,*APT] #i 
,ON ,NEO-,M>XISM1 ,BUREAUCRACY1 & ! ,BODY ,POLITIC 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,ON ,NEO-,M>XISM1 ,BUREAUCRACY1 & ! ,BODY ,POLITIC 

  

,! HI/ORIC FAILURE ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 P>TICUL>LY ITS ,M>XIAN =M1 TO PROVIDE A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE = \R TIME HAS BE5 FOLL[$ BY A HI<LY AB/RACT =M ( SOCIALI/ !ORETICS ?AT /&S %>PLY AT ODDS ) ! V]Y NOTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT -- NOTABLY1 A !ORY ?AT IS MEANT TO YIELD A VIABLE REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,IF ?IS JUDGM5T SEEMS H>%1 IT H>DLY CONVEYS ! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS !ORETICS HAS BECOME A CONSID]ABLE CULTURE 9DU/RY 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,! RETREAT ( SOCIALISM FROM ! FACTORY TO ! ACADEMY -- AN A/ONI%+ PH5OM5ON ?AT CANNOT BE JU/IFI$ BY VIEW+ 0KN[L$GE0 AS A TE*NICAL =CE 9 SOCIETY -- HAS D5I$ SOCIALISM ! RI<T TO A DEC5T 9T]NM5T BY P]PETUAT+ IT AS A PR(ESSIONALIZ$ IDEOLOGY4 ,AN 5FEEBL$ !ORY1 LONG DRA9$ ( ITS SWEEP+ LIB]ATORY CLAIMS1 SOCIALISM HAS BE5 TURN$ FROM A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON 9TO AN ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E1 FROM A HI/ORIC REALITY 9TO A M]E SPECIM5 ( 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY ?AT IS CULTUR$ EXOTICALLY ALL ! MORE TO OBSCURE ! NE$ = AN 5TIRELY NEW CONCEPTION ( !ORY & PRACTICE4 

,9DE$1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ACADEMY ITSELF HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY DIS5GAG$ FROM SOCIETY1 IT HAS US$ SOCIALI/ !ORETICS TO 9DULGE ITS WOR/ 9TELLECTUAL HABITS4 ,! REMA9S ( A ONCE-9SURG5T MOVEM5T HAVE PROVID$ ! 9TELLECTUAL NUTRI5TS = ACADEMIC CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ?AT >E UTT]LY ALI5 TO IT -- A LEVEL ( DISC\RSE1 A RANGE ( P]CEPTIONS1 A T]M9OLOGY1 & A BODY ( 9TELLECTUAL PRET5SIONS ?AT MUTUALLY RE9=CE ! R$UCTION ( ACADEMIC IDEOLOGY TO SOCIALISM & ( SOCIALISM TO IDEOLOGY4 ,ONE MU/ LEAVE IT TO ! CONSCI5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ ACADEMICS TO ASK !MSELVES IF ,M>X'S ACC\NT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS A HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE CAN BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO A HI/ORY ( 0DI/ORT$ COMMUNICATION10_<#a_> HIS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 9TO A SPECIFIC 0P>ADIGM0 ( 09T]SUBJECTIVITY10 & HIS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9TO 0SYMBOLICALLY M$IAT$ =MS ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION40 ,AN E>LI] G5]ATION ( ,M>XIAN !ORI/S1 H[EV] S]I\S !IR %ORTCOM+S1 W\LD HAVE BANI%$ ! V]Y T]M 0SOCIOLOGY0 FROM ! VOCABUL>Y ( RADICAL IDEAS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS DESICCAT$ CATEGORIES & ITS ODI\S PRET5SIONS TO EXACTITUDE4 ,TODAY1 ?IS VOCABUL>Y HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY A MORE 5N]VAT$ ONE 9 :I* SOCIALLY NEUTRAL T]MS & CONCEPTS1 D5UD$ ( ! FLE% & BLOOD ( EXP]I5CE1 PIR\ETTE >\ND EA* O!R 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL BALLET ?AT IMP>TS TO !M AN ALMO/ DREAM-LIKE TRANSC5D5TAL QUALITY4 ,! MO/ TE*NICALLY CONVOLUT$ /RATEGIES = /AT+ ! OBVI\S -- ,M>X'S SCI5TISM1 ECO- NOMISM1 & HIS ROOTS 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T -- >E CULTIVAT$ TO CREATE A DI*OTOMY BETWE5 !ORETICS & REALITY ?AT EFFECTIVELY IMMUNIZES CONCEPTS TO ! TE/ ( EXP]I5CE4 

,P>TLY 9 REACTION TO ?IS TR5D1 EXP]I5CE ITSELF HAS BE5 HYPO/ASIZ$ AT ! EXP5SE ( !ORETICAL COH]5CE -- TO A PO9T1 AT TIMES1 :5 ! REFRE%+ IMM$IACY ( REALITY FO/]S A REV]5CE = RAW FACTS ( 0P]CEPTION10 9DE$1 = ! AU?ORITY ( ! EPISODIC & ANECDOTAL4 ,IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 IF ,HAB]MAS'S HI<LY =MALIZ$ !ORETICS CAN BE GIV5 REAL SOCIAL SUB/ANCE BY ! RESE>* ( HIS COLLEAGUES AT ,/>NB]G OR IF V>I\S PH5OM5OLOGICAL & /RUCTURAL T5D5CIES ?AT HAVE BE5 DRIFT+ ?R\< ,M>XISM CAN BR+ SOCIALISM 9TO A MEAN+FUL CONFRONTATION ) CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,BUT 9 ALL ( !SE CASES1 !ORETICAL CRITIQUE HAS BE5 NOTABLE = ITS ABS5CE ( RADICAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,NEI!R ! LAT] G5]ATION ( 0CRITICAL !ORI/S0 NOR !IR OPPON5TS AS REFLECT$ BY NEW] =MALIZATIONS ( ,M>XISM HAVE GIV5 SUB/ANCE TO !IR VISIONS ( FRE$OM & PRACTICE4 ,%AP$ BY ACADEMIC TEMPLATES LIKE SPEE* SITUATIONS1 SY/EMS !ORY1 ,V]/EH51 & RESE>* GUID$ BY ! TE*NICAL CRIT]IA ( SOCIOLOGY1 ! H>% FACT REMA9S ?AT SOCIALISM HAS BE5 CONV]T$ FROM A ONCE VIABLE SOCIAL REALITY 9TO ! 0IDEA0 ( SOCIALISM 9 MU* ! SAME S5SE ?AT ,COLL+WOOD DEALT ) ! 0IDEA0 ( NATURE4 ,!ORETICAL COH]5CE HAS NOT BE5 SP>$ ! REV5GE ( A LACK ( EXP]I5CE ANY MORE ?AN EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 SP>$ ! REV5GE ( A LACK ( !ORETICAL COH]5CE4 ,BO? HAVE BECOME EQUALLY AB/RACT 9 !IR ONE-SID$NESS & P>TIALITY4 

,:AT IS MO/ DI/URB+ AB\T ! SELF-ABSORPTION ( SO MANY ( !SE !ORETICAL & EMPIRICAL T5D5CIES -- T5D5CIES :I* MAY BE BROADLY DESIGNAT$ AS 0NEO-,M>XIAN0 -- IS ! PROMISCUITY ) :I* !Y MELD UTT]LY ANTI!TICAL RADICAL GOALS & TRADITIONS4 ,LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTS & AU?ORIT>IAN ONES1 9DIVIDUALI/IC & COLLECTIVI/IC1 ECONOMI/IC & CULTURAL1 SCI5TI/IC & E?ICAL -- ALL HAVE BE5 FUND$ TOGE!R 9TO AN ECUM5ICAL RADICALISM0 ?AT LACKS ! CONSI/5CY REQUIR$ BY A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,CLASSICAL ,M>XIAN T5D5CIES1 FUNCTION+ UND] ! IMP]ATIVES ( ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 W]E COMPELL$ TO PRESS ! LOGIC ( !IR PREMISES TO ! PO9T ( A COMBATIVE SOCIAL 5GAGEM5T ) B\RGEOIS REALITY4 ,NEO- ,M>XISM 5JOYS ! LUXURY ( !ORETICAL REV]IES 9 :I* BASICALLY 9COMPATIBLE VISIONS ( FRE$OM 9T]M+LE & BECOME DIFFUSE & OBSCURE4 

,LET ME /ATE ?IS PROBLEM CONCRETELY4 ,>E ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 DEC5TRALIZATION & C5TRALIZATION M]ELY DIFF]5CES ( DEGREE OR ( K9D8 ,%\LD WE SEEK TO /RIKE SOME 5IGMATIC 0BALANCE0 BETWE5 !M OR >E !Y FUNDAM5TALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) EA* O!R8 ,IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 A 0MASS SOCIETY0 7TO USE ,M>CUSE'S FASC9AT+ EXPRESSION 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ?IS ISSUE7 IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! DELEGATION ( P[] TO REPRES5TATIVES OR MU/ IT LIT]ALLY BE DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE1 ( ! K9D ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 & ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S8 ,CAN DIRECT DEMOCRACY BE EQUAT$ ) WORK]S' C\NCILS1 SOVIETS1 ! ,G]MAN ,RATE1 AN EQUATION ?AT IS MADE NOT ONLY BY NEO-,M>XI/S1 C\NCIL COMMUNI/S1 BUT ALSO MANY AN>*OSYNDICALI/S8 ,OR DO !SE ESS5TIALLY EXECUTIVE =MS /& AT ODDS ) ! COMMUNES & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES EMPHASIZ$ BY AN>*O-COMMUNI/S8 ,CAN BUREAUCRACY ( ANY K9D COEXI/ ) LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS OR >E !Y 9EXORABLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R8 

,D\BTLESS1 !SE QUE/IONS RAISE MANY PROBLEMS ( T]M9OLOGY ?AT CAN EASILY OBSCURE PO9TS ( AGREEM5T BETWE5 SEEM+LY CONTRA/+ VIEWS4 ,TO SOME NEO-,M>XI/S :O SEE C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION M]ELY AS DIFF]5CE ( DEGREE1 ! WORD 0C5TRALIZATION0 MAY M]ELY BE AN AWKW>D WAY ( D5OT+ MEANS = COORD9AT+ ! DECISIONS MADE BY DEC5TRALIZ$ BODIES4 ,M>X IT IS WOR? NOT+1 GREATLY CONFUS$ ?IS DI/9CTION :5 HE PRAIS$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS A 0WORK+1 NOT A P>LIAM5T>Y BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME4_<#b_> ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! CONSOLIDATION ( 0EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE0 FUNCTIONS 9 A S+LE BODY WAS REGRESSIVE4 ,IT SIMPLY ID5TIFI$ ! PROCESS ( POLICY-MAK+1 A FUNCTION ?AT RI<TLY %\LD BELONG TO ! PEOPLE 9 ASSEMBLY1 ) ! TE*NICAL EXECUTION ( !SE POLICIES1 A FUNCTION ?AT C\LD BE LEFT TO /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES SUBJECT TO ROTATION1 RECALL1 LIMITATIONS ( T5URE1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 SELECT$ BY SORTITION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! MELD+ ( POLICY =MATION ) ADM9I/RATION PLAC$ ! 9/ITUTIONAL EMPHASIS ( CLASSICAL SOCIALISM ON C5TRALIZ$ BODIES1 9DE$1 BY AN IRONICAL TWI/ ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS1 BE/[+ ! PRIVILEGE ( =MULAT+ POLICY ON ! 0HI<] BODIES #e ' ( SOCIALI/ HI]>*IES & !IR EXECUTION PRECISELY ON ! MORE POPUL> 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES0 BEL[4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! CONCEPT ( 0REPRES5TATION0 9T]M+L$ ) 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 S]VES TO OBSCURE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS :I* %\LD DECIDE POLICY & ! 0REPRES5TATIVE0 9/ITUTIONS :I* %\LD M]ELY EXECUTE !M4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,R\SSEAU'S FAM\S PASSAGE ON ! CON/ITUTIVE NATURE ( A 0PEOPLE0 9 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT APPLIES EV5 MORE TO ! 0MASS SOCIETY0 ( \R TIMES ?AN ! 9/ITUTIONALLY >TICULAT$ ONE ( HIS ]A4 0,SOV]EIGNTY1 = ! SAME REASON ?AT MAKES IT 9ALI5ABLE1 CANNOT BE REPRES5T$0 ,R\SSEAU DECL>ES2 0IT LIES ESS5TIALLY 9 ! G5]AL WILL & WILL DOES NOT ADMIT ( REPRES5TATION3 IT IS EI!R ! SAME OR O!R2 !RE IS NO 9T]M$IATE POSSIBILITY4 ,! DEPUTIES ( ! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 >E NOT & CANNOT BE ITS REPRES5TATIVES3 !Y >E M]ELY ITS /EW>DS1 & CAN C>RY ?R\< NO DEF9ITIVE ACTS4 ,EV]Y LAW ! PEOPLE HAS NOT RATIFI$ 9 P]SON IS NULL & VOID -- IS1 9 FACT1 NOT A LAW4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& REG>DS ITSELF AS FREE3 BUT IT IS GROSSLY MI/AK53 IT IS FREE ONLY DUR+ ! ELECTION ( MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T4 ,AS SOON AS !Y >E ELECT$1 SLAV]Y OV]TAKES IT1 & IT IS NO?+ 40 ,H[EV] PROBLEMATICAL ,R\SSEAU'S CONCEPT ( 0G5]AL WILL0 MAY BE1 QUITE ASIDE FROM HIS >*AIC CONCEPT ( 0LAW10 ! PREMISES ?AT UND]LY IT CANNOT BE EVAD$3 0444 ! MOM5T A PEOPLE ALL[S ITSELF TO BE REPRES5T$1 IT IS NO LONG] FREE3 IT NO LONG] EXI/S40_<#c_> 7,MY EMPHASIS -- ,M4,B47 

,IT IS PRECISELY 9 T]MS ( A 0G5]AL WILL0 MORE LIB]T>IAN & 9DIVIDUAT$ ?AN ANY CONCEIV$ BY ,R\SSEAU ?AT REVEALS ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 SOVIETS1 & ! ,RATE TO BE SOCIALLY ONE-SID$ & POT5TIALLY HI]>*ICAL4 ,C\NCILS MAY BE POPUL>LY CON/ITUT$1 BUT !Y >E NOT CON/ITUTIVE ( A 0PUBLIC SPH]E40 ,AS ! LOCUS ( ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS 9 SOCIETY1 !Y ABSORB )9 EXECUTIVE BODIES ! LIB]TIES ?AT MORE APPROPRIATELY BELONG TO A CLE>LY DEL9EABLE BODY POLITIC & !REBY SUBV]T 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ?AT 9DE$ CON/ITUTE A PEOPLE & EXPRESS A POPUL> WILL4 ,C\NCILS1 9 EFFECT1 USURP ! POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY ?AT %\LD BE %>$ BY ALL 9 SOCIAL =MS ?AT EXPRESS ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CLAIM TO SOCIAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,?AT ,BOL%EVISM RECOGNIZ$ ?IS POSSIBILITY & LAT] CYNICALLY EXPLOIT$ IT IS REVEAL$ BY ! EMPHASIS ,L59 PLAC$ ON ! FACTORY AS ! SOCIAL BASIS ( ! SOVIETS4 ,H]E1 9DE$1 A 0PROLET>IAN PUBLIC SPH]E10 TO USE ,OSC> ,NECKT'S PHRASE1 WAS ACKN[L$G$ & HYPO/ASIZ$ -- NOT AS A TRULY DEMOCRATIC >5A1 BUT AS ! LOCUS = A 0PROLET>IAN PUBLIC0 ?AT C\LD BE /RATEGICALLY DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! GREAT MASS ( 0UNRELIABLE0 PEASANTS :OSE VILLAGES COMPRIS$ ! AU!NTIC 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA4 

,BUT ! FACTORY1 F> FROM BE+ ! /RONGE/ ASPECT ( ! 0PROLET>IAN PUBLIC SPH]E0 IS1 9 FACT1 ITS MO/ VULN]ABLE4.<#f#a.> ,H[EV] MU* ITS SOCIAL WEI<T IS RE9=C$ BY REVOLUTION>Y %OP COMMITTEES & ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC =MS ( SELFMANAGEM5T1 ! FACTORY IS 9 NO S5SE AN AUTONOM\S SOCIAL ORGANISM4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS A P>TICUL>LY DEP5D5T ONE ?AT CAN ONLY FUNCTION -- 9DE$1 EXI/ -- 9 CONJUNCTION ) O!R FACTORIES & S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E TO A/UTELY USE ?IS V]Y LIMITATION ( ! FACTORY TO C5TRALIZE ! 0PROLET>IAN PUBLIC SPH]E0 TO A PO9T :]E !Y W]E TO REMOVE ! LA/ VE/IGIAL REMA9S ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY3 FIR/1 BY EMPLOY+ ! SOVIETS TO ISOLATE ! FACTORY FROM ITS PLACE 9 ! LOCAL COMMUNITY2 !N1 BY %IFT+ P[] FROM ! COMMUNITY TO ! NATION 9 ! =M ( NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( SOVIETS4 ,! USE ( SOVIETS TO 9T]L9K ! PROLET>IAT FROM FACTORY TO FACTORY ACROSS ! 5TIRE BREAD? ( ,RUSSIA1 LIT]ALLY AMPUTAT+ IT AS A SOCIAL /RATUM FROM ANY COMPREH5SIBLE ROOTS 9 SPECIFIC LOCALITIES :]E IT C\LD FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY1 S]V$ TO HOPELESSLY DELIMIT ITS P[]S & TO RIGOR\SLY C5TRALIZE IT4 ,9 ! IMM5SE1 NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( SOVIETS /AG$ ANNUALLY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y YE>S1 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT HAD LO/ ALL P[] OV] ! SOVIETS EV5 BE=E ! AU?ORITY ( ! CONGRESSES HAD BE5 COMPLETELY USURP$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4_<#d_> 

,QUITE LIKELY1 ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT C\LD HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ANY CASE1 )\T MANIPULAT+ ! SOVIET HI]>*Y4 ,! V]Y CLASS NATURE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS EXI/5CE AS A CREATURE ( A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR & ITS HI<LY P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ?AT R>ELY RISE TO ! LEVEL ( A G5]AL 9T]E/1 BELIE ,M>X'S CLAIMS = ITS UNIV]SALITY & ITS HI/ORIC ROLE AS A REVOLUTION>Y AG5T4 ,!SE ATTRIBUTES1 :I* H9DSI<T CLE>LY REVEALS TODAY1 EXPLA9 ! FAILURE ( ALL CLASSICAL 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS0 9 ! PA/4 ,NEI!R ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I* WAS REALLY F\<T \T BY ! LA/ REMNANTS ( ! TRADITIONAL ,FR5* SANS CULOTTES1 NOR ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS F\<T \T BY WORK]S ) RURAL ROOTS1 >E EXCEPTIONS4 ,9DE$1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,L59ISM 9 ALL ITS V>IETIES US$ ?IS P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/ ) GREAT EFFECT AGA9/ BROAD] REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES 9 SOCIETY AS WITNESS ,EB]T'S %REWD MANIPULATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,RATE1 ,/AL9'S 9FAM\S 0,L59 ,LEVY10 & MORE REC5TLY1 ! COMM&+ 9FLU5CE ( ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES OV] ! WORK+ CLASS TODAY4 

,SPACE DOES NOT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DEAL ) ! HI]>*ICAL NATURE ( ! FACTORY /RUCTURE & ITS IMPACT ON ! =MATION ( PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IF LABOR IS ! 0/EEL+ S*OOL0 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 AS ! Y\NG ,M>X WAS TO EMPHASIZE1 ITS LOCUS1 ! FACTORY1 IS A 0S*OOL0 BAS$ ON 0IMP]I\S OB$I5CE10 AS ,5GELS WAS TO ADD 9 LAT] YE>S -- 9DE$1 A 0S*OOL0 M>K$ BY ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( 0AUTONOMY40_<#e_> ,I HAVE EXPLOR$ ?IS ISSUE ELSE:]E1 9 A WORK WRITT5 MORE ?AN A DECADE AGO1 & MORE REC5TLY1 9 MY =?COM+ ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 :]E ,I QUE/ION ! EXI/5CE ( ! FACTORY AS A NATURAL FACT ( TE*NICS ?AT MU/ P]SI/ 09DEP5D5TLY ( ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION0 7,5GELS74_<#f_> 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT 9 ALL ( !SE ISSUES IS ! WAY !Y >E  
9TEGRAT$ BY NEO-,M>XISM 9TO ! V]Y PROBLEMATICAL PREMISES ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM1 !REBY NEUTRALIZ+ !M AS ! BASES = A ?OR\<LY NEW RADICAL !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( !SE 9CONGRUITIES CAN BE CULL$ FROM ,M>CUSE'S SIXTIES WRIT+S1 A LIT]ATURE :I* JUXTAPOSES TRADITIONAL1 %OPWORN 9T]PRETATIONS ( POLITICAL REALITY ) PHILOSOPHICAL1 ES!TIC1 & PSY*OANALYTIC 9SI<TS ?AT1 9 !MSELVES1 CLE>LY PAVE NEW !ORETICAL GR\ND4 ,!SE 9CONGRUITIES CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS ! BL9D-SPOTS ( AN O!RWISE F>-RANG+ M9D4 ,I MU/ RELUCTANTLY 9SI/ ?AT !Y IMPUGN ! 9TEGRITY ( ! L>G] VISION ,M>CUSE WAS TO ADVANCE1 ! EXT5T TO :I* IT WAS FULLY ?\<T \T1 & ! POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS ?AT FOLL[$ FROM IT4 

,IT IS NOT TRIVIAL TO ASK :Y A WORK LIKE ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,LIB]ATION ?AT CONTRA/$ ! NE$ = A 0MORAL RADICALISM0 ) ! SCI5TI/IC RADICALISM ( ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY2 ?AT CALL$ = A 0PASS+ FROM ,M>X TO ,F\RI]0 & 0FROM REALISM TO SURREALISM02 ?AT CELEBRAT$ ! 0NEW S5SIBILITY0 ( ! SIXTIES C\NT]CULTURE = ITS S5SU\SNESS1 PLAYFULNESS1 & ! *ALL5GE IT POS$ TO ! 0ESPRIT DE S]IEUX 9 ! SOCIALI/ CAMP02 ?AT S+L$ \T ! 0ES!TIC DIM5SION0 AS 0A SORT ( GAUGE = A FREE SOCIETY0 -- 9DE$1 ?AT ) ALL ( ?IS BUOYANT UTOPIANISM1 C\LD HAVE CASUALLY 9CLUD$ ! OBS]VATION ?AT ! 0GLOBAL DOM9ION ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM444 KEEPS ! SOCIALI/ ORBIT ON ! DEF5SIVE1 ALL TOO CO/LY NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( MILIT>Y EXP5DITURES BUT ALSO 9 ! P]PETUATION ( A REPRESSIVE BUREAUCRACY40 ,OR CLAIM ?AT 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,CUBA1 & ,*9A1 0A REVOLUTION IS BE+ DEF5D$ & DRIV5 =W>D :I* /RUGGLES 767 TO ES*EW ! BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIALISM40 ,OR1 /ILL FUR!R1 DEALS ) ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 AS AN 0EXT]NAL PROLET>IAT0 & ITS 9SURG5T PEASANTRY AS A 0RURAL PROLET>IAT0 ) ! 9EVITABLE IMPLICATION 7/AT$ MORE EXPLICITLY BY ,M>CUSE DUR+ A LECTURE AT ,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY A YE> E>LI]7 ?AT ! APP>5T DOCILITY ( ! 09T]NAL PROLET>IAT0 ( ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN 0ORBIT0 DID NOT NEGATE ,M>X'S TRADITIONAL !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE :5 CAPITALISM IS VIEWD AS A GLOBAL PH5OM5ON4_<#g_> 

,ONE CANNOT AF=D TO M]ELY GRIMACE AT SU* DI/A/EFUL ,BOL%EVIK APOLOGETICS = ! 0SOCIALI/ ORBIT0 AS A SOCIETY 0DE=M$0 BY A 0REPRESSIVE BUREAUCRACY0 BECAUSE ( CAPITALI/ 5CIRCLEM5T4 ,NOR CAN ONE REG>D IT AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! GEI/ ( ! TIME ?AT ,M>CUSE1 A MAN ?OR\<LY S*OOL$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! 9T]W> ,LEFT1 C\LD MY/IFY ! ,VIETNAMESE1 ,CUBAN1 & ,*9ESE 0REVOLUTIONS0 AS ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC -- C]TA9LY NOT )\T DELIB]ATELY IGNOR+ ! ,BOL%EVIK LEGACY CLAIM$ BY !IR LEAD]S1 ! ,/AL9I/ /RUCTURE ( !IR P>TIES1 & ! SPECI\S NATURE ( ! 0REVOLUTIONS0 !MSELVES4 ,= NE>LY TWO G5]ATIONS1 ,M>XI/S HAD DEBAT$ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R 0REPRESSIVE BUREAUCRACIES0 )9 ! 0SOCIALI/ ORBIT0 7:I* C]TA9LY 9CLUDES ,VIETNAM1 ,CUBA1 & ,*9A7 W]E M]ELY 0DE=MATIONS0 PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ 5CIRCLEM5T OR :E!R ! 0SOCIALI/ ORBIT0 ITSELF CON/ITUT$ A HI/ORICALLY NEW TYPOLOGY ?AT REQUIR$ CRITIQUE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,! S*IZOPHR5IC NATURE ( ,M>CUSE'S VISION WAS TO F9D ITS MO/ /RIK+ EXPRESSION 9 ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION & ,REVOLT :]E1 9CR$IBLY1 ! 0MASS0 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ,EUROPE & !IR UNIONS W]E PLAC$ ON ! 0,LEFT ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY0 &1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS MEAN+LESS 0CON/ELLATION10 W]E DESCRIB$ AS 0/ILL A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y =CE40_<#h_> ,SU* OBS]VATIONS >E NOT EPISODIC ]RORS 9 JUDGM5T2 !Y REFLECT A PRE=M$ SOCIAL \TLOOK ?AT IS MORE BASIC ?AN 5COMIUMS TO 0MORAL RADICALISM10 0,F\RI]10 0SURREALISM10 & ! 0ES!TIC DIM5SION0 AS 0A SORT ( GAUGE = A FREE SOCIETY40 

,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 :5 ! *IPS >E D[N1 ,M>CUSE LIKE MANY NEO-,M>XI/S1 FALLS ON ! SIDE ( C5TRALIZATION1 DELEGAT$ P[]1 C\NCILS1 & AU?ORITY1 AS AGA9/ DEC5TRALIZATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 & SPONTANEITY4 ,AGA91 LIKE HIS MELD+ ( 0MORAL RADICALISM0 ) ,BOL%EVIK APOLOGETICS1 HE DOES NOT EXPLORE ! CONFLICT+ LOGIC ( !SE CONCEPTS1 BUT MY/IFIES !M- ) A LIB]T>IAN RHETORIC ?AT CONCEALS HIS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ F\NDATIONS4 ,OCCASIONALLY1 ?IS RHETORIC DOES VIOL5CE TO HI/ORICAL FACT4 ,= ONE :O HAS LIV$ ?R\< ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ]A1 = EXAMPLE1 IT IS A/ONI%+ TO READ ?AT ! 09T]NATIONAL BRIGADES0 -- A =CE ,/AL9I/ MOVEM5TS CRASSLY EMPLOY$ = C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y AS WELL AS MILIT>Y PURPOSES -- SYMBOLIZ$ ! 0UNION ( Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS & WORK]S40_<#i_> ,NOT ONLY WAS ! =MULATION MALADROIT ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ! W>1 BUT IT GROSSLY MISL$ ! ILL-9=M$ RADICAL Y\? :O REV]$ ,M>CUSE AS !IR ELD] /ATESMAN4.<#f#b.> ,WE >E REAP+ ! H>VE/ ( SU* HI/ORICAL SLOPP9ESS1 TODAY1 ) AN EFFLUVIUM ( ROMANTIC EULOGIES TO ! ,ROS5B]GS & ! ,/AL9I/ HACKS ( ! #a#i#cS -- ?IS1 QUITE ASIDE FROM A REVIVAL ( ,/AL9ISM BY Y\NG SECT>IANS :O HAVE BE5 S*OOL$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,HO1 ,MAO1 & ,FIDEL4 ,D\BTLESS1 TO IMPUTE !SE TR5DS TO ,M>CUSE'S POLITICAL SLOPP9ESS W\LD BE RIDICUL\S4 ,BUT ?AT HE CONTRIBUT$ EV5 PASS+LY TO ! MAK+ ( SU* MY?S RA!R ?AN !IR RU?LESS DEMY/IFICATION IS NOT TO BE %RUGG$ (F AS ACCID5TAL & RAISES EV5 L>G] ISSUES AB\T ! PREMISES ( NEO-,M>XISM AS SU*4 

,ACCORD+LY1 EV5 AS ,M>CUSE EXULTANTLY PRAISES ! 0REBELS0 ( ,MAY-,JUNE #aifh = US+ 0DIRECT ACTION0 TO TRANS=M ! 09DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM 9TO A DIRECT DEMOCRACY10 HIS LIB]T>IAN F]VOR IS 9CREAS+LY DISPELL$ BY ! =MULATIONS :I* FOLL[4 0,DIRECT ACTION10 & MORE PO9T$LY1 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY10 VAPORIZE 9TO 0ELECTIONS & REPRES5TATION 7?AT7 NO LONG] S]VE AS 9/ITUTIONS ( DOM9ATION40 ,?IS HOPELESSLY FECKLESS =MULA IS GROOM$ ) SU* TRADITIONALLY ,M>XIAN RHETORIC AS 0G5U9ELY FREE SELECTION & ELECTION ( C&IDATES1 REVOCABILITY AT ! DISCRETION ( CON/ITU5CIES1 & UNC5SOR$ $UCATION & 9=MATION40 ,EV5 ,L59 9  
,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION DISP5S$ MORE G5]\S LIB]TIES ?AT ,M>CUSE4 ,:AT L9KS ,L59 & ,M>CUSE 9 A COMMON BELIEF IS !IR %>$ VIEW ?AT 09 A MOD]N MASS SOCIETY10 TO USE ,M>CUSE'S WORDS1 0DEMOCRACY1 NO MATT] 9 :AT =M1 IS NOT CONCEIVABLE )\T A SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION40 ,TO R$UCE ?IS =MULA TO ITS MOLECUL> CON/ITU5TS1 ,M>CUSE CANNOT 5VISION SOCIALISM )\T A 0MASS SOCIETY0 ANYMORE ?AN ,5GELS CAN 5VISION SOCIALISM )\T FACTORIES4_<#a_> 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,M>CUSE IS MORE AT HOME ) ! 0SEM9AL A*IEVEM5TS (444 ! 'C\NCILS' 7'SOVIETS1' ,RATE7 AS ORGANIZATIONS ( SELF-DET]M9ATION1 SELF-GOV]NM5T 7OR RA!R PREP>ATION = SELF-GOV]NM5T7 9 LOCAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES40 ,?AT  
,RATE & 0LOCAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES0 /& 9 HI/ORIC CONTRADICTION TO EA* O!R IS NOT POS$ AS AN ISSUE BECAUSE ! CONTRADICTION LACKS 9TELLIGIBILITY IF ONE ?9KS ( A FREE SOCIETY 9 L>GELY 9/ITUTIONAL OR /RUCTURAL T]MS -- :I* >E ! T]MS ) :I* ,M>CUSE OP]ATES ON A POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,IF HIS ,FREUDO- ,M>XISM RECLAIMS ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! EGO1 ( PLAY & ! 0ES!TIC DIM5SION0 9 DAILY LIFE1 IT LACKS ANY VIABLE LIFE-L9E TO HIS NOTION ( SOCIALISM AS A 0MASS SOCIETY40 ,?IS DUALISM ?AT DIVIDES ,M>CUSE'S AN>*ISM ON ! P]SONAL PLANE FROM HIS ,M>XIAN PRAGMATICS ON ! SOCIAL MU/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ! ABSORPTION ( ! P]SONAL BY ! SOCIAL1 ( ! 0BLACK FLAG0 7TO USE HIS [N METAPHORS7 BY ! 0R$ FLAG40_<#a#a_> ,:5 HE ADVANCES ! SLOGAN1 0,SPONTANEITY DOES NOT CONTRADICT AU?ORITY10 IS IT NECESS>Y TO ASK :AT HE MEANS BY ! WORD 0AU?ORITY40 ,SELF-DISCIPL9E1 $UCATION1 & WISDOM1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$ ELSE:]E 9 ADVANC+ ! NOTION ( 09=M$ SPONTANEITY0 -- OR OB$I5CE1 SUBMISSION1 & SURROGATION ( WILL8 ,IT IS BY NO MEANS CLE> ?AT ONE CAN 9F] FROM ,M>CUSE'S ,FREUDO-,M>XISM ?AT ! RI<TS HE ACKN[L$GES = ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO SOCIAL & 9/ITUTIONAL T]MS4 ,! TWO >E LOOSELY BOND$ PRECISELY BECAUSE ,M>CUSE SEES NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 HIS AN>*ISM ON ! P]SONAL LEVEL & HIS ,M>XISM ON ! SOCIAL4 ,!ORY MAY P]MIT ?IS DI*OTOMY TO EXI/ 9DEF9ITELY AS AN EXOTIC FL[] ) A PRICKLY /EM1 H5CE ! SUCCESS NEO-,M>XISM 5JOYS AS AN ACADEMIC PROJECT4 ,PRACTICE MU/ BR+ ! TWO 9TO BITT] CONTRADICTION ) EA* O!R ONCE NEO-,M>XISM REMOVES ITSELF FROM ! CAMPUS -- & :]E IT HAS DONE SO1 IT EX]CISES VIRTUALLY NO 9FLU5CE4 

,IT W\LD BE A GRAVE ]ROR TO VIEW MY REM>KS ON ,M>CUSE AS A CRITIQUE ( ,M>CUSE AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]4 ,9ASMU* AS HIS !ORETICS HAVE DEALT MORE DIRECTLY ) SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R NEO-,M>XI/ BODY ( !ORY1 !Y MORE CLE>LY REVEAL ! LIMITS ( ! NEO-,M>XIAN PROJECT4 ,HAB]MAS IS VEIL$ BY A =MALISM SO AB/RACT & A J>GON SO EQUIVOCAL & D5SE ?AT HE IS ALMO/ BEYOND ! REA* ( PO9T$ CRITICISM4 ,CA/ORIADIS HAS AB&ON$ ,M>XISM COMPLETELY4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ! SEEM+ S*IZOPHR5IA ( ,M>CUSE'S !ORETICS IS NOT A P]SONAL TRAIT BUT A G5]IC ONE4 ,[+ TO ,M>CUSE'S [N C\RAGE 9 V5TUR+ 9TO SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT NEO-,M>XI/S USUALLY AVOID -- DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 REPRES5TATION1 SPONTANEITY1 & LIB]ATORY SOCIAL /RUCTURES -- HE CLE>LY REVEALS ! EXT5T TO :I* !SE ISSUES >E 9TR9SICALLY ALI5 TO ,M>XISM AS SU*1 9DE$ TO SOCIALISM4 ,TO ?IS LI/ ( ISSUES1 ONE MAY REASONABLY ADD ECOLOGY1 URBANISM1 & MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 & A LIB]ATORY RATIONALITY4 

,:AT NEO-,M>XI/S HAVE NOT C&IDLY FAC$ IS ! EXT5T TO :I* ,M>XISM 9 ALL ITS =MS IS ORGANICALLY /RUCTUR$ TO RESPOND TO SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO ANALYZES ( CLASS RELATIONS1 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 9DU/RIAL RATIONALIZATION1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & MASS CON/ITU5CES4 ,TO ! DEGREE SOCIAL *ANGES RAISE BROAD] ISSUES ( HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGIES1 SOCIAL =MS BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE RELATIONS1 & 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY1 !SE ISSUES MU/ BE 0HYDROLYZ$0 7IF ,I MAY BE P]MITT$ TO USE A BIOLOGICAL ANALOGY7 9TO SIMPL]1 MORE 0SOLUBLE0 +R$I5TS ?AT R5D] !M ACCESSIBLE TO ,M>XIAN CATEGORIES1 9DE$1 TO A ,M>XIAN \TLOOK4 ,?AT SU* MONUM5TAL SOCIAL ISSUES MU/ BE DEGRAD$ SO ?AT !Y CAN BE ABSORB$ BY ,M>XISM RAISES ! BASIC QUE/ION ( :E!R ! !ORY CAN BE P]PETUAT$ 9 ITS :OL5ESS OR :E!R IT %\LD NOT BE FRAGM5T$ & ITS MORE VIABLE COMPON5TS ABSORB$ 9TO A MU* BROAD] !ORY & PRACTICE ?AT WILL ES*EW ! V]Y USE ( T]MS LIKE 0,M>XISM0 & 0SOCIALISM40.<#f#c.> 

,ULTIMATELY1 A L9E WILL HAVE TO BE DRAWN ?AT1 BY DEF9ITION1 EXCLUDES ANY PROJECT ?AT CAN TIP DEC5TRALIZATION TO ! SIDE ( C5TRALIZATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY TO ! SIDE ( DELEGAT$ P[]1 LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS TO ! SIDE ( BUREAUCRACY1 & SPONTANEITY TO ! SIDE ( AU?ORITY4 ,SU* A L9E1 LIKE A PHYSICAL B>RI]1 MU/ IRREVOCABLY SEP>ATE A LIB]T>IAN ZONE ( !ORY & PRACTICE FROM ! HYBRIDIZ$ SOCIALISMS ?AT T5D TO D5ATURE IT4 ,?IS ZONE MU/ BUILD ITS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 UTOPIAN1 & REVOLUTION>Y COMMITM5TS 9TO ! V]Y RECOGNITION IT HAS ( ITSELF1 9 %ORT1 9TO ! V]Y WAY IT DEF9ES ITSELF4 ,GIV5 ! 9TELLECTUAL OPPORTUNISM ?AT M>KS \R ]A1 !RE IS NO WAY ?AT A LIB]T>IAN ZONE CAN RETA9 ITS 9TEGRITY & TRANSP>5CY )\T DESCRIB+ ITS P>AMET]S 9 T]MS ?AT REVEAL EV]Y CONCEIVABLE =M ( TREA*]Y TO ITS IDEALS1 AT :I* PO9T IT MU/ CEASE TO BE :AT IT PR(ESSES TO BE4 ,I W\LD HOLD ?AT SU* A ZONE CAN ONLY BE D5OT$ BY ! T]M 0AN>*O-COMMUNISM10 A T]M ?AT D5IES ! VALIDITY ( ALL CLAIMS ( DOM9ATION BY DEF9ITION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 TO ADMIT ( DOM9ATION IS TO CROSS ! L9E ?AT SEP>ATES ! LIB]T>IAN ZONE FROM ! SOCIALI/4 ,:OSOEV] ES*EWS ! T]M 9 ! NAME ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ?AT IS !ORETICALLY MORE DELECTABLE & SOCIALLY MORE POPUL> REMA9S UNRELIABLE 9 HIS OR H] COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN GOALS AS SU* -- GOALS ?AT MU/ REMA9 T5TATIVE 9S(> AS !Y >E NOT ROOT$ 9 ! FIXIDITY ( CONSI/5TLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PREMISES4 ,P]HAPS SU* A FIXIDITY ( PREMISES MAY BE 9TELLECTUALLY DI/A/EFUL OR SOCIALLY IMPRACTICAL4 ,!SE >E LEGITIMATE QUE/IONS ?AT MU/ BE DECID$ BY DISCUSSION OR P]SONAL CONSCI5CE4 ,BUT ! V]Y FIXIDITY ( PREMISES ?AT DEF9E AN>*O-COMMUNISM AS A CONSI/5TLY LIB]T>IAN ZONE IS ! SOLE GU>ANTEE ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT WILL NOT SLI!R BACK TO =MS ( !ORY & PRACTICE ?AT 9H]5TLY L5D !MSELVES TO OPPORTUNI/IC COMPROMISES4 

,TRADITIONS & P]SONALITIES MU/ NOT BE P]MITT$ TO /& 9 ! WAY ( \R SELF-UND]/&+ ( ! ISSUES 9VOLV$4 ,ONE MAY LOOK ASKANCE AT A ,PR\DHON = HIS PHILI/9ISM1 AT ,BAKUN9 = HIS NAIEVETE1 AT ,KROPOTK9 = HIS DIDACTICISM1 AT ,DURRUTI = HIS T]RORISM -- & AN>*I/ !ORETICS G5]ALLY = ITS SIMPLICITY4 ,EV5 IF EA* SU* ASSESSM5T W]E TRUE1 :I* ,I DO NOT BELIEVE TO BE ! CASE IT W\LD M]ELY BE EPISODIC 9 ! FACE ( A SOCIAL CRISIS SO MASSIVE & A SOCIAL RESPONSE SO OPPORTUNI/IC ?AT WE CAN NO LONG] RETA9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT )\T ! MO/ COMPELL+ MORAL IMP]ATIVES4 ,EXI/5TIALLY1 \R ]A ALL[S = NO COMMITM5T ?AT FALLS %ORT ( ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ PROJECT = LIB]ATION1 C]TA9LY NOT )\T LEAD+ TO ! BETRAYAL ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM4 

,9 ANY CASE1 NEO-,M>XISM & 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM0 FAIL US 9 ! CONT5T !Y IMP>T TO A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 ,TO M+LE DIRECT DEMOCRACY ) DELEGAT$ P[]1 TO BUILD A FREE SOCIETY ON ! CONCEPT ( A 0MASS SOCIETY10 TO R$UCE HI]>*Y TO CLASS RELATIONS & DOM9ATION TO ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION REVEAL A GROSS FAILURE TO UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( SOCIETY -- ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION -- AS A REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,) ! POLITICIZATION ( SOCIETY BY /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( BUREAUCRATIC TIES = HUMAN RELATIONS1 ! HOMOG5IZATION ( SOCIAL =MS & P]SONAL RELATIONS1 SOCIALI/ !ORETICS TOO HAS LO/ ITS V]Y S5SE ( SOCIETY AS MORE ?AN A VAGUE 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 SUBJECT TO RATIONAL1 ALBEIT 0HUMANI/IC10 CONTROLS4 ,9 ?IS WA/EL& ( SOCIAL =MS1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK QUE/IONS ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 = GRANT$ 9 AN E>LI] ]A4 ,:AT CON/ITUTES A HUMAN COMMUNITY & A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T8 ,:AT CON/ITUTES ?AT CLASSICAL SELF-ACT+ AG5T WE D5OTE BY ! T]M 0CITIZ508 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE QUE/IONS >E NOT ADEQUATELY ANSW]$1 CONCEPTS LIKE DIRECT DEMOCRACY & SELF-MANAGEM5T REMA9 =MAL AB/RACTIONS ?AT CAN BE HYBRIDIZ$ & DI/ORT$ )\T REG>D TO ANY ABID+ CRIT]IA ( SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! ANSW]S WE GIVE TO !SE QUE/IONS DET]M9E ! AU!NTICITY ( \R COMMITM5T TO A FREE SOCIETY4 

,WE HAVE US$ WORDS LIKE 0MOD]NITY0 & 09DU/RIAL0 SOCIETY TO CONCEAL A BASIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 A DIFF]5CE ?AT IS HI<LY RELEVANT TO ! QUE/IONS ,I HAVE RAIS$ ABOVE4 ,9 :ATEV] WAYS PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES DIFF]$ FROM EA* O!R1 !Y DIFF]$ FROM CAPITALISM 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E BASICALLY ORGANIC1 RI*LY >TICULAT$ 9 =MS & /RUCTURES ?AT W]E TO BE ULTIMATELY *ALL5G$ & DE/ROY$ BY B\RGEOIS M>KET RELATIONS4 ,EV5 :]E ! EYE MOVES BEYOND ! EGALIT>IAN WORLD ( ! E>LY HUMAN B&S & CLANS1 UND]LY+ ALL ! BUREAUCRATIC & POLITICAL =MATIONS ?AT W]E TO LAY] ! SURFACE ( TRIBAL1 VILLAGE1 & GUILD-LIKE SOCIETIES W]E ! EXT5D$ FAMILIES1 TRIBAL RELATION%IPS1 VILLAGE /RUCTURES1 GUILDS1 & EV5 NEI<BORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS ?AT RETA9$ A SUBT]RANEAN AUTONOMY ( !IR [N4 ,M>X WAS TO ADDRESS HIMSELF TO ! T5ACITY ( !SE 0SUBPOLITICAL0 =MATIONS 9 HIS OBS]VATIONS ON ! 0SMALL & EXTREMELY ANCI5T0 COMMUNITIES 9 ,9DIA 0?AT >E BAS$ ON ! POSSESSION ( L& 9 COMMON1 ON ! BL5D+ ( AGRICULTURE & H&ICRAFTS & ON AN UNALT]ABLE DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I* S]VES AS A FIX$ PLAN & BASIS = ACTION :5EV] A NEW COMMUNITY IS />T$40 

,! ORGANIC NATURE ( !SE COMMUNITIES1 :I* ,M>X WAS TO EMPHASIZE EV5 MORE /RONGLY 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 IS DESCRIB$ 9 PRIM>ILY ECONOMIC T]MS1 9 ECONOMIC CATEGORIES ?AT SUBTLY DEGRADE ! HUMAN CONT5T ( !IR ASSOCIATIVE IMPLICATIONS & ABSORB !M 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( HI/ORICAL ECONOMISM ?AT VITIATES ,M>XIAN AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,BUT !IR 9N] SOCIAL P[]1 !IR VITALITY AS HUMAN IMPULSES T[>D SOCIATION1 SEEPS ?R\< ,M>X'S REM>KS NEV]!LESS4 0,! LAW ?AT REGULATES ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! COMMUNITY ACTS ) ! IRRESI/IBILE AU?ORITY ( A LAW ( NATURE1 :ILE EA* 9DIVIDUAL CRAFTSMAN1 ! SMI?1 ! C>P5T] & SO ON1 CONDUCTS 9 HIS WORK%OP ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( HIS H&ICRAFT 9 ! TRADITIONAL WAY1 BUT 9DEP5D5TLY1 & )\T RECOGNIZ+ ANY AU?ORITY4 ,! SIMPLICITY ( ! PRODUCTIVE ORGANISM 9 !SE SELF-SUFFIC+ COMMUNITIES :I* CON/ANTLY REPRODUCE !MSELVES 9 ! SAME =M &1 :5 ACCID5TALLY DE/ROY$1 SPR+ UP AGA9 ON ! SAME SPOT & ) ! SAME NAME -- ?IS SIMPLICITY SUPPLIES ! KEY TO ! RIDDLE ( ! UN*ANGEABILITY ( ,ASIATIC SOCIETIES1 :I* IS 9 SU* /RIK+ CONTRA/ ) ! CON/ANT DISSOLUTION & REF\ND+ ( ,ASIATIC /ATES1 & !IR NEV]-CEAS+ *ANGES ( DYNA/Y4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY REMA9 UNT\*$ BY ! /ORMS :I* BL[ UP 9 ! CL\DY REGIONS ( POLITICS40_<#a#b_> 

,ONE C\LD WI% = A DISCUSSION ( ?IS 0RIDDLE0 9 LESS R$UCTIONI/ ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 AL?\< ! 5TIRE PASSAGE1 TAK5 WORD = WORD1 IS A FASC9AT+ GUIDE TO ,M>X'S ME?ODOLOGY EV5 :5 HE MOVES BEYOND ! SPH]E ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,:E!R ,M>X HAD A 0SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY0 OR NOT1 HIS TREATM5T ( HI/ORY IS 9TELLECTUALLY UNIFI$ BY AN ECONOMISM ?AT ITSELF C\LD PASS = A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,KROPOTK91 :OSE ASSOCIATIONI/ S5SIBILITY IS MU* /RONG] ?AN ,M>X'S1 PO9TS \T ?AT ! E>LY M$IEVAL CITY 0C\LD H>DLY BE NAM$ A ,/ATE AS REG>D ITS 9T]IOR ORGANIZATION1 BECAUSE ! MIDDLE AGES KNEW NO MORE ( ! PRES5T C5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS ?AN ( ! PRES5T T]RITORIAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,EA* GR\P HAD ITS %>E ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,! CITY WAS USUALLY DIVID$ 9TO F\R QU>T]S1 OR 9TO FIVE TO SEV5 SECTIONS RADIAT+ FROM A C5T]1 EA* QU>T] OR SECTION R\<LY CORRESPOND+ TO A C]TA9 TRADE OR PR(ESSION :I* PREVAIL$ 9 IT1 BUT NEV]!LESS CONTA9+ 9HABITANTS ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL POSITIONS & OCCUPATIONS -- NOBLES1 M]*ANTS1 >TISANS1 OR EV5 HALF-S]FS2 & EA* SECTION OR QU>T] CON/ITUT$ A QUITE 9DEP5D5T AGGLOM]ATION4 ,9 ,V5ICE1 EA* ISL& WAS AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL COMMUNITY4 ,IT HAD ITS [N ORGANIZ$ TRADES1 ITS [N COMM]CE 9 SALT1 ITS [N JURISDICTION & ADM9I/RATION1 ITS [N =UM2 ! NOM9ATION ( A DOGE BY ! CITY *ANG$ NO?+ 9 ! 9N] 9DEP5D5CE ( ! UNITS4 ,9 ,COLOGNE1 WE SEE ! 9HABITANTS DIVID$ 9TO444 NEI<BORHOOD GUILDS1 :I* DAT$ FROM ! ,FRANCONIAN P]IOD10 EA* ( :I* HAD ITS [N JUDGE1 JURY1 & LOCAL MILITIA COMM&]4 ,KROPOTL9 QUOTES ,J4,R4 ,GRE5 TO ! EFFECT ?AT 9 ,LONDON1 BE=E ! ,CONQUE/1 SOCIAL LIFE WAS BAS$ ON 0A NUMB] ( LITTLE GR\PS SCATT]$ H]E & !RE OV] ! >EA )9 ! WALLS1 EA* GR[+ UP ) ITS [N LIFE & 9/ITUTIONS1 GUILDS1 SOKES1 RELIGI\S H\SES & ! LIKE1 & ONLY DRAW+ TOGE!R 9TO A MUNICIPAL UNION40 0,! M$IEVAL CITY ?US APPE>S AS A D\BLE F$]ATION10 ,KROPOTK9 CONCLUDES3 0( ALL H\SEHOLD]S UNIT$ 9TO SMALL T]RITORIAL UNIONS -- ! /REET1 ! P>I%1 ! SECTION -- & ( 9DIVIDUALS UNIT$ BY OA?S 9TO GUILDS ACCORD+ TO !IR PR(ESSIONS2 ! =M] BE+ A PRODUCT ( ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY ORIG9 ( ! CITY1 :ILE ! SECOND IS A SUBSEQU5T GR[? CALL$ TO LIFE BY NEW CONDITIONS40.<#f#d.>_<#a#c_> 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET IS ITS ABILITY TO UNRAVEL ?IS HI<LY TEXTUR$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 TO 9VADE & DIVE/ E>LI] SOCIAL =MS ( !IR COMPLEXITY ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,EV5 AS CAPITALISM SEEMS TO AMPLIFY ! AUTONOMY & CLAIMS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IT DOES SO BY ATT5UAT+ ! CONT5T & /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,AS ,GEME9S*AFT !ORI/S LIKE ,BUB] HAVE PO9T$ \T3 0,:5 WE EXAM9E ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY :I* HAS GIV5 BIR? TO SOCIALISM1 AS A SOCIETY1 WE SEE ?AT IT IS A SOCIETY 9H]5TLY POOR 9 /RUCTURE & GR[+ VISIBLY POOR] EV]Y DAY4 ,BY ! /RUCTURE ( A SOCIETY IS TO BE UND]/OOD ITS SOCIAL CONT5T OR COMMUNITY CONT5T3 A SOCIETY CAN BE CALL$ /RUCTURALLY RI* TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS BUILD UP ( G5U9E SOCIETIES1 ?AT IS1 LOCAL COMMUNES & TRADE COMMUNES & !IR /EP BY /EP ASSOCIATION4 ,:AT ,GI]KE SAYS ( ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IS TRUE ( EV]Y /RUCTURALLY RI* SOCIETY3 IT IS 'M>K$ BY A T5D5CY TO EXP& & EXT5D ! UNIONS1 TO PRODUCE L>G] ASSOCIATIONS OV] & ABOVE ! SMALL] ASSOCIATIONS1 CONF$]ATIONS OV] & ABOVE 9DIVIDUAL UNIONS1 ALL-EMBRAC+ CONF$]ATIONS OV] & ABOVE P>TICUL> CONF$]ATIONS4' ,AT :ATEV] PO9T WE EXAM9E ! /RUCTURE ( SU* A SOCIETY WE F9D ! CELL-TISSUE ',SOCIETY' EV]Y:]E1 I4E4 A LIV+ & LIFE-GIV+ COLLABORATION1 AN ESS5TIALLY AUTONOM\S CONSOCIATION ( HUMAN BE+S1 %AP+ & RE-%AP+ ITSELF FROM )94 ,SOCIETY IS NATURALLY COMPOS$ NOT ( DISP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS BUT ( ASSOCIATIVE UNITS & ! ASSOCIATIONS BETWE5 !M40 

,! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 0PECULI> TO IT0 BEG9 TO HOLL[ \T ?IS HI<LY >TICULAT$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE UNTIL ! MOD]N 09DIVIDUALIZ+ PROCESS0 5DS UP AS AN ATOMIZ+ PROCESS1 A PROCESS ?AT DIVE/S ! 9DIVIDUAL ( ! SOCIAL SUB/ANCE 9DISP5SABLE TO 9DIVIDUALITY ITSELF4 ,AL?\< ! OLD ORGANIC =MS RETA9 0!IR \T] /ABILITY1 = ! MO/ P>T10 !Y BECOME 0HOLL[ 9 S5SE & 9 SPIRIT -- A TISSUE ( DECAY4 ,NOT M]ELY :AT WE CALL ! 'MASSES0 BUT ! :OLE ( SOCIETY IS 9 ESS5CE AMORPH\S1 UN>TICULAT$1 POOR 9 /RUCTURE4 ,NEI!R DO ?OSE ASSOCIATIONS HELP :I* SPR+ FROM ! MEET+ ( ECONOMIC OR SPIRITUAL 9T]E/S -- ! /RONGE/ ( :I* IS ! P>TY3 :AT !RE IS ( HUMAN 9T]C\RSE 9 !M IS NO LONG] A LIV+ ?+1 & ! COMP5SATIONS = ! LO/ COMMUNITY-=MS WE SEEK 9 !M CAN BE F\ND 9 NONE4 ,9 ! FACE ( ALL ?IS1 :I* MAKES 'SOCIETY' A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 ! 'UTOPIAN' SOCIALI/S HAVE ASPIR$ MORE & MORE TO A RE/RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY2 NOT1 AS ! ,M>XI/ CRITIC ?9KS1 9 ANY ROMANTIC ATTEMPT TO REVIVE ! /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT >E OV] & DONE )1 BUT RA!R 9 ALLIANCE ) ! DEC5TRALIZ$ C\NT]-T5D5CIES :I* CAN BE P]CEIV$ UND]LY+ ALL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 & 9 ALLIANCE ) SOME?+ ?AT IS SL[LY EVOLV+ 9 ! HUMAN S\L3 ! MO/ 9TIMATE ( ALL RESI/ANCES -- RESI/ANCE TO MASS OR COLLECTIVE LONEL9ESS40_<#a#d_> 

,!RE >E OBS]VATIONS ,I HAVE BR\<T 9TO ,BUB]'S REM>KS -- P>TLY DIRECTLY1 P>TLY BY SELECTIVE QUOTATION -- ?AT >E NOT PROP]LY 9TEGRAL TO HIS \TLOOK4 ,BUB] DOES NOT OPPOSE /ATE =MS AS SU*1 A DIFF]5CE ?AT M>S HIS ADMIRATION = ,KROPOTK9 -- ONLY /ATE =MS 0PECULI>0 TO CAPITALISM4 ,NOR DOES HE OPPOSE A M>KET ECONOMY AS SU* -- ONLY A B\RGEOIS ONE4 ,HIS DISCUSSION ( 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALISM IS HI<LY SELECTIVE2 IT IGNORES 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALI/S LIKE ,SA9T-,SIMON :O /& ON A LEVEL BEL[ HIS [N & O!RS1 LIKE ,F\RI]1 :O GO F> BEYOND HIM4 ,LIKE A GOOD ,PR\DHONIAN1 HE SEEMS OBLIVI\S TO ! POSSIBILITY ?AT 0ALL- EMBRAC+ CONF$]ATIONS OV] & ABOVE P>TICUL> CONF$]ATIONS0 C\LD EASILY YIELD SOCIAL HI]>*IES AS DOM9E]+ AS RUL+ CLASSES4 ,BUT HIS EMPHASIS ON ! 0CELL TISSUE ',SOCIETY'0 PROVIDES A MU*-NE$$ CORRECTION ( SOCIAL !ORIES ?AT FOCUS PRIM>ILY ON ! SKELETAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 BE IT ECONOMIC OR 9/ITUTIONAL4 ,BY D5UD+ SOCIETY ( VIRTUALLY ALL ITS MOLECUL> SUB/ANCE1 ,M>XIAN !ORY & MOD]N SOCIOLOGY G5]ALLY HAVE BE5 ABLE TO =MULATE MANY BROAD PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 2 9DE$1 ANALYZES ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & HI/ORICAL 0/AGES0 ( SOCIETY L5D !MSELVES TO MORE S$UCTIVELY ELEGANT LOGICAL CON/RUCTS ?AN ANALYZES ( CONCRETE1 (T5 HI<LY P>TICUL>IZ$ LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BUT !SE G5]ALIZATIONS1 VALUABLE AS !Y MAY BE1 >E ALL TOO (T5 A*IEV$ BY DEF9+ SOCIAL LIFE 9 HI<LY =MALIZ$ & AB/RACT T]MS4 ,! 0LAWS0 & CATEGORIES D]IV$ BY CREAT+ =MAL TYPOLOGIES >E (T5 GA9$ AT ! EXP5SE ( 9SI<TS ?AT ! MOLECUL> /RUCTURES PROVIDE & ! *ALL5G+ CONCLUSIONS !Y IMPLY4 ,9DE$1 ! ATTEMPT TO CA/ SOCIETY 9 ESS5TIALLY G5]IC T]MS CAN EASILY PROVIDE IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT = ! 0HOLL[+ \T0 ( ASSOCIATIVE UNITS BY CAPITALISM & ! /ATE4.<#f#e.> ,BY R5D]+ SOCIAL ?\<T BL9D TO ! SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE UNITS -- VILLAGES1 NEI<BORHOODS1 COOP]ATIVES1 & ! LIKE -- ,M>XIAN & B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY TAKE = GRANT$ & EV5 P>TICIPATE 9 ! PREEMPTION ( COMMUNITY BY BUREAUCRACY1 ASSOCIAT$ 9DIVIDUALS BY PRIVATIZ$ EGOS1 ! SOCIETY BY ! /ATE4 

,TO /ATE ! ISSUE MORE BROADLY1 ! BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP ( ! M>KET PLACE1 C>RI$ BY ! LOGIC ( ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP TO ! PO9T ( A M>KET SOCIETY1 LIT]ALLY SIMPLIFIES SOCIAL LIFE TO ! LEVEL ( ! 9ORGANIC4 ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T ELSE:]E ?AT ECOLOGICALLY1 ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM WE FACE TODAY IS NOT M]ELY 5VIRONM5TAL POLLUTION BUT 5VIRONM5TAL SIMPLIFICATION1_<#a#e_> ,CAPITALISM IS LIT]ALLY UNDO+ ! WORK ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,BY CREAT+ VA/ URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS ( CONCRETE1 METAL1 & GLASS1 BY TURN+ SOIL 9TO S&1 BY OV]RID+ & UND]M9+ HI<LY COMPLEX ECOSY/EMS ?AT YIELD LOCAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! NATURAL WORLD -- 9 %ORT1 BY REPLAC+ A COMPLEX ORGANIC 5VIRONM5T ) A SIMPLIFI$ 9ORGANIC ONE -- M>KET SOCIETY IS LIT]ALLY DISASSEMBL+ A BIOSPH]E ?AT HAS SUPPORT$ HUMANITY = C\NTLESS MILL5IA4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( REPLAC+ ! COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS1 ON :I* ALL COMPLEX LIV+ ?+S DEP5D1 = MORE ELEM5T>Y ONES1 CAPITALISM IS RE/OR+ ! BIOSPH]E TO A /AGE :]E IT WILL BE ABLE TO 

SUPPORT ONLY SIMPL] =MS ( LIFE4 ,IF HIS GREAT REV]SAL ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS CONT9UES1 IT IS BY NO MEANS FANCIFUL TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! PRECONDITIONS = MORE COMPLEX =MS ( LIFE WILL BE IRREP>ABLY DE/ROY$ & ! E>? WILL BECOME 9CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ HUMANITY ITSELF4 

,?IS PROCESS ( SIMPLIFICATION1 H[EV]1 IS BY NO MEANS CONF9$ TO ECOLOGY2 IT IS ALSO A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 AS SWEEP+ 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS = HUMAN HI/ORY AS IT IS = NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,IF ! COMPETITIVE NEXUS ( M>KET SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! MAXIM 0GR[ OR DIE0 MU/ LIT]ALLY SIMPLIFY ! ORGANIC WORLD1 SO TOO MU/ ! R$UCTION ( ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS TO EX*ANGE RELATIONS LIT]ALLY SIMPLIFY ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,DIVE/$ ( ANY CONT5T BUT ! BRUTE RELATION%IPS ( BUY+ & SELL+1 ( HOMOG5IZ$1 MASS- PRODUC$ OBJECTS ?AT >E CREAT$ & CONSUM$ = !IR [N SAKE1 SOCIAL =M ITSELF UND]GOES ! ATT5UATION ( 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ ON MUTUAL AID1 SOLID>ITY1 VOCATIONAL AFFILIATIONS1 CREATIVE 5DEAVOR1 EV5 LOVE & FRI5D%IP4 ,! 0CELL TISSUE ',SOCIETY'0 IS ?US R$UC$ TO ! MONADIC EGO2 ! EXT5D$ FAMILY TO ! NUCLE> FAMILY & F9ALLY TO DISASSOCIAT$ SEXUAL P>TN]S :O 5JOY NEI!R ! RESPONSABILITIES ( COMMITM5T NOR EMOTIONAL AFF9ITIES BUT LIVE 9 ! VACCUM ( E/RANG$ 9T]C\RSE & ! 9SECURITIES ( PASSIONLESS 9DIFF]5CE4 

,9DE$1 ! LOGIC ( M>KET SOCIETY IS ! M>KET QUA SOCIETY3 ! EM]G5CE ( OBJECTS1 ( COMMODITIES1 AS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4.<#f#f.> ,NO LONG] >E WE SIMPLY CONFRONT$ ) ! 0FETI%IZATION0 ( COMMODITIES OR ! ALI5ATION ( LABOR1 BUT RA!R ) ! ]OSION ( CONSOCIATION AS SU*1 ! R$UCTION ( PEOPLE TO ! V]Y ISOLAT$ OBJECTS !Y PRODUCE & CONSUME4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 DISSOLV+ VIRTUALLY EV]Y VIABLE =M ( COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION1 9/ALLS ! ISOLAT$ EGO AS ITS NUCLE> SOCIAL =M1 JU/ AS CLANS1 FAMILIES1 POLIS 1 GUILDS1 & NEI<BORHOODS ONCE COMPRIS$ ! NUCLE> SOCIAL =MS ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETV 

,SOCIAL REGRESSION ON ?IS SCALE IMP>TS A NEW FUNCTION TO BUREAUCRACY4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 TODAY1 BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS >E NOT M]ELY SY/EMS ( SOCIAL CONTROL2 !Y >E LIT]ALLY 9/ITUTIONAL SUB/ITUTES = SOCIAL =M4 ,!Y COMPRISE ! SKELETAL FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIETY ?AT1 AS ,GREEK SOCIAL ?\<T W\LD HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 $GES ON 9H]5T DISORD]4_<#a#f_> ,H[EV] MU* M>KET SOCIETY MAY ADVANCE PRODUCTIVE =CES1 IT TAKES ITS HI/ORIC REV5GE NOT ONLY 9 ! RATIONALIZATION IT 9FLICTS ON SOCIETY1 BUT ! DE/RUCTION IT 9FLICTS ON ! HI<LY >TICULAT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT ONCE PROVID$ ! SPR+BO>D = A VIABLE SOCIAL OPPOSITION4 ,! MO/ DI/URB+ FEATURE'( MOD]N'BUREAU- CRACY IS NOT M]ELY ! CO]CION REGIM5TATION1 & CONTROL IT IMPOSES ON SOCIETY1 BUT ! EXT5T TO :I* IT IS LIT]ALLY  
CON/ITUTIVE ( MOD]N SOCIETY3 ! EXT5T TO :I* IT VALIDATES ITSELF AS ! REALM ( 0ORD]0 AGA9/ ! *AOS ( SOCIAL DISSOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS ! ANCI5T CITY -- ITS TEMPLES1 G>D5S1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & WELL-CULTIVAT$ 5VIRONS -- REPRES5T$ HUMAN ORD] AS AGA9/ ! EV]-M5AC+ 5CROA*M5T ( NATURAL 0DISORD]10 SO BUREAUCRACY EM]GES AS ! /RUCTURAL S9EWS & BONES ?AT SU/A9 ! DISSOLV+1 DECAY+ FLE% ( M>KET SOCIETY4 ,PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES HAVE RESI/$ OR SIMPLY SIDE-/EPP$ BUREAUCRATIC =MATIONS ?AT W]E IMPOS$ UPON !M ) ! HI<LY >TICULAT$ 9T]NAL LIFE !Y DEVELOP$ ON !IR [N OR 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,CAPITALITY SOCIETY BECOMES  
BUREAUCRATIZ$ TO ITS V]Y M>R[ PRECISELY BECAUSE ! M>KET CAN NEV] PROVIDE SOCIETY ) AN 9T]NAL LIFE ( ITS [N4 

,?IS FACT EXPRESSES BO? ! POSSIBILITIES ( BUREAUCRACY AS A SOCIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE & ITS HI/ORICAL LIMITS4 ,! V]Y ANONYMITY ( BUREAUCRACY REVEALS ! AU?ORITY ( ! SY/EM OV] P]SONALITY1 ( ! SOCIAL FRAMEWORK OV] ITS 0P]SONNEL40 ,! EASE ) :I* ,/AL9ISM REPRODUC$ ITSELF /RUCTURALLY AS A GROTESQUE P]SI/5CE ( BUREAUS AMID A *RONIC EXECUTION ( BUREAUCRATS IS TE/IMONY TO A TOTAL DEP]SONALIZATION ( SOCIAL CONTROL TODAY -- ! APPALL+ ASOCIALITY ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY F9ALLY A*IEVES 9 ITS MY?IC 0SOCIALIZATION0 ( HUMANITY4 ,TOGE!R ) ! 0D5ATUR+0 ( HUMANITY1 CAPITALISM CREATES A SYN!TIC SOCIETY SO COMPLETELY DIVE/$ ( ORGANIC ATTRIBUTES ?AT ITS SOCIAL RELATIONS >E LIT]ALLY M9]ALIZ$ 9TO OBJECTS4 ,! BUREAUCRAT IS TRULY FACELESS BECAUSE HE OR %E HAS NO PROTOPLASMIC EXI/5CE2 ! DEPRAV$ NOTION ?AT ADM9I/RATIVE DECISION-MAK+ CAN BE TAK5 OV] BY COMPUT]S & PUBLIC EXPRESSION BY ELECTRONIC M$IA -- A NOTION S]I\SLY CONSID]$ AS A /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 BY !ORETICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ RADICAL GR\PS LIKE ! ,FR5* ,SITUATIONI/S1 NOT ONLY ZANY SCI5CE-FICTION 0,UTOPIANS0 -- 9CREAS+LY R5D]S ! FLE%-&-BLOOD BUREAUCRAT & CITIZ5 AN ANA*RONISM4 ,AS 9 ,PLATONIC METAPHYSICS1 ! IMM$IATE WORLD ( P]CEPTION BECOMES ! IMP]FECT1 TRANSI5T 0COPY0 ( AN EIDOS ?AT TRANSC5DS ! UNC]TA9 & *AOTIC MAT]IALITY ( LIFE ITSELF4 ,IF BUREAUCRACY REPRES5TS ! CULM9ATION ( SOCIAL ORD]1 CAPITALISM TOTALLY BELIES ! HI/ORIC DE/9Y ,M>X IMPUT$ TO IT AS ! MEANS = UNIV]SALIZ+ HUMANITY & PROVID+ IT ) ! MEANS = CONTROLL+ ITS [N DE/9Y4 ,BUREAUCRACY1 AS A SY/EM P]FECT$ TO ! PO9T ( VOICELESS DEP]SONALIZATION1 N[ REPRES5TS A MUTE SOCIETY EV5 MORE DIVE/$ ( SELF->TICULATION ?AN 0MUTE NATURE40 ,9 ! /RUCTURELESS VOID TO :I* CAPITALISM HAS R$UC$ SOCIETY1 ! PUBLIC REALM LIT]ALLY BECOMES A PUBLIC SPACE1 PUBLIC ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS OCCUPI$ BY 9T]L9K+ BUREAUS4 ,FL[ DIAGRAMS & SY/EMS !ORY BECOME ! LANGUAGE ( CORPORATE 5TITIES ?AT1 LACK+ EV5 ! PRES5CE ( ! LU/Y 0ROBB] B>ONS10 CONSI/ ( OBJECTS MOV+ ?R\< DEP]SONALIZ$ AG5CIES4 ,! HOMEO/ASIS ( !SE CORPORATE 5TITIES DEP5DS NOT UPON P]SONAL JUDGM5TS BUT ! CORRECTIVE P[] ( DEVIATIONS4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y LANGUAGE UN]R+LY CALLS ?IS 0FE$BACK10 09PUT10 & 0\TPUT10 NOT DISC\RSE1 DIALOGUE OR JUDGM5T4 

,!RE IS A MORAL ?AT MU/ BE DRAWN FROM ?IS MASSIVE REGRESSION TO ! 9ORGANIC3 CAPITALISM HAS NOT P]=M$ ! HI/ORIC FUNCTION ( 0DISEMB$D+0 HUMANITY FROM NATURE4 ,OV] & BEYOND ! HAUNT+ P[] ( >*AIC TRADITION OV] ! PRES5T IS AN 0EMB$D$NESS 9 NATURE0 ITSELF -- A ,NATURWU*SIGKEIT -- ?AT F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! ORGANIC CONSOCIATION ( HUMAN BE+S3 9ITIALLY1 A CONSOCIATION EXPRESS$ 9 CLANNIC TIES1 A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! EM95CE ( ! ELD]S1 & A 0NATURE IDOLATRY0 ?AT SL[LY CEM5T$ HUMAN TIES 9TO EV]- EXPANSIVE =MS ( ASSOCIATION4 ,D\BTLESS1 !SE W]E PRIM>ILY BIOLOGICAL FACTS1 NOT SOCIAL2 ORGANIC1 NOT SYN!TIC4 ,BUT ! PRICE HUMANITY HAS PAID = ITS SOCIALIZATION -- = ! 0D5ATURALIZATION0 ( BLOOD GR\PS 9TO T]RITORIAL UNITS1 TRIBES 9TO T[NS1 & ! /RANG] 9TO CITIZ5%IP -- HAS TAK5 ! =M ( CAPITALISM1 A RAPACI\S SOCIETY ?AT HAS C>RI$ ?R\< HUMAN SOCIALIZATION BY 0TE>+ D[N ALL ! B>RI]S :I* HEM 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 ! EXPANSION ( NE$S1 ! ALL-SID$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & ! EXPLOITATION & EX*ANGE ( NATURAL & MAT]IAL =CES4 0_<#a#g_> 

,IF IT IS TRUE1 AS ,J]EMY ,%APIRO HAS >GU$1 ?AT = ,M>X CAPITALISM CREATES ! CONDITIONS = REMOV+ HUMAN BE+S FROM !IR 0IMM]SION0 9 >*AIC TRADITIONS & 9 NATURE BY 07#a7 SETT+ AB/RACT LABOR FREE AS A =CE ( PRODUCTION ?R\< ! PROCESS 9 :I* LABOR CREATES ITS [N CONDITIONS1 & 7#b7 FREE+ 9DIVIDUALS FROM !IR ID5TIFICATION ) P>TICUL> SOCIAL ROLES ALLOTT$ TO !M BY ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR44410 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT CAPITALISM REMOVES !M FROM ORGANIC NATURE ONLY TO 0REEMB$0 !M 9 9ORGANIC NATURE4_<#a#h_> ,IT REMOVES !M FROM A 0CONCRETE LABOR0 ?AT KN[S NATURE 9 ALL ITS WEAL? ( =MS & IMM]SES !M 9 AN AB/RACT LABOR ?AT KN[S ONLY AB/RACT MATT]2 IT REMOVES !M FROM !IR P]SONAL ID5TIFICATION ) A SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR BY DIVE/+ !M ( ! V]Y SUBJECTIVE APP>ATUS REQUIR$ = P]SONALITY4 ,AL?\< CAPITALISM MAY SEEM TO FREE LABOR AS A =CE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! ORGANIC SPH]E1 IT 5SLAVES IT TO ! 9ORGANIC1 TRANSPORT+ IT FROM ! WORLD ( LIV+ MAT]IALITY TO ! WORLD ( DEAD MAT]IALITY4 ,CAPITALISM MAY HAVE FRE$ HUMANITY FROM ! >*AIC 0IDOLATRY ( NATURE10 BUT IT DID SO ONLY BY COMMITT+ HUMANITY TO ! MOD]N IDOLATRY ( QUANTITY4 ,9 ,M>XISM ITSELF1 IT MAY WELL BE ?AT ! PRES5T RELEASES ! HOLD ( ! >*AIC PA/ ON ITSELF1 BUT ! PRES5T HOLDS ! PA/ CAPTIVE TO FICTIVE CONCEPTIONS ( HI/ORY ?AT DIVE/ HUMAN CONSOCIATION ( ALL HUMAN ATTRIBUTES BUT 09T]E/10 0PRODUCTIVE P[]10 DOM9ATION1 & ! VALUES ( ! B\RGEOIS ,5LI<T5M5T CONCEIV$ AS A PROJECT ( RATIONALIZATION & CONTROL4 

,IF ! 0DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY10 AS ,%APIRO TELLS US1 IS TO BE 0RESOLV$ ?R\< COMPLETION ( ! SELF-TRANSC5D5CE ( NATURE ?AT OCCURS :5 EMB$D$NESS 9 NATURE IS OV]COME & HUMAN BE+S BR+ ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS UND] CONTROL10 !N ?IS 0CONTROL0 MU/ 9VOLVE ! RE-ABSORPTION ( NATURE 9TO SOCIETY AS A 0RETRIBALIZ$0 HUMANITY 9 :I* ! >*AIC SOLID>ITY BAS$ ON K9S,E,IPLS REPLAC$ BY FREE *OICE ( ASSOCIATION1 %>$ CONC]NS1 & LOVE4_<#a#i_> ,COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & ASSEMBLIES -- 9 FACT1 NEW POLEIS -- MU/ REPLACE ! POV]TY ( SOCIAL =MS CREAT$ BY ! VOID WE CALL 0CAPITALISM40 ,LET !RE BE NO MI/AKE AB\T ! FACT ?AT WE >E NEV] 0DISEMB$D$0 FROM NATURE4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS NEV] BE5 A QUE/ION ( :E!R WE W]E 0EMB$D$0 9 NATURE OR NOT1 BUT RA!R ! K9D ( NATURE WE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 0EMB$D$0 9 -- ORGANIC OR 9ORGANIC1 ECO- LIGICAL OR PHYSICAL1 REAL OR MY?IC1 :OLE OR ONE-SID$1 SUBJEC- TIVIZ$ OR 0M9DLESS40 ,ONLY ! ABS5CE ( A NATURE PHILOSOPHY ?AT REVEALS ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( M9D FROM ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( ! ORGANIC WORLD TO ! PRES5T1 A PHILOSOPHY ?AT CAN REVEAL ! *ANG+ GRADATIONS ( A NATURAL DIALECTIC 9TO A SOCIAL1 ?AT CAN RELATE ! REALM ( 09/RUM5TAL ACTION0 TO 0COMMUNICATIVE10 & ULTIMATELY HUMAN SOCIETY ) NATURE AS ! VOICE ( A 0MUTE NATURE0 RESUBJECTIVIZ$ BY HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS -- ONLY BY VIRTUE ( ?IS LACUNA 9 ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY IS IT POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( 0DISEMB$D$NESS0 9 DISREG>D ( ! MEAN+ ( A TRULY ORGANIC SOCIETY4 

,TODAY1 ANY MEAN+FUL PROJECT = ! RECON/RUCTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE MU/ TAKE ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ?REE BASIC PREMISES3 ! RECON/ITUTION ( ! 0CELL TISSUE ',SOCIETY'0 9 ! PHYSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 AS A BODY POLITIC1 ?AT IS B]EFT ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY2 ! ABOLITION ( DOM9ATION 9 ALL ITS =MS -- NOT M]ELY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION2 & ! OBVI\S PRECONDITION = ! LATT] A*IEVEM5T1 ! ABOLITION ( HI]>*Y 9 ALL ITS =MS -- NOT M]ELY SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,! R$UCTIONI/ ATTITUDE ( ,M>XISM ?AT DEF9ES A BODY POLITIC 9 ! AMBIGU\S T]MS ( A 0PUBLIC SPH]E10 ( DOM9ATION 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & HI]>*Y 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC CLASSES1 MASKS & DISSOLVES ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE CONCEPTS4 ,?AT WE C\LD EASILY A*IEVE A 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 ?AT PR(ESSES TO BE FREE ( CLASS RULE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 YET IS RIDDL$ BY PATRI>*Y1 BUREAUCRACY1 & A SY/EM ( RUL$ & RUL] BAS$ ON PR(ESSIONAL1 E?NIC1 & AGE DIFF]5CES1 IS PA9FULLY EVID5T IF WE >E TO JUDGE FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( ! 0SOCIALI/ ORBIT40 ,TO SPEAK TO ! NE$S ( AN ORGANIC SOCIETY -- ! =MATION ( AN AU!NTIC BODY POLITIC & A SOCIALLY ACTIVE CITIZ5RY -- IS TO RE/ORE SOCIETY AS G5U9E 0CELL TISSUE40 ,SOCIETY1 9 EFFECT1 MU/ BECOME A BODY POLITIC 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ?AT ! CITIZ5 MU/ BE PHYSICALLY 9 CONTROL ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS1 A LIV+ PRES5CE 9 ! =MATION & EXECUTION ( SOCIAL POLICY4 

,R\SSEAU IS ONLY TOO ACCURATE 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT A BODY POLITIC1 DIVE/$ ( EMBODIM5T AS A CITIZ5 ASSEMBLY1 IS ! NEGATION ( A PEOPLE4 ,! T]M 0PEOPLE0 HAS NO MEAN+ IF IT LACKS ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE = EXHIBIT+ ITS PHYSICAL PRES5CE & IMP>T+ TO ?AT PRES5CE A DECISIVE SOCIAL MEAN+ -- IF IT CANNOT ASSEMBLE TO DEBATE1 =MULATE1 & DECIDE ! POLICIES ?AT %APE SOCIAL LIFE4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! =MULATION ( !SE POLICIES IS REMOV$ BY M$IAT$ & DELEGAT$ 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM ! FACE- TO-FACE DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS ( ! PEOPLE 9 ASSEMBLY1 TO ?AT DEGREE IS ! PEOPLE SUBV]T$ AS ! ONLY AU!NTIC CON/ITUTIVE =CE ( SOCIAL LIFE & SOCIETY1 VE/$ 9 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! FEW1 R$UC$ TO AN AB/RACTION1 AN UNPEOPL$ 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 OR A M]E 0PUBLIC SPACE40 ,UND]LY+ EV]Y 5T]PRISE = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! BODY POLITIC 9TO ! FACELESS SOV]EIGNTY ( DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY IS ! HIDD5 BELIEF 9 AN 0ELECT0 ?AT IS ALONE 5D[$ ) ! CAPACITY TO RULE & COMM&4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS VIEW AM\NTS TO A D5IAL ( ! HUMAN POT5TIALITY = SELF-MANAGEM5T1 TO ! SP>K )9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TO A*IEVE ! P[]S ( SOCIAL WISDOM ?AT A PRIVILEG$ FEW CLAIM = !MSELVES4 ,?AT CIRCUM/ANCES1 BE !Y RESOLV$ 9TO ! D5IAL ( $UCATION1 FREE TIME1 ACCESS TO CULTURE1 & EV5 AN 5LI<T5$ FAMILIAL BACKGR\ND1 NOT TO SPEAK ( MAT]IAL & OCCUPATIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 HAVE CONCEAL$ ?IS SP>K TO ! 0MASSES0 !MSELVES IS NO >GUM5T = ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL LIFE1 P>TICUL>LY AS IT CONC]NS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 C\LD BE O!RWISE4 

,DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY1 9 EFFECT1 NOT ONLY NEGATES A PEOPLE BUT ! CLAIMS ( SELFHOOD ?AT >E UND]LY+ TO ! NOTION ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ELSE:]E1 A SOCIETY ?AT PR(ESSES TO BE BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T SELF-ACTIVITY4_<#b_> ,9DE$1 REVOLUTION CAN BE DEF9$ AS ! MO/ ADVANC$ =M ( SELF-ACTIVITY1 AS DIRECT ACTION RAIS$ TO A LEVEL :]E ! L&1 ! FACTORIES1 9DE$ ! V]Y /REETS1 >E DIRECTLY TAK5 OV] BY ! AUTONOM\S PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ?IS LEVEL ( ACTIVITY1 SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS REMA9S M]E MASS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT CAN EASILY BE MANIPULAT$ BY HI]>*IES4 ,DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY VITIATES ! 9DIVIDUATION ( ! 0MASSES0 9TO SELF-CONSCI\S BE+S :O CAN TAKE DIRECT1 UNM$IAT$ CONTROL ( SOCIETY 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,IT D5IES NOT ONLY ! CON/ITUTION ( A 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 9TO A BODY POLITIC1 BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO A SOCIAL AG5T -- 9TO A 0CITIZ50 9 ! ,A!NIAN S5SE ( ! T]M4 

,WE LIVE TODAY UND] ! TYRANNY ( A PRES5T ?AT IS (T5 MORE OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! PA/1 ,S>TRE'S IMAG]Y ( ! 0SLIME0 ( ! PA/ NOT)/&+ TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,\R SOCIAL 0MODELS0 = FRE$OM HAVE BE5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! SO-CALL$ 0REVOLUTIONS0 ( ! ,?IRD ,WORD1 ( ! C\NCILS1 SOVIETS1 & %OP COMMITTEES ?AT >E SO S$UCTIVE TO MANY NEO-,M>XI/S AS =MS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,I W\LD JO9 ,M4,I4 ,F9LEY 9 S]I\SLY ASK+ IF WE %\LD NOT TRY TO RECOV] ! MORE FASC9AT+ EXAMPLE ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS :I*1 DESPITE ITS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 PROVIDES MORE EXPANSIVE 9/ITUTIONAL EXAMPLES = A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY ?AN ANY WE >E FAMILI> ) TODAY4 ,?AT ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY WAS BAS$ ON A 0SOV]EIGN ,ASSEMBLY444 OP5 TO EV]Y CITIZ50 & CONV5$ AT LEA/ =TY TIMES A YE>2 ?AT IT WAS CONSCI\SLY 0AMATEURI%0 & ANTIBUREAUCRATIC1 MANAG$ BY A ROTAT+ C\NCIL ( #e :OSE *AIRM5 W]E SELECT$ BY LOT = ONLY A S+LE DAY1 A C\NCIL ITSELF CON/ITUT$ BY SORTITION AS WELL AS ELECTION -- !SE FEATURES TOGE!R ) ITS A/ONI%+ C\RT SY/EM1 MILITIA1 & EXT5SIVE USE ( ! LOT H>DLY REQUIRE ELABORATION4_<#b#a_> ,A!NIAN AMATEURISM RE/$ ON A REG>D = SELFHOOD ?AT ,PLATONI/IC READ+S ( ! POLIS T5D TO DE-EMPHASIZE4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ,HELL5IC DEMOCRATIC !ORY F\ND WRITT5 EXPRESSION1 IT MAY WELL HAVE BE5 9 ! CONCEPTS ( ,PROTAGORAS ?AT >E H&$ D[N TO US ?R\< ! PAT5TLY BIAS$ DIALOGUE ( ,PLATO'S4 ,FREE M5 POSSESS POLITIKE TE*NE1 ! 0>T ( POLITICAL JUDGM5T10 AS ,F9LEY TRANSLATES ! PHRASE1 A JUDGM5T ?AT UNIQUELY DEF9ES HUMANITY AS A COOP]ATIVE SPECIES1 POSSESS$ ( PHILIA 7%ALL WE SAY 0SOLID>ITY0 RA!R ?AN ! MORE CONV5TIONAL TRANSLATION ( ! WORD AS 0FRI5D%IP087 & DIKE 7JU/ICE74 ,BUT BEYOND !SE TRAITS !Y POSSESS A S5SE ( COMMUNITY ?AT BY NATURE DE/9ES !M TO LIVE 9 A POLIS4 ,!SE TRAITS ( A FREE CITIZ51 TAK5 TOGE!R1 CON/ITUTE A CONTROLL$  
SELFHOOD1 :AT WE CALL 0SELF-CONTROL10 ?AT R5D]S COMMUNITY LIFE OR KO9ONIA POSSIBLE4 0,NEI!R ! SOV]EIGN ,ASSEMBLY1 ) ITS UNLIMIT$ RI<T ( P>TICIPATION1 NOR ! POPUL> JURY-C\RTS 7DICA/]Y -- ,M4,B47 NOR ! SELECTION ( (FICIALS BY LOT NOR O/RACISM C\LD HAVE PREV5T$ EI!R *AOS ON ! ONE H& OR TYRANNY ON ! O!R HAD !RE NOT BE5 SELF-CONTROL AMONG 5\< ( ! CITIZ5-BODY TO CONTA9 ITS BEHAVIOR )9 B\NDS10 OBS]VES ,F9LEY4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS SELF-CONTROL WAS AN ACTIVE =M ( SELFHOOD1 NOT ! APA?IA OR ABS5CE ( FEEL+ WE SO (T5 ASSOCIATE ) CONTEMPOR>Y CITIZ5%IP )9 A DEP]SONALIZ$ =MAL SY/EM ( 0RI<TS0 & 0DUTIES40 0,!RE WAS A TRADITION 7,>I/OTLE1 ,CON/ITUTION ( ,A!NS1 #h4#e7 ?AT 9 HIS LEGISLATION E>LY 9 ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,SOLON PASS$ ! FOLL[+ LAW1 SPECIFICALLY AIM$ AGA9/ APA?Y3 ',:5 !RE IS CIVIL W> 9 ! CITY1 ANYONE :O DOES NOT TAKE UP >MS ON ONE SIDE OR ! O!R %ALL BE DEPRIV$ ( CIVIL RI<TS & ( ALL %>E 9 ! AFFAIRS ( GOV]NM5T4' ,! AU!NTICITY ( ! LAW IS D\BTFUL1 BUT NOT ! S5TIM5T4 ,P]ICLES EXPRESS$ IT1 9 ! SAME ,FUN]AL ,ORATION 9 :I* HE NOT$ ?AT POV]TY IS NO B>1 BY SAY+ 7,?UCYDIDES1 #b4#d4#c73 ',ANY MAN MAY AT ! SAME TIME LOOK AFT] HIS [N AFFAIRS & ?OSE ( ! /ATE444 ,WE CONSID] ANYONE :O DOES NOT %>E 9 ! LIFE ( ! CITIZ5 NOT AS M9D+ HIS [N BUS9ESS BUT AS USELESS40_<#b#b_> 

,IT IS IRONICAL ?AT WE MU/ TURN TO ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 RA!R ?AN HIS SOCIALI/ CONTEMPOR>IES1 = AN 9SI<TFUL EVALUATION ( H[ DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL LIFE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELFHOOD MUTUALLY RE9=CE EA* O!R TO =M ! CIVIC VIRTUES & COMMITM5TS ( ! CITIZ5 -- ?AT MAKE ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( SELFHOOD4 ,! DEFECTS ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY NOT)/&+1 ! PRACTICES ( ! DICA/]Y & POPUL> ASSEMBLAGES1 ,MILL WAS TO OBS]VE1 0RAIS$ ! 9TELLECTUAL /&>D ( AN AV]AGE ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 F> BEYOND ANY?+ ( :I* !RE IS YET AN EXAMPLE 9 ANY O!R MASS ( M51 ANCI5T OR MOD]N40 ,! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 WAS OBLIG$ 0TO WEI< 9T]E/S NOT HIS [N2 TO BE GUID$1 9 CASE ( CONFLICT+ CLAIMS1 BY ANO!R RULE ?AN HIS PRIVATE P>TIALITIES2 TO APPLY1 AT EV]Y TURN1 PR9CIPLES & MAXIMS :I* HAVE = !IR REASON ( EXI/5CE ! COMMON GOOD4440 ,HE ACCORD+LY F\ND HIMSELF ASSOCIAT$ 09 ! SAME WORK ) M9DS MORE FAMILI>IZ$ ?AN HIS [N ) !SE IDEAS & OP]ATIONS0 :I* SUPPLI$ 0REASON TO HIS UND]/&+ & /IMULATION TO HIS FEEL+ = ! G5]AL 9T]E/40_<#b#c_> 

,HANNAH ,>5DT WAS TO =MULATE ?IS $UCATIVE PROCESS -- AN 9TEGRAL FEATURE ( :AT ! ,GREEKS CALL$ PAIDEIA1 ! SPIRITUAL  
=M+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- AS AN 05L>G$ M5TALITY0 ?AT R5D]S AU!NTIC JUDGM5T POSSIBLE4_<#b#d_> ,! POLIS WAS NOT ONLY AN 5D BUT A MEANS ?AT MADE POLITICAL PRACTICE 70P>TICIPATION0 IS A FEEBLE T]MS7 A MODE ( SELF-=MATION4 ,AT ?IS LEVEL1 A PEOPLE NOT M]ELY >RIVES AT A 0G5]AL 9T]E/0 BUT BEG9S TO TRANSC5D 09T]E/0 AS SU*4 0,9T]E/10 A T]M N\RI%$ BY ! B\RGEOIS 5LI<T5M5T ?AT SURFACES ?R\<\T ! ,M>XIAN LIT]ATURE AS 0CLASS 9T]E/0 & 9 NEO-,M>XISM AS 0KN[L$GE 9T]E/10 IS REPLAC$ BY ! POSSIBILITY ( MUTUALITY & CONSOCIATION BAS$ ON ! ,HELL5IC CONCEPT ( PHILIA OR1 9 ! ,*RI/IAN TRADITION1 BY  
AGAPE4 

,! Y\NG ,HEGEL1 DESPITE HIS SCORN = A ,*RI/IAN EQUALITY ?AT SAW ! SLAVE AS 0! BRO!R ( HIS [N]10 WAS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! MILL5>IAN IDEAL ( A NEW HUMAN UNION & ! ,JOA*IMITE VISION ( AN ]A ( FULFILLM5T4 ,9 ?IS TR9IT>IAN VISION1 LOVE1 AS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 TRANSC5DS ! FAI? ?AT M>K$ ! ]A ( ! ,SON & ! LAW ?AT M>K$ ! ]A ( ! ,FA!R4 ,= ! Y\NG ,HEGEL1 0,TRUE LOVE1 OR LOVE PROP]1 EXI/S ONLY BETWE5 LIV+ BE+S :O >E ALIKE 9 P[] & ?US 9 ONE ANO!R'S EYES LIV+ BE+S FROM EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW0 -- &1 BY ! SAME TOK51 TO A*IEVE ?IS P5ULTIMATE RECOGNITION ( ! 0LIV+ BE+S0 :O >E LOV$1 !Y MU/ BE ALIKE 9 P[]4 7,MY EMPHASIS -- ,M4,B47 ,AGAPE1 AS CONCEIV$ 9 ,HEGEL'S ES*ATOLOGICAL VISION1 NO LONG] KN[S ! DRIVE ( 09T]E/02 9DE$1 IT 0DEPRIVES MAN'S OPPOSITE ( ALL =EIGN *>ACT]1 & DISCOV]S LIFE ITSELF )\T ANY FUR!R DEFECT40 ,?IS IS NOT A WORLD 9 :I* GRAY IS PA9T$ ON GRAY4 0,9 LOVE ! SEP>ATE DOES /ILL REMA91 BUT AS SOME?+ UNIT$ & NO LONG] AS SOME?+ SEP>ATE2 LIFE 79 ! SUBJECT7 S5SES LIFE 79 ! OBJECT740 ,9DE$1 LOVE SUPPLANTS LAW & ONE MAY JU/IFIABLY ASK IF1 9 ?IS ]A :5 ALL LIV+ BE+S >E ALIKE 9 P[]1 !RE IS ANY NE$ = M$IATION & ! /ATE4.<#f#g.>_<#b#e_> 

,ASSEMBLAGE ATTA9S ITS FULLNESS 9 A WORLD :]E 09T]E/0 YIELDS TO PHILIA & AGAPE1 :]E JUDGM5T EM]GES FROM ! SELF-=MATIVE 9T]C\RSE & SPIRITUAL $UCATION ( AN 05L>G$ M5TALITY40 ,5D[$ ) ?IS M5TALITY1 0EV5 :5 ,I %UN ALL COMPANY OR AM COMPLETELY ISOLAT$ :ILE =M+ AN OP9ION1 ,I AM NOT SIMPLY TOGE!R ONLY ) MYSELF 9 ! SOLITUDE ( PHILOSOPHIC ?\<0 ,>5DT OBS]VES2 0,I REMA9 9 ?IS WORLD ( MUTUAL 9T]DEP5D5CE :]E ,I CAN MAKE MYSELF ! REPRES5TATIVE ( EV]YONE ELSE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,I CAN REFUSE TO DO ?IS & =M AN OP9ION ?AT TAKES ONLY MY [N 9T]E/1 OR ! 9T]E/S ( ! GR\P TO :I* ,I BELONG1 9TO ACC\NT444 ,BUT ! V]Y QUALITY ( AN OP9ION AS ( A JUDGM5T DEP5DS UPON ITS DEGREE ( IMP>TIALITY40_<#b#f_> 0,IMP>TIALITY0 MU/ BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY IF ,>5DT'S PO9T IS TO HAVE MEAN+ -- AS A CONDITION ?AT RISES ABOVE ! 0P>TIAL10 OR ONE-SID$1 & ! 0P>TIALITY0 ( A PR$ET]M9$ COMMITM5T4 ,! EM]G5CE ( A 0G5]AL 9T]E/0 IS1 9 EFFECT1 ! ABOLITION ( ! 0P>TIALITY0 ( A SELF ROOT$ 9 09T]E/0 & 9 A ONE-SID$ SOCIETY4 

,IT IS A TRUISM ?AT 0OP9ION0 & JUDGM5T SO =M$ HAVE MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS & A HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND ?AT HAS RECEIV$ SUFFICI5T EMPHASIS NOT TO REQUIRE DISCUSSION H]E4 ,>5DT'S 05L>G$ M5TALITY0 MU/ EM]GE FROM A T]RA9 ?AT IS MAT]IALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! =MATION ( 0CLASS 9T]E/0 & ITS IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION AS 0CLASS CONSCI\SNESS40 ,BUT ONCE !SE MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS >E EMPHASIZ$1 WE MU/ ADD ?AT A 0PROLET>IAN PUBLIC SPH]E0 IS AN ANA*RONISM BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT AS A PROLET>IAT1 AS ! FICTIVE EXPRESSION ( A PUBLIC SPH]E1 IS AN 09T]E/0 ?AT OPPOSES ! UNIV]SALIZATION & ABOLITION ( 09T]E/0 & ! =MATION ( A PUBLIC4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ,M>X FOLL[S 9 ! WAKE ( B\RGEOIS REALITY BY D5UD+ ! PROLET>IAT ( ! SOCIAL & P]SONAL =MS )\T :I* IT CANNOT DEVELOP ITS PUBLIC EXI/5CE AS P>T ( A UNIV]SALIZ$ HUMANITY4 ,M>X'S WRIT+S 0HOLL[ \T0 ! PROLET>IAT AS RU?LESSLY AS CAPITALISM HOLL[S \T ! 0CELL TISSUE ',SOCIETY'40 ,JU/ AS AB/RACT LABOR CONFRONTS AB/RACT MATT]1 SO AB/RACT CLASSES CONFRONT EA* O!R 9 A CONFLICT ( 09T]E/S0 ?AT EXI/S BEYOND !IR WILL OR EV5 !IR CLE> COMPREH5SION4 ,?AT ,M>X CONCEIVES ! PROLET>IAT AS A CATEGORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY -- AS ! 0[N]0 ( LABOR P[]1 ! OBJECT ( EXPLOITATION BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & A CREATURE ( ! FACTORY SY/EM -- REFLECTS & IDEOLOGIZES ITS ACTUAL ONE-SID$ CONDITION UND] CAPITALISM AS A 0PRODUCTIVE =CE10 NOT AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,M>X LEAVES US 9 NO D\BT AB\T ?IS CONCEPTION4 ,AS ! CLASS ?AT IS MO/ COMPLETELY DEHUMANIZ$1 ! PROLET>IAT TRANSC5DS ITS DEHUMANIZ$ CONDITION & COMES TO EMBODY ! HUMAN TOTALITY 0?R\< URG5T1 NO LONG] DISGUISABLE1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]ATIVE NE$4440 ,ACCORD+LY3 0,! QUE/ION IS NOT :AT ?IS OR ?AT PROLET>IAN1 OR EV5 ! :OLE PROLET>IAT AT ! MOM5T CONSID]S AS ITS AIM4 ,! QUE/ION IS :AT ! PROLET>IAT IS1 & :AT1 CONSEQU5T ON ?AT BE+1 IT WILL BE COMPELL$ TO DO40_<#b#g_> 7,! EMPHASIS ?R\<\T IS ,M>X'S & PROVIDES A TELL+ COMM5T>Y ON HIS DE-SUBJECTIVIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT47 ,I WILL LEAVE ASIDE ! RATIONALE ?AT ?IS =MULA PROVIDES = AN ELITI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ,M>X1 FOLL[+ ! TRADITION ( CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 TOTALLY OBJECTIFIES ! PROLET>IAT & REMOVES IT AS A TRUE SUBJECT4 ,! REVOLT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ITS HUMANIZATION1 CEASES TO BE A HUMAN PH5OM5ON2 RA!R1 IT BECOMES A FUNCTION ( 9EXORABLE ECONOMIC LAWS & 0IMP]ATIVE NE$40 ,! ESS5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS PROLET>IAT IS ITS NON-HUMANITY1 ITS CREATURE NATURE AS ! PRODUCT ( 0ABSOLUTELY IMP]ATIVE NE$0 -- ( BRUTE 09T]E/40 ,ITS SUBJECTIVITY FALLS )9 ! CATEGORY ( H>% NECESSITY1 EXPLICABLE 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC LAW4 ,! PSY*OLOGY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 EFFECT1 IS POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,! REAL PROLET>IAT RESI/S ?IS R$UCTION ( ITS SUBJECTIVITY TO ! PRODUCT ( NE$ & LIVES 9CREAS+LY )9 ! REALM (  
DESIRE1 ( ! POSSIBILITY TO BECOME O!R ?AN IT IS4 ,CONCRETELY1 ! WORK] RESI/S ! WORK E?IC BECAUSE IT HAS BECOME IRRATIONAL 9 VIEW ( ! POSSIBILITIES = A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY4 ,! WORK]1 9 ?IS S5SE1 TRANSC5DS H] OR HIS CREATURE NATURE & 9CREAS+LY BECOMES A SUBJECT1 NOT AN OBJECT2 A NON-PROLET>IAN1 NOT A PROLET>IAN4 ,DESIRE1 NOT M]ELY NE$1 POSSIBILITY1 NOT M]ELY NECESSITY1 5T] 9TO H] OR HIS SELF-=MATION & SELF-ACTIVITY4 ,! WORK] BEG9S TO %$ H] OR HIS /ATUS ( WORK]NESS1 H] OR HIS EXI/5CE AS A M]E CLASS BE+1 AS AN OBJECT ( ECONOMIC =CES1 AS M]E 0BE+10 & BECOMES 9CREAS+LY AVAILABLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 05L>G$ M5TALITY40 

,AS ! HUMAN ESS5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT BEG9S TO REPLACE ITS FACTORY ESS5CE1 ! WORK] CAN N[ BE REA*$ AS EASILY \TSIDE ! FACTORY AS 9 IT4 ,CONCRETELY1 ! WORK]'S ASPECT AS A WOMAN OR MAN1 AS A P>5T1 AS AN URBAN DWELL]1 AS A Y\? OR ELD]LY P]SON1 AS A VICTIM ( 5VIRONM5TAL DECAY1 AS A DREAM] 7! LI/ IS NE>LY 5DLESS71 COMES 9CREAS+LY TO ! =EGR\ND4 ,! FACTORY WALLS BECOME P]MEABLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 05L>G$ M5TALITY0 TO ! DEGREE ?AT P]SONAL & BROADLY SOCIAL CONC]NS BEG9 TO COMPETE ) ! WORK]'S 0PROLET>IAN0 CONC]NS & VALUES4 ,NO 0WORK]S GR\P0 CAN BECOME TRULY REVOLUTION>Y UNLESS IT DEALS ) ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]'S HUMAN ASPIRATIONS1 UNLESS IT HELPS TO DE-ALI5ATE ! WORK]'S P]SONAL MILIEU & BEG9S TO TRANSC5D ! WORK]'S FACTORY MILIEU4 ,IT IS 9DE$ D\BTFUL IF1 9 ! EV5T ( TRULY REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ?AT WORK]S WILL WANT TO CONTROL PRODUCTION & BASK 9 ! GLORIES ( AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON 0WORK]'S CONTROL40 ,!Y WILL PROBABLY WANT TO ALT] PRODUCTION1 9DE$ SEV] SOCIETY'S TE*NICAL COMMITM5T TO ! FACTORY AS SU*4 ,?IS K9D ( WORK+ CLASS WILL BECOME REVOLUTION>Y NOT 9 SPITE ( ITSELF BUT BECAUSE ( ITSELF1 LIT]ALLY AS A RESULT ( ITS AWAK5+ SELFHOOD4.<#f#h.> 

,= ,>I/OTLE1 0MAN IS BY NATURE A POLITICAL ANIMAL2 & SO EV5 :5 M5 HAVE NO NE$ ( ASSI/ANCE FROM EA* O!R !Y NONE!LESS DESIRE TO LIVE TOGE!R40 ,= AL?\< !Y %>E A 0COMMON 9T]E/0 9 A GOOD LIFE1 0!Y ALSO COME TOGE!R & MA9TA9 ! POLITICAL P>TN]%IP 7ACTUALLY POLITIK5 KO9ONIAN -- ,M4,B47 = ! SAKE ( LIFE M]ELY4440_<#b#h_> ,= ,M>X1 0,M5 CAN BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ANIMALS BY CONSCI\SNESS1 BY RELIGION OR ANY?+ ELSE Y\ LIKE4 ,!Y !MSELVES BEG9 TO DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ANIMALS AS SOON AS !Y BEG9 TO PRODUCE !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 A /EP :I* IS CONDITION$ BY !IR PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,BY PRODUC+ !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE M5 >E 9DIRECTLY PRODUC+ !IR ACTUAL MAT]IAL CONDITIONS40_<#b#i_> ,BETWE5 !SE TWO DEF9ITIONS ( 0MAN0 LIE MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& YE>S NOT ONLY ( HUMAN 0PROGRESS0 9 MA/]Y OV] NATURE1 BUT SOCIAL REGRESSION 9 ! D5UD+ ( SOCIETY4 ,! DEGRADATION ( KO9ONIA 9TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ( PHILIA 9TO CLASS SOLID>ITY1 F9ALLY ( ! SELF 9TO AN 5DLESS F\NT ( EGOTISM & NE$S1 IS A HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO AN IDEOLOGY ?AT CANNOT BE HYPO/ASIZ$ & MY/IFI$ AS 0REVOLUTION>Y40 ,TO DEAL ) CAPITALISM ALONE AS A MY? ( 0PRAXIS0 ?AT 9CORPORATES PRECISELY :AT %\LD BE EXORCIZ$ FROM 0CIVILIZATION0 AS A :OLE 9 ,FREUD1 ,ADORNO1 ,HORKHEIM]1 & FRANKLY1 ,F\RI]'S MEAN+ ( ! T]M1 IS A BETRAYAL ( ! L>G] REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ?AT AWAITS ! CRITIQUE & PRACTICE ( AN 05L>G$ M5TALITY40 ,IF WE >E NOT M]ELY AT ! 5D ( CAPITALISM BUT AT ! 5D ( 0CIVILIZATION0 AS ,F\RI] MI<T HAVE OBS]V$ -- ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION -- IT IS NOT 5\< TO SPEAK ANY LONG] ( CLASS & EXPLOITATION BUT RA!R ( RANK AS SU* AT ! MO/ MOLECUL> LEVELS ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION4 ,CRITICAL !ORY1 TOO1 WAS TO *ALL5GE 0CIVILIZATION0 AS A SPH]E ( DOM9ATION & A RATIONALITY ( DOM9ATION1 BUT IT DID NOT DEAL ) HI]>*Y1 ) A S5SIBILITY ?AT ORGANIZES DIFF]5CE 9TO A SPH]E ( COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,H5CE1 IT TOO BECAME VICTIM TO ! HIDD5 HI]>*ICAL DIM5SION ?AT P]PETUATES DOM9ATION1 ! PROCLIVITY TO /& ABOVE ! FLUX ( LIFE & ULTIMATELY ! TE/ ( EXP]I5CE4 ,= ! 0EMANCIPATORY 9T]E/0 TO F]RET \T ITS TRADITION ( EMANCIPATION 9 ! ACADEMY1 TO BUILD ITS MORAL IMP]ATIVES )9 ! B\<S ( ITS [N 9TELLECTUAL ,$51 IS TO REPLACE REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY & ITS F>-REA*+ LESSONS BY 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY ) ITS DIET ( PALE GRUEL4 ,NOT ?AT !ORY HAS NO IMP]ATIVES ( ITS [N1 BUT RA!R ?AT IT CANNOT BE DEF9$ AS A 0PRAXIS0 ?AT IS GU>D$ FROM LIFE BY IVY-COV]$ WALLS4 

,IT WAS ! Y\NG ,HEGEL1 AGA91 :O MO/ CLE>LY =MULAT$ ! PLACE ( WISDOM AS PAIDEIA1 SPECIFICALLY 9 ! FRUITFUL 9T]*ANGE ( TEA*] & TAU<T RA!R ?AN LEAD] & L$ -- A PAIDEIA ?AT 9=MS ! DEVELOPM5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y CULTURE OR 0MOVEM5T0 AS MU* AS IT DOES A REVOLUTION>Y S5SIBILITY4 ,?AT AGE1 EXP]I5CE1 & P]SONAL TAL5TS MAY CONF] WISDOM IS NO REASON ?AT !Y %\LD CONF] P[]4 ,HEGEL'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,JESUS & ,SOCRATES DRAWS ?IS PO9T \T UN]R+LY ON ITS AU!NTIC SOCIAL T]RA94 ,! ,*RI/IAN APO/LES W]E M]E ACOLYTES4 0,LACK+ ANY /ORE ( SPIRITUAL 5]GY ( !IR [N10 ,HEGEL OBS]VES1 0!Y HAD F\ND ! BASIS ( !IR CONVICTION AB\T ! TEA*+S ( ,JESUS PR9CIPALLY 9 !IR FRI5D%IP ) HIM & DEP5D5CE ON HIM4 ,!Y HAD NOT ATTA9$ TRU? & FRE$OM BY !IR [N EX]TIONS2 ONLY BY LABORI\S LE>N+ HAD !Y ACQUIR$ A DIM S5SE ( !M & C]TA9 =MULAS AB\T !M4 ,!IR AMBITION WAS TO KEEP ?IS DOCTR9E FAI?FULLY & TO TRANSMIT IT FAI?FULLY TO O!RS )\T ANY ADDITION1 )\T LETT+ IT ACQUIRE ANY V>IATIONS 9 DETAIL BY WORK+ ON IT !MSELVES40 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,SOCRATES'S FRI5DS FROM 0!IR Y\? UP444 HAD DEVELOP$ !IR P[]S 9 MANY DIRECTIONS4 ,!Y HAD ABSORB$ ?AT DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT :I* GIVES AN 9DIVIDUAL A GREAT] MEASURE ( 9DEP5D5CE & MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ANY TOL]ABLY GOOD HEAD TO DEP5D :OLLY & ABSOLUTELY ON ONE P]SON4 ,9 !IR /ATE IT WAS WOR? :ILE TO HAVE A POLITICAL 9T]E/1 & AN 9T]E/ ( ?AT K9D CAN NEV] BE SACRIFIC$4 ,MO/ ( !M HAD ALREADY BE5 PUPILS ( O!R PHILOSOPH]S & O!R TEA*]S4 ,!Y LOV$ ,SOCRATES BECAUSE ( HIS VIRTUE & HIS PHILOSOPHY1 NOT VIRTUE & HIS PHILOSOPHY BECAUSE ( HIM4 ,JU/ AS ,SOCRATES HAD F\<T = HIS NATIVE L&1 HAD FULFILL$ ALL ! DUTIES ( A FREE CITIZ5 AS A BRAVE SOLDI] 9 W> & A JU/ JUDGE 9 PEACE1 SO TOO ALL HIS FRI5DS W]E SOME?+ MORE ?AN M]E 9ACTIVE PHILOSOPH]S1 ?AN M]E PUPILS ( ,SOCRATES40_<#c_> 

,! POLIS1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON FRE$OM & ACTIVITY1 /&S OPPOS$ TO ! CONGREGATION ) ITS EMPHASIS ON REV]5CE & QUIETISM4 ,HEGEL T\*ES PRECISELY ON ! DIFF]+ SOCIAL CONTEXTS ?AT PRODUCE PUPILS 9 ,GREECE & DISCIPLES 9 ,JUDEA1 TEA*]S & LEAD]S1 ! DEMOCRATIC KO9ONIA ( ! POLIS & ! HI]>*ICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! ,*UR*4 ,9 ! T5SION BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES1 DIFF]5T S5SES ( SELFHOOD EM]GE3 ! CONTROLL$ SELF =M$ BY ! LI<T ( SPIRIT1 REASON & SOLID>ITY & ! CONTROLL$ SELF =M$ BY ! :IP-LA% ( A RATIONALIZ$ SOCIETY1 DOGMA1 & FRAGM5TATION4 ,9 REALITY1 !RE IS NO LONG] ROOM = AN 9T]M$IATE GR\ND1 :E!R 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T OR 9 SOCIETY4 ,! HI/ORY ( ?IS C5TURY HAS BE5 POISON$ BY ! 5DLESS 0GA9S0 & 0M$IATIONS0 ?AT ?REAT5 TO BECOME ! BONFIRES ( SOCIETY ITSELF -- ! 0IMPROVEM5TS0 ?AT HAVE BE5 BR\<T 9TO ! S]VICE ( A DOM9ATION SO UBIQUIT\S ?AT IT BR+S ! SELF 9TO COMPLICITY ) ITS [N 5SLAVEM5T4 ,NE>LY =TY YE>S AGO1 ,HORKHEIM] C\LD HAVE WRITT5 ?AT 0,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T NEGATIVELY REFLECTS ! SITUATION :I* IT IS ATTACK+40_<#c#a_> ,TODAY !SE WORDS SEEM TAME4 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 MOVEM5T -- AS ! ,LEFT CALLS ITSELF -- POSITIVELY SUPPORTS ! SITUATION IT PR(ESSES TO ATTACK4 ,! MASS P>TY IS ! PRECONDITION = ! EXI/5CE ( A MASS SOCIETY1 ! POLITICAL FACE ( ITS 9/ITUTIONAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,! 5TIRE FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT DIV]GES ON :E!R IT SEEKS TO RECOV] A BODY POLITIC -- ! KO9ONIA ( A FACE-TO-FACE CITIZ5RY -- OR :E!R1 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PRAGMATIC10 ! 0EXP$I5T10 & ! APPROPRIATE 0M$IATIONS0 IT WILL FO/] ! EV]-GREAT] RATIONALIZATION ( ! SOCIETY ) ! RHETORIC ( PROGRESS1 PLANN+1 RE=M -- & EV5 0REVOLUTION40 

,BEYOND ! 9TRAMURAL DISPUTES ( ! ,LEFT LIE ! L>G] SOCIAL ISSUES ( HI/ORIC RECOV]Y & SOCIAL ADVANCE4 ,! MUNICIPAL TRADITION1 H[EV] FA9T1 P]SI/S 9 WE/]N SOCIETY TODAY AS AN ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT MAY WELL SPEAK TO AN ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ) GREAT] MEAN+ ?AN ! ,EUROPEAN EMPHASIS ON C5TRALIZATION4 0,! CONT9U$ GR[? ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N BY DIVISION ( ! C5TRAL NUCLEUS 9TO NEW CELLS1 HAV+ AN 9DEP5D5T LIFE ( !IR [N1 RECALL$ ! E>LI] PATT]N ( ,GREECE10 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D HAS OBS]V$4 0,BUT ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS ADD$ A NEW FEATURE ?AT HAS NEV] BE5 SUFFICI5TLY APPRECIAT$ NOR AS WIDELY COPI$ AS IT DES]V$3 ! T[N%IP4 ,! T[N%IP IS A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION :I* 5CLOSES A GR\P ( T[NS1 VILLAGES1 HAMLETS1 ALONG ) ! OP5 C\NTRY >EA ?AT SURR\NDS !M3 IT P]=MS ! FUNCTIONS ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T1 9CLUD+ ! PROVISION ( S*OOLS & ! C>E ( LOCAL ROADS1 )\T ACCEPT+ ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ DIVISION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY40 

,MUM=D'S LAM5T ?AT ! FAILURE ( 0BO? ! ,F$]AL & ! ,/ATE ,CON/ITUTIONS0 TO 9CORPORATE ! T[N%IP AS ! BASIC UNIT ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY 0WAS ONE ( ! TRAGIC OV]SI<TS ( PO/REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T0 IS AN UND]/ATEM5T4 ,! 0PO/-REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T0 ( ! E>LY REPUBLIC WAS L>GELY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y & ! T[N%IP1 P>TICUL>LY ITS T[N MEET+S1 W]E DELIB]ATELY EXCLUD$ PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y GAVE 0CONCRETE ORGANS0 TO AN 0AB/RACT POLITICAL SY/EM ( DEMOCRACY4440_<#c#b_> ,AS ,M]RIL ,J5S5 HAS PO9T$ \T 9 A FASC9AT+ ACC\NT ( ?AT V]Y P]IOD1 0! NATURE ( CITY GOV]NM5T CAME 9 = HEAT$ DISCUSSION40 ,T[N MEET+S1 :E!R LEGAL OR 9=MAL1 0HAD BE5 A FOCAL PO9T ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY40 ,! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC REACTION ?AT SET 9 AFT] ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS M>K$ BY EF=TS TO DO AWAY ) T[N MEET+ GOV]NM5TS ?AT HAD SPREAD WELL BEYOND ,NEW ,5GL& TO ! MID-,ATLANTIC & ,S\!RN /ATES4 ,ATTEMPTS BY CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS W]E MADE TO E/ABLI% A 0CORPORATE =M 7( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T7 :]EBY ! T[NS C\LD BE GOV]N$ BY MAYORS & C\NCILS0 ELECT$ FROM URBAN W>DS4 ,JUDG+ FROM ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ! M]*ANTS 0BACK$ 9CORPORATION CONSI/5TLY 9 ! EF=TS TO ESCAPE T[N MEET+S40 ,SU* EF=TS W]E SUCCESSFUL NOT ONLY 9 CITIES & T[NS ( ?AT /ATE BUT ALSO 9 ,*>LE/ON1 ,NEW ,HAV51 & EV5TUALLY EV5 ,BO/ON4 ,J5S51 ADDRESS+ HIMSELF TO ! 9CORPORAT$ =M ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T & RE/RICT$ SUFFRAGE ?AT REPLAC$ ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY =M ( ! REVOLUTION>IES ( #aggf 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 EXPRESSES A JUDGM5T ?AT C\LD APPLY TO ALL ! SUCCESSFUL EF=TS 9 BEHALF ( MUNICIPAL 9CORPORATION FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION3 0,! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ,PHILADELPHIA WAS COMPLETE40_<#c#c_> 

,H]E1 !N1 LIES A HI/ORY & A LIB]ATORY TRADITION ?AT AWAITS FULL & CONSCI\S EXPRESSION AS A DEM& = HUMAN SCALE1 LOCAL POPUL> CONTROL1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY BO? )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & )9 SOCIETY4 ,9 TURN+ ! NOTION ( ! 0PEOPLE0 AGA9/ ITS B\RGEOIS UTOPIAN ORIG9S1 ?IS LIB]ATORY TRADITION RECOV]S & TRANSC5DS A VISION = :I* ! MAT]IAL PREMISES W]E E/ABLI%$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,A NEW 0REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT0 EXI/S 9 ! SOCIAL VACUUM LEFT BY SOCIETY & ! C5TRALIZ$ P[] AT ITS SUMMITS4_<#c#d_> ,! SY/EM TURNS EV]YONE AGA9/ IT -- BE IT ! CONS]VATIONI/ OR ! SMALL /RUGGL+ 5TREPR5EUR1 ! WORK] OR ! 9TELLECTUAL1 WOM51 BLACKS1 AG$1 OR ! SEEM+LY PRIVILEG$ SUBURBANITE4 ,! D5UD+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM 0BRO!RS0 & 0SI/]S0 9TO 0CITIZ5S0 & F9ALLY 0TAXPAY]S0 EXPRESSES ! COMMON LOT ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL :O IS BURD5$ BY A T]RIFY+ S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS ?AT IS SO EASILY MI/AK5 = APA?Y4 ,BUREAUCRACY CAN NEV] BLANKET ?IS OP51 UNOCCUPI$ SOCIAL DOMA94 ,?IS DOMA9 CAN EV5TUALLY BE FILL$ BY NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 COOP]ATIVES1 POPUL> SOCIETIES1 & AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT >E SPAWN$ BY AN 5DLESS >RAY ( SOCIAL ILLS -- ABOVE ALL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ GR\PS ?AT =M A C\NT]WEI<T & A RADICALIZ+ POT5TIAL TO ! MASSIVE C5TRALIZATION & CONC5TRATION ( SOCIAL P[] 9 AN ]A ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,SOCIALISM1 9SPIR$ BY ! IMAG]Y ( ! ,ROBESPI]RI/ ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 (F]S NO PROMISE ( AFFECT+ 79DE$1 ( COMPREH5D+7 ?IS NEW SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 SO CONG5IAL TO ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL TRADITION4 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! 0SOCIAL PROBLEM0 9TO ISSUES LIKE ! RE/ORATION ( LOCAL P[]1 ! 9CREAS+ HATR$ ( BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL1 ! SIL5T RESI/ANCE TO MANIPULATION ON ! EV]YDAY LEVEL ( LIFE HOLDS ! ONLY PROMISE ( A NEW 0REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT0 ON :I* RESI/ANCE & EV5TUALLY REVOLUTION CAN BE BAS$4 ,IT IS TO !SE ISSUES ?AT REVOLUTION>Y !ORY MU/ ADDRESS ITSELF1 & IT IS TO A RE9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( A CONSCI\S BODY POLITIC ?AT REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE MU/ DIRECT ITS EF=TS4  
  

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