MORE !SE FUNCTIONS >E %>$1 ! HI<] W\LD BE ! LEVEL ( FRE$OM ( ?IS SOCIETY4 0,AN EQUAL ACCESS TO P[] = ALL MEMB]S ( A SOCIETY IS1 !N1 ! FIR/ & 9ESCAPABLE CONDITION ( EQUAL LIB]TY = ALL40 ,:AT ! AU?OR CALLS 0P[] = ALL10 ?AT IS1 A G5]ALIZ$ DEMOCRATIZATION ( P[]1 OR AT LEA/ A G5]ALIZATION ( ! OPPORTUNITIES = ! ACCESS TO P[]1 W\LD BE FUNDAM5TAL = SOCIETAL PROCESSES ( FRE$OM1 ( EQUALITY &1 :Y NOT1 ( DEMOCRACY4 

,! DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! CONCEPTS ( P[] & DOM9ATION IS FUNDAM5TAL = ,B]TOLO4 ,P[]1 AS WE HAVE SE51 W\LD IMPLY SOCIAL REGULATION4 ,?IS P[] C\LD BE MORE OR LESS %>$ 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY &1 :5 IT IS EX]CIS$ BY A M9ORITY FROM HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE1 ?IS MEANS ?AT ?IS P[] IMPLIES DOM9ATION4 ,! MORE COLLECTIVE IS ! P[]1 ! GREAT] IS ! FRE$OM ( A SOCIETY - &1 !RE=E1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO NOTE A CONNECTION MADE BY ! AU?OR BETWE5 FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 

,PHILOSOPHICAL ,CONTRIBUTIONS 

  

,B]TOLO'S >TICLE ALSO CONTA9S SOME PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS ?AT MAY HELP 9 UND]/&+ ! TOPIC4 ,BEL[ >E ! MA9 PO9TS ( DISCUSSION1 :I* WILL BE BRIEFLY PRES5T$4 

,B]TOLO WANTS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! 0CULTURAL DET]M9ATIONS0 ( MAN & NOT ! 0NATURAL DET]M9ATIONS0 M>K$ BY 9/9CT & BY 5VIRONM5T :I*1 HE BELIEVES1 0DO NOT PLAY A SIMIL> ROLE 9 ?IS /RANGE ANIMAL ?AT IS MAN40 ,= HIM1 0MAN DOES NOT KN[ 9/9CT 9 ! /RICT S5SE 7?AT IS1 ACCURATE ANSW]S TO G5ETICALLY 9H]IT$ BEHAVIOR 9 RESPONSE TO GIV5 5VIRONM5TAL /IMULI71 BUT1 AT MO/1 TRACES OR RESIDUES ( 9/9CT1 :I* HAVE LITTLE OR NO SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE40 ,!RE=E1 HE UND]/&S ?AT 0TO MAN1 ! '5VIRONM5T' IS MORE CULTURAL ?AN NATURAL10 S9CE 0! 5VIRONM5T ( HUMAN BE+S IS CON/ITUT$ BY RELATIONS ) O!R HUMANS & ?AT ! RELATIONS ) ! WORLD '( OBJECTS' PASSES ?R\< A SYMBOLIC M$IATION40 ,?US1 A DISCUSSION AB\T P[] MU/ EVADE ! PURSUIT ( MAN'S NATURAL 9/9CTS1 :I* W\LD BE PRES5T 9 A GIV5 HUMAN NATURE4 

,AS = HIM ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T IS MU* MORE CULTURAL ?AN NATURAL1 P[]1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL REGULATION1 DOES NOT /EM FROM A NATURAL 9/9CT OR SPECIFIC HUMAN NATURE1 BUT FROM A DET]M9$ CULTURE =G$ 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4 0,MAN MU/ PRODUCE NORMS1 BUT HE CAN PRODUCE ! NORMS ?AT HE WANTS40 ,! NORMS W\LD !N BE A C5TRAL OP]ATION ( SOCIETY & ITS CONT5T W\LD NOT BE DET]M9$ A PRIORI1 BUT W\LD BE =G$ 9 ! MID/ ( A REALITY ?AT IS AT ! SAME TIME CULTURAL & SOCIAL4 

,?IS SOCIAL REALITY IS =G$ BY A DIALECTIC REALITY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETY1 A RELATION%IP 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ?\< !Y CAN ALSO DET]M9E ! SOCIETY1 IS MORE DET]M9$ BY IT3 0! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL IS ALWAYS MORE DET]M9$ BY ! SOCIETY ?AN !Y CAN DET]M9E IT4 ,MAN PRODUCES SOCIETY COLLECTIVELY1 BUT IS MODEL$ BY IT 9DIVIDUALLY40 

,?US1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT A TYPE ( P[] ?AT IMPLIES DOM9ATION %\LD NOT BE ANALYZ$ BY ! NATURAL 9/9CTS OR BY ! HUMAN NATURE ( MAN1 BUT BY !IR RELATIONS1 :I* IMPLY SOCIAL & CULTURAL ASPECTS4 ,B]TOLO ID5TIFIES TWO FUNDAM5TAL TYPES ( JU/IFICATIONS ( DOM9ATION3 0A FIR/ TYPE ( APPROA* IS ?AT :I*1 PROCE$+ FROM DOM9ATION TO P[]1 JU/IFIES ! FIR/ ) BIO-PSY*OLOGICAL MOTIVATIONS 7?AT IS1 9NATE 'NATURAL' PSY*OLOGICAL ME*ANISMS73 !RE >E P]SONALITIES NATURALLY PR$ISPOS$ TO DOM9ATION & O!RS NATURALLY PR$ISPOS$ TO SUBMISSION40 ,?IS APPROA* RELIES ON ! 0MO/ ATTRACTIVE /RUCTURAL ELEM5TS1 COM+ TO SAY ?AT ! 'NATURAL' SUBDIVISION ( MAN 9 TO TWO CATEGORIES 7! MA/]S BY NATURE & ! SLAVES BY NATURE7 PRODUCES A B5EFICIAL EFFECT = BO? &1 ULTIMATELY1 IT IS AN ADMIRABLE CONTRIVANCE ( NATURE OR ( PROVID5CE TO MAKE HUMAN SOCIETY & ! ADVANTAGES D]IV$ FROM IT POSSIBLE40 0,! SECOND TYPE ( APPROA* IS CULTURAL10 & ?OSE ?AT DEF5D IT CONSID] ! NATURAL EXPLANATIONS ( P[]_/DOM9ATION UNSU/A9ABLE4 ,FROM ?IS APPROA*1 IT IS CONSID]$ ?AT P[]_/DOM9ATION 0IS NOT ! EFFECT ( A PREEXI/+ 9EQUALITY BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ! CAUSE ( ! FIR/ FUNDAM5TAL 9EQUALITY AMONG M540 

,B]TOLO BELIEVES /ILL TO BE ABLE TO CLASSIFY ! APPROA*ES TO ! G5ESIS ( P[]_/DOM9ATION DIFF]5TLY3 0?OSE :O EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY ASSUME IT1 PRES5T+ MAN &_/OR SOCIETY AS ! SAME1 & ?OSE :O POSIT ITS BIR? AT A C]TA9 MOM5T 9 HI/ORY40 

,9 HIS CONCEPT ( DOM9ATION1 ! AU?OR DISMISSES ! NATURAL1 BIO-PSY*OLOGICAL APPROA*ES1 9T5D+ 9/EAD A CULTURAL APPROA* TO DOM9ATION4 ,= HIM1 /UDIES SU* AS ?OSE ( ,CLA/RES1 AS = EXAMPLE ,SOCIETY ,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE IS A HI/ORY ( CULTURES ?AT DID NOT HAVE DOM9ATION1 BUT ONLY P[]4 ,AL?\< IT IS ONLY A HYPO!SIS1 ,B]TOLO ID5TIFIES ! ORIG9 ( DOM9ATION AS A CULTURAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY ?AT W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ AT A P>TICUL> MOM5T1 :5 MAN HAD ALREADY BE5 LIV+ 9 SOCIETY4 

,AN>*ISM1 ,P[] & ,AU?ORITY & ,DOM9ATION 

  

,DEP>T+ FROM ! DEF9ITIONS PROPOS$ BY ,B]TOLO1 SOME CONCLUSIONS >E POSSIBLE4 ,DIVID+ ! ASYMMETRIES 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 AU?ORITY 7FUNCTIONAL7 & 9FLU5CE 7P]SONAL71 IT CAN BE AFFIRM$ ?AT ! AU?OR WORKS ) F\R KEY CATEGORIES3  

,P[]3 ,SOCIAL REGULATORY FUNCTION1 A SET ( PROCESSES ) :I* A SOCIETY REGULATES ITSELF BY PRODUC+ NORMS1 APPLY+ !M1 MAK+ !M TO BE RESPECT$4  

,DOM9ATION3 ,SOCIAL REGULATORY FUNCTION ?AT IS EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A P>T ( SOCIETY1 ! P[] BE+ ! MONOPOLY ( A PRIVILEG$ 7DOM9ANT7 SECTOR & IMPLY+ HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS & ?OSE ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE4  

,AU?ORITY3 ,ASYMMETRIES ( COMPET5CE ?AT DET]M9E ASYMMETRIES ( RECIPROCAL DET]M9ATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4  

,9FLU5CE3 ,ASYMMETRIES ?AT EXI/ BY REASON ( P]SONAL *>ACT]I/ICS4  
  

,:5 ! AU?OR ASSUMES P[] & AU?ORITY 7ALSO 9CLUD+ 9FLU5CE7 AS 0NEUTRAL0 CATEGORIES1 HE IS CONDUCT+ A TRIAL FROM ! AN>*I/ E?IC_/MORALITY4 ,NEUTRAL BECAUSE1 9 !SE T]MS1 AN>*ISM HI/ORICALLY CONSID]$ TO BE )9 ITS CAMP ( E?ICALLY & MORALLY JU/IFIABLE RELATIONS1 RELATIONS ( 9FLU5CE1 ( AU?ORITY & ALSO ( P[] - UND]/&+ !M1 CLE>LY1 FROM ! CATEGORIES DEF9$ BY ,B]TOLO4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 AN>*ISM PLAC$ ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO DOM9ATION3 = AN>*I/S1 SOCIAL REGULATION %\LD BE COLLECTIVIZ$1 & ! PROPOSALS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ( F$]ALISM & ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY HAVE ALWAYS S\<T ?IS S5SE ( %>+ P[] & ( EX]CIS+ IT = ! B5EFIT ( ! COLLECTIVITY4 

,CAPITALI/ & /ATI/ SOCIETY HAS ALWAYS BE5 UND]/OOD AS A SOCIETY NOT ONLY ( P[]1 BUT ( DOM9ATION1 S9CE ! P[] W\LD NOT BE COLLECTIVIZ$ & W\LD BE EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A M9ORITY - :I* HAS BE5 CALL$ BY V>I\S T]MS 7! RUL+ CLASS1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE ETC47 - :I* W\LD EX]CISE HI]>*Y & RELATIONS ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE OV] ! MAJORITY - 7:I* HAS BE5 CALL$ ! PROLET>IAT1 ! OPPRESS$ CLASS1 ! WORK+ CLASS ETC474 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! AN>*I/ /RATEGY WAS AIM$ AT TRANS=M+ ! RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION 9TO RELATIONS ( P[]1 :I* %\LD HAVE NO HI]>*Y OR RELATIONS ( COMM&_/OB$I5CE 9 ITS WOMB4 ,! P[] S\<T BY AN>*ISM MU/ BE COLLECTIVIZ$1 SOCIALIZ$2 IT BE+ ! P>TICIPATION 9 P[] - OR AT LEA/ ! OPPORTUNITY = P>TICIPATION1 OP5 TO ! :OLE POPULATION - :I* %\LD DECIDE ITS RULES & GU>ANTEE !IR APPLICATION ON ! BASIS ( ME*ANISMS DEMOCRATIC 9 FACT 7DIRECT DEMOCRACY71 GU>ANTE$ BY SELF-MANAGEM5T & BY F$]ALISM4 

,TRANSLATOR ,NOTES 

,TOMAS ,IBANEZ4 0,= A ,LIB]T>IAN ,POLITICAL ,P[]3 EPI/EMOLOGICAL & /RATEGIC CONSID]ATIONS >\ND A CONCEPT40 ,>TICLE ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aihc 9 ! ,ITALIAN MAGAZ9E ,VOLONTA4 ,= ! QUOTES ,I USE A TRANSLATION 9TO ,PORTUGUESE BY ,MIGUEL ,S]RAS ,P]EIRA1 DONE = A ,PORTUGUESE PUBLICATION FROM ! #a#i#hS4 ,! >TICLE IS ALSO ON ! COMPILATION CALL$ ,ACTUALIDAD DEL ,AN>QUISMO1 PUBLI%$ BY ,A>RES ,BOOKS1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 #b#g4 .<,TRANSLATOR TO ,5GLI%'S NOTE3 QUOTES W]E SUBSEQU5TLY TRANSLAT$ FROM ,PORTUGUESE TO ,5GLI% & NOT FROM ! ,ITALIAN1 & !RE MI<T !RE=E BE SLI<T DISCREPANCIES.>4 

,AM$EU ,B]TOLO4 0,POD]1 ,AUTORIDAD1 ,DOM9IO3 UNA PROPUE/A DE DEF9ICION40 ,>TICLE ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aihc 9 ! ,ITALIAN MAGAZ9E ,VOLONTA4 ,QUOTATIONS TRANSLAT$ 9 TO ,PORTUGUESE FROM ! ,SPANI% V]SION 7& SUBSEQU5TLY 9TO ,5GLI% FROM ,PORTUGUESE - ,5GLI% TRANSLATOR'S NOTE71 TRANSLAT$ BY ,HELOISA ,CA/ELLANOS1 AVAILABLE ON ! 9T]NET & CONTA9$ 9 ! COMPILATION ORGANIZ$ BY ,*RI/IAN ,F]R]1 ,EL ,L5GUAJE ,LIB]T>IO1 PUBLI%$ BY ,LIBROS DE ,AN>RES_/ ,AN>RES ,BOOKS ( ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 #b#e4 

,AU?OR ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,I HAVE RESORT$1 = ?IS TRANSLATION1 TO ! ,ITALIAN ORIG9AL 0,POT]E1 AUTORITA1 DOM9IO3 UNA PROPO/A DI DEF9IZIONE40 ,9 ,ITALIAN1 ,B]TOLO SAYS3 0,POT]E' D]IVA DAL LAT9O POTIS 7PADRONE1 POSSESSORE71 COSI COME 'DOM9IO' D]IVA DA DOM9US 7PADRONE DI CASA1 CAP(AMIGLIA72 'AUTORITA' 9VECE VI5E DAL LAT9O AUCTOR *E SIGNIFICAVA ORIG9>IAM5TE COLUI *E FA CRESC]E1 *E ACCRESCE40 ,AN EXC]PT SOME:AT DIFF]5T TO ! ,SPANI% TRANSLATION3 0,POD] D]IVA DEL LAT9 'POLIS' 7"7 PATR91 AMO7 ASI COMO ,DOM9ACION D]IVA DE 'DOM9US' 7DU5O DE CASA1 JEFE DE FAMILIA72 ,AUTORIDAD1 5 CAMBIO1 PROVI5E DEL LAT9 'AUCTOR'1 QUE 5 SU ORIG5 SIGNIFICA EL QUE HACE CREC]1 EL QUE ACRECI5TA40 ,! ,ITALIAN V]SION CAN BE READ H]E4 

.<#b.> ,BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 ORD] ( CITATION73 ,A4 ,LAL&E1 ,DIZION>IO CRITICO DI FILOS(IA1 ,I,S,$,I1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#g#a4 _/ ,H4 ,D4 ,LASSWELL Y ,A4 ,KAPLAN1 ,POT]E E SOCIETA1 ,ETAS1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#f#i4 _/ ,G4 ,F]R]O1 ,POT]E1 ,SUG>CO1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#h#a4 _/ ,N4 ,P\LANTZAS1 9 ,FRANCO ,F]R>OTTI1 ,LA SOCIOLOGIA DEL POT]E1 ,LAT]ZA1 ,B>I1 #a#i#g#b4 _/ ,W4 ,MILLS1 ,POLITICA E POT]E1 ,BOMPIANI1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#g4 _/ ,B4 ,DE ,J\V5EL1 ,IL ,POT]E1 ,RIZZOLI1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#d#g4 _/ ,R4 ,M\SNI]1 ,LE G]>*IE SOCIALI DAL #ade AI NO/RI GIORNI1 ,VITA E P5SI]O1 #a#i#g#a4 _/ ,B4 ,RUSSELL1 ,IL POT]E1 ,FELTR9ELLI1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#f#g4 _/ ,M4 ,WEB]1 ,ECONOMIA Y SOCI$AD1 ,F4,C4,E41 ,MEXICO1 #a#i#h4 _/ ,N4 ,LUHMAN1 ,POT]E E COMPLESSITA SOCIALE1 ,IL ,SAGGIATORE1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#g#i4 _/ ,N4 ,ABBAGNANO1 ,DIZION>IO DI FILOS(IA1 ,U,T,E,T1 ,TUR91 #a#i#f#d4 _/ ,R4 ,S5NET1 ,LA AUTORITA1 ,BOMPIANI1 ,MILAN1 #a#i#h#a4 _/ ,M4 ,HORKHEIM]1 CITADO POR ,T4 ,ES*EMBURG1 ,DELL'AUTORITA1 ,IL ,MUL9O1 ,BOLONIA1 #a#i#g4 _/ ,G4 ,SIMMEL1 ,IL DOM9IO1 ,BULZONI1 ,ROMA1 #a#i#g#h4 _/ ,R4 ,DAHR5DORF1 ,CLASSI E CONFLITTO DE CLASSE NELLA SOCIETA 9DU/RIALE1 ,LAT]ZA1 ,B>I1 #a#i#g4 

.<#c.> ,Y\ CAN SAY ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS AGA9/ AU?ORITY & CAN EASILY OBTA9 EXC]PTS FROM HIS WRIT+S ) ?IS AFFIRMATION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ONE CAN AFFIRM ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS AGA9/ P[] & CAN ALSO F9D SUPPORT = ?IS 9 HIS !ORETICAL TEXTS4 ,H[EV]1 BO? CLAIMS BECOME EMPTY IF Y\ DO NOT SAY :AT ,PR\DHON MEANT BY AU?ORITY & :AT ,BAKUN9 MEANT BY P[]4 ,BRIEFLY APPLY+ A CONT5T ANALYSIS 9 RELATION TO ! CLAIMS PUT =W>D1 WE CAN SAY ?AT ,PR\DHON1 ON AFFIRM+ HIMSELF AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 OPPOS$ AU?ORITY AS ALI5ATION & APPROPRIATION ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE BY A MONOPOLY2 ,BAKUN91 ON OPPOS+ P[]1 POSITION$ HIMSELF AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,)\T DEEP5+ ! DISCUSSION 9 !SE T]MS1 ! DEBATE AB\T P[] BECOMES COMPLETELY EMPTY4 

7,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/BLACKROSEF$4ORG_/T[>DS-AN>*I/-!ORY-(-P[]-CORREA_/47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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