,NOTES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

.<#a.> ,9 ,5TANGL$ ,OBJECTS1 ,NI*OLAS ,?OMAS EV5 HAS A SECTION CALL$ 0VALUE3 A SURPLUS ( !ORIES0 7#a#i#i#a3#c71 ?\< 9 IT1 HE REALLY CITES ONLY ?REE4 

.<#b.> ,OR AT LEA/1 ! MORE ?IS IS ! CASE1 ! MORE *ANCE !RE IS ?AT ITS PR$ICTIONS >E ACCURATE4 

.<#c.> ,I MI<T NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT ?IS SIMPLIFI$ PRES5TATION MI<T SEEM LIKE SOME?+ ( A /RAW MAN2 MO/ ACCOMPLI%$ ECONOMI/S >E CONSID]ABLY MORE SUBTLE4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 ANYONE :O HAS TAK5 9TRODUCTORY C\RSES 91 SAY1 RATIONAL *OICE !ORY IS LIKELY TO HAVE F\ND !MSELVES FACE TO FACE ) PRECISELY !SE SORTS ( >GUM5TS4 

.<#d.> ,SIMIL>LY1 P[] IS (T5 DEF9$ AS ! ABILITY TO 9FLU5CE O!R PEOPLE'S ACTIONS1 :I* IS AGA91 NOT V]Y SIMIL> TO PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

.<#e.> ,!SE HAVE (T5 BE5 REF]R$ TO 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE AS 0UTILIT>IAN APPROA*ES10 A PHRASE MADE FAM\S BY ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#g#f74 ,I'VE DECID$ TO USE ! T]M 0ECONOMI/IC10 BECAUSE ! MEAN+ IS MORE SELF-EVID5T1 & !RE'S NO DANG] ( CONFUSION ) ! SPECIFIC N9ETE5? C5TURY DOCTR9ES4 

.<#f.> ,?\< IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT MANY ( ! ECONOMI/ICALLY M9D$ WILL TRY TO TAKE IT AS F> AS !Y CAN4 ,EV5 ! SLI<TE/ REFLECTION DEMON/RATES ?AT ! M]E FACT ?AT HUMANS >E BIOLOGICALLY DISPOS$ TO WANT FOOD & SEX MEANS LITTLE 9 ITSELF2 AFT] ALL1 WE CAN ALL ?9K ( =MS ( CUL9>Y OR SEXUAL EXP]I5CE ?AT O!RS CRAVE1 ! 9FLICTION ( :I* WE W\LD CONSID] ! DIRE/ PUNI%M5T4 

.<#g.> ,?IS SEEMS TO BE A V]Y CRUDE POPUL> V]SION ( ! ?\<T ( N9ETE5?C5TURY SOCIAL ?9K] ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 :OSE WORK 9 S*OL>LY CIRCLES IS1 ODDLY1 CONSID]$ UTT]LY DISCR$IT$4 

.<#h.> ,ANO!R WAY TO IMAG9E ?IS W\LD BE TO SAY EA* LANGUAGE BEG9S ) ! COMPLETE COLOR SPECTRUM1 & *OPS IT UP >BITR>ILY1 ASSIGN+ A WORD TO EA* DIVISION4 ,?IS IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS 0SLIC+ ! PIE0 ( REALITY4 

.<#i.> ,MO/ SUBSEQU5T AU?ORS CALL$ IT 0SEMIOTICS0 9/EAD4 

.<#a.> ,A SY/EM ?AT M]ELY 9DICAT$ ?AT ! /EAK-FRITES WAS WOR? MORE W\LD1 TE*NICALLY1 BE A RANK+ SY/EM4 ,ONE ?AT SPECIFIES PRECISELY H[ MU* MORE ADDS AN ELEM5T ( 0PROPORTIONALITY40 

.<#a#a.> ,H5CE TOO POLITICALLY3 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! '#fS1 ,/RUCTUALI/S W]E FAM\S = !IR POLITICAL PASSIVITY1 OR EV5 CONS]VATISM 7S9CE 9 PRACTICE BE+ 'APOLITICAL' USUALLY MEANS BE+ MOD]ATELY RI<T W+74 

.<#a#b.> ,CRITIQUES >E NUM]\S2 ,I HAVE (F]$ MY [N ALT]NATIVE MODEL 9 ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g4 

.<#a#c.> ,ONE MI<T NOTE ?AT HE HAS ?US MANAG$ TO ADD TO A SIMPLE ,SAUSSUREAN MODEL AN ELEM5T ( RANK+ 7BUT NOT ONE ( PROPORTIONALITY74 

.<#a#d.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,DUMONT IS >GU+ ALL SOCIETIES HAVE !SE SPH]ES EXACTLY2 IT'S SIMPLY AN 9/ANTLY RECOGNIZABLE ILLU/RATION4 

.<#a#e.> ,TO TAKE A MORE SYMBOLIC EXAMPLE FROM ! ,WE/]N TRADITION3 :ILE 9 ! SECUL> SPH]E1 IT IS WOM5 :O GIVE BIR? TO M5 7A CLE> GE/URE ( 5COMPASSM5T71 ON ! HI<] LEVEL ( COSMIC ORIG9S1 IT WAS ! O!R WAY >\ND1 ) ,EVE PRODUC$ FROM ,ADAM'S RIB4 

.<#a#f.> ,9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 ONE CANNOT REALLY SPEAK ( 09DIVIDUALS0 AT ALL4 ,!RE IS NO CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 SUBJECTS & OBJECTS2 RA!R1 ACTORS !MSELVES >E MADE UP ( DIFF]5T ASPECTS OR ELEM5TS ?AT HAVE DIFF]5T HI]>*ICAL VALUES4 

.<#a#g.> ,IT S]V$ ?IS PURPOSE MO/ FAM\SLY 9 ,$MUND ,LEA*'S 7O!RWISE NOT AT ALL ,=MALI/7 ,POLITICAL ,SY/EMS ( ,HI<L& ,BURMA 7#a#i#e#d74 ,9 ! ,9DIAN CASE P[] 7>?A7 IS NOT AT ALL IMPLICIT1 BUT A CONSCI\SLY >TICULAT$ VALUE 7SEE ,DUMONT #a#i#g3#a#e#b-#f#f71 ?\< IT /ILL SEEMS TO ME TO /& ON A QUITE DIFF]5T ORD] ?AN 0PURITY40 

.<#a#h.> ,9 FAIRNESS1 ,DUMONT HIMSELF HAS >GU$ ?AT IT IS ONE ( ! ADVANTAGES ( HIS HI]>*ICAL1 HOLI/IC APPROA* ?AT IT DOES NOT MAKE SU* CLE> EI!R_/OR DI/9CTIONS 7#a#i#h#f3#b#e#c-#e#f71 BECAUSE HI]>*IES >E 9CLUSIVE NOT EXCLUSIVE1 & >E DEF9$ BY !IR C5T]S & NOT !IR $GES4 ,BUT ?IS SEEMS L>GELY A PHILOSOPHICAL /ATEM5T NOT MU* REFLECT$ 9 E?NOGRAPHIC PRACTICE4 

.<#a#i.> ,ANO!R FACTOR WAS ! BELAT$ PUBLICATION ( ,M>X'S [N 0,PRECAPITALI/ ,ECONOMIC ,=MATIONS10 :I* ALSO TOOK A MU* MORE FLEXIBLE APPROA* ?AN LAT] ,M>XI/S HAD IMAG9$4 

.<#b.> ,9 ! ,FR5*-SPEAK+ & ,SPANI%-SPEAK+ WORLD IT HAS REMA9$ A MU* MORE PROM95T 9TELLECTUAL TR5D4 

.<#b#a.> ,! DEBATE BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & ,/RUCTURALI/S1 !N1 WAS BETWE5 ! LEGITIMACY ( A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! ,/RUCTURALI/S TAK+ UP ! RELATIVI/ MANTLE & COM+ UP ) ALL SORTS ( >GUM5TS ?AT ,M>XI/S REALLY W]E E?NOC5TRIC AFT] ALL4 ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 CONT9UES ?IS TRADITION4 

.<#b#b.> ,!RE HAS C]TA9LY BE5 SOME DISCUSSION ( ,M>X'S T]MS 0USE VALUE0 & 0EX*ANGE VALUE0 7E4G41 ,GODELI] #a#i#g#h1 ,MODJESKA #a#i#h#e1 MO/ NOTABLY1 P]HAPS3 ,TAUSSIG #a#i#h74 ,I T5D TO AGREE ) ?OSE :O >GUE ?AT 0USE VALUE0 & 0EX*ANGE VALUE0 %\LD BE/ BE US$ TO DESCRIBE ! 9N] WORK+S ( A CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & NOT \TSIDE IT4 

.<#b#c.> ,?IS CONCLUSION WAS ALREADY IMPLICIT 9 ,DURKHEIM'S NOTION ( 0ORGANIC SOLID>ITY10 9 :I* SOCIAL SOLID>ITY EM]GES FROM MUTUAL DEP5D5CE CREAT$ BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 

.<#b#d.> ,B\RDIEU EV5 CITES ,POLANYI ON ! LACK ( A 0SELF-REGULAT+ M>KET0 7#a#i#g#g3#a#h#c74 

.<#b#e.> ,B\RDIEU IS PRETTY UP-FRONT AB\T ! FACT ?AT HE IS APPLY+ ECONOMIC TE*NIQUES ( ANALYSIS TO JU/ AB\T EV]Y FIELD ( HUMAN ACTION--IT IS NOT ?AT ALL FIELDS >E ULTIMATELY R$UCIBLE TO ECONOMICS1 HE >GUES1 BUT RA!R ?AT ?OSE /UDY+ ! ECONOMIC FIELD HAVE DONE ! BE/ JOB 9 ISOLAT+ C]TA9 PROCESSES & PH5OM5A 7COMPETITIVE /RATEGIES1 ! =MATION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( CAPITAL1 ETC47 ?AT ACTUALLY GO ON 9 EV]Y FIELD1 BUT >E ELSE:]E1 DISGUIS$4 

.<#b#f.> ,?IS CAN ( C\RSE BE MET ) ! USUAL OBJECTIONS3 IF ONE MI<T AS EASILY BE MAXIMIZ+ WEAL?1 OR SMILES1 :AT'S ! PO9T ( DESCRIB+ IT AS 0MAXIMIZ+0 AT ALL8 

.<#b#g.> ,GNO/IC 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT ! WORLD WE LIVE 9 IS UTT]LY CORRUPT & UNR$EEMABLE1 & ?AT ! ONLY SALVATION POSSIBLE = HUMANS LIES 9 KN[+ ?IS4 ,IT IS ONLY FAIR TO NOTE ,B\RDIEU HIMSELF HAS MORE REC5TLY CRITICIZ$ ,D]RIDA = >GU+ ?AT TRUE GIFTS >E BY DEF9ITION IMPOSSIBLE1 CONCLUD+ ?AT 0! PURELY SPECULATIVE & TYPICALLY S*OLA/IC QUE/ION ( :E!R G5]OSITY & DIS9T]E/$NESS >E POSSIBLE %\LD GIVE WAY TO ! POLITICAL QUE/ION ( ! MEANS ?AT HAVE TO BE IMPLEM5T$ 9 ORD] TO CREATE UNIV]SES 9 :I*1 AS 9 GIFT ECONOMIES1 PEOPLE HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 DIS9T]E/$NESS & G5]OSITY40 7#a#i#i#g3#b#d74 

.<#b#h.> ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 IT WAS 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION1 :I* IS :AT PROSP]\S ACADEMICS W]E DO+ ) !IR SP>E TIME ANYWAY4 ,B\RDIEU1 TRUE TO =M1 BUCK$ ! TR5D & IMM$IATELY BEGAN CRITIQU+ CONSUMPTION AS REPRODUC+ 9EQUALITY 7#a#i#i#d74 

.<#b#i.> ,AS ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN HAS PO9T$ \T1 #a#i#i#b3#a#g#a1 CF4 ALSO ,COM>(F & ,COM>(F #a#i#i#b3#a#e#a4 

.<#c.> 0,9 A SURPRIS+LY WIDE RANGE ( SOCIETIES444 IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE 9 P[] TO COMPLETELY FREEZE ! FL[ ( COMMODITIES1 BY CREAT+ A CLOS$ UNIV]SE ( COMMODITIES & A RIGID SET ( REGULATIONS AB\T H[ !Y >E TO MOVE0 7#a#i#h#e3#e#g74 ,HE NEV] M5TIONS ANY CASES 9 :I* P[]FUL PEOPLE TRY TO 9CREASE ! SCOPE ( EX*ANGE1 OR P[]LESS ONES1 TO LIMIT IT4 

.<#c#a.> ,?\< SOME ( ! ESSAYS 9 ! COLLECTION DO3 NOTABLY ,PATRICK ,GE>Y'S SUP]B DISCUSSION ( ! CIRCULATION ( M$IEVAL RELICS 7#a#i#h#f74 

.<#c#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 :]E ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#d#i7 >GU$ ?AT M5 CREATE SOCIETY BY EX*ANG+ !IR SI/]S ) O!R M51 9 M>RIAGE1 ,WE9] 7#a#i#h#g7 EMPHASIZES 0SIBL+ 9TIMACY10 ! DEGREE TO :I* EV5 AFT] M>RIAGE1 M5 REFUSE TO GIVE !IR SI/]S UP4 

.<#c#c.> ,IT TRACES BACK ORIG9ALLY1 P]HAPS1 TO ! WORK ( ,ROY ,WAGN] 7#a#i#g#e74 ,IT IS H>D TO TRACE PRECISE G5EALOGIES3 9 :AT FOLL[S1 = 9/ANCE1 ,I EMPHASIZE ! DEGREE TO :I* ,/RA!RN'S !ORETICAL MODELS DRAW ON ,GREGORY'S IDEAS2 BUT ,GREGORY HAS PO9T$ \T HIS [N WORK WAS 9 L>GE P>T 9SPIR$ BY ,/RA!RN'S E>LY E?NOGRAPHY 7#a#i#g#e2 SEE ,GREGORY #a#i#i#h3#a74 

.<#c#d.> ,OBJECT+ TO SU* A PROJECT ON PR9CIPLE SEEMS ODD4 ,! DANG] IS IF ONE MI/AKES ! MODEL = REALITY3 = 9/ANCE1 TAK+ EXCEPTION TO SOMEONE ELSE'S 9T]PRETATION ( A P>TICUL> ,MELANESIAN EX*ANGE BECAUSE 0,MELANESIANS0 C\LDN'T POSSIBLY ?9K LIKE ?AT--AL?\< ADMITT$LY IT'S A TEMPTATION NEXT TO NO ONE :O DEVELOPS ?IS K9D ( MODEL1 ,/RA!RN 9CLUD$1 SEEMS 5TIRELY ABLE TO RESI/4 

.<#c#e.> ,:AT REALLY SEEMS TO REALLY ANNOY MO/ FEM9I/ CRITICS1 ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT 9 A WORK AB\T G5D] ?AT IS #cdd PAGES LONG1 %E FEELS ?IS ADMISSION CAN BE PO/PON$ UNTIL PAGE #c#b#e4 

.<#c#f.> ,IT'S NOT CLE> :I* ( ! TWO %E IS >GU+2 ,I T5D TO ASSUME ! LATT]1 BECAUSE !RE IS SOME FAIRLY /RONG EVID5CE ?AT EV5 ! ,MELPA-SPEAK+ PEOPLE %E TAKES AS H] PRIM>Y EXAMPLE DO RECOGNIZE SU* A UNIQUE CREATIVE CORE 7SEE E4G41 ,A4 ,/RA!RN #a#i#g#i74 

.<#c#g.> ,:5 READ+ ,/RA!RN1 IT HELPS TO DEVELOP ONE'S [N GLOSS>Y ( ,/RA!RNIAN T]MS & ! WORDS A MORE CONV5TIONAL S*OL> W\LD PROBABLY USE 9 !IR PLACE4 ,M9E 9CLUDES3  

TO ELICIT  

 VALUE  

 COMP>$ TO 5*A9M5TS TO CO]CE 

 TO P]CEIVE  

 MEAN+ 7OR IMPORTANCE7  

 DI/+UI%$ FROM  

 OBLIGATIONS  

 TO P]SUADE1 OR MAKE SOMEONE FEEL OBLIG$ TO DO SOME?+ 

.<#c#h.> ,?IS IS 9SPIR$ 9 P>T BY A P>TICUL>LY ,MELPA IDIOM ( 0CAUSE0 & 0ORIG90 7?\< SEE ALSO ,]R+TON & ,GEW]TZ #a#i#h#g74 ,! DONOR IS ! 0CAUSE0 ( ! GIFT BE+ GIV51 :ILE ITS 0S\RCE0 OR 0ORIG90 IS :ATEV]1 9 ?AT CONTEXT1 IS SE5 AS GIV+ RISE TO IT4 ,!SE DIFF]5T S\RCES OR ORIG9S 9 TURN >E ! REASON :Y PIGS ?AT MI<T BE ID5TICAL 9 SIZE OR O!R PHYSICAL CRIT]IA >E SE5 AS DIFF]5T1 & !RE=E ( DIFF]5T VALUE4 

.<#c#i.> ,! ,MELPA ACCORD+ TO ,/RA!RN MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 WORK & EX*ANGE3 ! =M] IS AN EXPRESSION ( ONE'S 9VISIBLE 0M9D10 OR P]HAPS 0WILL02 ! LATT]1 ! MANIPULATION ( OBJECTS ?AT >E 9TR9SICALLY VISIBLE-- 0ON ! SK940 ,AS A RESULT EX*ANGE CAN CREATE NEW RELATIONS1 :ILE WORK CAN ONLY S]VE TO RE9=CE ONES ?AT ALREADY EXI/4 

.<#d.> ,ACTUALLY ,GREGORY DOESN'T SAY ?IS2 BUT IT'S A M9OR PO9T1 AS ,/RA!RN C\LD JU/ AS EASILY >GUE ?AT HE %\LD HAVE4 

.<#d#a.> ,OR EV5 ?AT !Y HAVE A HI/ORICAL OR PRODUCTIVE RELATION4 

.<#d#b.> ,PEOPLE DO IT ALL ! TIME4 ,BUT !RE'S LITTLE *ANCE SOCIAL SCI5TI/S WILL BE ABLE TO UND]/& ! PRECISE BASES ( !IR DECISION1 ANY MORE ?AN ONE C\LD CREATE A MODEL TO PR$ICT :I* HEIRLOOMS SOMEONE IS LIKELY TO SALVAGE FROM A BURN+ H\SE4 

.<#d#c.> ,:]E WE 9 ! ,WE/ T5D TO SEE DOM9ATION AS A MATT] ( ONE P>TY SQUEL*+ ANO!R'S SUBJECTIVITY1 & PREV5T+ !M FROM ACT+1 %E >GUES1 ,MELANESIANS SEE IT AS A MATT] ( CAUS+ O!RS TO ACT4 ,H5CE ! RA!R ODD WAY ,/RA!RN (T5 SPEAKS ( ACTS ( P]SUASION--NOTABLY1 CONV9C+ ANO!R P]SON TO 5GAGE 9 EX*ANGE--AS 0CO]CION10 AS IF !Y W]E TANTAM\NT TO VIOL5CE4 

.<#d#d.> ,OR 0TRANS=MATIONAL VALUE10 AS %E SOMETIMES CALLS IT4 

.<#d#e.> ,AS ,/RA!RN NOTES ( ,HAG5 PIGS3 0FOOD F$ TO A PIG BY ! WIFE IS GR[N ON L& ( ! HUSB&'S CLAN1 CLE>$ BY ! HUSB&1 PLANT$ BY ! WIFE1 & ONLY AN EXOG5\S !ORY ( LABOR EXTRACTION W\LD HI]>*IZE !SE MUTUAL 9VE/M5TS0 7#a#i#h#h3#a#f#b-#f#c74 ,ONE C\LD EXP& ! LI/ ( 9PUTS 5DLESSLY3 :Y NOT C\NT ! 5]GY SP5T GR[+ ! FOOD ?AT F$ ! C\PLE OR ( TEA*+ !M H[ TO PLANT1 OR SOME T9Y PROPORTION ( IT8 

.<#d#f.> ,?OSE :O DO T5D TO DWELL ON H] USE ( PH5OM5OLOGY RA!R ?AN H] !ORY ( VALUE 7E4G41 ,NI*OLAS ,?OMAS #a#i#i#a2 CF4 ,WEISS #a#i#i#f1 ,FO/] #a#i#i1 #a#i#i#e74 

.<#d#g.> ,IT'S BE5 A BIT DIFFICULT = MOD]N S*OL>%IP TO FIGURE \T PRECISELY :AT ,H]ACLITUS' POSITION ACTUALLY WAS2 HIS IDEAS HAVE TO BE PIEC$ TOGE!R ?R\< FRAGM5TS OR SUMM>IES PRES]V$ 9 ! WORK ( LAT] AU?ORS :O DISAGRE$ ) !M4 ,IT'S NOT 5TIRELY CLE> :E!R ,H]ACLITUS EV] ACTUALLY SAID 0Y\ CAN'T /EP 9TO ! SAME RIV] TWICE0--,KIRK 7#a#i#f#b7 SUGGE/$ HE DIDN'T2 ,VLA/OS 7#a#i#g7 & ,GU?RIE 7#a#i#g#a3#d#h#h-#i#b71 ?AT HE DID1 & ?AT ! PHRASE 0ON ?OSE :O /EP 9TO ! SAME RIV]S1 DIFF]5T & AGA9 DIFF]5T WAT]S FL[0 DOES NOT REFLECT HIS ORIG9AL WORDS4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,JONA?AN ,B>NES OBS]VES 7#a#i#h#b3#f#e-#f#i1 CF4 ,GU?RIE #a#i#g#a3#d#d#i-#e7 ! DEBATE RA!R MISSES ! PO9T1 S9CE ?IS LAT] GLOSS IS 9 FACT AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( ,H]ACLITUS' POSITION1 AS IT CAN BE RECON/RUCT$ FROM COMP>ISON O!R FRAGM5TS 7NOTABLY HIS OBS]VATION ?AT ! 0B>LEY DR9K10 :I* WAS MADE UP ( W9E1 B>LEY & HONEY1 0EXI/$ ONLY :5 IT WAS /IRR$4074 ,H]ACLITUS DID NOT D5Y ?AT OBJECTS EXI/ CONT9UALLY OV] TIME2 HE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ALL SU* OBJECTS >E ULTIMATELY PATT]NS ( *ANGE & TRANS=MATION4 ,IT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 ,PLATO1 9 HIS ,CRATYLUS1 :O POPUL>IZ$ ! =M] 9T]PRETATION1 SUGGE/+ ?AT IF ,H]ACLITUS W]E CORRECT1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE ?+S NAMES BECAUSE ! ?+S 9 QUE/ION W\LD HAVE NO ONGO+ EXI/5CE 7,MC,KIRAHAN #a#i#i#d3#a#d#c74 

.<#d#h.> ,H]ACLITUS ( C\RSE WAS ! 9TELLECTUAL ANCE/OR ( ,DEMOCRITUS1 F\ND] ( ATOMIC !ORY1 :O >GU$ ?AT ALL OBJECTS CAN BE BROK5 D[N 9TO 9DIVISIBLE P>TICLES ?AT EXI/$ 9 CON/ANT MOTION4 ,M>X1 :O H>K$ BACK TO ?IS SAME TRADITION VIA ,HEGEL1 WROTE HIS DOCTORAL !SIS ON ,DEMOCRITUS4 

.<#d#i.> ,?IS 0EPI/EMIC FALLACY10 HE >GUES1 UND]LIES MO/ ,WE/]N APPROA*ES TO PHILOSOPHY3 ,DEC>TES & ,HUME >E TWO PR9CIPAL CULPRITS4 

.<#e.> ,ONE REASON1 P]HAPS1 :Y ,M>X'S DIALECTIC1 9 H[EV] B[DL]IZ$ A =M1 PROV$ TO HAVE SU* POPUL> APPEAL4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ,HEGEL'S APPROA* WAS TO SEE MODELS AS ALWAYS RELATIVELY 0AB/RACT10 & H5CE 0ONE-SID$0 & 9COMPLETE1 COMP>$ ) ! 0CONCRETE TOTALITIES0 ( ACTUAL REALITY4 ,ALL ( ! DIALECTICAL TRADITION ASSUMES ?AT OBJECTS >E ALWAYS MORE COMPLEX ?AN ANY DESCRIPTION WE C\LD MAKE ( !M4 

.<#e#a.> ,?IS DOES NOT1 9CID5TALLY1 IMPLY ?AT SU* EV5TS CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ EX PO/ FACTO2 ,BHASK> ALSO OBJECTS TO ! POSITIVI/ ASSUMPTION ?AT EXPLANATION & PR$ICTION >E ULTIMATELY1 OR %\LD ULTIMATELY BE1 ! SAME ?+4 

.<#e#b.> ,( C\RSE1 HAV+ B\<T ! WORK]'S CAPACITY TO WORK1 :AT ! CAPITALI/ ACTUALLY GETS IS !IR 0CONCRETE LABOR0--:ATEV] IT IS HE ACTUALLY MAKES HIS WORK]S DO--& ?IS IS H[ HE MAKES HIS PR(IT1 BECAUSE 9 ! 5D WORK]S >E ABLE TO PRODUCE MU* MORE ?AN ! M]E CO/ ( REPRODUC+ !IR CAPACITY TO WORK1 BUT = ! PRES5T PO9T ?IS IS 9ESS5TIAL4 

.<#e#c.> ,NOTE ALL ( ?IS IS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! EXI/5CE ( /&>DS ( :AT ,M>X CALLS ! 0SOCIALLY NECESS>Y LABOR TIME0 REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE A C]TA9 ?+3 I4E41 CULTURAL UND]/&+S ( :AT DEGREE ( EX]TION1 ORGANIZATION1 & SO ON ?AT CAN DET]M9E :AT IS CONSID]$ A REASONABLE AM\NT ( TIME )9 :I* TO COMPLETE A GIV5 JOB4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS SPELL$ \T V]Y CLE>LY ON PAGE #ci ( ,CAPITAL 7#a#i#f#g $ITION74 

.<#e#d.> ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 IF ONE TRIES TO WORK ) SOME NOTION LIKE 0LABOR0 7A CULTURE-B\ND NOTION ANYWAY72 C]TA9LY IT'S TRUE IF ONE ADOPTS A MORE AB/RACT T]M LIKE 0CREATIVE 5]GIES10 :I* >E 9TR9SICALLY UNQUANTIFIABLE4 ,ONE CANNOT EV5 SAY ?AT A SOCIETY HAS A FIX$ SUM ( !SE1 :I* IT !N MU/ APPORTION--9 ! FAMILI> ECONOMIC S5SE ( 0ECONOMIZ+0 SC>CE RES\RCES--S9CE ! AM\NT ( CREATIVE POT5TIAL FLOAT+ >\ND IS NEV] FULLY REALIZ$2 IT W\LD BE H>D EV5 TO IMAG9E A SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]YONE WAS ALWAYS PRODUC+ TO ! LIMIT ( !IR M5TAL & PHYSICAL CAPACITIES2 C]TA9LY NONE ( US W\LD VOLUNTE] TO LIVE !RE4 

.<#e#e.> ,ACTUALLY1 EI!R BY D9T ( ID5TITY OR SIMPLY BY D9T ( LE>N+1 OR O!RWISE ACQUIR+ C]TA9 P[]S ?R\< ! PROCESS ( ACTION ITSELF4 0,BY ?US ACT+ ON ! EXT]NAL WORLD & *ANG+ IT1 HE AT ! SAME TIME *ANGES HIS [N NATURE0 7,CAPITAL PAGE #a#g#g74 

.<#e#f.> ,( C\RSE1 9 MANY =MS ( EV]YDAY ACTION1 ONE IS H>DLY AW>E EV5 ( ?AT4 ,BUT ,TURN]1 LIKE ,M>X1 IS CONC5TRAT+ ON ! SORTS ( ACTION 9 :I* ONE IS MO/ SELF-CONSCI\S1 SO AS TO EXAM9E !IR LIMITS4 

.<#e#g.> ,( C\RSE1 ,FREUDIAN ONES AS WELL2 ONE REASON1 P]HAPS1 !Y >E SO (T5 PAIR$ AS CRITICAL TOOLS ( UNUSUAL P[]4 

.<#e#h.> ,?\< FALSE 9S(> AS ?OSE :O HAVE ?IS P>TIAL CONSCI\SNESS DO NOT RECOGNIZE ITS P>TIALITY4 

.<#e#i.> ,PIAGET 9 FACT >GUES ?AT /RUCTURALISM 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES MADE A PR(\ND MI/AKE 9 TAK+ ,SAUSSUREAN L+UI/ICS = ITS MODEL1 S9CE LANGUAGE1 PRACTICALLY ALONE AMONG SOCIAL =MS1 IS BAS$ ON AN UTT]LY >BITR>Y CODE ?AT CAN !RE=E BE SE5 TO /& 5TIRELY AP>T FROM PRACTICE4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT ALL[S ,SAUSSURE'S FAM\S DI/9CTION BETWE5 LANGUE & P>OLE4 ,9 ALMO/ EV]Y O!R DOMA9 ( HUMAN ACTIVITY IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO EV5 TALK AB\T A 0CODE0 EXCEPT 9 T]MS ( PRACTICE 7,PIAGET #a#i#g3#g#g-#g#h74 

.<#f.> ,SO ,SAHL9S #a#i#g#f3#a#b#aN#d#i2 ,BLO* 7#a#i#h#i3#a#a#e-#a#f7 IS ONLY A TAD MORE G5]\S4 

.<#f#a.> 0 444 FIR/ 9 S5SORY-MOTOR ACTION & !N PRACTICAL & TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5CE1 :ILE ADVANC$ =MS ( ?\<T R$ISCOV] ?IS ACTIVE NATURE 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( OP]ATIONS :I* BETWE5 !M =M EFFICACI\S & OBJECTIVE /RUCTURES40 7#a#i#f#e .<#a#i#i#e.>3#b#h#b74 ,AS ) SO MANY SU* AU?ORS1 ,PIAGET DEVELOPS HIS [N UNIQUE T]M9OLOGY1 :I* REQUIRES NO LITTLE /UDY TO MA/] FULLY4 

.<#f#b.> ,?IS IS ACTUALLY D]IV$ A !ORY ( $UCATION ?AT ASSUMES ?AT *ILDR5 >E ALWAYS CAPABLE ( LE>N+ TASKS & G5]ALLY OP]AT+ ON A LEVEL ONE /EP MORE ADVANC$ ?AN !Y CAN EXPLA91 OR 9 FACT1 HAVE FULLY 9T]NALIZ$4 ,BUT ONE C\LD EASILY ADOPT ! IDEA TO ADULT OP]ATIONS AS WELL4 

.<#f#c.> ,AS ,TURN] NOTES 7#a#i#g#iC3#c#b73 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 IT IS COMMON AT W$D+S TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT 9DIVIDUAL M>RIAGES >E CREAT$ BY REAL-LIFE M5 & WOM5 BUT ASS]T ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( M>RIAGE WAS CREAT$ BY ,GOD4 

.<#f#d.> ,PIAGET HIMSELF NEV] MU* ELABORAT$ ON ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,M>X'S IDEAS & HIS [N 7BUT CF4 0,EGOC5TRIC & ,SOCIOC5TRIC ,?\<T10 #aife .<#a#i#i#e3#b#g#f-#h#f.>71 BUT HE MADE IT CLE> ?AT HE WAS WORK+ 9 ! SAME DIALECTICAL TRADITION4 ,?AT EGOC5TRISM T5DS TO 9VOLVE AN 9V]SION ( SUBJECTS & OBJECTS SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* ,M>X ?\<T TYPICAL ( FETI%ISM IS A !ME ?AT RECURS ?R\<\T HIS WORK4 ,HE MAKES ! 9T]E/+ OBS]VATION1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT *ILDR5 HAVE A SY/EMATIC T5D5CY TO DESCRIBE ALMO/ EV]Y FEATURE ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD AS IF IT HAD BE5 9/ITUT$ BY SOME B5EVOL5T 9TELLIG5CE = !IR B5EFIT2 ?\< ( C\RSE1 FROM A ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS IS NOT 5TIRELY UNTRUE1 AS IT IS PRECISELY ! MEANS BY :I* EV]Y?+ 9 \R 5VIRONM5T HAS BE5 DESIGN$ = \R CONV5I5CE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R ?AT BECOMES DISGUIS$ BY ! M>KET1 LEAD+ TO V]Y SIMIL> ATTITUDES ON ! P>T ( MANY ADULTS4 

.<#f#e.> ,ACTUALLY 9 ?IS CASE1 TE*NICALLY1 0AB/RACT LABOR0 OR ! WORK]'S CAPACITY TO LABOR--:I* IS =M$ 9 ! DOME/IC SPH]E 9 WAYS ?AT >E EFFECTIVELY 9VISIBLE FROM ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 JU/ AS MU* AS ! WORK ?AT =M$ ! PRODUCT BECOMES 9VISIBLE FROM ! O!R SIDE 7SEE DIAGRAM BEL[74 

.<#f#f.> ,! ONE EXCEPTION >E C]TA9 ELABORATE & BEAUTIFUL MASQU]ADES1 AB\T :I*1 H[EV]1 !Y (F] NO EXEGESIS1 DISMISS+ ! :OLE BUS9ESS SIMPLY AS 0PLAY40 ,I MI<T REM>K 9 PASS+ ?AT AS AN>*I/ SOCIETIES GO1 !Y FALL AB\T AS F> AS ONE CAN GO ON ! COLLECTIVI/ 7AS OPPOS$ TO 9DIVIDUALI/7 SIDE ( ! SPECTRUM4 

.<#f#g.> ,AS = EXAMPLE 9 ! DEBATE 9 ,RUSSIAN PSY*OLOGY AB\T ! M9IMAL UNITS ( ANALYSIS1 />T+ ) ,VYGOTSKY1 & RUNN+ ?R\< LAT] 0,ACTIVITY ,!ORY0 7SEE ,TURN] & ,FAJANS #a#i#h#g74 

.<#f#h.> ,HE HAS BE5 KN[N TO REF] TO IT AS A 0M9IMAL MODUL> UNIT ( >TICULATION10 :I* ADMITT$LY LACKS A C]TA9 ELEGANCE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TURN] ?IS CONC]N ) ! M9IMAL UNIT ( /RUCTURE ALSO HELPS EXPLA9 ,M>X'S APPROA* TO ,CAPITAL1 9 :I* ! FACTORY FULFILLS A SIMIL> ROLE4 

.<#f#i.> 0,BEAUTY0 IS A QUALITY :I* ! ,KAYAPO ATTRIBUTE TO ?+S OR ACTIONS :I* >E COMPLETE1 9 ! S5SE ( FULLY REALIZ+ !IR ESS5TIAL NATURE4 POT5TIAL1 OR 9T5D$ GOAL4 0,COMPLET5ESS0 9 ?IS S5SE ?US HAS ! CONNOTATIONS ( 0P]FECTION10 & ALSO1 CONSID]$ AS ACTION1 ( 0F9ESSE40 ,C]EMONIAL ACTIVITY1 PROP]LY & FULLY P]=M$1 IS 0BEAUTIFUL10 BUT ! CAPACITY TO P]=M C]TA9 ( ITS MO/ ESS5TIAL & SPECIALIZ$ ROLES1 LIKE ! DI/RIBUTION ( ITS MO/ PRE/IGI\S VALUABLES1 IS NOT EV5LY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! SOCIETY40 7,TURN] #a#i#h#g3#d#b74 

.<#g.> ,! T]M TRANSLAT$ 0*IEF 0 9 FACT LIT]ALLY MEANS 0?OSE ALL[$ TO *ANT40 

.<#g#a.> ,!IR NEW /ATUS CAN BE SE5 AS A PROPORTION ( ! TOTALITY ( SOCIAL LABOR TIME1 AS MEASUR$ BY ?OSE UNITS1 ?\< 9 ?IS CASE 9 AN 9F9ITELY LESS COMPLICAT$ S5SE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! Y\NG ADULTS >E ! PRODUCTS ( TWO CONSECUTIVE CYCLES ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 & ! ELD]S1 ( ?REE4 

.<#g#b.> ,9CID5TALLY1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ALL SY/EMS ( VALUE MO/ BE SOCIALLY 9VIDI\S3 IT JU/ MEANS A DI/9CTION MU/ BE MADE4 ,! COMP>ISON C\LD ALSO BE MADE1 SAY1 9 TEMPORAL T]MS1 BETWE5 A PREVI\S /ATE 9 :I* ONE DID NOT HAVE SAID VALUE1 OR A FUTURE ON 9 :I* ONE MI<T NOT4 

.<#g#c.> ,AS 9 MO/ SOCIETIES1 IT'S NOT EV5 SOME?+ ?AT HUMAN BE+S FEEL !Y >E !MSELVES REALLY RESPONSIBLE =4 

.<#g#d.> ,A PROCESS ?AT1 WE HAVE SE51 T5DS TO HAVE EM]G5T PROP]TIES NOT 5TIRELY COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! ACTORS 9VOLV$4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY QUITE SIMIL> TO ,ROY ,BHASK>'S 0TRANS=MATIONAL MODEL ( SOCIAL ACTION0 7#a#i#g#i3#c#b-#d#a71 ?\< ! LATT] IS =MULAT$ MU* MORE BROADLY4 

.<#g#e.> ,/RA!RN DOES ACKN[L$GES ?IS 9 A S5SE :5 %E SAYS ?AT ! 0ES!TIC0 RULES ACCORD+ TO :I* SOME ?+S >E RECOGNIZ$ AS VALUABLE & O!RS NOT T5D TO BECOME 9VISIBLE 9 A GIFT ECONOMY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 %E SUGGE/S1 IT IS ! OPPOSITE ( A COMMODITY ECONOMY1 9 :I* ! EXT]NAL =MS ( ! OBJECTS >E ALL ?AT >E /RESS$ & ! HUMAN RELATION%IPS 9VOLV$ DISAPPE>4 ,?IS IS TO MY M9D A FASC9AT+ SUGGE/ION1 QUITE BRILLIANT ACTUALLY1 BUT IT DOES RA!R DODGE ! QUE/ION ( H[ ?AT ES!TIC CODE IS PRODUC$ & REPRODUC$ TO BEG9 )4 ,PROBABLY ?IS IS 9EVITABLE CONSID]+ ! ,BRITI% SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY TRADITION 9 :I* %E IS WORK+3 IT HAS ALWAYS 9SI/$ ON A CLE> DIVIDE BETWE5 0CULTURE10 SE5 AS A SET ( EXPRESSIVE MEAN+S1 & 0SOCIETY10 SE5 AS A WEB ( 9T]P]SONAL RELATIONS--:I* 9 ! ,AM]ICAN CULTURAL AN?ROPOLOGY TRADITION T5D TO BE SE5 AS TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+4 ,/RA!RN HAS LITTLE USE = EI!R 0SOCIETY0 OR 0CULTURE0 AS EXPLICIT CONCEPTS2 BUT %E 5DS UP REPRODUC+ ! DIVISION BETWE5 9 H] DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :I* PEOPLE >E CONSCI\SLY TRY+ TO REPRODUCE1 & ! HIDD5 0CONV5TIONS ( REIFICATION0 ?AT DET]M9E :I* =MS 7A PIG1 A %ELL1 A WOMAN'S BODY7 CAN EMBODY C]TA9 TYPES ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & :I* CANNOT 7COMP>E1 E4G41 ,LEA* #a#i#e#d74 

.<#g#f.> ,OR MORE LIKELY1 P]HAPS1 DIFF]5T ONES ?AT EXI/ ON DIFF]5T SOCIAL LEVELS4 

.<#g#g.> ,AS ! EXAMPLE %\LD MAKE CLE>1 ,I AM TALK+ NOT M]ELY AB\T ! PHYSICAL PROP]TIES ( ! M$IA 7?\< !SE DO 9DE$ MAKE A GREAT DEAL ( DIFF]5CE71 BUT ALSO ! WAYS 9 :I* !Y >E US$4 0,AB/RACTION0 IS NOT A PHYSICAL QUALITY4 

.<#g#h.> ,OBVI\SLY ?IS IS A TOTAL SIMPLIFICATION3 ,I AM1 9 EFFECT1 FUS+ ALL SORTS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 :I* PEOPLE REALIZE !MSELVES P]SONALLY 9TO ! 0DOME/IC SPH]E10 IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT =MAL $UCATION IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! HOME1 & SO ON4 ,BUT SU* SIMPLIFICATIONS CAN SOMETIMES BE USEFUL1 ALWAYS PROVID$ ONE DOES NOT CONFUSE !M ) REALITY4 

.<#g#i.> ,IT DOES1 AS ,/RA!RN PUTS IT1 T5D TO 0ECLIPSE0 ALL ! O!R1 LESS DRAMATIC ACTIONS 9VOLV$4 

.<#h.> ,! ,BA9+1 AFT] ALL1 SEEM TO BE REM>KABLY NON9DIVIDUALI/IC EGALIT>IANS2 = ! ,KAYAPO1 EGALIT>IANISM DOES NOT SEEM TO BE ALL ?AT IMPORTANT A FACTOR4 

.<#h#a.> ,9DE$1 ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION1 S9CE /ATES >E NORMALLY DEF9$ BY ! SY/EMATIC USE ( =CE4 

.<#h#b.> ,DUMONT OBVI\SLY LIKES HI]>*Y & FEELS ?AT MOD]N1 9DIVIDUALI/IC_/EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES >E 9 SOME S5SE ABNORMAL OR EV5 P]V]SE--?\< HE ALSO SEEMS TO FEEL ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET RID ( !M 7SEE ,ROBB9S #a#i#i#d1 ESPECIALLY HIS AMUS+ CONCLUSION1 0:AT DOES ,DUMONT WANT8074 

.<#h#c.> ,IF ONE CONSULTS ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON 0RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE10 & =MAL RELATIONS ( DEF]5CE MORE G5]ALLY1 ONE READS OV] & OV] AB\T CONTEXTS 9 :I* ONE MU/ NOT GAZE DIRECTLY1 OR AT ALL1 AT ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY OR AT LEA/ NOT DO SO UNTIL !Y HAVE FIR/ GAZ$ AT Y\4 ,I SUSPECT ?IS PR9CIPLE %[S UP1 9 SOME =M1 EV]Y:]E--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !RE >E USUALLY O!R CONTEXTS 9 :I* />+ AT !SE SAME FIGURES ( AU?ORITY IS :AT ONE IS EXPECT$ TO DO 7CF4 ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#gA74 

.<#h#d.> ,H5CE1 HE SAYS1 ! >TI/IC /]EOTYPE ( ! WOMAN />+ 9 A MIRROR4 

.<#h#e.> ,A TELL+ EXAMPLE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,NANCY ,MUNN'S ANALYSIS ( ,GAWAN NOTIONS ( 0BEAUTY0 & ITS ROLE 9 KULA EX*ANGE 7#a#i#h#f3#a#a-#a#c74 ,= ,GAWANS1 %E SAYS1 DISPLAY IS HELD TO BE 9TR9SICALLY P]SUASIVE3 0! BEAUTIFI$ P]SON P]SUADES BY EXHIBIT+ HIS OR H] P]SUASIVE POT5CY AS A VISIBLE PROP]TY ( ! SELF0 7#a#c74 ,9 ?IS CASE ! EFFECT IS TO MAKE O!RS WANT TO GIVE ! BEAUTIFI$ P]SON KULA VALUABLES--OBJECTS ( DECORATION SIMIL> TO ?OSE ) :I* ONE BEAUTIFIES ONESELF4 ,I NOTE ?IS ANALYSIS IS 5TIRELY 9 KEEP+ ) ?AT ( >I/OCRATIC DISPLAY DEVELOP$ BEL[4 

.<#h#f.> ,?IS AT LEA/ IS ! >I/OCRATIC IDEAL4 ,9 REALITY1 ( C\RSE1 NO K+ HAS EV] RELI$ EXCLUSIVELY ON DISPLAY TO CONVEY HIS AU?ORITY4 ,SU* TE*NIQUES WORK ONLY 9S(> AS !Y >E COMB9$ ) MORE ACTIVE =MS ( P]SUASION4 ,I AM P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ?AT ! !ORETICAL DI*OTOMIES ,I AM MAPP+ \T H]E1 LIKE MO/ !ORETICAL DI*OTOMIES1 DO NOT ANY:]E EXI/ 9 !IR PURE =MS--?AT 9 REALITY1 ! EX]CISE ( P[] WILL ALWAYS REQUIRE AN ABILITY BO? TO ACT ON O!RS & TO DEF9E ONESELF4 ,BUT DEGREES V>Y4 ,EV5 MORE1 C]TA9 TYPES ( PEOPLE--:E!R B\RGEOIS MALES1 FEUDAL MON>*S1 OR :ATEV]--WILL ALWAYS T5D TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES 7& BE ID5TIFI$7 ) C]TA9 *>ACT]I/IC WAYS ( EX]CIS+ P[] MORE ?AN ) O!RS4 

.<#h#g.> ,AS ,F9LEY PO9TS \T1 0NO MONEY-*ANG] GAVE A BETT] RATE = A F\RDRA*MA ,SYRACUSAN CO9 BECAUSE IT WAS SIGN$ BY .<! FAM\S >TI/.> ,EUA9ETOS0 7#a#i#g#d3#a#f#g74 

.<#h#h.> ,OR DOM9ANCE BEH9D BEAUTY1 & SO ON4 

.<#h#i.> ,:5 ONE LOOKS 9 A MIRROR1 ( C\RSE1 ONE IS LOOK+ AT AN IMAGE ( ONESELF REFLECT$ 9 SOME O!R OBJECT4 ,SO ONE C\LD SAY !RE IS AN IMM$IATE AFF9ITY BETWE5 MIRROR IMAGES & 0ADORNM5T TO ! P]SON10 9 ! S5SE 9 :I* ,I HAVE BE5 US+ ! T]M3 BO? HAVE TO DO ) AN EXT5SION ( ONE'S SELF OR P]SON 9TO SOME ?+ \TSIDE ONE'S BODY1 9 A =M ?AT CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ BY BE+ SE5 7ON BEADS & MIRRORS1 SEE ,J4 & ,J4 ,L4 ,COM>(F #a#i#i#b3#a#g-#i#g2 ,HAMMEL #a#i#h#c74 

.<#i.> ,MADAGASC> WAS EXPLOIT$ AS A S\RCE ( LABOR = ,EUROPEAN PLANTATIONS 9 ,MAURITIUS & ,REUNION4 

.<#i#a.> ,BEADS W]E APP>5TLY NO LONG] 9 USE AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE BY ?IS TIME--?AT IT IS1 IF !Y HAD EV] BE51 9 ,IM]9A ITSELF4 

.<#i#b.> ,CALL$ VOLA TSY VAKY4 ,REMEMB] ?AT MONEY WAS USUALLY US$ CUT UP 9TO SMALL] DIVISIONS4 

.<#i#c.> ,?IS APPLIES BO? TO ITS ACTUAL HI/ORY & TO ! HI/ORY ASCRIB$ TO IT BY ?OSE :O CONSID] IT VALUABLE4 

.<#i#d.> ,I W\LD NOT WANT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ALL DESIRE IS NECESS>ILY FETI%I/IC4 ,9 FACT1 IT MI<T ULTIMATELY BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 METAPHORIC & METONYMIC DESIRE3 ONLY 9 ! FIR/1 !N1 W\LD ! DESIR$ OBJECT BECOME AN IMAG9>Y REPRES5TATION ( ! :OL5ESS ( ! DESIR]'S SELF4 ,ALL[+ = ! POSSIBILITY ( ! SECOND W\LD ALSO ALL[ = ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ONE C\LD WI% TO UNITE ) O!R P]SONS OR ?+S BECAUSE ( !IR ACTUAL DIFF]5CES RA!R ?AN !IR IMAG9$ SIMIL>ITIES4 ,I MI<T NOTE ?AT ?IS W\LD BE 9 ACCORD ) ,LACAN'S [N ?9K+3 HE ALWAYS TREAT$ ! IMAG9>Y OR 0SPECUL>0 AS AN 9F]IOR1 PRE-,O$IPAL LEVEL ( DESIRE 9 RELATION TO ! MORE 9DEXICAL SORT ?AT COMES ) LANGUAGE4 

.<#i#e.> 0,MOHAWK0 9 FACT IS FROM AN ,ALGONKIAN WORD MEAN+ 0CANNIBAL40 0,IROQUOIS0 SEEMS TO BE D]IV$ FROM ONE = 0KILL]40 

.<#i#f.> ,?IS WAS ! P]IOD 9 :I* WAMPUM WAS NO LONG] PLAY+ ! ROLE ( CURR5CY AMONG SETTL]S3 AS ( CIRCA #a#f#e#b-#e#d1 IT WAS NO LONG] RECOGNIZ$ AS LEGAL T5D] 9 ! ,5GLI% COLONIES4 ,! ,DUT* KEPT US+ IT1 BUT ! ,5GLI% !N BEGAN TO DUMP SUPPLIES = FUR & ,DUT* GOODS TO CREATE A SEV]E 9FLATION 9 ! ,NEW ,NE!RL&S4 

.<#i#g.> ,AMONG ! ,HURON1 AT LEA/1 !RE WAS ONE ASPECT ( A P]SON'S 0S\L0 ?AT WAS SAID TO BE REBORN :5 ! NAME WAS RESURRECT$2 ANO!R ?AT ASC5D$ TO AN O!RWORLDLY VILLAGE ( ! DEAD 7,HEID5REI* #a#i#g#h3#c#g#d-#g#e74 ,I HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO F9D ANY 9=MATION EXACTLY P>ALLEL+ ?IS FROM ,IROQUOIS S\RCES4 

.<#i#h.> ,LAT] A SIX?1 ! ,TUSC>ORA1 WAS ADD$ ON1 BUT ONLY 9 A SUBORD9ATE1 NONVOT+ CAPACITY4 

.<#i#i.> ,:E!R ?R\< GIV+ HIM ! VICTIM'S NAME 7AS ) ! ,HURON7 OR ?R\< ! GIV+ ( A BELT1 WE >E NOT TOLD4 

.<#a.> ,]IC ,WOLF MAKES A GREAT PO9T ( ?IS 7#a#i#h#b3#a#f#h-#g73 9 NO MAJOR CONFLICT 9 :I* !Y W]E 9VOLV$ DID ALL ( ! NATIONS ( ! LEAGUE EV5 TAKE ! SAME SIDE4 

.<#a#a.> ,9 ! ABS5CE ( WAMPUM1 O!R GIFTS C\LD BE SUB/ITUT$1 SU* AS HAT*ETS OR BEAV] PELTS 7,SNYD]MAN #a#i#e#d3#d#g#d2 ,DRUKE #a#i#h#e74 ,! CRUCIAL ?+ WAS ?AT SOME OBJECT HAD TO *ANGE H&S4 ,BUT ALL S\RCES AGREE ?AT WAMPUM WAS ! PROP] GIFT2 AT TIMES1 P>TIES TO NEGOTIATIONS :O DID NOT HAVE ANY WAMPUM ON H& W\LD SIMPLY GIVE /ICKS AS A PL$GE = WAMPUM TO BE PROVID$ LAT]4 

.<#a#b.> ,! =MAL SPEE*ES MAY HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ TO SOME DEGREE BY MISSION>Y 9FLU5CE 7,F5TON1 P]SONAL COMMUNICATION1 #a#i#i#i71 BUT ALMO/ ALL ,IROQUOIS RITUALS CAN BE SE5 AS ?ANKSGIV+ RITUALS 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 

.<#a#c.> ,= TWO REC5T TREATM5TS ( ! EPIC1 ) FULL BACKGR\ND ON ! V>I\S EXTANT V]SIONS1 SEE ,D5NIS #a#i#i#c1 *APT] #c2 ,F5TON #a#i#i#h1 *APT]S #e-#f4 

.<#a#d.> ,ONE PURPLE BELT WAS WOR? TWO :ITE ONES1 S9CE ! PURPLE BEADS W]E MORE R>E4 ,9 EX*ANGE ) ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S ! LOGIC ( SUPPLY & DEM& /ILL HELD1 SO :ITE BEADS W]E WOR? LESS1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E HELD TO CONVEY ! HI<E/ VALUE 9 ,IROQUOIAN T]MS4 ,OV] TIME MO/ ( ! PELTS >RIV$ AS TRIBUTE AS WELL4 

.<#a#e.> ,HALL[ELL #a#i#f3#e#b2 ,ELISABE? ,TOOK] 7#a#i#g#iB7 AGREES4 

.<#a#f.> ,SOME DREAMS IMPLI$ DANG]S NOT JU/ = ! DREAM] BUT ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE1 OR ALT]NATELY W]E SE5 AS PROPHECIES3 H5CE1 IF A MAN DREAM$ ( BE+ BURN$ TO DEA? BY 5EMIES1 IT WAS (T5 FELT NECESS>Y TO C>RY \T SOME K9D ( MILD] V]SION ( ?IS FATE1 SO AS TO PREV5T IT FROM HAPP5+ = REAL4 ,I NOTE 9 ?IS CASE ! DESIRE APPE>S TO BE NOT ! DREAM]'S S\L BUT ! ,CREATOR'S4 

.<#a#g.> ,WALLACE TOO NOTES ?AT ! 0S\L10 ! 9N] 9VISIBLE ASPECT ( ! P]SON IS ID5TIFI$ ) 9T5TIONS & DESIRES1 ?\< ! T]MS = ?IS >E CONT9U\S ) ?OSE = ! TALISMANS GIV5 TO SATISFY !M 7,HEWITT #a#h#h#e3#a#a#c74 

.<#a#h.> ,?IS IS MO/ EXPLICIT AMONG ! ,ONONDAGA 7,BLAU #a#i#f#b7 BUT APPE>S TO BE A G5]AL PR9CIPLE EV5 9 PLACES :]E DREAM-GUESS+ IS NO LONG] SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! C]EMONIES 7E4G41 ,F5TON #a#i#c#f3#a#g-#a#h1 ,SPECK #a#i#d#i3#a#b#b1 ,%IMONY #a#i#f#a3#a#h#b-#h#c74 

.<#a#i.> ,IT'S MU* LESS PRON\NC$ 9 CONTEMPOR>Y MAT]IAL2 IT APPE>S PRIM>ILY 9 ! ANTICS ( ! ,FALSE ,FACE SOCIETY1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E DRAFT$ BY MEANS ( DREAMS ON A CROSS-MOIETY BASIS 7E4G41 ,F5TON #a#i#c#f3#a#g74 

.<#a#a.> ,= EXAMPLE1 A Y\NG MAN'S BRO!RS W\LD PROBABLY BE SCATT]$ ACROSS DIFF]5T CLANS & HIS FA!R W\LD BELONG TO ! OPPOSITE MOIETY4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,?\< ( C\RSE WOM5 C\LD ALSO BE ! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( W>1 S9CE :5 SOMEONE DI$1 IT WAS USUALLY !IR FEMALE RELATIVES :O W\LD DEM& A M\RN+ W> 7CF4 ,D5NIS #a#i#i#c3#a#i-#a74 

.<#a#a#b.> ,! OBVI\S EXCEPTIONS W]E NAME BELTS & /R+S2 /ILL1 ! MORE G5]IC =MS1 ! CLOSE/ TO ! RAW P[] TO CREATE POLITICAL REALITIES1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 EX*ANG$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY BETWE5 M54 

.<#a#a#c.> ,DAVY HAD PUBLI%$ ,FOI ,JUREE1 AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! LEGAL BASIS ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ POTLAT*1 A FEW YE>S E>LI]1 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,ELSE:]E 7#a#i#b#aB3#c#h#h7 ,MAUSS CLAIM$ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 WORK+ ON ! PROBLEM 0S9CE WELL BE=E ! W>40 

.<#a#a#d.> ,SOME TRACE ! NOTION BACK TO ,RALPH ,WALDO ,EM]SON'S ESSAY1 0GIFTS0 7#a#h#d#d71 :I* ALSO CONTA9S A DESCRIPTION ( ! DEGREE TO :I* SOMEONE RECEIV+ A GIFT (T5 FEELS TO HAVE UND]GONE A K9D ( ASSAULT1 :I* CAN BE PUT RI<T ONLY BY RETURN+ SOME?+ ( EQUAL VALUE4 ,MAUSS 9 EFFECT FUZ$ !SE NOTIONS TOGE!R4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,MAURICE ,GODELI] 7#a#i#i#f .<#a#i#i#i3#f#c-#f#d.>7 DESCRIBES ,MAUSS AS A 0/AUN* ANTI-,BOL%EVI/0 & SOCIAL DEMOCRAT4 ,BUT ,GODELI] WAS WRIT+ BE=E ! REPUBLICATION ( ,MAUSS' POLITICAL WRIT+S 9 #a#i#i#g1 :I* %[ HIS PR(\ND AMBIVAL5CE AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 & ! FACT ?AT1 9 MANY WAYS HIS POLITICAL VISION WAS CLOS] TO ?AT ( AN>*I/S LIKE ,PR\DHON ?AN HIS M5TOR ,JAURES4 

.<#a#a#f.> ,MAUSS ALSO FELT IT WAS TACTICALLY DISA/R\S3 0,NEV] HAS =CE BE5 AS BADLY US$ AS BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,:AT ABOVE ALL *>ACT]IZES !IR ,T]ROR IS ITS /UPIDITY1 ITS FOLLY0 7#a#i#b#c74 

.<#a#a#g.> #ah ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#b1 P4 #a-#b 7,F\RNI] #a#i#i#g3#d#g#b-#g#f74 

.<#a#a#h.> ,! PO9T %\LD NOT1 P]HAPS1 BE OV]/AT$4 ,CAPITAL HAD LONG BE5 AVAILABLE 9 ,FR5*1 & MEMB]S ( ,DURKHEIM'S CIRCLE HAD AT ONE PO9T CREAT$ A READ+ GR\P TO DISCUSS IT4 ,MAUSS HIMSELF SEEMS TO HAVE BECOME MORE FAMILI> ) ,M>X'S IDEAS LAT] 9 HIS LIFE1 :5 HE BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 ! QUE/ION ( TE*NIQUES4 ,SOME ( HIS PRON\NCEM5TS ON ! SUBJECT SEEM CLE>LY 9SPIR$ BY ,M>XIAN NOTIONS ( PRAXIS3 = 9/ANCE1 0,MAN CREATES & AT ! SAME TIME HE CREATES HIMSELF2 HE CREATES AT ONCE A MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD1 PURELY HUMAN ?+S1 & HIS ?\<TS 9SCRIBE 9 !SE ?+S4 ,H]E IS ELABORAT$ TRUE PRACTICAL REASON0 79 ,S*LANG] #a#i#i#h3#a#i#i74 ,/ILL1 ,I AM P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ H]E ) ,M>X'S IDEAS ( ALI5ATION1 :I* >E DEVELOP$ ESPECIALLY 9 HIS E>LI] WORK1 & ) :I* ,MAUSS DOES NOT APPE> HAVE BE5 V]Y FAMILI>4 ,AT LEA/1 ,I HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO F9D ANY REF]5CE TO 0ALI5ATION0 9 ! ,M>XI/ S5SE 9 ,MAUSS' PUBLI%$ WORK 7#a#i#f#h-#f#i1 #a#i#i#g74 

.<#a#a#i.> ,IF !Y W]E UNIDIRECTIONAL1 HE REM>KS1 !Y W\LD G5]ALLY CANCEL \T 9 ! 5D1 SO ?AT ,A TAKES FROM ,B1 ,B FROM ,C1 ,C FROM ,D1 ,D FROM ,A AGA94 ,! 9FLU5CE ON ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' LAT] CONCEPTION ( 0G5]ALIZ$ EX*ANGE0 7#a#i#d#i7 IS OBVI\S4 ,ANO!R ( ,MAUSS' CONCEPTS 9 HIS LECTURES1 0ALT]NAT+ RECIPROCITY10 9 :I* ONE REPAYS :AT ONE'S P>5TS HAS GIV5 ONE BY DO+ ! SAME = ONE'S *ILDR51 HAS NOT RECEIV$ ! SAME ATT5TION4 

.<#a#b.> ,ONE MI<T COMP>E ,JONA?AN ,P>RY'S OBS]VATIONS ON ! GIFT 9 ,H9DUISM 7#a#i#h#f72 HE SEE SUGGE/S ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( UNIV]SALI/IC RELIGIONS T5DS TO LEAD TO AN IDEAL ( UNREPAYABLE GIFTS4 ,ON ,ISLAM1 SEE ,DRES* #a#i#i#h4 

.<#a#b#a.> ,= A TYPICAL DISMISSAL FROM A KNEE-J]K RI<T W+ PO9T ( VIEW SEE ,M>Y ,D\GLAS 7#a#i#i74 

.<#a#b#b.> ,S*WIMM] GOES SO F> AS TO SUGGE/ ?AT !SE >E ALSO TWO POLES ( A ,MAORI PHILOSOPHY4 ,S9CE EV]YONE DESC5DS EQUALLY FROM ! GODS1 ! QUE/ION >ISES ( H[ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SPECIES CAME AB\T2 :Y !Y HAVE DIFF]5T TIKANGA OR NATURES2 ! ANSW] IS ! UNIV]SALITY ( /RIFE4 

.<#a#b#c.> ,MO/ ( !SE EXAMPLES >E ACTUALLY D]IV$ FROM ,:ITE 7#a#h#h#e3#a#i#g-#i#h71 :O ALSO PROVIDES A LONG LI/ ( FACTORS ?AT MI<T BE 9VOK$ :5 A TRIBE OR HAPU LAYS CLAIM TO A P>TICUL> /RET* ( L&3 AMONG O!RS1 ?AT MEMB]S ANCE/ORS >E BURI$ !RE1 OR DI$ !RE1 OR WON OR LO/ BATTLES !RE1 OR COMMITT$ FAM\S DE$S !RE4 ,ACTIONS TOO1 !N1 C\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! PROCESS :]EBY PROP]TY WAS ASSIMILAT$ TO A P]SON'S UNIQUE ID5TITY4 

.<#a#b#d.> ,SIMIL>LY1 A TR\BLEMAK] C\LD CURSE A LOCAL *IEF BY CALL+ SOMEONE ELSE'S PIGS BY ?AT *IEF 'S NAME2 IF ! *IEF HE>D ?IS HAD HAPP5$1 ! ONLY WAY TO SALVAGE HIS HONOR W\LD BE TO >RIVE ) MILIT>Y =CE TO TAKE ! PIG2 H5CE1 ITS [N] W\LD USUALLY FEEL OBLIG$ TO H& ! PIG OV] AS SOON AS ! *IEF WAS CURS$4 

.<#a#b#e.> ,:AT'S MORE1 FOOD RA!R ?AN HEIRLOOMS CON/ITUT$ ! PR9CIPLE MAT]IAL ( EX*ANGE3 SEE ,POLACK #ahd ,I,I3#a#e#i4 

.<#a#b#f.> ,BE/'S TRANSLATION1 ) V>I\S *ANGES BAS$ ON ,BRUCE ,BIGGS' 79 ,SAHL9S #a#i#g#b3#a#e#b71 & ,GRANT ,MAC,CALL'S 7#a#i#h#b7 & O!RS'4 

.<#a#b#g.> ,E4G41 COOK$ FOOD WAS 9CAPABLE ( ANY FUR!R GR[? OR 0UNFOLD+ ( ITS [N NATURE0 7TUPU71 & C\LD S]VE ONLY TO BE 9CORPORAT$ )9 & H5CE AID 9 ! GR[? ( SOME?+ ELSE4 

.<#a#b#h.> ,JU/ AS TO BE TAPU MEANS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 0BEYOND ONE'S P[]1 9ACCESSIBLE0 7,WILLIAMS #a#h#d#d3#d#e74 

.<#a#b#i.> ,ACTUALLY ! WORD TAONGA C\LD BE US$ = ANY?+ ONE TREASUR$1 NOT ONLY = HEIRLOOMS1 = :I* ! MORE APPROPRIATE T]M SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 MANATUNGA 7,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#d3#a1 SEE ,WILLIAMS #a#h#d#d3#b#b1 #d#d#e74 ,WE9] CLAIMS ,RANPIRI FELT ONLY TAONGA HAD A HAU2 ACTUALLY1 EV5 RETURN GIFTS = FOOD W]E CALL$ HAU 7VIZ4 ,MAUSS3 #a#i#f#e3#i-#i#aN#c#a74 

.<#a#c.> ,FIR? NOTES 7#a#i#e#i3#i#c7 ?AT ONE ( ! *IEF ( A TRIBAL >IKI WAS ! GU>DIAN%IP ( SU* TRIBAL HEIRLOOMS1 ALONG ) ! OV]SI<T ( ! MAURI ( =E/S & FI%]IES 7CF4 ,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#d3#a#f74 

.<#a#c#a.> ,G5]ALLY IT WAS SAID ?AT ONLY >I/OCRATS C\LD MAKE SU* PRECI\S OBJECTS1 BUT AS WE'VE SE5 ?IS DID NOT REALLY EXCLUDE MU* ( ! POPULATION4 ,= A NOTABLE EXCEPTION1 SEE ,/IRL+ #a#i#g#f3#a#f#b4 ,9 P>T1 ! FACT ?AT >TI/S >E NOT REMEMB]$ FOLL[S FROM ! NATURE ( ,MAORI EX*ANGE4 ,CRAFTSPEOPLE1 LIKE PRIE/S :O PROVID$ RITUAL S]VICES1 OR TATTOO]S1 W]E REPAID ) GIFTS ?AT SEEM TO HAVE EFFECT$ A DEF9ITIVE ALI5ATION 7,FIR? #a#i#e#i3#b#i#i-#c#d2 #d#a#c-#a#d2 CF4 ,?OMAS #a#i#i#a74 

.<#a#c#b.> ,S9CE1 AS ! PROV]B HAS IT1 HE WAS A /+Y MAN4 

.<#a#c#c.> ,NOTE H[ AFT] ALL ?AT HE FELT HE HAD NO *OICE TO REFUSE A DIRECT REQUE/2 ?\< 9 HIS SITUATION HE PROBABLY ALREADY CONSID]$ HIMSELF HEAVILY 9 !IR DEBT4 

.<#a#c#d.> ,MY SUMM>Y FOLL[S ,KELLY #a#i#d#i3#b#b#c-#b#b#g1 #b#g#e-#g#g2 ,JONES #a#i#i#e3#b#f-#g#a1 #c#f-#f#a4 

.<#a#c#e.> ,I C\LD F9D NO EVID5CE 9 ,TE ,:ATA ,K>AKA'S RECORD$ G5EALOGY ?AT HE WAS A DESC5DANT ( ,PAKAUE1 SO IT WAS 9 A S5SE JU/ GIV5 TO ,WAIKATO1 9 ! P]SON ( ITS *IEF4 

.<#a#c#f.> ,LIKE SO MANY HUNT]-GA!R]S1 ! ,KWAKWAKA'WAKW ALT]NAT$ BETWE5 SCATT]$ SETTLEM5TS 9 ! SUMM] & L>GE CONC5TRAT$ SETTLEM5TS 9 ! W9T]1 :I* WAS ALSO ! C]EMONIAL SEASON4 

.<#a#c#g.> ,ONLY ! FIR/ F\R *ILDR51 ( :ATEV] SEX1 W]E SAID TO 9H]IT !IR P>5TS' NOBLE /ATUS2 ! FIF? WAS CONSID]$ A 0SLAVE0--?\< 9 PRACTICE ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE MEANT A COMMON]4 

.<#a#c#h.> ,MORE LIKELY ONLY ! LIDS W\LD BE TRANSF]R$1 & ! RE/ REBUILT = ! NEW [N]4 ,NOTE H[ SIMIL> ?IS IS TO ! TRANSMISSION ( TITLES3 IT'S REALLY ! NAME ?AT'S PASS$ ON1 & NEW PHYSICAL 5TITIES >E CREAT$ TO 9H]IT IT1 & BECOME 9 EFFECT NEW EMBODIM5TS ( ! ORIG9AL4 

.<#a#c#i.> ,S9CE FAMILY HI/ORIES & O!R MORE DETAIL$ ACC\NTS 9V>IABLY PROVIDE ALL SORTS ( TITLES NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ?OSE P>ADIGMATIC LI/S1 IT SEEMS OBVI\S ! REAL NUMB] ( TITLES--OR AT LEA/1 POT5TIAL ONES--WAS F> L>G]4 

.<#a#d.> ,HEL5 ,COD]E >GU$ ?AT ! OV]ALL RANK+ SY/EM EM]G$ ONLY 9 ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 ! ,KWAKIUTL BECAME CONC5TRAT$ >\ND ,=T ,RUP]T & BEGAN US+ !IR NEWF\ND ACCESS TO WEAL? AS A WAY ( COMPET+ OV] /ATUS4 

.<#a#d#a.> ,S9CE !SE W]E1 H[EV]1 ALL MALE NAMES1 WOM5 C\LD HOLD !M ONLY AS A SORT ( HONOR>Y MALE1 OR 9 TRU/ = !IR *ILDR52 EV5 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( WOR/ DEMOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE1 :5 ! NUMB] ( NOBLE MALES WAS F> BEL[ ?AT ( AVAILABLE TITLES1 IT WAS QUITE UNUSUAL = A WOMAN TO BE ALL[$ TO SUCCE$ TO SU* A TITLE4 

.<#a#d#b.> ,!SE W]E1 H[EV]1 /ILL CONSID]$ SEP>ATE P]SONALITIES = POTLAT* PURPOSES1 & W\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 RECEIVE !IR %>E ( DI/RIBUT$ PROP]TY SEP>ATELY4 

.<#a#d#c.> ,WOLF #a#i#i#i3#g#g CITES FIGURES SUGGE/+ ! POPULATION FELL FROM P]HAPS EI<TY-FIVE HUNDR$ 9 #ahce TO R\<LY A ?\S& >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 

.<#a#d#d.> ,! ONE NOTABLE EXCEPTION = ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ IS ,KAN #a#i#h#i3#d#i-#g#e4 

.<#a#d#e.> ,SU* CRE/S W]E P>TICUL>LY PROM95T ON *IEFLY H\SES1 ?US REPRES5T+ ! H\SE ITSELF AS A K9D ( EXT]NAL BODY ( ! NUMAYM1 9 :I* ALL MEMB]S W]E 9 A C]TA9 S5SE 5COMPASS$ 9 ! P]SONALITY1 ! =M-S\L1 ( ITS ,F\ND]1 & HIS LIV+ REPRES5TATIVE4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,H5CE1 :5 MY?ICAL ANIMALS /RIP (F !IR DISGUISES & BECOME HUMANS1 !Y >E ONLY %[+ ANO!R SURFACE1 MU* LIKE ! MASKS )9 MASKS4 

.<#a#d#g.> ,NEI!R >E WOM5'S TITLES1 :I* DO EXI/4 ,EA* NUMAYM HAS A NUMB] ( NOBLE TITLES RES]V$ = FEMALES1 BUT UNLIKE ! MALE TITLES1 !SE >E CONSID]$ UNIQUE & 9COMM5SURABLE4 

.<#a#d#h.> ,POTLAT*ES W]E ALSO HELD TO MAKE UP = EMB>RASS+ ACCID5TS3 = EXAMPLE1 IF A NOBLE *ILD WAS 9JUR$ PLAY+1 OR FELL \T ( HIS CANOE1 HIS P>5TS W\LD NORMALLY DI/RIBUTE PROP]TY BY WAY ( COMP5SATION4 

.<#a#d#i.> ,9 P>T1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE RANK C\LD NOT BE *ANG$1 OR NOT SO EASILY4 ,! RELATIVE /&+ ( DIFF]5T TRIBES & NUMAYMA1 & H5CE ! RANK ( !IR RESPECTIVE TITLES1 C\LD BE ALT]$ BY POTLAT*+ BUT ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO EFFECT4 ,( C\RSE1 AS 9 MO/ SU* SY/EMS1 !RE WAS NO ABSOLUTE UNANIMITY ON EXACTLY H[ MATT]S /OOD AT ANY TIME4 

.<#a#e.> ,! NOTION ?AT !RE >E TWO SORTS ( COPP]1 ONE MORE VALUABLE1 & KEPT )9 CLANS 7,WE9] #a#i#i#b3#a#f#dN#a#a1#a#hN#a2 ,GODELI] #a#i#i#i3#e#i-#f71 APPE>S TO BE BAS$ ON ,MAUSS' MISREAD+ ( SOME MAT]IAL 9 ,BOAS 7#a#h#i#g3#e#f#d1 #e#g#i2 ,MAUSS #a#i#i#a3#a#i#dN#b#d#e74 

.<#a#e#a.> ,B>NETT 7#a#i#c#h7 SUGGE/S ?IS WAS REALLY D]IV$ FROM ! CU/OM ( :AT HE CALLS ! 0FACE-SAV+ POTLAT*10 9 :I* ONE GIVES UP OR DE/ROYS WEAL? TO COMP5SATE = SOME SLI<T OR 9DIGNITY1 SAY1 FALL+ FROM A CANOE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF A GUE/ /UMBLES ON ONE'S WAY 9TO A HO/'S H\SE1 HE'LL NORMALLY GIVE A BLANKET OR TWO4 

.<#a#e#b.> ,BREAK+ COPP]S WAS A P>TICUL>LY EFFECTIVE WAY = NOBLES TO SQUA% ?OSE !Y CONSID]$ UP/>T COMMON]S TRY+ TO ELB[ !IR WAY 9TO POTLAT*+2 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY LIT]ATURE IS FULL ( ?IS4 

.<#a#e#c.> ,M>G>ET ,WE9] REF]S TO ?IS AS ! EXCALIBUR PR9CIPLE3 0:OSOEV] BE>S ?IS SWORD IS H5CE=? K+0 7#a#i#i#e3#f#g74 

.<#a#e#d.> ,H5CE WE >E EV5 OBLIG$ TO PRET5D ?AT HACK POLITICIANS GOT :]E !Y >E MA9LY BECAUSE ( !IR P]SONAL QUALITIES4 7,9CID5TALLY1 IT IS MY UND]/&+ ?AT ,B4 ,B4 ,K+ HAS GONE ?R\< QUITE A NUMB] ( ,LUCILLES OV] ! C\RSE ( HIS C>E]4 ,HAV+ SU* A FAM\S OBJECT 9 A SITUATION LIKE ?IS ACTUALLY CREATES 5ORM\S PRESSURES TO DISPOSE ( IT3 TO AUCTION IT (F = *>ITY1 = EXAMPLE1 OR GIVE IT AWAY 9 A SPECTACUL> GE/URE4 ,SOME ( ?IS PRESSURE ,I SUSPECT COMES FROM ! NE$ TO REE/ABLI% ?AT IT IS 9DE$ 9N] CAPACITIES ?AT >E AT ! ROOT ( ONE'S ID5TITY1 & NOT SU* EMBLEMS OR HI/ORICAL >TIFACTS47 

.<#a#e#e.> ,SEE H]E ! LIT]ATURE ON ,MAORI FEA/+3 E4G41 ,FIR? #a#i#e#d1 *APT] #h4 

.<#a#e#f.> ,9 FACT1 ,MAUSS SOMETIMES /RESS$ ! OBLIGATION TO REPAY GIFTS2 AT O!R TIMES1 HE /RESS$ ?AT !RE W]E ?REE IMPORTANT OBLIGATIONS3 ! OBLIGATION TO GIVE1 ! OBLIGATION TO ACCEPT1 & ! OBLIGATION TO REPAY4 ,AS ,ALA9 ,TE/>T HAS NOT$ 7#a#i#i#c1 #a#i#i#i71 0OBLIGATION0 HAS A NUMB] ( MEAN+S 9 ,FR5* & IT'S NOT CLE> IF ,MAUSS MEANT A FEEL+ ?AT ONE \<T TO1 OR A DUTY ) ACTUAL SANCTIONS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT %\LD BE CLE> EV5 FROM ! MAT]IAL ALREADY PRES5T$ 9 ?IS *APT] ?AT !SE ?REE OBLIGATIONS >E R>ELY EQUALLY WEI<T$3 ,MAORI GIFTS1 = 9/ANCE1 USUALLY DID NOT HAVE TO BE ACCEPT$1 BUT !Y DID HAVE TO BE RETURN$2 AMONG ,KWAKWALA SPEAK]S ONE HAD TO GIVE1 BUT USUALLY !RE WAS NO OBLIGATION TO REPAY4 

.<#a#e#g.> ,MOIETIES USUALLY IMAG9E !MSELVES AS /&+ 9 SU* A RELATION1 EV5 :51 AS 9 ! ,IROQUOIS1 !Y HAVE NOT ACTUALLY DONE SO = A V]Y LONG TIME4 

.<#a#e#h.> ,SAHL9S !RE=E CONCLUDES ?AT MO/ HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS FALL UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0G5]ALIZ$ RECIPROCITY10 ?\< TO MY M9D ?IS IS YET ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ! DANG]\S AMBIGUITIES ( ! T]M 0RECIPROCITY0 ITSELF3 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE1 MO/ SU* RELATIONS >E NOT RECIPROCAL AT ALL4 

.<#a#e#i.> ,9 FACT1 !Y W\LD BECOME 9 A RA!R P>ADOXICAL WAY EQUIVAL5TS AGA91 AT LEA/ BY DEFAULT4 

.<#a#f.> ,ONE MI<T >GUE ?AT BY 0MORE 9DIVIDUAL0 ,I REALLY MEAN 0DIFF] FROM O!RS ( ! SAME CLASS AMONG MORE DIM5SIONS 7?AT >E CONSID]$ IMPORTANT740 ,! 9COMM5SURABILITY1 IT MI<T !N BE >GU$1 COMES FROM ! V]Y NUMB] ( ?OSE DIM5SIONS1 9 ! WAY ?AT ONE CANNOT SAY ONE P]SON IS MORE 9TELLIG5T ?AN ANO!R IF 9TELLIG5CE IS REALLY MADE UP ( HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( 9COMM5SURABLE SCALES4 ,BUT ?IS ASSUMES ?AT ?OSE DIM5SIONS !MSELVES C\LD1 AT LEA/ HYPO!TICALLY1 BE MEASUR$1 :I* /RIKES ME AS 9 ITSELF SOME:AT POSITIVI/IC4 

.<#a#f#a.> ,IT CAN BECOME A BIT CONFUS+ BECAUSE EV5 ! MO/ UNEQUAL RELATIONS USUALLY CAN BE REPRES5T$ AS SOMEH[ RECIPROCAL BY ! ACTORS 9VOLV$1 :5 !Y WANT TO REPRES5T !IR SOCIETIES AS ULTIMATELY JU/4 ,USUALLY1 H[EV]1 ?IS SORT ( RHETORIC IS APPEAL$ TO ONLY 9 C]TA9 V]Y SPECIFIC CONTEXTS1 & EV5 !N1 ONE IS NEV] SURE H[ S]I\SLY ! ACTORS !MSELVES TAKE IT4 

.<#a#f#b.> ,SEE ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ' FAM\S ESSAYS ON ! 0PROBLEM ( ! FETI%0 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#h#g1 #a#i#h#h2 ,MAC,GAFFEY #a#i#i#d74 

.<#a#f#c.> ,LIKE ?AT ( ! 0TAKE-(F /ATES0 ?AT GREW \T ( !M1 :5EV] ONE LOCAL LORD MANAG$ TO BEG9 ORGANIZ+ L>GE-SCALE PUBLIC WORKS1 USUALLY BY HAV+ HIS FOLL[]S DRA9 SWAMPS & CREATE IRRIGATION WORKS1 !N P>CEL+ \T ! NEW L& TO FAMILIES ?AT BECAME HIS IMM$IATE RETA9]S4 

.<#a#f#d.> ,H]Y IS ! WORD = SIMPLE =CE1 BUT IT IS APPLI$ ESPECIALLY TO ?+S LIKE MOV+ ROCKS OR HITT+ PEOPLE ON ! HEAD2 HAS9A IS =CE ?AT WORKS 9 LESS TANGIBLE WAYS4 

.<#a#f#e.> ,9 PRACTICE1 TO HIS LOCAL REPRES5TATIVE4 ,! ACTUAL AM\NT AF=D$ ON SU* OCCASIONS WAS CONSID]ABLY LESS ?AN A SILV] DOLL>2 9 FACT IT WAS A V]Y MODE/ FEE1 BUT IT WAS CALL$ HAS9A NONE!LESS4 

.<#a#f#f.> ,M>X HIMSELF DID SEEM TO RA!R APPROVE ( MAGICIANS1 AT LEA/ 9 ! B$TIME /ORIES HE TOLD HIS DAU<T]S1 AS ! EPIGRAPH TO ! *APT] W\LD 9DICATE4 

.<#a#f#g.> ,TAMBIAH HIMSELF EV5TUALLY MOD]AT$ HIS POSITION SOME:AT 9 GRAPPL+ ) SU* CASES 7ESP4 #a#i#i#b74 

.<#a#f#h.> ,EV5 :5 P[] IS PURELY VIOL5T & REPRESSIVE1 IT IS /ILL A MATT] ( CONV9C+ ?OSE :O HAVE WEAPONS OR >E O!RWISE P>T ( ! APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION4 

.<#a#f#i.> ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN DREAM$ ( A CIVILIZATION 9 :I* PRIVATE PROP]TY W\LD NO LONG] BE ! DOM9ANT 9/ITUTION2 ,ALFR$ ,HADDON WAS A SOCIALI/2 ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N WAS KN[N 9 HIS UND]GRADUATE DAYS AS 0,AN>*Y ,AL40 

.<#a#g.> ,GEO<EGAN 7#a#i#h#g3#b#b-#c#d7 GIVES A USEFUL SUMM>Y ( ! HI/ORICAL RELATION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS TO UTOPIAN ?\<T1 ONE ?AT TURNS \T TO BE F> MORE AMBIVAL5T ?AN IS USUALLY REPRES5T$4 ,= ,M>X'S REACTION TO MORAL CRITIQUES1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( ,PR\DHON 7AN IMPORTANT 9TELLECTUAL ANCE/OR ( ,MAUSS' SOCIALISM7 SEE ,?OMAS #a#i#h3#a#g#e-#b#d#h4 

.<#a#g#a.> ,WE9] ALSO MAKES IT CLE> ?AT H] APPROA* IS 9SPIR$ L>GELY BY ,MAUSS1 C]TA9LY MORE SO ?AN ,M>X4 ,IT W\LD PROBABLY BE UNFAIR TO SAY ?AT ,WE9] D5IES ?AT WOM5 >E 9 ANY S5SE SUBORD9AT$1 S9CE %E DOES NOT EXPLICITLY DO SO2 ON ! O!R H&1 LIKE ,/RA!RN %E DEVOTES ALL H] 5]GIES TO ATTACK+ >GUM5TS BY O!RS ?AT /ATE OR IMPLY ?AT !Y >E4 

.<#a#g#b.> ,?IS IS 9 FACT A CON/ANT DILEMMA 9 FEM9I/ AN?ROPOLOGY--& ! ONLY REASON IT'S SO MU* EASI] TO SEE IT 9 ?IS CASE1 ,I SUSPECT1 IS ?AT FEM9I/ AN?ROPOLOGY IS ONE ( ! FEW >EAS ( AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT REMA9 POLITICALLY 5GAG$4 

.<#a#g#c.> ,NO D\BT ! SY/EMATIC APPLICATION ( SU* AN APPROA* W\LD ?R[ UP ALL SORTS ( IRRESOLVABLE P>ADOXES ( ITS [N4 ,IT W\LD BE NAIVE 9DE$ TO IMAG9E ?AT IT W\LDN'T4 ,BUT AT LEA/ !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE IRRESOLVABLE P>ADOXES W\LD BE MORE FRUITFUL ONES4 

.<#a#g#d.> ,AT LEA/ A !ORY AB\T :Y DESIRE IS DIFF]5T FROM ANY?+ ELSE4 ,ONE C\LD SAY MU* ! SAME ( ,F\CAULT'S !ORY ( P[]4 

.<#a#g#e.> ,NOT EV5 ! BO>D ON :I* *ECK]S CAN MOVE >\ND1 BUT EV5 MORE1 ! PR9CIPLES ?AT TELL US :I* M>KS ON ! BO>D >E IMPORTANT & :Y4 

.<#a#g#f.> ,UNTIL1 ( C\RSE1 AFT] !Y'VE BE5 REALIZ$4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE MI<T ONE SAY ?AT DESIRE IS NOT ! FUNDAM5TAL CON/ITU5T ( REALITY1 AS 9 ! ,NIETZS*EAN V]SION1 BUT RA!R A METAPHOR = POT5TIAL1 :I* IS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,NOTES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,NOTES -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/