,T[>DS A ,VIBRANT @& ,BROAD ,AFRICAN-,BAS$ ,AN>*ISM 

#bc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,A%ANTI ,AL/ON 

,TEXT 3 

,I AM ALWAYS ON ! SE>* = CUTT+ $GE1 *ALL5G+ ?9K+ )9 AN>*ISM & O!R FIELDS ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY3 ! SE>* = H[ TO GET BEYOND '/UCK4' ,AS A ,BLACK AN>*I/ ,I HAVE LOOK$ = WRIT+S SPECIFICALLY RELAT$ TO ! PROBLEMS & *ALL5GES ?AT ,I FACE1 & ?AT MY PEOPLE FACE H]E 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ?AT CAN HELP US ORGANIZE = SELF-DET]M9ATION & DE/ROY ! V]Y BASIS UPON :I* ALL OPPRESSIVE SY/EMS OP]ATE4 ,( ! ACTIVI/ 0ISMS10 AN>*ISM1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 PROMOTES ! K9D ( OP5NESS & RISK-TAK+ ?AT ACTUALLY 5C\RAGES ! CON/ANT REG5]ATION NECESS>Y TO MEET NEW REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GES4 ,! PRICE TO PAY1 (T51 IS GETT+ 0UNCOM=TABLE10 BE+ 0J>R$10 EV5 9 T]MS ( :AT ONE UND]/OOD AS ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN OR AN>*I/ CANON4 

,! TWO WORKS REVIEW$ H]E1 ,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE3 ,WOLE ,SOY9KA'S ,AN>*ISM & ,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( A ,MOVEM5T1 COME FROM AU?ORS TRAPP$ 9 VICI\S PO/-COLONIAL HELLS4 ,!Y HAVE 0/RET*$ !IR NECKS0 TO SEE & UND]/& DIFF]5TLY 9 ORD] TO JU/ 0BREA!0 & FI<T BACK4 ,! /RET*+ & OP5NESS TO NEW 9=MATION1 NEW 9SI<TS1 IS :AT KEEPS AN>*ISM & O!R RADICAL P]SPECTIVES FRE% & EVOLV+ TO MEET \R PLANET>Y NE$S4 

,WOLE ,SOY9KA'S ,AN>*ISM 

,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE BY ,JOSEPH ,WALUNYWA1 A ,K5YAN /UD5T :O WROTE 9 REQUIREM5T = A DEGREE ( ,DOCTOR ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 ,5GLI% AT ,SYRACUSE ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 WAS A R>E F9D4 ,BLACK & ,AFRICAN WRIT]S ON ! SUBJECT ( AN>*ISM >E R>E1 SEEM+LY4 

,WOLE ,SOY9KA1 ! FIR/ ,AFRICAN TO W9 ! ,NOBEL ,PEACE ,PRIZE 7= ,LIT]ATURE1 #a#i#h#f71 IS A CONTROV]SIAL FIGURE4 ,HE WAS BR\<T UP AS A RELATIVELY PRIVILEG$ ,NIG]IAN ( ,YORUBA CULTURE1 RAIS$ P>TIALLY ,*RI/IAN & GIV5 A ,WE/]N $UCATION4 ,?\< 9DEBT$ TO ,WE/]N LIT]>Y FIGURES SU* AS ,NIETZS*E1 ,B]TOLT ,BRE*T & ,G4 ,WILSON ,KNI<T1 HE WAS ALSO 9FLU5C$ BY ,FRANZ ,FANON1 ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH1 ,AMILC> ,CABRAL1 ,JULIUS ,NY]]E1 & WAS FAMILI> ) ! WRIT+S ( AN>*I/ ?9K]S SU* AS ,PI]RE ,PR\DHON1 ,TOL/OY1 ,G&HI1 ,ALB]T ,CAMUS & ,IGNAZIO ,SILONE4.<#a.> ,BUT HIS PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS >E DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 ,AFRICAN & MORE SPECIFICALLY ,YORUBA MY?OLOGY & CULTURE4 ,IT WAS HIS GR&FA!R1 ) :OM HE DEVELOP$ A SPECIAL RELATION%IP1 ?AT GAVE HIM HIS GR\ND+S 9 ,YORUBA MY?OLOGY4.<#b.> ,IT IS 9 ?IS ,YORUBAN & ,WE/]N RE9T]PRETATION ( ,AFRICAN MY? ?AT ,WALUNYWA F9DS ! NOT-SO-HIDD5 AN>*ISM4 

,SOY9KA'S DRAMATIC WORKS 9CLUDE ,DANCE ( ! ,=E/S1 ,DEA? & ! ,K+'S ,HORSEMAN1 ,MADM5 & ,SPECIALI/S2 HIS POETRY1 ,IDANRE & ,O!R ,POEMS2 ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 ,AKE3 ! ,YE>S ( ,*ILDHOOD2 A NOVEL1,! ,9T]PRET]S2 LIT]>Y & CULTURAL CRITICISM1 ,MY?1 ,LIT]ATURE & ! ,AFRICAN ,WORLD2 & POLITICAL CRITICISM1 ,! ,OP5 ,SORE ( A ,CONT95T4 

,HIS ABILITY TO PLAY ) BO? ,GREEK & ,YORUBAN DRAMA & TRAGIC !MES HAS MADE HIS WORK UNIQUE4 ,HIS ANALYSIS ( ! PO/-COLONIAL ABSURDITIES ( ,NIG]IAN & ,AFRICAN P[] DYNAMICS & HIS CALL = AN 0ORGANIC REVOLUTION0 ?AT D]IVES ITS AU!NTICITY FROM ,YORUBAN MY?OLOGY HAS ALSO MADE HIS PRODUCTIONS CONTROV]SIAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 #aif ! TW5TY-SIX YE> OLD ,SOY9KA RETURN$ TO ,NIG]IA FROM ,5GL& AS ! C\NTRY A*IEV$ ITS NOM9AL 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,5GL&4 ,HIS NEW PLAY1 ,DANCE ( ! ,=E/1 :OSE OP5+ WAS TIM$ TO CO9CIDE ) (FICIAL CELEBRATIONS1 IMM$IATELY PLAC$ HIM AT ODDS ) ! NEWLY 9/ALL$ LEAD]S AS WELL AS ) MANY ( HIS FELL[ 9TELLECTUALS4 ,! PLAY'S !ME FOCUS$ ON ,AFRICA'S1 & BY EXT5SION ,NIG]IA'S1 0RECURR5T CYCLE ( /UPIDITIES10 I4E4 ! *RONIC DI%ONE/Y & ABUSE ( P[] ?AT COLONIALISM HAD BR$ 9 G5]ATIONS ( 9DIG5\S POLITICAL LEAD]S & FUNCTION>IES4 ,LIKE ,FANON & ,NKRUMAH1 HE HAD D>$ TO HI<LI<T CLASS CONTRADICTIONS & O!R PITFALLS ( NATIONALISM & NEOCOLONIALISM4 ,HE HAS MA9TA9$ HIS CRITICISM & VISION = OV] =TY YE>S AS AN >TI/ & A CITIZ5-REBEL4 

,BY REC\NT+ ! REPRES5TATION & PLAY ) ,YORUBA MY? & RITUAL DRAMA ?AT RUNS ?R\< ,SOY9KA'S WORK1 ,WALUNYWA SEEKS TO DEMON/RATE RECURR5T AN>*I/ !MES4 ,EXCIT+4 ,CAN TRAGIC OR RITUAL DRAMA 9 05DOG5\S0 7,WALUNYWA'S T]M7 SOCIETY PROVIDE MEANS = AN>*IC REG5]ATION1 RECUP]ATION1 & A PRAXIS ( ! 0CREATIVE-DE/RUCTIVE PR9CIPLE0 9 CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE8 ,DOES ?IS HAVE P>ALLELS 9 PO/-9DU/RIAL ,WE/]N SOCIETIES1 ESPECIALLY ONE LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?AT HAS 0CAPTIVE NATIONS )90 7MY WORDS7 ?AT >E 05DOG5\S10 9CLUD+ ,BLACK1 ,MEXICANO & ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN NATIONS8 

,WALUNYWA PRES5TS A DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM1 ?R\< ,SOY9KA1 ?AT IS BAS$ 9 ,AFRICAN REALITY &1 SURPRIS+LY1 ON RITUAL OR TRAGIC DRAMA4 ,I W\LD CALL HIS WORK1 0,AN ,AN>*ISM ,DEF9$ ,?R\< ,! ,RITUAL ,DRAMA ( ,5DOG5\S ,SOCIETY40 ,HIS #cac PAGE DISS]TATION PRES5T$ QUITE A *ALL5GE3 G5]ALLY FAMILI> ) ,AFRICA'S BE/ KN[N LIT]>Y WRIT] & PLAYWRI<T1 ,I WAS LESS FAMILI> ) ! SPECIFIC LIT]>Y & >TI/IC USAGE ( T]MS SU* AS DRAMA1 RITUAL1 TRAG$Y1 PRIMORDIAL1 *?ONIC1 >*ETYPE1 ABYSS1 ,PROME!AN1 ,APOLLO1 ,DIONYSUS1 ETC41 & ! ,YORUBAN MY?OLOGY ?AT 9FUSES ALL ( ,SOY9KA'S WORK4 

,KEY TO UND]/&+ ,WALUNYWA'S EXPOSE IS HIS DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM3 0,AS US$ 9 ?IS /UDY1 ! T]M AN>*ISM REF]S TO A SPECIFIC =M ( AN>*ISM ?AT ,I BELIEVE ,SOY9KA HAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ,AFRICAN 9TELLECTUAL DISC\RSE4 4 4 4 ,AN>*ISM IS DEF9$ AS ! DESIRE ON ! P>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CONC]N$ TO DECON/RUCT ! SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* REFLECT ! VALUES ( 'MOD]N CIVILIZATION' AS CONCEPTUALIZ$ ?R\< ! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGIES 9 ORD] TO PAVE ! WAY = ! RECUP]ATION ( 'PRIMORDIAL CULTURE' AS CONCEPTUALIZ$ ?R\< ! 'COSMOLOGIES' ( '5DOG5\S SOCIETIES4'0.<#c.> ,IT IS 0! CONSI/5T RESI/ANCE--! DESIRE TO BREAK FREE (--ALL =CES1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R !Y ORIG9ATE FROM '! ,LEFT' OR FROM '! ,RI<T1' ?AT SEEK TO CONF9E EI!R ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ! COMMUNITY )9 ANY E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 OR POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONAL B>RICADE40.<#d.> 

,BY 05DOG5\S SOCIETIES0.<#e.> ONE %\LD ?9K 09DIG5\S0 ) ,WALUNYWA'S FOCUS ON ! ROLE ( MY?OLOGICAL OR SYMBOLIC SY/EMS )9 !SE SOCIETIES4 ,HE IS REF]R+ TO ! SPECIFIC MY?OLOGICAL OR SYMBOLIC PRACTICES ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! IMPOSITION ( ,EUROPEAN COLONIALI/ MOD]NITY >\ND ! WORLD & ?AT >E P>T ( CULTURES ?AT CONT9UE TO RESI/ BY HOLD+ ON TO !IR MY?ICAL RITUAL >*ETYPES4 ,!Y >E 5DOG5\S RE5ACTM5TS ( ! UNITY1 CONTRADICTION & /RUGGLE ( EXI/5CE2 RITUAL >*ETYPAL RE5ACTM5TS F\ND ! WORLD OV] ?AT HI<LI<T & 0MY? POETICIZE0 SU* DRAMATIC !MES AS DEA? & REBIR?1 DIS9TEGRATION & RECUP]ATION1 DE/RUCTION & CREATION1 SUFF]+ & COMPASSION1 FRAGM5TATION & RE-ASSEMBLAGE1 & FALLIBILITY & REM$IATION4 ,!SE TRADITIONS CONTA9 BUILT-9 ME*ANISMS = CON/ANT RESI/ANCE1 REVISION1 RECUP]ATION & REVOLUTION4.<#f.> 

,WALUNYWA /ATES3 0! PRIM>Y FUNCTION UPON :I* 5DOG5\S SOCIETY IS DEVELOP$--0! RITUAL >*ETYPE0--IS BELIEV$ TO BE 'REVOLUTION>Y' 9 T]MS ( ! FRE$OM IT AF=DS ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY BECAUSE IT IS ?\<T TO PROVIDE ! M$IUM ?R\< :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY 9 QUE/ION MA9TA9 AN 9TIMATE RELATION%IP ) PRIMORDIAL CULTURE & ITS LIB]AT+ =CES 7& CONSEQU5TLY EXI/ 9 A DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITION ) MOD]N CULTURE & ITS ALI5AT+ =CES7 )\T COMPLETELY REL9QUI%+ !IR RESPECTIVE S5SE ( SELFHOOD & COMMUNITY40.<#g.> ,WALUNYWA MAKES IT CLE> ?AT ! AN>*I/ LESSONS1 ! TOOLS1 >E ACTUALLY 9 ! RITUAL DRAMAS !MSELVES4 ,HE >GUES ?AT ,SOY9KA BR+S !IR AN>*IC1 COMMUNAL *>ACT] TO C5T] /AGE ?R\< HIS >T & LIT]>Y PRODUCTIONS1 & ALSO 9 ! FIELDS ( POLITICS & PO/-COLONIAL REVOLUTION4 ,LET US FOLL[ ! /ORY1 AS CULL$ FROM ! WORKS ( ,WALUNYWA1 ,SOY9KA1 ,CLYDE ,W4 ,=D1 & ,JANE ,WILK9SON3 

,9 ! BEG9N+ !RE WAS ONLY ONE GODHEAD1 KN[N AS ,ORISA-NLA1 A BE+LESS BE+1 A DIM5SIONLESS PO9T1 AN 9F9ITE CONTA9]1 9CLUD+ ITSELF4 ,?IS UNCREAT$ CREATOR HAD A SLAVE KN[N AS ,ATOODA OR ,ATUNDA4 ,AS ,ORISA-NLA WAS WORK+ 9 A HILLSIDE G>D51 ,ATUNDA REBELL$1 ROLL+ A MASSIVE B\LD] D[N ! HILL1 SMA%+ ,ORISA-NLA 9TO MANY FRAGM5TS4 ,SO1 ! /ORY GOES1 !SE FRAGM5TS BECAME ! ,YORUBA GODS & GODDESSES KN[N AS 0ORI%AS0 ) !IR NUMB] V>Y+ FROM #ba TO #a1#a OR MORE4.<#h.> 

,( !SE MANY ORI%AS1 A H&FUL REPRES5T KEY FIGURES 9 ! PAN!ON & WISDOM TRADITION ( ! ,YORUBA4 ,SOY9KA KEYS 9 ON1 DRAWS FROM1 & GIVES HIS [N UNIQUE 9T]PRETATION TO ! MA9 C>E]S ( ! GODS ,OBATALA1 ,%ANGO & ,OGUN4.<#i.> ,( ! ?REE1 IT IS ,OGUN ) :OM HE F\ND A P]SONAL AFF9ITY AS A Y\NG/] & :OM1 ACCORD+ TO ,WALUNYWA1 HE DEVELOPS AS ! >*ETYPAL AN>*I/4.<#a.> ,! /ORY CONT9UES3 

,ORIG9ALLY BO? DIV9ITY & HUMANITY W]E CONTA9$ 9 ! GODHEAD1 ,ORISA-NLA1 & !RE WAS NO E>? AS WE KN[ IT4 ,TO MAKE A LONG /ORY %ORT1 ,OBATALA1 ! SYMBOL ( ! P[] TO %APE LIFE1 MADE HUMAN BE+S FROM CLAY & CALL$ ON ! SUPREME ORI%A1 ,OLORUN1 TO BREA? LIFE 9TO !M4 ,IT WAS DONE4 ,LAT]1 !RE WAS A CRISIS & A PROBLEMATIC SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! ORI%AS & HUMANITY EM]G$4 ,9 ! ,WE/1 AFT] 0,! ,FALL0 IT IS ! TASK ( HUMANITY TO F9D ITS WAY TO ,! ,ONE @& ,ONLY ,GOD4 ,9 ,YORUBA1 AS 9 MANY O!R 5DOG5\S CULTURES1 IT IS ! ORI%AS1 ! GODS & GODDESSES1 :O J\RNEY TO ! E>?LY REALM1 = 9 !IR DIV9E /ATE !Y W]E 9COMPLETE & NE$$ TO RE-EMBRACE HUMANITY TO MAKE !M :OLE4 ,IT WAS ,OGUN :O =G$ ! SACR$ PA? = ! RETURN ( DIV9ITY TO HUMANITY4.<#a#a.> 

,) ?IS WE >E BE+ ASK$ TO ACCEPT ! VALIDITY ( A NON-,WE/]N P]SPECTIVE & WAY ( MAK+ S5SE ( LIFE4 ,?IS MAY PROVE DIFFICULT = ,M>XI/S1 AN>*O-COMMUNI/S1 & SYNDICALI/S :O HAVE LE>N$ TO SEE ! WORLD ONLY ?R\< ! L5S ( SCI5CE1 REASON & OBJECTIVITY1 ) 0! WORK]0 AS ! EPIC5T] ( *ANGE4 ,BUT1 AS ,PAUL ,FEY]AB5D >GUES 9 ,AGA9/ ,ME?OD1 0!RE IS NO IDEA1 H[EV] ANCI5T & ABSURD1 ?AT IS NOT CAPABLE ( IMPROV+ \R KN[L$GE40.<#a#b.> ,HE ALSO /ATES ?AT ! 9DIG5\S ?9K] (T5 %[S GREAT] 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( KN[L$GE ?AN ?OSE :O DEAL EXCLUSIVELY ) ,WE/]N SCI5CE4 0,IT IS 4 4 4 NECESS>Y1 TO REEXAM9E \R ATTITUDE T[>DS MY?1 RELIGION1 MAGIC1 WIT*CRAFT & T[>DS ALL ?OSE IDEAS :I* RATIONALI/S W\LD LIKE TO SEE =EV] REMOV$ FROM ! SURFACE ( ! E>? 7)\T SO MU* AS HAV+ LOOK$ AT !M--A TYPICAL TABOO REACTION740 .<#a#c.> 

,BY PAY+ HOMAGE TO ! GODS )9 ! CONTEXT PROVID$ BY ! RITUAL1 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 WORK+ ON BEHALF ( ! COMMUNITY1 CONSI/5TLY LETS GO ( & RECUP]ATES HIS OR H] S5SE ( SELF-CON/ITUTION4 ,IF ONE WI%ES TO GET \T ( ! PO/-COLONIAL CRISIS1 ! RITUAL SAYS1 FIR/1 0,YES1 AUTOMATICALLY1 Y\ HAVE ! RI<T TO REBEL10 & SECOND1 0Y\ MU/ N[ PREP>E & TRANSIT ?R\< AN UNAVOIDABLE HELL TO ACQUIRE ! P[]S1 9SI<TS1 SKILLS1 & UNITIES NECESS>Y = Y\ & ! COMMUNITY TO MOVE TO ! ',LIB]ATION ,HILLTOP4'0 ,?IS LETT+ GO OR REL9QUI%+ ( ! SELF 9TO ! ABYSS1 *?ONIC REALM1 OR ! *AOS IMPLIES BE+ TORN ASUND] FROM ALL ?OSE ALI5AT+ =CES & IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CES1 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY 9T]NALIZ$1 ?AT HAS KEPT ONE /UCK 9 A RE/RICT$ /ATE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! RITUAL ( TRANSITION PROVIDES A K9D ( BUILT-9 ME*ANISM = MAK+ A TRANSITION FROM A CONF9+1 COMP>TM5TALIZ+1 OPPRESSIVE EXI/5CE TO MORE LIB]ATORY & FREE REALITIES4 

,= ,SOY9KA1 ! TRANSITION ITSELF IS A PR9CIPLE & ,OGUN IS :AT C\LD BE CALL$ ! PR9CIPAL 0TRANSIT CONDUCTOR40 ,! ACTIVITY ( GO+ ?R\< SOME?+ IS A FACT ( LIFE & NOT ALWAYS1 & MAYBE EV5 R>ELY1 A PLEASANT J\RNEY4 ,BUT ?R\< IT1 ?R\< ! ABYSS1 ! *?ONIC REALM OR *AOS1 !RE >E ! ELEM5TAL =CES UPON :I* ONE CAN DRAW TO BR+ AB\T RE-ASSEMBLAGE1 RECUP]ATION & CREATIVITY4 

,WALUNYWA PO9TS TO ,SOY9KA'S USE ( ,OGUN AS ! TRAGIC H]O :OSE JOB IT IS TO MAKE ?IS TRANSITION HAPP54 ,IT IS ,OGUN'S /ORY ?AT IS MO/ 9/RUCTIVE H]E4 70,OGUN IS ! EMBODIM5T ( *ALL5GE1 ! ,PROME!AN 9/9CT 9 MAN1 CON/ANTLY AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY = ITS FULL SELF-REALIZATION40 .<#a#d.>7 

,! PR9CIPLE ( DE/RUCTION & CREATIVITY SET 9 MOTION BY ,ATUNDA'S B\LD] IS REPEAT$ ANEW 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ,OGUN4.<#a#e.> ,SOY9KA PLACES HIM AT ! C5T] ( ,YORUBA METAPHYSICS4 ,HE BECOMES ! ESS5CE ( CREATIVITY ITSELF4 ,HE IS ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/1 ! IRON WORK]1 ! RELUCTANT LEAD]1 OR ,NIETZS*E'S ,SUP]MAN1 EXPRESS+ ! 9DOMITABLE WILL TO P[] 7ACCORD+ TO ,SOY9KA7 9 ! S]VICE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,HE IS ! ONLY GOD WILL+ TO MAKE ! TRANSITION ?R\< ! ABYSS1 ?R\< ! *AOS1 TO PREP>E ! WAY = ! O!RS 9 !IR QUE/ TO REUNIFY ) HUMANITY4 ,9 MAK+ ! TRANSITION1 HE IS ALSO WILL+ TO BE TORN ASUND]1 SO ?AT 9 RE-ASSEMBLAGE HE MI<T HELP BR+ AB\T COMMUNAL *ANGE4 ,IT IS EVID5T 9 ,WALUNYWA'S COMM5T>Y ?AT ,SOY9KA HAS RECREAT$ ! *>ACT] ( ,OGUN 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HE CAN BE MO/ USEFUL 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,AFRICA'S CONTEMPOR>Y PO/-COLONIAL1 NEO-LIB]AL WRECKAGE4 ,?IS ,OGUNIAN AN>*ISM IS ! !ME ?AT CON/ANTLY EXPRESSES ITSELF ?R\<\T ,SOY9KA'S >T1 LIFE1 & REVOLUTION>Y VISION4 

,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( A ,MOVEM5T 

#aiig WAS A CELEBRATORY YE> DUE TO ! PUBLICATION ( ! FIR/ MAJOR WORK ON AN>*ISM FROM A SPECIFICALLY ,AFRICAN P]SPECTIVE4 ,AU?ORS ,SAM ,MBAH & ,I4,E4 ,IG>IWEY >E BO? MEMB]S ( ! ,NIG]IAN ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE1 AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION AT ! TIME NUMB]+ UP TO ONE ?\S& MEMB]S4 ,!RE >E ONLY A H&FUL ( REVIEWS ( ! BOOK &1 SADLY1 ,I HAVE YET TO F9D A REVIEW 9 ANY BLACK NATIONALI/ PUBLICATION4 

,?\< FEW PEOPLE MAY ASSOCIATE AN>*ISM ) ,AFRICA1 MANY BLACK NATIONALI/ FOLK WILL ASSOCIATE ) ITS CLOSE 0C\S9S0--COMMUNALISM & ,AFRICAN SOCIALISM4 ,AL?\< AN>*ISM /ILL C>RIES CAPITALI/-CON/RUCT$ DI/ORTIONS1 & LEFTI/1 ,M>XI/ DI%ONE/Y1 IT IS BO? BOLD & DANG]\S = ,AFRICANS TO DECL>E !MSELVES AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & >GUE ?AT AN>*ISM HAS A LEGITIMATE PLACE AMONG LIB]ATION !ORIES ON ! CONT95T4 ,& ONE MU/ ASK3 ,:Y8 ,?US F> NO?+ HAS BE5 ABLE TO RESOLVE ,AFRICA'S PO/-COLONIAL1 NEOLIB]AL CRISIS3 NEI!R LIB]AL DEMOCRACY1 ,M>XISM1 CAPITALISM1 MOD]NITY1 NOR NATIONALISM4 

,9 AN #aiii 9T]VIEW ,MBAH EXPLA9$ ! SPIRIT 9 :I* HE & ,IG>IWEY \TL9$ AN>*ISM'S RELATION%IP TO ,AFRICA3 0,AL?\< AN>*ISM IS NOT COMPLETE )\T ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTIONS1 WE BELIEVE !RE >E ELEM5TS ( ,AFRICAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ?AT CAN BE ( ASSI/ANCE 9 ELABORAT+ AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,ONE ( !SE IS ! SELF-HELP1 MUTUAL AID1 OR COOP]ATIVE TRADITION ?AT IS PREVAL5T 9 ,AFRICAN SOCIETY40.<#a#f.> 

,9 ! FIR/ TWO *APT]S !Y GIVE A V]Y G5]AL P]USAL ( A ,EUROPEAN-BAS$ AN>*I/ !ORY & HI/ORY1 & ALSO A HI/ORY ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ON ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T4 ,= ME1 ! BOOK BEG9S ) ! ?IRD ,*APT]1 0,AN>*I/ ,PREC$5TS 9 ,AFRICA10 :I* ID5TIFIES & EXP\NDS UPON 0AN>*IC ELEM5TS0.<#a#g.> 9 PRE-COLONIAL /ATELESS SOCIETIES & EXPLORES H[ !SE ELEM5TS MANIFE/ !MSELVES TODAY4 ,CASE /UDIES FOCUS ON SU* COMMUNITIES AS ! ,IGBO1 ! ,TALL5SI1 & ! ,NIG] ,DELTA PEOPLES 7NOTABLY1 ! HI]>*ICAL ,YORUBA >E NOT *OS574 0,AN>*Y AS AN AB/RACTION MAY 9DE$ BE REMOTE TO ,AFRICANS1 BUT IT IS NOT AT ALL UNKN[N AS A WAY ( LIFE40 .<#a#h.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY >E SAY+3 0H]E >E ! 'AN>*IC ELEM5TS1'.<#a#i.> 0H]E >E 9DIG5\S ROOTS40 ,9 !IR LA/ *APT]1 0,AN>*ISM'S ,FUTURE 9 ,AFRICA10 ! AU?ORS RETURN TO !SE ROOTS TO ADVANCE A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE = LIB]ATION FROM ! PO/-COLONIAL1 NEO-LIB]AL DEVA/ATION ( ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T3 0,GIV5 !SE PROBLEMS1 A RETURN TO ! 'AN>*IC ELEM5TS' 9 ,AFRICAN COMMUNALISM IS VIRTUALLY 9EVITABLE40 .<#b.> ,!RE IS HOPE GR\ND$ 9 CONCRETE HI/ORICAL 7& PRES5T-DAY7 EXAMPLES ( /ATELESS1 GOV]NM5T-LESS1 POLICE-LESS SOCIETIES4 

,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY DO NOT PA9T A ROMANTIC1 ROSY PICTURE ( !SE 0TRIBES )\T RUL]S40 ,COMMUNALISM WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ UTOPIA4 ,BUT ME*ANISMS W]E 9 PLACE TO WORK \T SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?R\< A P>TICIPATORY1 BROADLY 9CLUSIVE =M ( DEMOCRACY ?AT WE CALL CONS5SUS4 ,?IS IS />TL+ 9=MATION = ?OSE ( US ACCU/OM$ TO SEE+ LIFE AS /RUCTUR$ UPON RI* & POOR1 GOV]NM5T & L$1 POLICE & POLIC$ CITIZ5RY1 ,:ITE & NIGG]4 

,) RELIGION OR SPIRITUALITY1 ,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY DO PO9T \T ITS SIGNIFICANCE 9 TRADITIONAL LIFE & ! COHESIVE ROLE IT PLAY$3 0,RELIGION1 9 ?IS S5SE1 WAS PRIM>ILY A !ORETICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORLD1 & AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY ?IS 9T]PRETATION TO ! PR$ICTION & CONTROL ( WORLDLY EV5TS4 4 4 4 ,! IDEA ?AT 'SPIRITUAL =CES' TRANSLAT$ 9TO A NOTION ( GODS1 AN E>? SPIRIT OR A P[]FUL GU>DIAN SPIRIT ?AT WAS P]SONAL TO 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 4 4 4 ,9 %ORT1 ! GODS >E NOT ONLY !ORETICAL 5TITIES1 !Y >E PEOPLE40.<#b#a.> 

,:]EAS ,SOY9KA W\LD SEE ?IS ASPECT ( 9DIG5\S RELIGION AS DYNAMIC1 9 0,OB/ACLES TO ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,AFRICA 7,RELIGI\S & ,CULTURAL ,FACTORS710 ! AU?ORS /ATE3 0LIKE ALL RELIGIONS1 ,AFRICAN RELIGIONS ALSO HAD CONS]VATIVE_/REACTION>Y ASPECTS40 .<#b#b.> ,!Y CONNECT RELIGION ) DESPAIR & SAY ?AT RELIGION1 ESPECIALLY IMPORT$ ,WE/]N RELIGION1 FE$S ON DESPAIR4 ,AL?\< ?IS MAY SIMPLY REFLECT ! AU?ORS' UNCRITICAL EMBRACE ( A ,EUROPEAN-BAS$ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 ANTI-METAPHYSICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ONE ALSO LE>NS ?AT RELIGION OR SPIRITUALITY IS NOT /ATIC4 ,!RE >E RITUAL ASPECTS1 SPECIFICALLY 9 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES1 ?AT HAVE BUILT-9 ME*ANISMS = *ALL5G+ ! /ATUS QUO & MAK+ *ANGE4 

,9 REEXAM9+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AFRICAN SOCIALISM1 ! AU?ORS 5C\RAGE US NOT TO CLOSE ! BOOKS ON ,NKRUMAH'S POSITIVE SOCIALISM1 ,S5<OR'S EXI/5TIAL & 0NEGRITUDE0 SOCIALISM1 ,NASS]'S DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 OR ,NY]]E'S ,UJAMAA 7FAMILYHOOD7 SOCIALISM4 ,AL?\< ALL !SE V>IETIES ( ,AFRICAN SOCIALISM W]E /ATE-9ITIAT$ & FAILURES1 ,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY BELIEVE ?AT A V]Y 0G5U9E & CR$IBLE ATTEMPT0 WAS MADE 9 ,TANZANIA UND] ,JULIUS ,NY]]E4 ,NY]]E'S ?\<T IS SE5 AS AN ORGANIZ$1 SY/EMATIC P]SPECTIVE ON SOCIALISM ?AT IS 09DISPUTABLY AN>*I/IC 9 ITS LOGIC & CONT5T40 .<#b#c.> ,HIS ATTEMPT TO IMPLEM5T SOCIALISM ?R\< ! CONCEPT ( ,UJAMAA WAS NOVEL4 ,IT WAS BAS$ ON ! COMMUNITY & ! TRADITIONAL FAMILY GR\P1 BUT TOOK 9TO ACC\NT 0MOD]N ME?ODS & ! TW5TIE? C5TURY NE$S ( MAN40.<#b#d.> ,IT CALL$ = VILLAGE DEMOCRACY & WAS NOT TO BE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< CO]CION1 BUT RA!R P]SUASION & CONS5SUS4 ,! AU?ORS CONT5D ?AT ! 9T]V5TION ( BUREAUCRACY & /ATE CORRUPTION CAUS$ ,UJAMAA TO FAIL1 BUT 9SI/ ?AT ?IS DOES NOT DETRACT FROM ,NY]]E'S >GUM5T4 ,A SMALL COMM5T>Y IS DEVOT$ TO ,MUAMM> ,GADHAFI'S 0,?IRD ,UNIV]SAL ,!ORY0 & HIS CONCEPT ( JAM>RHIRIYAH4.<#b#e.> ,?\< IT IS ANO!R EXP]IM5T 9 SOCIALISM 9ITIAT$ BY ! /ATE 7& LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 ! /ATE EM]G$ FROM A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T71 IT IS !ORETICALLY BOLD & DES]VES MORE ATT5TION1 ALONG ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ WORKS ( ,NY]]E1 ,SEK\ ,T\RE1 ,AUGU/9O ,NETO1 ,SAMORA ,MA*EL1 ,AMILC> ,CABRAL1 ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH & ,PATRICE ,LUMUMBA4 

,9 0,AN>*ISM & ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 9 ,AFRICA0 ! AU?ORS AGA91 ,I FEEL1 RELY TOO /RONGLY ON A ,EUROPEAN EXP]I5CE1 :I* TIES NATIONALISM TO CAPITALISM1 NATIONAL & E?NIC *AUV9ISM1 & ! CON/RUCTION ( A /ATE4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE DOES NOT >TICULATE ! FULL CREATIVITY ( NATIONALISM & NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 

,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY SUBSUME NATIONALISM1 CULTURE1 & ! SPIRITUALITY ( SUBJECT PEOPLES UND] ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 SPECIFICALLY UND] ! WORK]S & PEASANTS' /RUGGLE4 ,BUT REAL FOLKS >E ALSO ,IBO1 ,YORUBA1 ,OGONI1 WOM51 Y\?1 UNIV]SITY TEA*]S1 TRAD]S1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 ETC4 ,NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS HAVE /RONG ID5TITY COMPON5TS ?AT >E NOT GR\ND$ 9 AB/RACT POLITICAL ECONOMIC CATEGORIES4 ,FRE% ?9K+ IS NE$$ & CAN BE DRAWN FROM ANALYZES ( NATIONALISM & LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS F\ND 9 FEM9I/1 PO/MOD]NI/1 & CULTURAL /UDIES4 ,!RE IS ALREADY A SMALL1 BUT GR[+ BODY ( WORK ON NON-/ATE OR ANTI-/ATE NATIONALISMS BE+ DEVELOP$ BY AN>*I/S & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS4 

,CONCLUSION 

,9 DEVELOP+ A BROAD & VIBRANT ,AFRICAN-BAS$ AN>*ISM1 !SE TWO WORKS CAN PROVIDE 9SI<TS ?AT AN>*I/S & REVOLUTION>IES 9 G5]AL >E MISS+4 ,TOGE!R !Y (F] A COMB9ATION ( CULTURE & CLASS ANALYZES ?AT TAKE 9 ! :OLE ( PEOPLES' LIVES3 !IR RITUAL EV]YDAY LIVES & !IR CLASS-BAS$1 PO/-COLONIAL LIVES4 ,WALUNYWA'S ANALYSIS ( ,SOY9KA GIVES US 9SI<T 9TO ! SIGNIFICANCE ( EV]YDAY ,YORUBAN RESI/ANCE1 :]EAS ,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY GIVE US A /RONG CLASS ANALYSIS ( ! ,AFRICAN CRISIS & SUGGE/ AN AN>*I/IC P]SPECTIVE ?AT C\LD FREE ! CONT95T4 

,BUT IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,WALUNYWA DOES NOT M5TION ! CRITICISM ,SOY9KA HAS RECEIV$ = BE+ ELITI/ & SEXI/ 9 HIS WORKS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,NGUGI WA ,?IO+',O HAS CRITICIZ$ HIS WORKS = D[NPLAY+ ! P[] ( ! MASSES :ILE OV]EMPHASIZ+ ! TRAGIC H]O'S ABILITY TO BR+ AB\T *ANGE4.<#b#f.> ,ALSO1 HIS WOM5 *>ACT]S >E1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 /]EOTYPICAL FEMMES FATALES & ,SOY9KA FOCUSES ON ! ?REE MALE GODS1 :5 !RE IS JU/ AS MU* REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 9 ! GODDESSES ,OSUN1 ,OYA1 & ,YEMOJA4 ,! DECISION IS HIS1 AS WAS ! DECISION ( ,IBO WRIT] ,FLORA ,NWAPA1 = EXAMPLE1 TO FOCUS ON ,OGBUIDE1 ! ,LAKE ,GODDESS 7A4K4A4 0,MAMMYWATA071 OR ,AMA ,ATA ,AIDOO1 ,\SMANE ,SEMB5E & ,NGUGI WA ,?IO+',O TO GIVE WOM5 MORE DIV]SE REVOLUTION>Y ROLES 9 !IR LIT]>Y WORKS1 & ?US 5C\RAGE MORE POSSIBILITIES = FEMALE & MALE READ]S4 ,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM1 ?\< /RONG ON CLASS ANALYSIS1 C\LD ALSO B5EFIT FROM A /RONG] FEM9I/ ANALYSIS AS WELL AS 9SI<TS FROM WORKS SU* AS BY ,MOL>A ,OGUNDIPE-,LESLIE1 ,FILOM9A ,*IOMA ,/EADY1 & ,FLOR5CE ,/RATTON ?AT DIG DEEP] 9TO ,AFRICAN EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,COMPLEM5T$ ) V>I\S PO/MOD]NI/ ANALYZES :I* *ALL5GE OLD POSITIONS ON NATIONALISM 7,WAHNEEMA ,LUBIANO1 ,B5$ICT ,&]SON1 ,RAJANI ,K4 ,KAN?1 ,MANUEL ,CA/ELLS1 ,P>?A ,*ATT]JEE71 CULTURAL REVOLUTION 7BELL HOOKS1 SEMIOTICIAN ,OM(OLABO ,AJAYI-,SOY9KA71 & CLASSICAL AN>*ISM 7,TODD ,MAY1 ,SAUL ,NEWMAN71 ,MBAH & ,IG>IWEY'S WORK C\LD BE ! F\NDATION ( GREAT] CRITICAL ANALYSIS4 

,WALUNYWA HAS DONE A MO/ VALUABLE ?+ BY BR++ CULTURE TO ! =E4 ,HIS $UCATION 9 PO/-/RUCTURALISM1 AS NOT$ 9 HIS PREFACE1 9DICATES AN ABILITY TO BR+ O!R P]SPECTIVES 9TO HIS WORK4 ,= ME1 ,WALUNYWA'S 9T]E/ 9 ,SOY9KA'S AN>*ISM MAY WELL BE HIS [N 7HE /ATES3 0,SOY9KA'S [N CONCEPT ( AN>*ISM IS ! ONLY TRULY REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD AVAILABLE TO MANK9D TODAY0.<#b#g.>4 ,IF SO1 IT MAY BE ,WALUNYWA1 MORE ?AN ,SOY9KA1 :O IS \R FIR/ ACKN[L$G$ ,AFRICAN AN>*I/ PHILOSOPH] TO JO9 ! RANKS ( O!R ?9K]S--SU* AS ,GAIL ,/5/AD1 ,SAUL ,NEWMAN1 ,TODD ,MAY1 ,LOR5ZO ,]V+1 ,COL9 ,W>D1 & ,ROL&O ,P]EZ--:O >E PU%+ AN>*I/ ?9K+ T[>D NEW1 URG5T HORIZONS4.<#b#h.> ,TOGE!R1 ,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE3 ,WOLE ,SOY9KA'S ,AN>*ISM & ,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM HAVE TAK5 ON ADD$ IMPORTANCE = ME :ILE RESE>*+ & WRIT+ ?IS REVIEW4 ,!IR H9TS1 9SI<TS1 FOCUSES %\LD BE TAK5 UP BY GRASSROOTS BLACK REVOLUTION>IES & O!RS :O GO ?R\< ! EXI/5TIAL SUFF]+ ( BE+ 0/UCK0 9 TIME & 9EFFECTIVE AS MOVEM5TS4 

,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,IGNAZIO ,SILONE 7#a#i-#g#h7 WAS AN ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ & ANTI-FASCI/ J\RNALI/ & NOVELI/4 ,HE AU?OR$ ,BREAD & ,W9E 7#a#i#f#b7 & DEF9$ HIMSELF AS A 0SOCIALI/ )\T A P>TY1 ,*RI/IAN )\T A *UR*40 

.<#b.> ,9=MATION ON ,SOY9KA'S 9FLU5CES COME MA9LY FROM ,FLOR5CE ,/RATTON1 0,WOLE ,SOY9KA'S ,SOCIAL ,VISION10 ,BLACK ,AM]ICAN ,LIT]ATURE ,=UM1 ,VOL4 #b#b1 ,NUMB] #c 7,FALL #a#i#h#h73 #e#c#d4 ,/RATTON1 9T]E/+LY1 ALSO ASSOCIATES AN>*ISM ) ,SOY9KA'S WORKS4 ,ALSO1 SEE3 ,JOSEPH ,WILSON1 0,SOY9KA & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,TRADITIONS3 ,EUROPEAN & ,AFRICAN10 7HTTP3_/_/WWW4EMORY4$U_/,5,G,L,I,%_/,BAHRI_/,SOY9KA4HTM#a7 

.<#c.> ,JOSEPH ,WALUNYWA1 0,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE3 ,WOLE ,SOY9KA'S ,AN>*ISM0 7,PH4,D4 ,DIS41 ,SYRACUSE ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#i#g71 #b#a4 

.<#d.> ,IBID41 #g#e4 

.<#e.> ,IBID41 #c1 #b#c4 

.<#f.> ,IBID41 #a#a#f4 

.<#g.> ,IBID41 #b#b4 

.<#h.> ,COMPIL$ FROM ! FOLL[+ & COMP>$ = CONSI/5CY3 ,CLYDE ,W4 ,=D1 ,! ,H]O ,) ,AN ,AFRICAN ,FACE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,BANTAM ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#i71 #a#d#f2 ,JANE ,WILK9SON1 ,ORPHEUS 9 ,AFRICA3 ,FRAGM5TATION & ,R5EWAL 9 ,F\R ,AFRICAN ,WRIT]S_/,BETWE5 ,ORPHEUS & ,OGUN7,ROME3 ,BULZONI ,$ITORE1 #a#i#i71 #a#g#i-#a#h#a2 & ,WALUNYWA1 0,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE10 #i#b-#a#a#e4 

.<#i.> ,WALUNYWA1 0,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE10 #i#c-#i#i4 

.<#a.> ,IBID41 #a#d4 

.<#a#a.> ,FROM ,=D1 ,! ,H]O ,) ,AN ,AFRICAN ,FACE1 #a#d#f2 ,JANE ,WILK9SON1 ,ORPHEUS 9 ,AFRICA1 #a#g#i-#a#h#a2 & ,WALUNYWA1 0,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE10 #i#b-#a#a#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,PAUL ,FEY]AB5D1 ,AGA9/ ,ME?OD3 ,\TL9E ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY ( ,KN[L$GE7HTTP3_/_/PN>AE4COM_/PHIL_/MA9.-PHIL_/FEY_/AGA9/4HTM74 ,SEE ALSO1 ,>UN ,BALA1 ,FEY]ABND & ,SCI5TIFIC ,ME?OD1 7HTTP3_/_/C\RSES4NUS4$U4SG_/C\RSE_/PHIBALAS_/DIALOGUE#b#a4,SCI5TIFIC.0#b,ME?OD_/,FEY]AB5D7 

.<#a#c.> ,PAUL ,FEY]AB5D1 ,AGA9/ ,ME?OD3 ,\TL9E ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY ( ,KN[L$GE1 ,IBID4 

.<#a#d.> ,WOLE ,SOY9KA1 ,MY?1 ,LIT]ATURE & ! ,AFRICAN ,WORLD 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#g#f71 #c4 

.<#a#e.> ,F4 ,ODUN ,BALOGUN1 0,SOY9KA & ! ,LIT]>Y ,ES!TIC ( ,AFRICAN ,SOCIALISM10 ,BLACK ,AM]ICAN ,LIT]ATURE ,=UM1 ,VOL4 #bb ,NUMB] #c1 7,FALL #a#i#h#h73 #e#b#a4 

.<#a#f.> ,*UCK ,MORSE1 0,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,9T]VIEW ) ,SAM ,MBAH10 ,P]SPECTIVES ON ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY1 ,SPR+ #a#i#i#i1 #i4 

.<#a#g.> ,SAM ,MBAH & ,I4 ,E4 ,IG>IWEY1 ,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( A ,MOVEM5T7HTTP3_/_/WWW4CIRCLEALPHA4COM_/LIBR>Y_/AFRICAN.-AN>*ISM_/PREC$5TS4HTML74 

.<#a#h.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#i.> ,IBID4 

.<#b.> ,IBID41 7HTTP3_/_/WWWCIRCLEALPHA4COM_/LIBR>Y_/AFRICAN.-AN>*ISM_/FUTURE4HTML74 

.<#b#a.> ,IBID41 7HTTP3_/_/WWW4CIRCLEALPHA4COM_/LIBR>Y_/AFRICAN.-AN>*ISM_/PREC$5TS4HTML74 

.<#b#b.> ,IBID41 7HTTP3_/_/WWW4ILLEGALVOICES4ORG_/APOC_/BOOKS_/AA_/*#f4HTML7 

.<#b#c.> ,!Y WRITE3 0,IT IS ULTIMATELY 9 ! SEM9AL ?\<TS ( ,JULIUS ,NY]]E ?AT WE GLEAN AN ORGANIZ$1 SY/EMATIC BODY ( DOCTR9E ON SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9DISPUTABLY AN>*I/IC 9 ITS LOGIC & CONT5T40 7,IBID41 HTTP3_/_/WWW4CIRCLEALPHA4COM_/LIBR>Y_/AFRICAN.-AN>*ISM_/PREC$5TS4HTML7 

.<#b#d.> ,!Y WRITE3 0,!IR COMMUNITY W\LD BE ! TRADITIONAL FAMILY GR\P1 OR ANY O!R GR\P ( PEOPLE LIV+ ACCORD+ TO ,UJAMAA PR9CIPLES1 L>GE 5\< TO TAKE ACC\NT ( MOD]N ME?ODS & ! TW5TIE? C5TURY NE$S ( MAN40 ,IBID4 

.<#b#e.> ,= FUR!R COMM5T>Y1 SEE ,?OMAS ,M>T91 0,SOCIETY ,ITS ,[N ,SUP]VISOR3 ,QA?AFI'S ,DEMOCRATIC ,!ORY10 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM1 ,NO4 #ae 7#a#i#i73 #d#b4 ,M>T9 DEF9ES JAMAHIRIYA AS ! 0/ATE ( ! MASSES0 OR 0PEOPLE-DOM40 

.<#b#f.> ,SEE ,NGUGI WA ,?IONG'O1 0,WOLE ,SOY9KA1 ,T4,M4 ,ALUKO & ! ,SATIRIC ,VOICE10 9,HOMECOM+3 ,ESSAYS ON ,AFRICAN & ,C>IBBEAN ,LIT]ATURE1 ,CULTURE & ,POLITICS1 ,NGUGI WA ,?IONG'O 7,*ICAGO3 ,*ICAGO ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c74 ,SEE ALSO ,MUMIA ,ABU-,JAMAL1 0,SOY9KA'S ,AFRICA10 ,! ,BLACK ,S*OL>1 ,VOL4 #c#a1 ,NO4 #a3 #c#g4 

.<#b#g.> ,JOSEPH ,WALUNYWA1 0 ,PO/-,COLONIAL ,AFRICAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE10 #a#b#d4 

.<#b#h.> ,I DO WANT TO ADMIT ! HEAVY MALE & WE/]N BIAS ( MY [N RES\RCES1 ESPECIALLY 9 NOT BE+ ABLE TO REF] TO ANY WOM5 ( COLOR AN>*I/ !ORETICIANS OR PHILOSOPH]S = ?IS REVIEW4 ,SELF-CRITICISM IS H]E4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bb 3 ,T[>DS A ,VIBRANT @& ,BROAD ,AFRICAN-,BAS$ ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,T[>DS A ,VIBRANT @& ,BROAD ,AFRICAN-,BAS$ ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,T[>DS A ,VIBRANT @& ,BROAD ,AFRICAN-,BAS$ ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/