,*APT] #g 
,! ,FALSE ,CO9 ( ,\R ,[N ,DREAMS1 OR ! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI%1 ,I,I,IB 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #g -- ,! ,FALSE ,CO9 ( ,\R ,[N ,DREAMS1 OR ! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI%1 ,I,I,IB 

  
  

,ONE MAN IS A K+ ONLY BECAUSE O!R M5 /& 9 ! RELATION ( SUBJECTS TO HIM4 ,!Y1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IMAG9E ?AT !Y >E SUBJECTS BECAUSE HE IS ! K+4 --,K>L ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 #fc  
  
  

,( ! MANY WOND]FUL TALES ,MOOR TOLD ME1 ! MO/ WOND]FUL1 ! MO/ DELI<TFUL ONE1 WAS 0,HANS ,ROCKLE40 ,IT W5T ON = MON?S2 IT WAS A :OLE S]IES ( /ORIES444 ,HANS ,ROCKLE HIMSELF WAS A ,H(FMAN-LIKE MAGICIAN1 :O KEPT A TOY%OP1 & :O WAS ALWAYS 0H>D UP40 ,HIS %OP WAS FULL ( ! MO/ WOND]FUL ?+S--( WOOD5 M5 & WOM51 GIANTS & DW>FS1 K+S & QUE5S1 WORKM5 & MA/]S1 ANIMALS & BIRDS AS NUM]\S AS ,NOAH GOT 9TO ! ,>K1 TABLES & *AIRS1 C>RIAGES1 BOXES ( ALL SORTS & SIZES4 ,& ?\< HE WAS A MAGICIAN1 ,HANS C\LD NEV] MEET HIS OBLIGATIONS EI!R TO ! DEVIL OR TO ! BUT*]1 & WAS !RE=E--MU* AGA9/ ! GRA9--CON/ANTLY OBLIG$ TO SELL HIS TOYS TO ! DEVIL4 ,!SE !N W5T ?R\< WOND]FUL ADV5TURES--ALWAYS 5D+ 9 A RETURN TO ,HANS ,ROCKLE'S %OP4 

--,ELEANOR ,M>X1 ON H] FA!R ,K>L'S B$TIME /ORIES 79 ,/ALLYBRASS #a#i#i#h3#a#i#h7 @> 

,9 ?IS F9AL *APT] ,I WANT TO MOVE FROM AN EMPHASIS ON VALUE & EX*ANGE TO ! O!R SIDE ( ! EQUATION PROPOS$ 9 *APT] #d & TO TALK A LITTLE BIT AB\T ! PH5OM5ON ( SOCIAL P[]4 ,ODD ?\< IT MAY SEEM1 ,I ?9K ! EASIE/ WAY TO DO ?IS WILL BE TO LOOK AT ! NOTION ( FETI%ISM--ONE ?AT HAS CROPP$ UP P]IODICALLY OV] ! C\RSE ( ! BOOK BUT ?AT ,I HAVE NOT SO F> FULLY DEVELOP$4 

,MAUSS' PROJECT ( 9VE/IGAT+ 0>*AIC =MS ( SOCIAL CONTRACT0 HAS A DI/9CTLY N9ETE5?-C5TURY R+ TO IT1 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME !RE IS /ILL SOME?+ V]Y IMPORTANT H]E = ! TW5TY-FIR/4 ,I BEGAN ?IS BOOK BY SAY+ ?AT SOCIAL !ORY IS AT SOME?+ AT AN IMPASSE1 9 P>T1 BECAUSE IT HAS BOX$ ITSELF 9TO A CORN] :]E IT IS N[ L>GELY UNABLE TO IMAG9E PEOPLE BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE SOCIETY PURPOSEFULLY4 ,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT ONE WAY TO OV]COME ?IS PROBLEM IS TO LOOK AT SOCIAL SY/EMS AS /RUCTURES ( CREATIVE ACTION1 & VALUE1 AS H[ PEOPLE MEASURE ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR [N ACTIONS )9 SU* /RUCTURES4 ,IF SO1 !N ONE IS NECESS>ILY SEE+ 0SOCIETY0 AS TO SOME DEGREE AN 9T5TIONAL ?+4 ,EV5 IF IT DOES NOT EMBODY SOME SORT ( COLLECTIVE PROJECT1 IT IS AT LEA/ MADE \T ( !M1 & ACTS AS !IR REGULATIVE PR9CIPLE4 

,! PROBLEM IS ?AT 9 ,WE/]N SOCIAL ?\<T1 SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORY IS ONE ( ! ONLY IDIOMS 9 :I* IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE TO TALK AB\T SOCIETY ?IS WAY1 & IT IS A WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE ONE4 ,TO IMAG9E SOCIETY AS A CONTRACT IS TO IMAG9E IT 9 DI/9CTLY M>KET T]MS4 ,GIV5 ! TREM5D\S P[] ( ECONOMI/IC IDEOLOGIES 9 ! WORLD TODAY1 REL5TLESSLY HAMM]$ 9 ON EV]YONE 9 A ?\S& DIFF]5T WAYS1 WORDS LIKE 0CONTRACT0 HAVE BECOME PRETTY OBVI\SLY UNSALVAGEABLE--!RE IS NO WAY TO USE !M )\T ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS 7USUALLY ASSUM$ TO BE MALES AB\T =TY YE>S OLD7 COM+ TO A RATIONAL AGREEM5T BAS$ ON SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION4 ,?OSE :O ?9K DIFF]5TLY SIMPLY DON'T HAVE ! P[] OR 9FLU5CE TO CREATE NEW DEF9ITIONS 9 PEOPLES' M9DS1 OR AT ANY RATE1 ANY SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( !M4 ,MAUSS TRI$ TO *ANGE ! WAY WE ?9K AB\T CONTRACTS 9 0,! ,GIFT10 & EV5 ?\< ! ESSAY WAS 5ORM\SLY 9FLU5TIAL 9 O!R WAYS1 HIS EF=TS HAD NO EFFECT :ATEV]4 

,ALL ?IS IS V]Y FRU/RAT+ BECAUSE IT EFFECTIVELY LEAVES US )\T A LANGUAGE ) :I* TO DISCUSS SOME V]Y IMPORTANT PH5OM5A4 ,S9CE ,M>X1 WE HAVE BE5 US$ TO TALK+ AB\T H[ SOCIAL ORD]S BECOME NATURALIZ$2 AB\T H[ :AT >E ULTIMATELY >BITR>Y CONV5TIONS COME TO SEEM LIKE 9EVITABLE CON/ITU5TS ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! DEGREE TO :I* SOCIAL ORD]S >E NOT NATURALIZ$8 ,EV5 AMONG ?OSE SOCIETIES ,MAUSS W\LD CONSID] ! MO/ 0>*AIC10 !RE >E ALWAYS SOME SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT W]E SE5 AS CREAT$ ?R\< MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 &1 ,I /RONGLY SUSPECT1 ALWAYS A C]TA9 DEGREE TO :I* ! SOCIAL ORD] AS A :OLE IS NOT SE5 AS SOME?+ 9H]5T 9 ! NATURE ( ! COSMOS BUT CAN BE SE5 AS SOME?+ :I* IS 9 SOME S5SE ! PRODUCT ( MUTUAL CONS5T OR AGREEM5T-- IF ONLY AS ONE POSSIBLE P]SPECTIVE AMONG MANY4 ,& :5 IT DOES1 IT IS1 CLE>LY1 NOT 9 ! S5SE IMAG9$ BY ,HOBBES OR SUBSEQU5T M>KET !ORI/S4 ,IT IS NOT AS A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 ACQUIR+ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ( ! ?+S !Y WANT :O MAKE A RATIONAL CALCULATION ?AT !Y CAN ONLY DO ?IS EFFICI5TLY BY AGREE+ TO RESPECT ONE ANO!R'S PROP]TY OR HONOR COMM]CIAL AGREEM5TS4 ,IT IS AS PEOPLE :O ALREADY HAVE PR(\ND & ONGO+ COMMITM5TS TO O!RS :O SEE !MSELVES AS EXT5D+ SOME?+ ( ! SAME SORT TO A L>G] GR\P--SOME?+ :I* DOES 9DE$1 AS ,MAUSS WAS P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE1 IMPLY A K9D ( ELEM5T>Y COMMUNISM1 AN AGREEM5T TO TREAT O!RS' P]CEIV$ NE$S & 9T]E/S AS MATT]S ( SIGNIFICANCE 9 & ( !MSELVES4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY LOOK AT ! ,IROQUOIS CASE TO F9D AN EXAMPLE ?AT CORRESPONDS ALMO/ EXACTLY TO :AT ,MAUSS HAD 9 M9D4 ,SOCIETY WAS SE5 NOT AS SOME?+ GIV5 BUT AS A HUMAN CREATION1 A SET ( AGREEM5TS1 :I* W]E ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO 5DLESS CYCLES ( DE/RUCTIVE VIOL5CE4 ,! /ORY ( ! ORIG9S ( ! ,LEAGUE DOES BEG9 ) SOME?+ V]Y LIKE A ,HOBBESIAN 0W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL40 ,! DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT ! ,IROQUOIS DID NOT SEE ! DANG] ( VIOL5CE AS >IS+ FROM ! FACT ?AT HUMANS W]E SOLIT>Y 9DIVIDUALS COMPET+ OV] SC>CE RES\RCES1 BUT BECAUSE !Y ASSUM$ !M TO ALREADY BE 5ME%$ 9 RELATION%IPS ) O!RS--RELATIONS :I* W]E 9 FACT SO 9T5SE1 & SO 9TIMATE1 ?AT ! DEA? ( A LOV$ ONE C\LD CAUSE !M TO DESC5D 9TO P>OXYSMS ( DE/RUCTIVE FURY4 ,! WAY ( CREAT+ SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 WAS ?R\< E/ABLI%+ LONG-T]M OP5-5D$ COMMITM5TS3 :E!R TO BURY ONE ANO!R'S DEAD OR TO BE WILL+ PUT ASIDE PR9CIPLES ( PROP]TY RI<TS :5 FAC$ ) A SUFFICI5TLY PR(\ND NE$1 AS REVEAL$ 9 ANO!R'S DREAM4 

,AMONG ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS1 ( C\RSE1 !RE WAS NO 9T]NAL M>KET4 ,= ?IS REASON IT'S QUITE 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN CASE ) :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA >\ND ! SAME TIME1 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,!RE ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS >RIV$ 7AT FIR/1 9 SE>* ( GOLD7 TO DISCOV] A COMPLEX PAT*WORK ( SOCIETIES1 MO/ ( :I* HAD NOT ONLY BE5 TI$ 9TO L>G] CIRCUITS ( TRADE = C5TURIES BUT HAD !IR [N M>KETS1 CURR5CY1 & =MS ( SELF-9T]E/$ EX*ANGE4 ,TRADE ) ! NEWCOM]S CAME TO BE REGULAT$ BY RITUAL OBJECTS ?AT ! ,EUROPEANS REF]R$ TO AS 0FETI%ES10 ON :I* !Y W]E ASK$ TO SWE> OA?S & ?AT W]E HELD TO B9D TOGE!R O!RWISE UNRELAT$ PEOPLE 9 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,! P[] ASCRIB$ TO SU* OBJECTS W]E 9 ?IS CASE QUITE SIMIL> TO ! SORT ( SOV]EIGN P[] IMAG9$ BY ,HOBBES3 NOT ONLY W]E !Y TOK5S ( AGREEM5T1 BUT !Y W]E !MSELVES CAPABLE ( 5=C+ ?OSE AGREEM5TS BECAUSE !Y W]E ESS5TIALLY =MS ( CRY/ALLIZ$ VIOL5CE4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E P]SONIFICATIONS ( DISEASES OR O!R AFFLICTIONS1 :I* C\LD BE CALL$ ON TO DE/ROY ?OSE :O BETRAY$ !IR OBLIGATIONS4.<#a#f#b.> ,:]E WAMPUM REPRES5T$ ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( ! CATACLYSMIC T]ROR 9TRODUC$ ?R\< ! FUR TRADE1 H]E IT WAS AS IF ! P[] & AB/RACTION ( MONEY ITSELF W]E TURN$ BACK AGA9/ ITSELF AS A =M ( IMAG9>Y VIOL5CE ?AT C\LD PREV5T ITS [N WOR/ IMPLICATIONS4 

,LOOK+ AT ME*ANISMS = CREAT+ COLLECTIVE AGREEM5TS1 !N1 IS A FAIRLY DEP5DABLE WAY TO F9D SOCIAL =MS ?AT >E NOT COMPLETELY NATURALIZ$4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT 9 ALL ( !SE SOCIETIES !RE >E NOT ALSO SOCIAL =MS ?AT W]E 9DE$ VIEW$ AS GIV5 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! UNIV]SE OR CREAT$ LONG AGO BY CREATURES PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM HUMAN BE+S 7OR AT LEA/ DIFF]5T FROM ANY HUMAN BE+S ONE MI<T ACTUALLY KN[74 ,MO/ SEEM$ TO HAVE DIVID$ UP DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! SOCIAL UNIV]SE 9 ?IS RESPECT3 BO? ! ,IROQUOIS & ,KWAKIUTL1 = EXAMPLE1 SAW ASPECTS ( P]SONAL ID5TITY AS GIV5 9 ?IS WAY BUT L>G] SOCIAL >5AS AS HAV+ TO BE 5DLESSLY CREAT$2 ! ,MAORI SEEM TO HAVE IMAG9$ MATT]S QUITE ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS IS SIMPLIFY+ ?+S SOME:AT4 ,! REALLY /RIK+ ?+ IS H[ (T5 PEOPLE CAN SEE C]TA9 9/ITUTIONS--OR EV5 SOCIETY AS A :OLE--BO? AS A HUMAN PRODUCT & ALSO AS GIV5 9 ! NATURE ( ! COSMOS1 BO? AS SOME?+ !Y HAVE !MSELVES CREAT$ & SOME?+ !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY HAVE CREAT$4 ,ONE MI<T WELL >GUE ?AT ! ,IROQUOIAN 0,HOLD] ( ! ,E>?10 ! CREATOR :O SEEMS UNABLE TO FULLY GRASP HIS [N P[]S ( CREATIVITY1 IS ONE WAY ( TRY+ TO COME TO T]MS ) ?IS P>ADOX4 ,BUT ,I ?9K SOME ( ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLES CAN BE F\ND 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON ,AFRICAN 0FETI%ES10 :I* C\LD BE EXT5D$ TO 9CLUDE MY [N MAT]IAL ( ,MALAGASY ODY & SAMPY1 COV]$ RA!R P]FUNCTORILY AT ! 5D ( *APT] #d & MORE G5]ALLY 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON MAGIC-- IDEAS AB\T MAGIC BE+ V]ITABLY RIFE ) P>ADOXES AT EV]Y TURN4 ,IF ONE READS ,M]9A RITUALS ( /ATE ) ALL ?IS 9 M9D1 ,I ?9K IT WILL MAKE IT EASI] TO UND]/& BO? JU/ H[ LITTLE MY/IFI$ BY !IR [N POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS PEOPLE 9 0TRADITIONAL0 SOCIETIES CAN (T5 BE2 H[ MU* !Y CAN1 9 FACT1 SEE ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS AS HUMAN CREATIONS1 9 :AT WE MI<T CONSID] /RIK+LY REALI/IC T]MS2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 :Y IT MI<T SOMETIMES NOT MAKE A :OLE LOT ( DIFF]5CE ?AT !Y DO4  

! K+ & ! CO9 

  

,\TSIDE ( ,MADAGASC>1 ,M]9A RITUAL IS MA9LY KN[N ?R\< ! WORK ( ,MAURICE ,BLO*1 :O HAS WRITT5 A S]IES ( V]Y FAM\S >TICLES AB\T MORTU>Y RITUAL 7#a#i#g#a1 #a#i#h#a1 #a#i#h#b71 CIRCUMCISION C]EMONIES 7#a#i#h#f71 & RITUAL LANGUAGE 7#a#i#g#e74 ,HE HAS ALSO WRITT5 TWO EQUALLY FAM\S ESSAYS ON ,M]9A ROYAL RITUAL 7#a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#i71 FOCUS+ P>TICUL>LY ON ! ,ROYAL ,BA? C]EMONY4 ,BLO*'S CONCLUSIONS1 H[EV]1 >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! ONES ,I \TL9$ 9 *APT] #d3 9 FACT1 HIS CONCLUSIONS AB\T :AT ! C]EMONIES W]E EFFECTIVELY SAY+ AB\T ! NATURE & ORIG9S ( ROYAL P[] >E ALMO/ EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( MY [N4 

,LET ME />T !N ) ,BLO*'S ESSAY 0,! ,DISCONNECTION ,BETWE5 ,P[] & ,RANK AS A ,PROCESS3 ,AN ,\TL9E ( ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,K+DOMS 9 ,C5TRAL ,MADAGASC>10 WRITT5 9 #a#i#g#g4 ,HE />TS ! PIECE BY TALK+ AB\T ,L\IS ,DUMONT'S FAM\S OBS]VATIONS ON ! ,9DIAN CA/E SY/EM 7#a#i#f#f71 P>TICUL>LY ,DUMONT'S 9SI/5CE ?AT ONE MU/ MAKE A /RICT DI/9CTION BETWE5 CA/E1 :I* ,DUMONT SAYS IS BASICALLY A RELIGI\S 9/ITUTION1 & ! ACTUAL ORGANIZATION ( K+DOMS1 ) ALL ! (T5 TAWDRY & BRUTAL REALITIES ( POLITICAL P[] !Y 5TAIL$4 ,BLO* OBS]VES ?AT MU* ! SAME DI/9CTION CAN BE MADE 9 ,IM]9A4 ,! FIR/ K+DOMS 9 HI<L& ,MADAGASC> W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN B&IT FIEFDOMS1 !IR 0ROYALTY0 BASICALLY JU/ GANGS ( ?UGS :O 5SCONC$ !MSELVES 9 HILLTOP =TS & />T$ %AK+ D[N SURR\ND+ F>M]S4 ,DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 ,IM]9A WAS DIVID$ AMONG A NUMB] ( SU* PETTY K+DOMS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS CONT9UALLY RAVAG$ BY SLAV]AID]S FROM ! COA/1 :O W\LD C>RY VILLAG]S (F TO FE$ ! RIS+ DEM& = PLANTATION LABOR ON ! ,EUROPEAN-HELD ISL&S ( ,MAURITIUS & ,REUNION4 ,MO/ ( ! LOCAL LORDS SOON CAME 9TO COLLUSION ) ! SLAVE TRADE AS WELL4 

,! (FICIAL IDEOLOGY ( !SE K+DOMS.<#a#f#c.> /OOD 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ALL ?IS4 ,IT TOO REPRES5T$ SOCIETY AS A VA/ GRAD$ HI]>*Y1 9 :I* AB\T A ?IRD ( ! POPULATION W]E CONSID]$ 0NOBLE0 7&RIANA71 & 9 :I* EV]Y GR\P WAS RANK$ ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y POSSESS$ HAS9A--:I* ,BLO* DEF9ES AS A K9D ( 9EFFABLE GRACE1 OR 9TR9SIC SUP]IORITY3 0P[]1 VIGOR1 F]TILITY1 EFFICACY OR EV5 SA9?OOD0 7#a#i#g#g3#f#a74 ,HAS9A WAS SOME?+ HUMANS HAD SIMPLY BY VIRTUE ( !IR BE+1 OR AT ANY RATE BECAUSE !Y HAD RECEIV$ IT FROM !IR NOBLE ANCE/ORS1 NOT BECAUSE ( ANY?+ ANYONE HAD DONE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ROYAL RITUALS W]E COORD9AT$ TO ! NATURAL CYCLE1 & PEOPLE :O W]E P>TICUL>LY MAS9A 7:O HAD MU* HAS9A7 W]E SE5 AS BE+ ABLE TO BLESS CROPS1 SO ?AT 0P[] .<CAME TO BE.> REPRES5T$ AS AN UN*ANG+ ESS5CE CLOSELY L9K$ TO NATURE & ONLY TRANSMITT$ TO LEGITIMATE HOLD]S0 7OP CIT474 

,HAS9A !N WAS A SORT ( 9H]5T GRACE1 GIV5 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( ! COSMOS4 ,HUMANS C\LD NOT CREATE IT2 9 FACT1 IT EXI/$ 9 A DOMA9 L>GELY BEYOND ! EFFECTS ( HUMAN ACTION ( ANY SORT4 ,AT MO/ PEOPLE C\LD DISPLAY HAS9A OR PASS IT ON TO !IR DESC5DANTS--& ?IS WAS :AT ROYAL RITUAL WAS PR9CIPALLY AB\T4 ,ONE C\LD H>DLY IMAG9E A MORE EXTREME CONTRA/ BETWE5 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL REPRES5TATION ( TIMELESS HI]>*Y & ! SORDID DETAILS ( ACTUAL POLITICS1 FULL ( CON/ANT MURD]1 EXTORTION1 & KIDNAPP+4 

,BUT ,BLO* ALSO NOTES ?AT ! WORD HAS9A C\LD BE US$ ANO!R WAY3 TO REF] TO C]TA9 L>GE SILV] CO9S 7MO/ (T51 ,M>IA ,!RESA ?AL]S1 LAT] ,SPANI% OR ,MEXICAN DOLL>S7 GIV5 AS C]EMONIAL TRIBUTE TO ! K+4 ,JU/ AB\T ANY EV5T AT :I* ! MON>* APPE>$ BE=E HIS SUBJECTS W\LD BEG9 BY !IR 0GIV+ HAS9A0 TO HIM4 ,IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME !RE WAS SOME CONNECTION BETWE5 !SE TWO USAGES4 ,BLO* SUGGE/S AN ANALOGY ) ! ,5GLI% T]M 0HONOR40 ,C]TA9 PEOPLE >E SAID TO 0HAVE0 HONOR1 TO BE 9TR9SICALLY HONORABLE4 ,BUT ! WORD CAN ALSO BE A V]B3 Y\ CAN 0HONOR0 PEOPLE BY TREAT+ !M AS IF !Y W]E ?AT SORT ( P]SON4 ,9 !ORY1 BY HONOR+ !M Y\ >E SIMPLY RECOGNIZ+ SOME?+ !Y ALREADY HAVE2 9 REALITY1 ( C\RSE1 !Y HAVE IT ONLY BECAUSE PEOPLE TREAT !M ?AT WAY4 ,JU/ SO ) HAS9A4 ,HAV+ HAS9A--9 ! S5SE ( 9TR9SIC SUP]IORITY 7:I* ,BLO* LABELS 0HAS9A M>K #a07--IS LIKE HAV+ HONOR2 GIV+ ! CO9S 70HAS9A M>K #b07 IS LIKE HONOR+ PEOPLE4 

,HE !N TAKES ! >GUM5T A BIT FUR!R4 ,9 MO/ ROYAL RITUALS1 HE SAYS1 !RE IS A PRET5SE ( EX*ANGE4 ,ON C]TA9 OCCASIONS1 :5 SUBJECTS GIVE ! K+ HAS9A 9 ! =M ( CO9S1 HE RESPONDS BY SPR9KL+ !M ) WAT]1 A GE/URE ( BLESS+ ?AT CONVEYS F]TILITY1 PROSP]ITY1 GOOD HEAL?1 & ?AT ONLY ! K+'S MY/]I\S SANCTITY 7HIS HAS9A M>K #a7 ALL[S HIM TO DO4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/ANCE ( ?IS WAS ! ANNUAL ,ROYAL ,BA? C]EMONY1 ! GREAT NATIONAL FE/IVAL ?AT /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! ,M]9A RITUAL YE>4 ,H]E1 ! SAME LOGIC IS EXT5D$ TO ! 5TIRE K+DOM4 ,9 ! FIR/ /AGES ( ! FE/IVAL1 *ILDR5 HAVE TO PRES5T HAS9A 7OR SIMIL> TOK5S ( DEF]5CE7 TO !IR P>5TS1 & PEOPLE 9 G5]AL (F] IT TO !IR IMM$IATE HI]>*ICAL SUP]IORS2 IT CULM9ATES 9 A C]EMONY 9 :I* REPRES5TATIVES ( EA* ( ! MAJOR ORD]S & GR\P+S ( ! K+DOM PRES5T SILV] CO9S TO ! K+4 ,AFT] RECEIV+ ! CO9S1 HE HIDES BEH9D A SCRE51 BA!S HIMSELF 9 W>M WAT]1 CALL+ \T AS HE DOES SO1 0,MAY ,I BE MAS9A10 & !N EM]GES TO SPR9KLE ! BA? WAT] ON ! REPRES5TATIVES4 ,LAT]1 P>5TS WILL ALSO BA! & SPR9KLE ! WAT] ON !IR *ILDR51 ?US 9 EFFECT CONVEY+ ! BLESS+S D[N ?R\< ! K+DOM1 & ( C\RSE FUR!R NATURALIZ+ ! K+'S AU?ORITY BY MAK+ IT SEEM CONT9U\S ) DESC5T4 

,= ,BLO*1 ! CRITICAL ?+ IS ! WAY ALL SU* RITUALS S]VE TO MY/IFY ! REAL S\RCE ( ROYAL P[]1 :I* IS PRECISELY ! MON>*'S ABILITY TO MAKE O!R PEOPLE PAY TRIBUTE & O!RWISE TREAT HIM LIKE A MON>* BY CLAIM+ ?AT P[] COMES FROM A DOMA9 BEYOND HUMAN ACTION4 ,IT IS ALL AB\T DISGUIS+ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 HAS9A M>K #a & HAS9A M>K #b4 ,BUT FROM ! FIR/ TIME ,I READ ! ESSAY AS A GRADUATE /UD5T1 ,I F\ND SOME?+ V]Y ODD AB\T ?IS >GUM5T4 ,IF ! :OLE PO9T IS TO DISGUISE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! TWO =MS ( HAS9A1 WELL1 :Y CALL !M BY ! SAME NAME TO BEG9 )8 ,ISN'T ?AT A BIT ( A GIVEAWAY8 

,AFT] ,I HAD ACTUALLY BEGUN LIV+ 9 ,MADAGASC> & DEVELOP+ A FIR/H& KN[L$GE ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,M]9A RITUAL LANGUAGE1 IT SEEM$ 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT ! USE ( ! T]M HAS9A C\LD HAVE BE5 MY/IFY+ MU*4 ,GRANT$1 ,I DID MY FIELDWORK ALMO/ A HUNDR$ YE>S AFT] ! ABOLITION ( ! MON>*Y1 BUT /ILL1 ,I'M NOT SURE ,I EV] HE>D HAS9A US$ TO CONVEY A NOTION ( 9TR9SIC HI]>*ICAL SUP]IORITY4 ,HAS9A /ILL MEANS ! P[] TO ACT ?R\< 9VISIBLE1 OR IMP]CEPTIBLE MEANS2 ! V]B MANAS9A 70TO GIVE HAS9A1 TO MAKE SOME?+ MAS9A071 US$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY = GIV+ CO9S TO A K+1 IS AS CLOSE AS !RE WAS TO A T]M = 0TO CONDUCT A RITUAL40 ,I HE>D ! V]B US$ ALL ! TIME4 ,MO/LY IT WAS US$ = :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ACTS ( CONSECRATION3 = 9/ANCE1 ONE MI<T MAKE (F]+S TO A C]TA9 TREE1 OR AT A WAT]Y PLACE :]E A =GOTT5 <O/ WAS ?\<T TO DWELL1 OR ! TOMB ( AN ANCI5T K+1 9 ORD] TO ADD TO ! PLACES' HAS9A & ALSO TO APPEAL TO ! V]Y P[] ONE WAS ?US CREAT+ OR 5HANC+ TO DO SOME?+3 SAY1 TO CURE ONE ( SICKNESS1 CAUSE ONE TO CONCEIVE IF ONE HAD BE5 9F]TILE1 TO BECOME WEAL?Y1 OR PASS AN EXAM4 

,! PEOPLE ,I KNEW MADE IT QUITE CLE> ?AT HAS9A WAS ALWAYS CREAT$ BY HUMAN ACTION4 ,IT ALSO HAD TO BE CON/ANTLY MA9TA9$4 ,(T51 = EXAMPLE1 :5 ASK+ AB\T1 SAY1 A C]TA9 /ONE ONCE US$ AS A PLACE = C>RY+ \T ORDEALS1 OR A TREE SAID TO PROTECT A VILLAGE'S CROPS AGA9/ HAIL1 PEOPLE W\LD REM>K ?AT ! TREE OR /ONE 9 QUE/ION WAS ONCE V]Y MAS9A1 S9CE IT HAD BE5 GIV5 HAS9A 9 RITUALS LONG AGO1 BUT ! RITUALS HADN'T BE5 C>RI$ \T = A LONG TIME1 SO !RE WAS NO WAY TO BE SURE :E!R IT /ILL HAD ANY LEFT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SU* OBJECTS USUALLY HAD TABOOS1 & EV5 ! ACT ( OBS]V+ ?OSE TABOOS C\LD BE REF]R$ TO AS 0GIV+ !M HAS9A0 9 ! MO/ DIFFUSE ( S5SES1 SO ! M]E RECOGNITION ( SU* ?+S AS P[]FUL WAS P]HAPS 5\< TO KEEP !M P[]FUL4 

,IT WAS ALSO ?R\< MANAS9A ?AT ONE CREAT$ ODY1 ! ,MALAGASY EQUIVAL5T ( 0FETI%ES0 OR 0*>MS10 :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #d4 ,*>MS ALSO HAVE HAS9A1 BUT H]E TOO IT IS ONLY BECAUSE PEOPLE PUT IT !RE1 BY BR++ TOGE!R A S]IES ( SPECIFIC +R$I5TS 7BITS ( WOOD1 BEADS1 SILV] ORNAM5TS1 ETC47 & A NAMELESS1 9VISIBLE SPIRIT4 ,I'VE ALREADY >GU$ ?AT IT'S ?IS V]Y LACK ( DEF9ITION ?AT MAKES SPIRITS PURE1 AB/RACT EMBODIM5TS ( P[]4 ,9 ! 5D1 ?\<1 IT IS ALWAYS HUMAN ACTIONS ?AT MAKE ODY P[]FUL4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?IS C\LD1 AS NOT$1 BE C>RI$ \T ?R\< V[S3 D$ICAT+ SOME K9D ( SMALL MAT]IAL TOK5 ?AT REPRES5T$ ! ACTION ONE WI%$ ! 9VISIBLE P[]S TO TAKE1 !N PRES]V+ & HID+ IT AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! P[] TO C>RY ?AT ACTION \T ON A REGUL> BASIS4 ,?IS MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 ! MO/ COMMON WAY ( CREAT+ AN ODY1 BUT WAS A COMMON ONE1 & IT IS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT EXACTLY P>ALLELS ! RITUAL ( GIV+ HAS9A TO ! K+3 :]E AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,ROYAL ,BA? C]EMONY1 AFT] EV]YONE HAS PRES5T$ CO9S TO ! K+1 HE HIDES HIMSELF BEH9D A SCRE51 SAYS 0,MAY ,I BE MAS9A10 & !N EM]GES TO SPR9KLE ! BA? WAT] ON ! ASSEMBL$ MULTITUDE4 ,:5EV] !SE :OLE CO9S APPE> AS +R$I5TS 9 *>MS--:I* !Y OCCASIONALLY DID--!Y ALWAYS REPRES5T$ AN UNBROK5 TOTALITY4 ,AS (F]+S1 !Y REPRES5T ! DESIRE TO MA9TA9 ! 9TEGRITY ( SOME?+ ?AT C\LD O!RWISE BE BROK5 UP1 DISSOLVE AWAY 9TO A MULTITUDE ( T9Y LITTLE PIECES2 AS ELEM5TS 9 *>MS1 !Y REPRES5T ! P[] TO MA9TA9 IT4 ,BY ?IS LOGIC1 PRES5T+ A :OLE CO9 REPRES5TS ! PEOPLE'S DESIRE TO UNIFY ! K+DOM1 TO MAKE A TOTALITY \T ( ! V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ?AT MADE IT UP--IT BETOK5S ! V]Y DESIRE ( ! ASSEMBL$ SUBJECTS TO BECOME SUBJECTS1 TO BE UNIFI$ BY ! P[] ( ! K+4 ,AFT]W>DS ! K+ HIDES HIMSELF &1 NEWLY *>G$ ) HAS9A1 SPR9KLES EV]YONE ) WAT]1 :I* ALSO P>ALLELS PRETTY PRECISELY :AT ONE DOES ) ! MO/ IMPORTANT *>MS1 CALL$ SAMPY--ONE 0BA!S0 !M 9 WAT] & !N SPR9KLES IT OV] ! PEOPLE !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO PROTECT4 ,SO ! K+ 9 EFFECT BECOMES A *>M1 AN OBJECT ) ! P[] TO MA9TA9 ! UNITY ( ! K+DOM4 

,!SE SAMPY1 9CID5TALLY1 W]E EXTRAORD9>ILY IMPORTANT ODY ?AT HAD !IR [N NAMES & P]SONALITIES & PROVID$ A K9D ( G5]ALIZ$ PROTECTION OV] :OLE SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,! ,M]9A K+DOM1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS PROTECT$ BY A K9D ( PAN!ON ( ROYAL SAMPY1 SOMETIMES CALL$ 0ROYAL PALLADIA0 7,DOM5I*9I #a#i#g#g2 ,DELIVRE #a#i#g#d71 EA* ) A K9D ( PRIE/HOOD ( GU>DIANS4 ,!Y TOO W]E BR\<T \T BE=E ! PEOPLE ON RITUAL OCCASIONS1 RECEIV$ HAS9A1 W]E BA!D \T ( SI<T1 :]EON !IR KEEP]S--OR SOMETIMES ! K+ HIMSELF--W\LD EM]GE TO SPR9KLE PEOPLE ) ! WAT]4 ,SO 9 ! ,ROYAL ,BA? C]EMONY ! K+ REALLY WAS PLAY+ ! ROLE ( A MAGICAL *>M 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL WAY4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 !RE MI<T NOT SEEM TO BE MU* LEFT ( ,BLO*'S >GUM5T4 ,HAS9A DOES NOT1 9 FACT1 REF] TO 9TR9SIC SUP]IORITY4 ,IT IS SIMPLY ONE =M ( P[]4.<#a#f#d.> ,HAS9A IS NOT1 9 FACT1 9H]5T 9 ! NATURE ( ! WORLD4 ,HUMAN BE+S CREATE IT4 ,BY GIV+ UNBROK5 CO9S1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! K+DOM >E EFFECTIVELY CREAT+ ! P[] ?AT UNIFIES !M AS A K+DOM1 ?US 5GAG+ 9 A =M ( COLLECTIVE ACTION ?AT1 9 EFFECT CREATES !M 7AS SUBJECTS7 AT ! SAME TIME AS IT CREATES ! K+ 7AS K+74 ,NOT ONLY WAS ?IS IMPLICIT 9 ! LOGIC ( ! RITUAL2 AT LEA/ 9 SOME CONTEXTS1 N9ETE5? C5TURY ,M]9A SEEM TO HAVE BE5 P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( /AT+ IT EXPLICITLY3 !RE WAS1 = EXAMPLE1 A PROV]B ?AT /AT$ ?AT IT IS REALLY ! GIV+ ( CO9S ?AT MAKES A K+ A K+ 7,M]IT5S & DE ,VEYRI]ES #a#i#f#g74 

,WE >E BACK AGA9 TO SOCIAL CONTRACTS4 ,! MESSAGE SEEMS TO BE3 K+%IP EM]GES FROM POPUL> CONS5SUS4 ,?IS CONS5SUS HAS TO BE CON/ANTLY REAFFIRM$2 ! C]EMONY ( CREAT+ ! K+ HAS TO BE P]=M$ OV] & OV] AGA94 ,H]E TOO !RE'S A SUGGE/IVE P>ALLEL ) *>MS4 ,ACCORD+ TO AT LEA/ ONE MISSION>Y S\RCE1 IMPORTANT ODY--PRESUMABLY HE'S ?9K+ ( ?OSE ?AT PROTECT$ FAMILIES OR L>G] GR\PS--HAD TO BE CONSECRAT$ BY A 0PL$GE ( ALLEGIANCE0 BE=E !Y W]E ?\<T TO HAVE ANY P[]4 0,UNTIL ! CONSECRATION S]VICE HAS BE5 HELD1 & ! PL$GE ( ALLEGIANCE GIV51 ! *>M1 AL?\< F9I%$ AS REG>DS ITS CON/RUCTION & G5]AL *>ACT]I/ICS1 WAS ONLY A PIECE ( WOOD TO !M0 7,$MUNDS #a#h#i#g3#f#c74 ,SO ITS P[] TO ACT TOO DEP5D$ ON A K9D ( POPUL> CONS5SUS1 AT LEA/ AMONG ! PEOPLE IT PROTECT$4 ,& AS ,I ALREADY M5TION$1 ?IS CONS5SUS ALSO HAD TO BE MA9TA9$ BY CON/ANTLY 0GIV+ HAS9A10 :I* 9 ! CASE ( A *>M MI<T MEAN ANY?+ FROM RUBB+ IT ) HONEY & CA/] OIL TO SACRIFIC+ A %EEP OR C[ OR SIMPLY OBS]V+ C]TA9 TABOOS4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 !RE ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE SOME SORT ( NOTION ( AGREEM5T & ALWAYS TOO A S5SE ?AT ?IS AGREEM5T WAS E/ABLI%$ PRIM>ILY ?R\< ! P[] ( WORDS-- TWO FACTS BR\<T TOGE!R BY ! FACT ?AT P]SUASIVE WORDS !MSELVES C\LD !MSELVES BE REF]R$ TO AS MAS9A4 

,! ,MALAGASY T]M ONE W\LD USE 9 DISCUSS+ SU* ISSUES IS FANEK5A1 :I* CAN ACTUALLY MEAN EI!R 0AN AGREEM5T10 AS 9 A CONTRACT OR UND]/&+ REA*$ BETWE5 TWO OR MORE P>TIES1 OR A MORE DIFFUSE /ATE ( COMMUNAL CONS5SUS2 BUT 9 EI!R CASE ! IMPLICATION IS ( CREAT+ OR MA9TA9+ MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITIES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ?AT W\LD NORMALLY OBTA9 BETWE5 K91 AMONG PEOPLE :O >E NOT4 ,USUALLY1 AT LEA/ IMPLICITLY1 CREAT+ SU* AN AGREEM5T ALSO 9VOLVES CREAT+ SOME 9VISIBLE =CE ( VIOL5CE ?AT HAS ! P[] TO 5=CE IT 7MU* AS ANCE/ORS PUNI% !IR DESC5DANTS :O DO NOT RESPECT !IR MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS74 ,! K+ WAS SE5 9 !SE T]MS AS WELL3 MU* ( HIS P[] WAS A P[] TO METE \T SPECTACUL> PUNI%M5T4 ,NEI!R WAS ! CONNECTION BETWE5 GIV+ HAS9A TO ! K+1 & ORD9>Y CONTRACTS1 M]ELY AN EFFECT ( LANGUAGE4 ,IT WAS QUITE EXPLICIT4 ,9 FACT1 DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 EV]Y TIME ANYONE 9 ! ,M]9A K+DOM AGRE$ TO A CONTRACT ( ANY K9D1 :E!R IT WAS A LOCAL COMMUNITY AGREE+ TO IRRIGATION RULES OR TWO PEOPLE SETTL+ AN 9H]ITANCE DISPUTE1 ! WAY ( MAK+ IT (FICIAL WAS ALWAYS BY PRES5T+ HAS9A TO ! SOV]EIGN4.<#a#f#e.> ,IF ONE EXAM9ES N9ETE5? C5TURY >*IVAL RECORDS1 IT QUICKLY BECOMES CLE> ?AT ?IS WAS BY F> ! MO/ COMMON WAY 9 :I* ! MON>*'S P[] REALLY 5T]$ 9TO PEOPLE'S EV]YDAY AFFAIRS3 9 EFFECT1 BY GE/URES MEANT TO CON/ANTLY RE-CREATE ! K+'S P[] TO 5=CE AGREEM5T1 9 BO? S5SES ( ! T]M4 

SECOND ?\<TS 

  

,SO AS ,I SAY1 AT ?IS PO9T IT MI<T SEEM ?AT ,BLO* WAS SIMPLY WRONG & ?AT'S ALL !RE IS TO SAY AB\T IT4 ,C]TA9LY ?AT WAS MY 9ITIAL CONCLUSION4 ,!N ,I W5T BACK & EXAM9$ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY S\RCES ,BLO* WAS US+ AS HIS MA9 S\RCE MAT]IAL 7E4G41 ,CALLET #a#i#h1 ,C\S9S #a#i#f#h7 & DISCOV]$ ?AT !RE >E 9 FACT /ATEM5TS :I* DO REPRES5T HAS9A AS A QUASI-NATURAL =CE1 TI$ TO F]TILITY1 PASS$ D[N FROM ROYAL ANCE/ORS1 HELD BY C]TA9 GR\PS MORE ?AN O!RS1 & DO+ PRETTY MU* EV]Y?+ ELSE HE CLAIMS AB\T IT4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( /ATEM5TS MADE 9 (FICIAL HI/ORIES &1 ABOVE ALL1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! ROYAL RITUALS !MSELVES4 

,?IS IS :]E ?+S BECAME REALLY PUZZL+4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT ROYAL RITUALS W]E SAY+ TWO COMPLETELY CONTRADICTORY ?+S4 ,ON AN EXPLICIT LEVEL1 !Y DECL>$ ?AT ROYAL P[] IS GIV5 9 ! NATURE ( ! UNIV]SE2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! :OLE LOGIC ( ! RITUAL SEEMS TO SAY K+S ONLY HAVE P[] ONLY BECAUSE PEOPLE WANT !M TO4 

,H[ TO ?9K AB\T ?IS8 ,IF ! PURPOSE ( ROYAL RITUAL IS TO NATURALIZE P[] RELATIONS1 :Y UND]CUT ! MESSAGE8 ,EV5 /RANG]3 :Y DOES UND]CUTT+ IT NOT SEEM TO MAKE ANY DIFF]5CE8 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF WE WANT TO ?9K ( ! HIDD5 MESSAGE AS SOME SORT ( SUBTLE 9T]NAL CRITIQUE ( ! MON>*Y--AS SOME W\LD NO D\BT DO--IT WAS A REM>KABLY 9EFFECTIVE ONE1 S9CE !SE RITUALS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 CON/ITUT+ ! V]Y OBJECT !Y W\LD PRESUMABLY BE CRITIQU+4 ,ALT]NATELY1 IF ! IDEA ?AT K+S >E EMBODIM5TS ( POPUL> WILL DOES NOT REALLY UND]CUT !IR AU?ORITY1 :Y NOT JU/ /ATE ?AT \TRI<T8 ,BECAUSE IT WAS NEV] QUITE /AT$ \TRI<T 9 ! C]EMONY4 ,NOR W\LD ONE NE$ A PROV]B SAY+1 0,REALLY IT'S ! CO9 ?AT MAKES ! K+ A K+0 IF ?IS W]E 5TIRELY SELF-EVID5T4 ,9/EAD1 WE HAVE A RITUAL ?AT SEEMS TO ASS]T ONE ?+ & !N IMM$IATELY TAKE IT BACK2 AS IF ONE FIR/ DECL>$ ?AT K+S W]E DIV9E CREATURES ?AT HAD DESC5D$ FROM ! SKY1 & !N ADD$1 0BUT1 ( C\RSE1 NOT REALLY--ACTUALLY :AT MAKES !M K+S IS ! FACT ?AT !Y CAN GET US TO GO ALONG ) SU* NONS5SE40 7,I *OSE ?IS EXAMPLE BECAUSE !RE'S ANO!R ,MALAGASY PROV]B ?AT SAYS1 0,K+S DIDN'T REALLY DESC5D FROM ! SKY4074 

,IF SOMEONE W]E DESIGN+ SU* A RITUAL \T ( :OLE CLO?1 ALL ?IS W\LD BE UTT]LY BIZ>RE4 ,BUT ( C\RSE1 NO ONE DID4 ,M]9A ROYAL C]EMONIAL WAS1 AS ,BLO* HIMSELF EMPHASIZES1 L>GELY A PAT*WORK ( ELEM5TS BORR[$ FROM ELSE:]E2 IT WAS /IT*$ TOGE!R \T ( BITS ( RITUAL PRACTICE ?AT ALREADY 5COD$ !IR [N CONCEPTIONS ( P[]4 ,?IS ALSO ACC\NTS = MU* ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,BLO*'S ANALYSIS & MY [N4 ,BLO*1 9 HIS E?NOGRAPHIC WORK1 HAS FOCUS$ OV]:ELM+LY ON RITUALS TI$ TO K9%IP & DESC5T3 CIRCUMCISION C]EMONIES1 SPEE*ES PAY+ RESPECT TO ANCE/ORS1 OBS]VANCES SURR\ND+ TOMBS4 ,9 FACT1 !SE >E ! ONLY RITUALS NOT REF]R$ TO AS MANAS9A4 ,HE IS SPECIFICALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! WAY SU* RITUALS PRODUCE A C]TA9 IMAGE ( TIMELESS1 IMMUTABLE AU?ORITY2 9 FACT1 HE DEF9ES K9%IP ITSELF AS 0A WAY ( VIEW+ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE 9 T]MS ( ! L9KS E/ABLI%$ BY SEX & P>5?OOD SO ?AT ! SOCIAL TIES :I* >E REPRES5T$ 9 ?IS WAY APPE> AS NATURAL1 9EVITABLE1 & UN*ANGEABLE TO ?OSE :O OP]ATE !M40 7#a#i#h#fA3#a#b#a74 ,MANY W\LD NO D\BT ADD ?AT K9%IP IS AB\T O!R ?+S AS WELL1 BUT IT IS TRUE ?AT IF ONE LOOKS = ANALOGIES 9 ROYAL RITUAL1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :]E ONE F9DS HAS9A BE+ REPRES5T$ AS IMMUTABLE1 NATURAL1 & SO ON4 ,I ON ! O!R H& WAS LOOK+ AT :AT MI<T BROADLY BE DESCRIB$ AS 0MAGICAL PRACTICE10 :I* IS ALL AB\T HUMANS CREAT+ HAS9A & SEEMS 9 SOME WAYS EXPLICITLY OPPOS$ TO K9%IP4 ,SO IT'S H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT :5 ROYAL RITUAL DRAWS ON ?IS TRADITION1 IT SEEMS TO BE SAY+ SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,ONE MI<T ( C\RSE OBJECT ?AT ?IS DOESN'T REALLY RESOLVE ANY?+1 BECAUSE ! REAL QUE/ION IS :Y ROYAL RITUAL %\LD HAVE DRAWN ON TWO SO CONTRADICTORY TRADITIONS TO BEG9 )4 ,?IS IS TRUE 5\<4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 !SE TWO TYPES ( RITUAL PRACTICE IS A USEFUL PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 

,:5 ,I WAS FIR/ WORK+ \T MY [N ANALYSIS1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT REALLY PUZZL$ ME WAS ! FACT ?AT ,BLO* HAS ALMO/ NO?+ TO SAY 9 ANY ( HIS WORK AB\T *>MS & M$IC9E--:AT W\LD LOOSELY BE CALL$ 0MAGIC40 ,P]HAPS ?IS IS NOT TOO %OCK+1 S9CE NO O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O'S WORK$ 9 ,MADAGASC> HAS HAD V]Y MU* TO SAY AB\T ! SUBJECT EI!R 7! LIT]ATURE ON ,MALAGASY MAGIC IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY ! WORK ( MISSION>IES & COLONIAL (FICIALS74 ,BUT 9 ,BLO*'S CASE1 ?IS IS JU/ AB\T ! ONLY ASPECT ( ,M]9A RITUAL HE DOESN'T TALK AB\T4 ,I F9ALLY CAME TO ! CONCLUSION IT WAS BECAUSE ,BLO* IS WRIT+ V]Y MU* 9 ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 ,M>XI/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE ALWAYS F\ND IT SOME:AT DIFFICULT TO FIGURE \T :AT TO DO ) MAGIC4 ,NOT RELIGION3 ,M>XI/ !ORY1 />T+ ) ,M>X'S [N WORK1 HAVE ALWAYS HAD A GREAT DEAL TO SAY AB\T RELIGION4 

,IT /RIKES ME ?IS IS AN 9T]E/+ PH5OM5A 9 ITSELF4 ,:Y IS ?IS8 ,& :AT MI<T A ,M>XI/ !ORY ( MAGIC BE LIKE8 

MAGIC & ,M>XISM 

  

,MU* ( ,M>X'S E>LY WORK--NOTABLY HIS RESPONSES TO O!R ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS LIKE ,FEU]BA* & ,/IRN]--WAS CONC]N$ ) ! ANALYSIS ( RELIGION4 ,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY ?AT HIS WORK ON IDEOLOGY WAS L>GELY A MATT] ( APPLY+ CONCEPTS DEVELOP$ = ! CRITIQUE ( RELIGION TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,FETI%ISM ITSELF IS ONLY ONE ( ! MORE FAM\S ( SU* CONCEPTS4 

,! LOGIC BEH9D ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( RELIGION WAS FUNDAM5TAL TO HIS WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION 9 G5]AL4 ,TO REPEAT A FAMILI> >GUM5T3 HUMAN BE+S >E CREATORS4 ,! SOCIAL 7EV51 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! NATURAL7 WORLD WE LIVE 9 IS SOME?+ WE HAVE MADE & >E CONT9UALLY REMAK+4 ,\R PROBLEM IS ?AT WE NEV] SEEM TO SEE IT FULLY ?AT WAY & !RE=E CAN NEV] TAKE CONTROL OV] ! PROCESS2 EV]Y:]E1 9/EAD1 PEOPLE SEE !IR [N CREATIONS AS CONTROLL+ !M4 ,RELIGION ?US BECOMES ! PROTOTYPE = ALL =MS ( ALI5ATION1 S9CE IT 9VOLVES PROJECT+ \R CREATIVE CAPACITIES \TW>D ONTO CREATURES ( PURE IMAG9ATION & !N FALL+ D[N BE=E !M ASK+ !M = FAVORS4 ,& SO ON4 

,ALL ?IS MU/ BY N[ BE PA9FULLY FAMILI>2 BUT IT MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& :Y MAGIC IS SU* A PROBLEM4 ,CONSID] SOME ( ! WAYS E>LY AN?ROPOLOGY 7,TYLOR1 ,FRAZ]1 ETC47 DEF9$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MAGIC & RELIGION4 ,TYLOR DEF9$ RELIGION AS A MATT] ( BELIEF 70! BELIEF 9 SUP]NATURAL BE+S071 BUT MAGIC AS A SET ( TE*NIQUES4 ,IT WAS A MATT] ( DO+ SOME?+ MEANT TO HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS ON ! WORLD1 :I* DID NOT NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE APPEALS TO SOME 9T]M$I>Y P[]4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 MAGIC NE$ NOT 9VOLVE ANY FETI%IZ$ PROJECTIONS AT ALL4 ,FRAZ] IS EV5 MORE EXPLICIT ON ?IS ACC\NT1 9SI/+ ?AT MAGIC A*IEVES EFFECTS 0AUTOMATICALLY02 EV5 IF A MAGICIAN DOES1 SAY1 9VOKE A GOD OR DEMON1 %E NORMALLY IMPRISONS HIM 9 A P5TAGRAM & ORD]S HIM >\ND RA!R ?AN BEGG+ HIM = FAVORS4 ,MAGIC1 !N1 IS AB\T REALIZ+ ONE'S 9T5TIONS 7:ATEV] ?OSE MAY BE7 BY ACT+ ON ! WORLD4 ,IT IS NOT A MATT] ( PEOPLE'S 9T5TIONS & CREATIVE CAPACITIES BE+ PROJECT$ \T 9TO IT & APPE>+ TO ?OSE PEOPLE 9 /RANGE1 ALI5AT$ =MS4 ,IF ANY?+1 IT'S JU/ ! OPPOSITE4 ,TO PHRASE ! MATT] 9 APPROPRIATELY N9ETE5? C5TURY T]MS3 IF RELIGION IS ! WAY PEOPLE PROJECT 7IMAG9>Y7 HUMAN P]SONALITIES & PURPOSES ONTO 7REAL7 NATURAL =CES1 !N MAGIC W\LD HAVE TO BE A MATT] ( TAK+ REAL HUMAN P]SONALITIES & PURPOSES & >M+ !M ) IMAG9>Y NATURAL P[]S4 

,?IS IS SIMPLY NOT FETI%I/IC 9 ! CLASSIC S5SE4 ,IT IS AB\T HUMANS ACTIVELY %AP+ ! WORLD1 CONSCI\S ( :AT !Y >E DO+ AS !Y DO SO4 ,! USUAL ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE W\LD NOT APPLY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MAGICIANS ALSO T5D TO MAKE ALL SORTS ( CLAIMS ?AT SEEM PRETTY OBVI\SLY UNTRUE & AT LEA/ 9 SOME CONTEXTS DO ACT TO RE9=CE EXPLOITATIVE SY/EMS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,SO IT'S NOT AS IF ,M>XI/S C\LD ACTUALLY 5DORSE ?IS SORT ( ?+1 EI!R4 ,H5CE P]HAPS ! T5D5CY TO AVOID ! SUBJECT ALTOGE!R4.<#a#f#f.> 

,BUT ! ,MALAGASY EXAMPLE--& ,I AM SURE !RE >E O!RS LIKE IT-- SUGGE/S ?IS IS ! V]Y REASON MAGIC IS IMPORTANT4 ,BECAUSE IT IS PRECISELY ?IS UNFETI%IZ$ QUALITY1 ! FACT ?AT MAGIC LOCATES ! S\RCE ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY 9 HUMAN ACTION RA!R ?AN \TSIDE IT1 ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO YIELD SU* AN APP>5TLY REALI/IC UND]/&+ ( K+%IP--9 FACT1 ONE REM>KABLY CLOSE TO :AT A SOCIAL SCI5TI/ MI<T HAVE4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS DOESN'T EXPLA9 ! APP>5T DUAL MESSAGE4 ,H]E ,I ?9K IT MI<T BE USEFUL TO LOOK AT MORE REC5T AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORIES ( MAGIC4 

MAGIC & AN?ROPOLOGY 

  

,MO/ TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE NOT SE5 !MSELVES AS 5GAG+ 9 AN ESS5TIALLY CRITICAL PROJECT2 UNTIL A FEW DECADES AGO1 ALMO/ NONE DID4 ,S9CE ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY1 MA9/REAM AN?ROPOLOGY HAS T5D$ TO BE P]SI/5TLY RELATIVI/IC4 ,SO :]E ,M>XI/S T5D TO F9D MAGIC PROBLEMATIC BECAUSE ( :AT IT DOESN'T MISREPRES5T1 MO/ O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/S F9D IT DIFFICULT BECAUSE ( :AT IT APP>5TLY DOES4 ,MAGIC HAS PROV$ NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT TO RELATIVIZE4 ,= EVOLUTIONI/S MAGIC HAD SIMPLY BE5 A COLLECTION ( MI/AKES4 ,= ,$W>D ,TYLOR OR ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZ]1 ?AT WAS ESS5TIALLY :AT MAGIC WAS3 ! CATEGORY 0MAGIC0 9CLUD$ ALL ?OSE TE*NIQUES ?AT ! OBS]V] ?\<T C\LDN'T POSSIBLY WORK4 ,! OBVI\S TASK = ! RELATIVI/1 !N1 IS TO DEMON/RATE SOME S5SE 9 :I* MAGICAL /ATEM5TS >E TRUE4 ,BUT ?IS HAS PROV$ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT2 = ONE ?+1 IT HAS L$ ANALY/S TO D[NPLAY 5DLESSLY :AT W\LD PROBABLY O!RWISE SEEM TO BE ONE ( MAGIC'S KEY DEF9+ FEATURES3 ! WAY IT'S ALMO/ ALWAYS SURR\ND$ BY AN AIR ( TRICK]Y1 %[MAN%IP1 & SKEPTICISM4 

,! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON 0MAGIC0 IS NOT ITSELF V]Y L>GE4 ,IT MA9LY CONSI/S ( TWO SUB/ANTIAL MONOGRAPHS1 BY ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D 7#a#i#c#g7 & BY ,MAL9[SKI 7#a#i#c#e71 BO? WRITT5 :5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S /ILL FELT OLD EVOLUTIONI/ ISSUES W]E AT LEA/ WOR? 5GAG+ )2 !RE HAVE BE5 V]Y FEW S9CE4 ,MU* ( ! DEBATE ON ! SUBJECT--= 9/ANCE1 A L>GE P>T ( ! SO-CALL$ 0RATIONALITY DEBATE0 ?AT CAME \T ( ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ,WIT*CRAFT1 ,ORACLES & ,MAGIC AMONG ! ,AZ&E--WAS CONDUCT$ BY PHILOSOPH]S & O!R NON-AN?ROPOLOGI/S4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS !RE WAS A SPURT ( ESSAYS 9SPIR$ BY NEW L+UI/IC MODELS1 ( :I* ! MO/ IMPORTANT WAS ! WORK ( ,/ANLEY ,TAMBIAH 7#a#i#f#h1 #a#i#g#c71 ESPECIALLY HIS SUGGE/$ ANALOGY BETWE5 MAGICAL SPELLS & P]=MATIVE SPEE* ACTS1 :I* >E /ATEM5TS 7I4E41 0,I APOLOGIZE07 ?AT ACCOMPLI% SOME?+ JU/ BY BE+ UTT]$4 ,JU/ AB\T EV]Y AN?ROPOLOGICAL WORK ON MAGIC S9CE HAS BE51 9 ONE S5SE OR ANO!R1 AN ELABORATION ON ,TAMBIAH4 ,NOT ?AT !RE >E V]Y MANY ( !M4 ,9 FACT1 MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LONG S9CE AB&ON$ ! T]M 0MAGIC0 5TIRELY1 PREF]R+ TO ORGANIZE DATA ?AT MI<T HAVE ONCE BE5 LABEL$ MAGIC UND] RUBRICS LIKE WIT*CRAFT & SORC]Y1 %AMANISM1 CUR+1 COSMOLOGY & SO ON1 EA* ( :I* IMPLIES DIFF]5T QUE/IONS & DIFF]5T PROBLEMATICS4 ,N[1 LET ME SAY RI<T AWAY ?AT ,I ?9K !RE IS GOOD REASON = ?IS4 ,AS A TOOL ( E?NOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION1 ! T]M 0MAGIC0 IS1 L>GELY1 USELESS4 ,I DIDN'T USE IT EI!R 9 MY [N ,MALAGASY E?NOGRAPHY 7#a#i#i#e1 #a#i#i#fB1 #a#i#i#gB74 ,I MO/LY US$ ! T]M 0M$IC9E10 S9CE ?AT WAS ! SIMPLE/ ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ! WORD A ,MALAGASY SPEAK] W\LD BE MO/ LIKELY TO USE :5 REF]R+ TO SU* ?+S4 ,/ILL1 ! !ORETICAL DEBATE AB\T MAGIC IS ITSELF ILLUM9AT+4 

,= A RELATIVI/1 !N1 ! PROBLEM IS H[ TO %[ ?AT MAGICAL /ATEM5TS >E NOT SIMPLY FALSE4 ,N[1 9S(> AS MAGICIANS CLAIM !IR MAGIC HAS SOCIAL EFFECTS1 ONE CAN C]TA9LY SAY !Y >E 9 SOME S5SE RI<T4 ,G5]ALLY1 IT DOES4 ,9S(> AS !IR CLAIMS SEEM TO GO BEYOND ?AT1 ONE RUNS 9TO SOME REAL PROBLEMS4 ,TO TAKE AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE1 IF SOMEONE TELLS Y\ HE HAS ! P[] TO DIRECT LI<TN+ ON ! HEADS ( HIS 5EMIES1 IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT = ! \TSIDE OBS]V] TO AVOID ! CONCLUSION ?AT HE IS NOT 9 FACT ABLE TO DO ?IS4 ,! /ATEM5T IS WRONG4 ,!RE=E ! SPEAK] IS EI!R MI/AK51 OR HE IS LY+4 7,MO/ EVOLUTIONI/S1 9CLUD+ MISSION>IES1 FAVOR$ A HEADY MIX ( BO? !SE POSSIBILITIES47 ,! ONLY WAY TO AVOID ! HORNS ( ?IS DILEMMA COMPLETELY W\LD BE *ALL5GE ! V]Y NOTION ( 0TRU?03 MAGICAL /ATEM5TS1 ONE C\LD >GUE1 >E NOT MEANT TO BE 0TRUE10 AT LEA/ NOT 9 ! SCI5TIFIC1 EMPIRICALLY V]IFIABLE S5SE ! WORD HAS TO A ,WE/]N AUDI5CE4 ,!Y >E POETIC OR RHETORICAL1 EXPRESSIVE RA!R ?AN 9/RUM5TAL1 ILLOCUTION>Y1 P]=MATIVE1 ETC4 ,PROBABLY ! MA9 REASON = ,TAMBIAH'S FAME IS ?AT AT LEA/ 9 HIS E>LI] ESSAYS 7#a#i#f#h4 #a#i#g#c71 HE TAKES ! MO/ EXTREME POSITION 9 ?IS REG>D4 

,TAMBIAH'S MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE IS A ,TROBRI& G>D5+ SPELL CALL$ VILAMALIA1 RECORD$ BY ,MAL9[SKI 7#a#i#c#e71 :I* O/5SIBLY PURPORTS TO AN*OR YAM /OREH\SES BY MAK+ !M FAT1 BULG+ & WEI<TY1 & MAK+ BO? ! /OREH\SES & ! YAMS 9SIDE !M HEAVY & DURABLE4 ,TAMBIAH NOTES ?AT :5 ,MAL9[SKI ASK$ MAGICIANS AB\T H[ ! SPELL WORK$1 MO/ W]E C>EFUL TO EXPLA9 ?AT IT DOESN'T REALLY OP]ATE DIRECTLY ON ! YAMS OR /OREH\SES4 ,REALLY1 !Y SAID1 ! SPELL AFFECT$ HUMAN BELLIES--BELLIES BE+ CONSID]$ ! SEAT ( ! 9TELLECT AS WELL AS ! SEAT ( MAGICAL P[]4 ,IT DOES SO ESPECIALLY BY CONV9C+ PEOPLE TO KEEP !IR HUNG] UND] CONTROL SO !Y WON'T FILL !IR BELLIES ) YAMS SO ! /OREH\SES WILL BE FULL 9/EAD4 ,! CONCLUSION ( C\RSE IS ?AT MAGIC IS A PUBLIC P]=MANCE MEANT TO SWAY PEOPLE OR1 AS HE PUTS IT TO 0RE/RUCTURE & RE9TEGRATE ! M9DS & EMOTIONS ( ! ACTORS0 7#a#i#h#e3#a#a#h71 NOT A MI/AK5 TE*NIQUE = SWAY+ ?+S4 

,! PROBLEM1 ?\<1 IS ?AT ?IS IS A FAIRLY UNUSUAL SPELL4 ,TROBRI&]S ALSO MADE USE ( SPELLS MEANT TO CONTROL ! W9D OR MAKE CANOES SAIL QUICKLY1 & !RE SEEMS LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT !IR EFFECTS W]E SE5 AS PURELY RHETORICAL4 ,BUT NOTE ! ANALOGY TO ,M]9A ROYAL RITUAL4 ,H]E1 TOO1 WE HAVE /ATEM5TS ( APP>5TLY EXTRAORD9>Y1 NATURALIZ$ P[]S 9 ! RITUAL ITSELF 7?AT K+S' P[] IS ROOT$ 9 NATURE1 ?AT MAGICIANS' WORDS CAN AFFECT ! PHYSICAL WORLD71 :I* !N SEEM TO BE ALMO/ IMM$IATELY UND]CUT BY /ATEM5TS1 IMPLICIT 9 ! RITUAL & /AT$ MORE EXPLICITLY JU/ (F/AGE1 ?AT REALLY ?IS IS NOT SO1 ?AT 9 REALITY ALL ?IS IS JU/ A MATT] ( SWAY+ PEOPLE'S 9T5TIONS4 

,IT'S ALSO SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,TROBRI& MAGIC IS ITSELF L>GELY A MATT] ( PUBLIC P]=MANCE4 ,CLAIMS ?AT MAGIC IS NEV] REALLY ?\<T TO AFFECT ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 BUT ONLY O!R PEOPLE >E MU* H>D] TO TAKE S]I\SLY :5 DEAL+ )1 SAY1 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ,Z&E MAT]IAL OR = ?AT MATT]1 C]EMONIAL MAGIC PRACTIC$ 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD 7,F>AONE & ,OBB9K #a#i#i#a1 ,GRAF #a#i#i#g71 :]E MO/ RITUAL P]=MANCE TOOK PLACE 9 SECRET4.<#a#f#g.> ,?IS DOES DEP5D SOME:AT ON H[ =MALLY ONE WANTS TO DEF9E 0P]=MANCE40 ,LET ME GO BACK TO ! EXAMPLE ( CA/+ LI<TN+4 ,ONCE1 :ILE LIV+ 9 ! SMALL T[N ( ,>IVONIMAMO1 ,I WAS VISIT+ ! AP>TM5T ( A C]TA9 M$IUMI/IC CUR] NAM$ ,]NE1 & FLIPP+ ?R\< A NOTEBOOK FULL ( RECIPES = ODY ?AT HE HAD LEFT SOME:AT O/5TATI\SLY ON ! TABLE4 ,]NE NOTIC$ ?IS & IMM$IATELY PO9T$ \T A PAGE ?AT1 HE SAID1 CONTA9$ 9/RUCTIONS = H[ TO MAKE A LI<TN+ *>M4 0,BE> 9 M9D1 ,I W\LD NEV] USE SU* A ?+ MYSELF10 HE SAID 0,!Y'RE 9TR9SICALLY IMMORAL4 ,OR1 WELL1 ACTUALLY1 ONCE ,I DID4 ,YE>S AGO4 ,BUT ?AT WAS TO TAKE REV5GE ON ! MAN :O KILL$ MY FA!R4 ,:I* ,I KN[ ,I %\LDN'T HAVE1 BUT 4440 ,HE PAUS$1 GAVE A SLI<TLY DI/RESS$ %RUG4 0,WELL1 IT WAS MY FA!R60 

,H[ TO ANALYZE ?IS EV5T8 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY A P]=MANCE ( A SORT4 ,BUT IT WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ORD9>Y CONV]SATIONAL SPEE* ?AT WAS 9DE$ MEANT TO BE JUDG$ BY TRUE_/FALSE CRIT]IA4 ,Y\ CAN'T SAY IT IS 09APPROPRIATE0 TO ASK :E!R ,]NE HAD REALLY BLA/$ SOMEONE ) LI<TN+ OR NOT4 ,SO ONE IS 9DE$ /UCK ) ! *OICE BETWE5 MI/AK5 & LY+4 ,BUT ! MA9 PO9T ,I WANT TO MAKE IS ?AT JU/ AB\T EV]Y ,MALAGASY P]SON ,I M5TION$ ! 9CID5T TO HAD NO HESITATION AB\T !IR CONCLUSION4 ,OBVI\SLY HE WAS LY+4 7,IF Y\ REALLY DO HAVE SU* AWESOME P[]S Y\ DON'T GO BRAGG+ TO /RANG]S47 ,( C\RSE1 MO/ PROBABLY FELT !RE WAS ! SMALL POSSIBILITY ?AT HE MI<T REALLY KN[ H[ TO CA/ LI<TN+1 JU/ 5\< TO MAKE ONE ?9K TWICE BE=E DO+ ANY?+ ?AT W\LD REALLY ANNOY HIM1 & ?AT WAS PRETTY OBVI\SLY ! REAL 0SOCIAL EFFECT0 HIS P]=MANCE WAS MEANT TO HAVE2 BUT ?IS ALMO/ MEANS ?AT ! DEGREE TO :I* PEOPLE ?\<T HIS SPEE* WAS MEANT ONLY TO HAVE SOCIAL EFFECTS WAS ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y DIDN'T BELIEVE HIM4 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S USUALLY ACKN[L$GE ?IS SORT ( SKEPTICISM--! AURA ( AT LEA/ POT5TIAL DISBELIEF ?AT ALWAYS SEEMS TO SURR\ND ! SORT ( PH5OM5A ?AT GETS LABEL$ 0MAGIC0--BUT ALMO/ ALWAYS1 ONLY TO IMM$IATELY DISMISS IT AS UNIMPORTANT4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 = 9/ANCE1 NOT$ ?AT MO/ ( ,Z&E HE KNEW 9SI/$ ?AT ! MAJORITY ( WIT*DOCTORS W]E FRAUDS & ?AT !RE W]E ONLY A H&FUL ( 0RELIABLE PRACTITION]S40 0,H5CE 9 ! CASE ( ANY P>TICUL> WIT*DOCTOR !Y >E NEV] QUITE C]TA9 :E!R RELIANCE CAN BE PLAC$ ON HIS /ATEM5TS OR NOT0 7#a#i#c#g3#b#g#f74 ,SIMIL> ?+S HAVE BE5 REPORT$ AB\T CUR]S ALMO/ EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT ! CONCLUSION IS ALWAYS ! SAME3 S9CE EV]YONE1 OR MO/ EV]YONE1 AGREES !RE >E SOME LEGITIMATE PRACTITION]S1 ! SKEPTICISM IS UNIMPORTANT4 ,SIMIL>LY ) ! TRICKS1 ILLUSIONS1 & SLEI<TS ( H& US$ BY MAGICAL P]=M]S LIKE %AMANS OR M$IUMS 7PRET5D+ TO SUCK OBJECTS \T ( PEOPLE'S BODIES1 ?R[+ VOICES1 EAT+ GLASS74 ,! CLASSIC TEXT H]E BE+ ( C\RSE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' 0,! ,SORC]] & HIS ,MAGIC0 7#a#i#f#g71 AB\T A Y\NG ,KWAKIUTL MAN :O LE>N$ %AMANIC TE*NIQUES 9 ORD] TO EXPOSE !IR PRACTITION]S AS FRAUDS1 BUT :O 5D$ UP BECOM+ A SUCCESSFUL CUR] ANYWAY4 ,! PO9T IS ALWAYS ?AT :ILE CUR]S 7= 9/ANCE7 CAN H>DLY HELP BUT KN[ ?AT MU* ( :AT !Y >E DO+ IS /AGE ILLUSION1 !Y ALSO ?9K ?AT S9CE IT DOES CURE PEOPLE1 ON SOME LEVEL IT MU/ BE TRUE4 ,SO AGA91 ! TRICKS >E ( NO SIGNIFICANCE4 ,N[ !RE >E GOOD HI/ORICAL REASONS :Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE T5D$ TO TAKE ?IS ATTITUDE--! EXI/5CE ( MISSION>IES BE+ ONLY ! MO/ OBVI\S--BUT :AT IF WE W]E TO TURN ?+S >\ND & CONSID] ?IS SKEPTICISM AS 9T]E/+ 9 ITSELF8 ,TAKE ATTITUDES T[>D CUR]S4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D SAYS ?AT AT ,Z&E SEANCES1 NO ONE 9 ! AUDI5CE 0WAS QUITE C]TA90 :E!R OR NOT ! CUR] !Y W]E WAT*+ WAS A *>LATAN2 ,I F\ND ?IS TO BE EQUALLY TRUE 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,PEOPLE T5D$ TO *ANGE !IR M9DS AB\T P>TICUL> CUR]S ALL ! TIME4 ,BUT CONSID] :AT ?IS MEANS4 ,CUR]S1 G5U9E OR NOT1 >E CLE>LY P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL PEOPLE4 ,IT MEANS ANYONE WAT*+ A P]=MANCE WAS AW>E ?AT ! P]SON 9 FRONT ( !M MI<T BE ONE :OSE P[] WAS BAS$ ONLY ON !IR ABILITY TO CONV9CE O!RS ?AT !Y HAD IT4 ,& ?AT1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 OP5S ! WAY = SOME POSSIBLY PR(\ND 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE ( SOCIAL P[]4 

,( C\RSE ?IS DOESN'T MEAN SU* POSSIBILITIES W]E NECESS>ILY REALIZ$ 9 ANY WAY4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ONE CAN MAKE A V]Y GOOD CASE ?AT 9 MANY TIMES & PLACES1 !Y >E4 ,TRICK/] /ORIES1 = EXAMPLE1 (T5 SEEM TO BE FAIRLY EXPLICIT M$ITATIONS ON ! RELATION BETWE5 FRAUD1 TRICK]Y1 & SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,9 ,MADAGASC>1 ?IS G5RE T5DS TO FOCUS EI!R ON W&]+ CON M5 7:O (T5 POSE AS MAGICIANS7 OR POLITICAL FIGURES LIKE USURP+ K+S4 ,OR ON A MU* MORE MUNDANE LEVEL3 MO/ PEOPLE ,I KNEW 9 ,MADAGASC> CONSID]$ IT A MATT] ( COMMON S5SE ?AT IF A P]SON REALLY DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 M$IC9E1 IT W\LDN'T WORK ON !M4 ,V]Y E>LY ON1 = 9/ANCE1 ,I HE>D A /ORY AB\T AN ,ITALIAN PRIE/ S5T !RE TO TAKE UP A P>I% :O1 ON HIS FIR/ DAY 9 ! C\NTRY1 WAS 9VIT$ TO D9N] BY A WEAL?Y ,MALAGASY FAMILY4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! MEAL1 EV]YONE SUDD5LY PASS$ \T4 ,A FEW M9UTES LAT] TWO BURGL>S /ROLL$ 9 ?R\< ! FRONT DOOR1 & !N1 REALIZ+ SOMEONE WAS /ILL AWAKE1 RAN \T AGA9 9 FE>4 ,IT TURN$ \T !Y HAD PLANT$ AN ODY 9 ! H\SE TIM$ TO MAKE EV]YONE 9 IT FALL ASLEEP AT SIX ,P4,M4 BUT S9CE ! PRIE/ WAS A =EIGN] :O DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 ?AT K9D ( NONS5SE1 IT HAD NO EFFECT ON HIM4 

,?AT MU* WAS COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,SEV]AL PEOPLE W5T EV5 FUR!R & 9SI/$ ?AT EV5 IF SOMEONE WAS US+ M$IC9E TO ATTACK Y\1 IT W\LDN'T WORK UNLESS Y\ KNEW !Y W]E DO+ IT4 

,N[1 ! FIR/ TIME ,I HE>D ?IS IT WAS FROM FAIRLY WELL-$UCAT$ PEOPLE & ,I /RONGLY SUSPECT$ !Y W]E JU/ TELL+ ME :AT !Y ?\<T ,I WANT$ TO HE>4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT ALMO/ PRECISELY DESCRIBES ! ATTITUDE ( MO/ PEOPLE 9 ,AM]ICA3 ?AT IF MAGIC DOES WORK1 IT IS PURELY BY P[] ( SUGGE/ION4 ,BUT AS TIME W5T ON1 ,I MET A NUMB] ( A/ROLOG]S & CUR]S1 PEOPLE :O HAD NEXT TO NO =MAL S*OOL+ & CLE>LY W\LD HAVE HAD NO IDEA :AT ,AM]ICANS W]E SUPPOS$ TO ?9K 7ONE ( !M WAS ACTUALLY CONV9C$ ,I WAS ,AFRICAN71 :O TOLD ME EXACTLY ! SAME ?+4 ,& JU/ AB\T ANYBODY W\LD AGREE ) ?IS IF Y\ ASK$ !M 9 ! AB/RACT4 ,USUALLY !Y W\LD !N IMM$IATELY BEG9 TO (F] ALL SORTS ( QUALIFICATIONS--YES1 IT WAS TRUE1 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS SOME?+ !Y'D PUT 9 Y\R FOOD4 ,OR UNLESS IT WAS ONE ( ?OSE REALLY P[]FUL LOVE *>MS4 ,OR UNLESS444 

,! BIZ>RE ?+ IS ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE WAS UTT]LY1 COMPLETELY1 CONTRADICT$ BY PRACTICE4 ,EV]YONE W\LD AGREE TO IT1 BUT NO ONE EV] ACT$ AS IF IT W]E TRUE4 ,IF Y\ GOT SICK1 Y\ W5T TO A CUR]4 ,! CUR] W\LD USUALLY TELL Y\ ?AT Y\R ILLNESS WAS CAUS$ BY SOMEONE US+ M$IC9E ( SOME K9D & !N1 REVEAL :O IT WAS & H[ !Y'D DONE IT4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF M$IC9E CAN H>M Y\ ONLY IF Y\ KN[ SOMEONE IS US+ IT ON Y\1 ! :OLE PROC$URE W\LD MAKE NO S5SE4 ,9 FACT1 ! !ORY CONTRADICTS PRACTICE ON ALMO/ EV]Y LEVEL4 ,BUT IF NO ONE EV] ACTS AS IF IT W]E TRUE1 :Y DID ! !ORY EV5 EXI/8 

,9 A WAY1 ?\<1 ?IS IS PRETTY MU* ! SAME CONTRADICTION WE'VE ALREADY SE5 9 ROYAL RITUAL & ,TAMBIAH'S YAM SPELL1 EXCEPT ?IS TIME WE'RE SEE+ IT 9 REV]SE4 ,PEOPLE BEG9 ) AN 9T]PRETATION 9 :I* MAGICAL ACTION HAS PURELY SOCIAL EFFECTS1 !N IMM$IATELY />T QUALIFY+ & UND]CUTT+ IT4 ,NONE!LESS Y\ HAVE ! SAME UNCOM=TABLE RELATION BETWE5 TWO PREMISES ?AT >E PRETTY CLE>LY CONTRADICTORY1 YET 9 PRACTICE SEEM TO DEP5D ON ONE ANO!R4 ,AFT] ALL1 :AT W\LD ,MALAGASY SOCIETY BE LIKE IF EV]YONE REALLY DID ACT AS IF M$IC9E ONLY WORK$ IF Y\ BELIEV$ 9 IT1 OR IF Y\ WANT$ IT TO8 ,H>MFUL MAGIC--:I* IS MO/ MAGIC--W\LD SIMPLY CEASE TO EXI/4 ,BUT H>MFUL MAGIC OBVI\SLY DID EXI/3 AS ONE WOMAN RA!R WI/FULLY REM>K$ TO ME1 0,I GUESS ,I MU/ BELIEVE 9 IT1 BECAUSE EV] S9CE ,I MOV$ H]E TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ,I KEEP GETT+ SICK ALL ! TIME40 ,P]HAPS ONE C\LD SAY SOME?+ SIMIL> AB\T ! NATURE ( POLITICAL P[]1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ( OBVI\SLY CO]CIVE =MS LIKE ! ORGANIZATION ( A /ATE4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 P[] IS JU/ ! ABILITY TO CONV9CE O!R PEOPLE ?AT Y\ HAVE IT 7TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT'S NOT1 IT L>GELY CONSI/S ( ! ABILITY TO CONV9CE !M Y\ %\LD HAVE IT74.<#a#f#h.> ,N[1 EV5 ASIDE FROM ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ?IS MEANS ?AT ! V]Y NATURE ( P[] IS SOME:AT P>ADOXICALLY CIRCUL>1 C\LD !RE REALLY BE A SOCIETY 9 :I* PEOPLE ACT$ AS IF !Y W]E P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ?AT ?IS WAS ! CASE8 ,W\LD ?IS NOT MEAN ?AT P[] ITSELF--AT LEA/ 9 ITS NA/I]1 MO/ OBVI\SLY H>MFUL MANIFE/ATIONS--W\LD CEASE TO EXI/1 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS H>MFUL MAGIC W\LD8 ,ONE CAN ALMO/ IMAG9E AN E>LI] ,MALAGASY F>M] COM+ TO ! SAME CONCLUSION AB\T ONE ( ,BLO*'S B&IT K+S ?AT MY FRI5D DID AB\T M$IC9E3 ,WELL1 ,I GUESS ,I MU/ BELIEVE 9 !M2 OR1 9 ?IS CASE3 !Y MU/ REALLY BE EMANATIONS ( MY DESIRE = A UNIFY+ P[] ?AT WILL MAKE US ALL MEMB]S ( ! SAME UNBROK5 K+DOM1 S9CE AFT] ALL1 ,I DO KEEP GIV+ !M UNBROK5 CO9S4 

MAGICAL & RELIGI\S ATTITUDES 

  

,ONE REASON :Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S DON'T REALLY LIKE ! WORD 0MAGIC0 IS ?AT IT IS SO CLOSELY ALLI$ TO SELF-CONSCI\S ILLUSIONS & TRICKS4 ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT :5 MO/ PEOPLE 9 ,AM]ICA ?9K ( 0MAGIC0 N[ADAYS !Y ?9K ( M5 9 TUX$OS PULL+ RABBITS \T ( HATS4 ,I AM SUGGE/+ ?\< ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT'S 9T]E/+ AB\T IT4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT 9S(> AS ! T]M 0MAGIC0 IS /ILL ( ANY USE TO AN?ROPOLOGY1 IT W\LD BE BE/ TO DEF9E IT >\ND TWO FEATURES4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT IT IS NOT 9H]5TLY FETI%I/IC1 9 ?AT IT RECOGNIZES ?AT ! P[] TO TRANS=M ! WORLD ULTIMATELY GOES BACK TO HUMAN 9T5TIONS4 ,?AT IS1 EV5 IF ALI5AT$ =CES OR 9VISIBLE SPIRITS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R >E 9VOLV$1 ! ACTION ALWAYS BEG9S BY SOME HUMAN 9T5TION & 5DS ) SOME TANGIBLE RESULT4 ,SECOND ( ALL1 IT ALWAYS 9VOLVES A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SKEPTICISM1 A HESITATION BETWE5 /AT+ ?AT ! P[] 9VOLV$ IS SOME?+ MY/]I\S & EXTRAORD9>Y & ?AT IT IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( 0SOCIAL EFFECTS10 :I* 9 SOME CASES MEANS SIMPLY BE+ AW>E ?AT P[] IS SORT ( A SCAM1 BUT ?AT ?IS DOESN'T MAKE IT ANY LESS REAL OR SIGNIFICANT4 

,ONE C\LD EASILY REANALYZE MANY ( ! EXAMPLES 9 ?IS *APT] ) ?IS 9 M9D4 ,BOAS' TURN-(-!-C5TURY ,KWAKIUTL 9=MANTS1 :OSE WORD = 0RITUAL0 WAS ! SAME AS ?AT = 0FRAUD0 OR 0ILLUSION10 SEEM$ TO HAVE SOME V]Y MAGICAL T5D5CIES 9 !IR WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T SOCIAL P[]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ULTIMATE ORIG9S ( ?OSE P[]S W]E PR(\NDLY FETI%IZ$4 ,! ,MAORI S\RCES ON HIDD5 MAURI SEEM TO HESITATE BETWE5 A MAGICAL & !OLOGICAL EXPLANATION3 9 SOME V]SIONS ! P[] ( ! HIDD5 TALISMAN IS ?AT ( ! GODS1 9 O!RS 7NOTABLY ,RANAPIRI'S71 ?AT ( ! PRIE/S4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 IT'S AN E/RANG$ IMAGE ( ! HUMAN P[]S ?AT >E REALLY RESPONSIBLE = G5]AT+ SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,& SO =?4 

,N[ ! PO9T ( PROPOS+ ?IS IS NOT SO ?AT PEOPLE CAN HAVE A NEW EXCUSE TO 5T] 9TO S*OLA/IC DEBATES OV] :E!R A GIV5 PRACTICE IS 0MAGICAL0 OR 0RELIGI\S_/!OLOGICAL40 ,IT W\LD BE MU* BETT] TO ?9K ( !SE ?+S AS ATTITUDES1 SO ?AT AMONG ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ 9 A RITE1 DIFF]5T PEOPLE MI<T BE ?9K+ ( IT 9 DIAMETRICALLY DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,! MA9 PO9T IS ?AT SU* AN ATTITUDE AT LEA/ OP5S ! POSSIBILITY = :AT CAN ONLY BE CALL$ A /RIK+LY REALI/IC WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T ! PH5OM5A ( SOCIAL P[]4 ,I HAVE ALREADY %[N H[ ?IS TAKES =M 9 ,M]9A ROYAL RITUAL1 ALMO/ PRECISELY TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT DRAWS ON MAGICAL PRACTICE4 ,NOR WAS ?IS SORT ( ATTITUDE T[>DS P[] LIMIT$ TO RITUAL4 ,A FAM\S EXAMPLE IS ,K+ ,RADAMA ,I1 :O REIGN$ 9 ! FIR/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & WAS ! FIR/ ,M]9A RUL] TO HAVE ANY REAL DEAL+S ) ,EUROPEANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO MO/ ACC\NTS ,RADAMA WAS AN ALMO/ COMPLETE CYNIC4 ,ONE ( HIS FAVORITE PA/IMES WAS TRY+ TO FIGURE \T & EXPOSE ! TRICKS US$ BY HIS [N ROYAL MAGICIANS4 ,HE NEV] SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ESPECIALLY COM=TABLE 9 HIS DEAL+S ) MISSION>IES1 BUT APP>5TLY1 HE HIT IT (F IMM$IATELY ) FREE-?9K]S LIKE HIS ,FR5* PORTRAIT-PA9T] ,COPALLE1 ) :OM HE F\ND HIMSELF 9 AGREEM5T ON MO/ ISSUES4 ,HE TOLD ,COPALLE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT HE FELT RELIGION WAS M]ELY A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION1 & HE SEEMS TO HAVE BELIEV$ IT1 GIV5 HIS SUBSEQU5T DECISION TO AB&ON ROYAL RITUAL AS SOON AS HE WAS 9 POSSESSION ( A MOD]N1 /&+ >MY4 

,A LOT ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORIES W\LD F9D IT DIFFICULT TO ACC\NT = ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SU* A P]SON4 ,ACTUALLY1 IRONICALLY 5\< ?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( A /RA9 ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ?AT COMES DIRECTLY \T ( DEBATES AB\T MAGIC3 ?AT /RA9 ?AT DEVELOPS \T ( ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S SUGGE/ION ?AT ! ,AZ&E W]E NOT ABLE TO QUE/ION ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( !IR [N MODE ( ?\<T 7#a#i#c#g3#a#b#b71 & ?AT TAKES ITS MO/ EXTREME =M 9 SOME ( ! >GUM5TS BY ,ROB9 ,HORTON1 ?AT PEOPLE :O BELIEVE 9 MAGIC LIVE 9 A CLOS$ M5TAL UNIV]SE FULL ( UNFALSIFIABLE PROPOSITIONS ?AT CAN NEV] BE *ALL5G$ BY EMPIRICAL REALITY 7UNLIKE ,WE/]N]S1 ( C\RSE1 :O >E SCI5TIFIC & OP5-M9D$74 ,N[ IT SEEMS TO ME TO ! CONTR>Y ?AT SOMEONE LIKE ,RADAMA IS ESPECIALLY LIKELY TO COME \T ( AN 5VIRONM5T DOM9AT$ BY MAGIC--?AT IS1 FULL ( /ORIES ( WOND]S & TRICK]Y & CON/ANT SPECULATION AB\T DIFF]5T =MS ( P]SONAL P[] & MANIPULATION1 AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! ME*ANICS ( P[]1 ! TRAP DOORS & MIRRORS1 >E NEV] COMPLETELY \T ( SI<T4 

,ONE ( ! ?+S ,I AM TRY+ TO DO H]E IS TO %ATT] SOME ( ! >TIFICIAL DI/ANCE ?AT SO MANY AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORIES 5D UP (T5 UN9T5TIONALLY CREAT+ BETWE5 OBS]V] & OBS]V$4 ,I MYSELF REALLY D\BT ANYONE1 ANY:]E1 IS UNABLE TO QUE/ION ! F\NDATIONS ( !IR [N ?\<T2 AL?\< IT'S PROBABLY ALSO TRUE ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD ALSO DON'T SEE ANY P>TICUL> REASON :Y !Y %\LD4 ,IF !RE'S ANY WAY TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION ( :Y ,M]9A ROYAL RITUAL SEEMS TO BE SAY+ TWO SU* CONTRADICTORY ?+S1 IT W\LD HAVE TO LIE H]E4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT /ATEM5TS LIKE 0,K+S DESC5D$ FROM ! SKY1 EXCEPT1 NOT REALLY0 >E AB\T AS F> AS ONE CAN GO 9 DEFETI%IZ+ P[] )\T CREAT+ SOME SORT ( DISC\RSE1 SOME WAY ( TALK+ & ?9K+ AB\T P[]1 ?AT IS NOT ITSELF 5TIRELY 5TANGL$ 9 ! PRACTICE ( P[]--OR ?AT AT LEA/ ASPIRES TO /& AP>T FROM IT4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE !SE EXT]IOR SPACES1 H[EV]1 ONE MU/ WANT TO DO SO4 ,9 PRACTICE1 IT IMPLIES SOME SORT ( CONSCI\S PROGRAM ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* A PROJECT1 M$ITATIONS ON P>ADOX OR CYNICAL REM>KS AB\T ! PRET5SIONS ( ! P[]FUL >E ALL ONE IS LIKELY TO GET4 

,TO SAY1 AS ,I HAVE1 ?AT ,M]9A RITUAL COMES V]Y CLOSE TO AN UNFETI%IZ$ OR SOCIAL SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ! REAL NATURE ( ,M]9A K+%IP MI<T BE A T9Y BIT DECEPTIVE S9CE IT DOES RA!R IMPLY ?AT IT IS TRY+ TO A*IEVE SU* AN UND]/&+1 :I* ( C\RSE IT IS NOT4 ,RITUAL IS NOT TRY+ TO REA* \TSIDE ITSELF4 ,= ?OSE 9VOLV$1 IT'S NOT ULTIMATELY ALL ?AT IMPORTANT :E!R OR NOT K+S REALLY DID DESC5D FROM ! SKY2 :AT'S IMPORTANT IS ?AT !Y MI<T AS WELL HAVE4 

C?ULHU'S >*ITECT 

  

,:5 ,I SPEAK ( ! LIMITS ( ANALYSIS1 ,I DON'T MEAN TO IMPLY ?AT PEOPLE 9 EI<TE5?- OR N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,MADAGASC> W]E 9CAPABLE ( IMAG9+ RADICALLY DIFF]5T POLITICAL ALT]NATIVES1 & TRY+ TO BR+ !M 9TO BE+4 ,REVOLUTIONS DID HAPP51 RUL+ ELITES W]E SOMETIMES \/$ 9 POPUL> UPRIS+S2 !RE >E GR\PS ON ! ,WE/ ,COA/1 LIKE ! ,VEZO & ,TSIMIHETY1 :O NOT ONLY MANAG$ TO RESI/ BE+ 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! K+DOMS ( ! REGION1 BUT ?AT APPE> TO HAVE CREAT$ SOCIAL ORD]S ?AT W]E 9 A S5SE EGALIT>IAN EXP]IM5TS DESIGN$ 9 CONSCI\S OPPOSITION TO !M2 EV5 RURAL ,M]9A1 :OM N9ETE5?-C5TURY OBS]V]S DESCRIB$ AS UTT]LY UNQUE/ION+ 9 !IR LOYALTY TO ! QUE51 SEEM TO HAVE *ANG$ !IR OP9IONS ON ! SUBJECT ( ROYAL P[] ALMO/ 9/ANTLY AFT] ! MON>*Y WAS OV]?R[N 9 #ahif & N[ T5D TO DESCRIBE IT1 OR ANY K9D ( P[] :I* SOME PEOPLE ! RI<T TO GIVE >BITR>Y ORD]S TO O!RS1 AS FUNDAM5TALLY IMMORAL 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#e74 ,9S(> AS PEOPLE DID REMA9 MY/IFI$1 IT DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE MADE A GREAT DEAL ( PRACTICAL DIFF]5CE4 ,:AT ,I WAS REF]R+ TO 9/EAD WAS ! EM]G5CE ( A FULLY SELF-CONSCI\S NOTION ( SOCIAL REALITY 7A PO9T ,I WILL RETURN TO %ORTLY74 ,BUT IT DOES LEAVE US ) ! RA!R SURPRIS+ CONCLUSION ?AT IF ONE IS LOOK+ = UNFETI%IZ$ CONSCI\SNESS 9 NON-,WE/]N SOCIETIES1 ONE ( ! MO/ LIKELY PLACES TO LOOK IS PRECISELY >\ND OBJECTS ,WE/]N]S W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO REF] TO AS 0FETI%ES40 ,I SUSPECT ONE REASON HAS TO DO ) ! NATURE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ITSELF--?AT IS1 IF ONE 9T]PRETS ! WORD 0REVOLUTION>Y0 9 ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE S5SE4 

,CONSID] SOME ( ! CURI\S AMBIGUITIES1 = 9/ANCE1 )9 ,M>X'S ?9K+ AB\T REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,AS ,I HAVE NOT$ 9 *APT] #c1 ,M>X ASSUMES ?AT HUMAN CREATIVITY & \R CRITICAL FACULTIES1 >E ULTIMATELY ROOT$ 9 ! SAME CAPACITY = REFLEXIVE IMAG9ATION4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT MAKES US HUMAN4 ,H5CE HIS FAM\S EXAMPLE ( ! >*ITECT :O1 UNLIKE ! BEE1 RAISES H] BUILD+ 9 H] [N IMAG9ATION BE=E IT IS RAIS$ 9 REALITY4 ,?IS IS ! AMBIGUITY1 ?\<3 :ILE \R ABILITY TO REVOLUTIONIZE EM]GES FROM ?IS SAME CRITICAL FACULTY1 ! REVOLUTIONI/1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MU/ NEV] PROCE$ 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! >*ITECT4 ,IT WAS NOT ! TASK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TO COME UP ) BLUEPR9TS = A FUTURE SOCIETY & !N TRY TO BR+ !M 9TO BE+1 OR1 9DE$1 TO TRY TO IMAG9E DETAILS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY AT ALL4 ,?AT W\LD BE UTOPIANISM1 & ,M>X HAS NO?+ BUT CONTEMPT = REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S :O PROCE$$ ALONG !SE L9ES4 

,:Y ! DIFF]5CE8 ,IS IT BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y BREAK WAS TO BE SO TOTAL1 A LEAP 9TO AN 5TIRELY NEW /AGE ( HI/ORY8 ,?IS IS PROBABLY ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ COMMON EXPLANATION4 ,ONE MI<T SAY3 ?AT A REVOLUTIONI/ TRY+ TO DESIGN A NEW SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE AN >*ITECT TRY+ TO DESIGN A BUILD+ TO BE CON/RUCT$ 9 A UNIV]SE :]E ! LAWS ( PHYSICS W\LD BE 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,OR A M$IEVAL S*OLA/IC TRY+ TO IMAG9E ! WORK+S ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE4 ,TAK+ ?IS APPROA* LEADS TO A S]IES ( FAMILI> QUE/IONS3 ,H[ RELATIVI/IC WAS ,M>X1 REALLY8 ,H[ RADICAL A BREAK DID HE EXPECT TO COME ) SOCIALISM8 ,DID HE BELIEVE 9 ! EXI/5CE ( ANY SOCIAL OR MORAL PR9CIPLES ?AT TRANSC5D$ P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL EPO*S8 ,ALL ?IS HAS BE5 MU* DEBAT$4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R &1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 MORE 9T]E/+ APPROA*1 :I* W\LD BE TO =GET ! NOTION ( A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK & LOOK AT ! QUE/ION AS ONE ( SCALE4 ,AFT] ALL1 ANY ACT ( CREATIVITY IS UNPREC$5T$ & NEW TO SOME DEGREE4 ,IT'S JU/ ?AT USUALLY ?AT DEGREE IS V]Y SMALL4 ,SO ) >*ITECTS3 :ILE EA* NEW DESIGN IS TO SOME DEGREE UNIQUE & ?US CAN BE CONSID]$ AN EXPRESSION ( ! >*ITECTS' P]SONAL1 CREATIVE VISION7S7--& ?IS IS TRUE TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T EV5 (1 SAY1 A TRADITIONAL H\SE 9 A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY BUILT COLLECTIVELY--IT IS ALSO OBVI\SLY 9 ANO!R S5SE JU/ A REPETITION ( A FAMILI> G5RE ( ACTIVITY4 ,PEOPLE DESIGN & BUILD NEW BUILD+S ALL ! TIME4 

,:AT'S MORE1 SU* A PROJECT IS ALWAYS CAU<T UP 9 A L>G] S]IES ( PRACTICAL CATEGORIES1 :I* >E ALSO ESS5TIALLY PATT]N+S ( ACTION4 ,AN >*ITECT MAY BE GIV5 A GREAT DEAL ( >TI/IC FRE$OM 9 MATT]S ( DESIGN2 HE MAY EV5 HAVE A DRAMATIC VISION ( AN 5TIRELY NEW /YLE2 BUT IF HE W]E TO DECIDE ?AT HE WAS BOR$ ) ! T$I\S B\RGEOIS DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 RESID5CES1 G>AGES1 & DEP>TM5T /ORES1 HE W\LD SOON F9D ?AT ! DESIGNS RAIS$ 9 HIS IMAG9ATION REMA9$ 9 HIS IMAG9ATION1 OR AT ANY RATE GOT NO FUR!R ?AN BLUEPR9TS1 OR SKET*ES 9 AVANT-G>DE MAGAZ9ES4 ,CREATIVE ACTION1 ONE MI<T SAY1 IS AT ANY LEVEL 5COMPASS$ )9 A L>G] SY/EM ( ACTIONS 9 :I* IT BECOMES SOCIALLY MEAN+FUL--?AT IS1 9 :I* IT TAKES ON SOCIAL VALUE4 ,ALL CREATIVE ACTION IS TO SOME DEGREE REVOLUTION>Y2 BUT TO BE REVOLUTION>Y TO ANY SIGNIFICANT DEGREE1 IT MU/ *ANGE ?AT L>G] /RUCTURE 9 :I* IT IS EMB$D$4 ,AT :I* PO9T ONE CAN NO LONG] IMAG9E ONE IS SIMPLY WORK+ ON OBJECTS1 BUT MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ONE IS ALSO WORK+ ON PEOPLE4 ,& ?AT SY/EM ( ACTION & MEAN+ IS1 ( C\RSE1 ALWAYS 5COMPASS$ BY ANO!R4 ,WE >E DEAL+ ) A CONT9UUM4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE ) SOME?+ ( ! SAME CREATIVE1 9T5TIONAL QUALITY AS ! >*ITECT'S IS NOT POSSIBLE2 IT DOES MEAN ?AT IT IS A LOT H>D] TO GET A H&LE ON1 BECAUSE IT PROCE$S ?R\< A F> MORE SUBTLE1 COLLECTIVE M$IA4 

,ONE C\LD LOOK AT ! SAME PROBLEM FROM ! OPPOSITE P]SPECTIVE1 TOO4 ,IF ANY ACT ( CREATION IS TO SOME DEGREE REVOLUTION>Y 7EV5 IF ONLY TO A V]Y M9OR ONE3 I4E41 SIMIL> TO ?AT TO :I* A FI% IS A UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL71 :AT DOES ?IS REVOLUTION>Y QUALITY CONSI/ (8 ,PRESUMABLY1 IT CONSI/S ( ! DEGREE TO :I* ?AT ACT IS UNPREC$5T$1 & H5CE CAN BE ?\<T TO BELONG P>TICUL>LY TO ITS CREATOR7S74 ,BUT ?IS ALSO MEANS ?AT ! CREATIVE OR REVOLUTION>Y ASPECT ( ACTION IS ALSO ITS HI/ORICAL ASPECT3 AT LEA/ IF ONE ACCEPTS--AS ,I DO 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#e7--?AT AN ACT CAN BE CONSID]$ HI/ORICAL TO ! DEGREE TO :I* IT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 PR$ICT$ BE=E IT HAPP5$4 ,9 EV]Y CASE WE >E TALK+ AB\T :AT SEEMS1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( A SY/EM1 TO BE 0>BITR>9ESS10 BUT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 0FRE$OM40 ,9S(> AS ANY SY/EM ( ACTIONS IS ALSO HI/ORICAL1 IT IS 9 A P]MAN5T CONDITION ( TRANS=MATION1 OR1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 POT5TIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,9 *APT] #c1 ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT ,M>X'S FETI%ISM C\LD BE SE5 AS A SPECIES ( ,PIAGETIAN EGOC5TRISM1 A MATT] ( CONFUS+ ONE'S [N P>TICUL> P]SPECTIVE )9 A L>G] SY/EM ) ! NATURE ( ! SY/EM AS A :OLE--( FAIL+ TO COORD9ATE ! RELEVANT PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,TO PUT IT ?IS WAY1 H[EV]1 W\LD SEEM TO IMPLY1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT ! L>G] TOTALITY DOES 9 SOME S5SE EXI/ & ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO KN[ SOME?+ AB\T IT4 ,AT ! TIME ,I WAS C>EFUL TO PO9T \T ?AT ?IS ALSO NE$ BE TRUE ONLY TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T3 IT IS REALLY QUITE IMPOSSIBLE = ANYONE TO BE AW>E ( ALL ! P]SPECTIVES ONE MI<T HAVE ON A SITUATION1 OR USUALLY EV5 ?OSE ( EV]YONE CONC]N$ ) SOME P>TICUL> SITUATION 7EV]Y MEMB] ( A FAMILY1 OR A B[L+ CLUB1 LET ALONE A M>KETPLACE74 ,9 MO/ CONTEXTS1 ?\<1 ?IS DOESN'T MATT]1 BECAUSE 9 MO/ CONTEXTS1 ONE IS DEAL+ ) ?+S ?AT HAPP5 OV] & OV] 9 PRETTY MU* ! SAME WAY4 ,EV5 IF ONE CANNOT KN[ H[ EV]Y ACTOR 9 ! M>KETPLACE ACTUALLY SEES ?+S1 IF ONE UND]/&S ! LOGIC ( ! SY/EM1 ONE CAN UND]/& 5\< TO KN[ :Y1 SAY1 A GIV5 PRODUCT HAS ! VALUE ?AT IT DOES4 ,IF SO1 IT ALSO FOLL[S ?AT ! MORE HI/ORICAL CREATIVITY IS 9VOLV$ 9 A SITUATION1 ! LESS ?IS IS ! CASE4 ,9 A MOM5T ( PR(\ND HI/ORICAL *ANGE1 NO ONE 9VOLV$ C\LD POSSIBLY KN[ :AT ! TOTAL SY/EM 9 QUE/ION ACTUALLY CONSI/S (4 ,ONE IS CAU<T 9 :AT A ,HEGELIAN W\LD CALL A MOM5T ( DIALECTICAL UNFOLD+4 ,KN[L$GE IS NECESS>ILY FRAGM5T>Y2 TOTALITIES ?AT ! ACTORS >E WORK+ ) >E NECESS>ILY IMAG9>Y1 OR PROSPECTIVE1 OR NUM]\S & CONTRADICTORY4 

,:AT W\LD ALL ?IS MEAN = A !ORY ( FETI%ISM8 ,OR VALUE1 = ?AT MATT]8 

,:5 IT COMES TO E/ABLI%+ VALUE1 ONE COMMON RESPONSE TO SU* CONFUS+ SITUATIONS IS TO CIRCLE (F A SPACE AS A K9D ( M9IMAL1 DEFACTO 0SOCIETY10 A K9D ( MICROTOTALITY1 AS IT W]E4 ,! POTLAT*ES ,I DESCRIB$ 9 ! LA/ *APT] MI<T S]VE AS ONE EXAMPLE ( ?IS SORT ( ?+4 ,ANO!R W\LD BE ! ,HOM]IC GAMES ANALYZ$ BY ,BEIDELMAN 7#a#i#h#i73 *>IOT RACES OR O!R CONTE/S 9 :I* W>RIORS VI$ = A V>IETY DIFF]5T SORTS ( PRIZES1 USUALLY LOOT$ FROM !IR 5EMIES3 F9E >MOR1 CAULDRONS ( PRECI\S METAL1 COMELY SLAVES4 ,TURN] 7#a#i#h#i3#b#f#c-#f#d7 NOTES ?AT 9 A CASE LIKE ?IS1 !RE IS SIMPLY NO WAY TO E/ABLI% A COMMON GR\ND ( VALUE1 9 LABOR OR ANY?+ ELSE1 BY :I* TO TREAT SU* OBJECTS AS DIFF]5T PROPORTIONS4 ,! 5DLESS--& O!RWISE APP>5TLY SOME:AT PO9TLESS--GAMES & CONTE/S BETWE5 LEAD]S ( ! >MY BESIEG+ ,TROY S]V$ 7D\BTLESS AMONG O!R ?+S7 AS CIRCL+ (F A FIELD1 CREAT+ A K9D ( IMAG9>Y M9IATURE ( ,HOM]IC SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y C\LD BE TREAT$ AS PROPORTIONS ( EA* O!R 9 ! C\RSE ( BE+ RANK$ AS FIR/ PRIZE1 SECOND PRIZE1 & SO ON4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( ! POTLAT*1 ! PRES5CE ( AN AUDI5CE IS :AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE4 

,ONE C\LD EXT5D ?IS SORT ( ANALYSIS TO ALL SORTS ( O!R CLASSICAL AN?ROPOLOGICAL CASES4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO FOCUS ON H]E IS ! PECULI> ROLE ( OBJECTS 9 SITUATIONS ( HI/ORICAL AG5CY--9 P>TICUL> ?OSE :I*1 LIKE MONEY1 S]VE AS ! M$IUM = BR++ 9TO BE+ ! V]Y ?+ !Y REPRES5T4 ,RECALL AGA9 ! ANALYSIS ( MONEY 9 *APT] #c4 ,MONEY1 9 A WAGE LABOR SY/EM1 REPRES5TS ! VALUE 7IMPORTANCE7 ( ONE'S PRODUCTIVE ACTIONS1 AT ! SAME TIME AS ! DESIRE TO ACQUIRE IT BECOMES ! MEANS BY :I* ?OSE ACTIONS >E ACTUALLY BR\<T 9TO BE+4 ,9 ! CASE ( CAPITALISM1 ?IS IS ONLY TRUE ONLY FROM ! P>TICUL>1 SUBJECTIVE P]SPECTIVE ( ! WAGEE>N]2 9 REALITY--?AT IS1 SOCIAL REALITY--! P[] ( MONEY IS AN EFFECT ( A GIGANTIC SY/EM ( COORD9ATION ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,BUT 9 A SITUATION ( RADICAL *ANGE1 A REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T 9 :I* ! L>G] SY/EM ITSELF IS BE+ TRANS=M$1 OR EV51 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,WE/ ,AFRICAN FETI%ES OR SO MANY ,MALAGASY *>MS1 A MOM5T 9 :I* NEW SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS BETWE5 DISP>ATE ACTORS >E FIR/ BE+ CREAT$1 ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,! L>G] SOCIAL REALITY DOES NOT YET EXI/4 ,ALL ?AT IS REAL1 9 EFFECT1 IS ! ACTOR'S CAPACITY TO CREATE IT4 ,9 SITUATIONS LIKE ?IS OBJECTS REALLY DO1 9 A S5SE1 BR+ 9TO BE+ :AT !Y REPRES5T4 ,!Y BECOME PIVOTS1 AS IT W]E1 BETWE5 IMAG9ATION & REALITY4 ,OBVI\SLY1 :5 A GR\P ( PEOPLE TAKES AN OA? TO CREATE NEW RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS AMONG EA* O!R & CALL ON AN OBJECT TO /RIKE !M DEAD IF !Y FAIL TO LIVE UP TO ?OSE OBLIGATIONS1 ?AT OBJECT DOES NOT !REBY ACQUIRE ! P[] TO DO SO4 ,BUT 9 ANO!R S5SE1 IT--OR ! FAI? PEOPLE PLACE 9 IT--REALLY DOES HAVE ! P[] TO BR+ A NEW SOCIAL ORD] 9TO BE+4 ,H]E1 P]HAPS ,MAUSS WAS NOT 5TIRELY (F ! M>K :5 HE SAW SUBJECT_/OBJECT REV]SALS AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! CREATION ( SOCIAL TIES & OBLIGATION3 ! K9D ( SOCIAL CONTRACTS :OSE SUBT]RANEAN HI/ORY HE WAS TRY+ TO BR+ TO LI<T4 

CONCLUSIONS 

  

,I 5D$ MY DISCUSSION ( ,M]9A ROYAL RITUAL BY SUGGE/+ ?AT :ILE MAGICAL ATTITUDES CAN SOMETIMES PROVIDE SOME?+ SURPRIS+LY CLOSE TO A SOCIAL SCI5TIFIC P]SPECTIVE ON SOCIAL P[]1 IT IS UNREASONABLE TO EXPECT ANY?+ LIKE A SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ANY SY/EMATIC ATTEMPT TO DECIPH] ! NATURE ( SOCIAL REALITY--?AT IS1 TO CREATE A DISC\RSE ?AT AIMS TO /& \TSIDE ! PRACTICES ( P[]--ACTUALLY TO EM]GE EXCEPT AS P>T ( A V]Y P>TICUL> K9D ( SOCIAL PROJECT4 ,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY1 0UTOPIAN PROJECT40 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IMAG9+ !RE C\LD BE A DISC\RSE ?AT W\LD NOT P>TAKE ( PRACTICES ( P[] & 9EQUALITY WAS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO IMAG9+ !RE C\LD BE A WORLD ?AT W\LDN'T4 ,IT IS ONLY AT ! PO9T 9 HI/ORY--R\<LY >\ND ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS--:5 ONE HAS A NOTION ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE 7OR1 P]HAPS MORE ACCURATELY1 LEGITIMATE7 TO IMAG9E :AT A NEW SOCIAL ORD] MI<T BE LIKE1 & !N BR+ IT 9TO BE+1 ?AT A NOTION ( SOCIAL 0REALITY0 SEEMS TO EM]GE AS WELL2 AS ! O!R SIDE1 ONE C\LD SAY1 ( A BELIEF ?AT ONE CAN 79 ! WORDS ( ! FAM\S SLOGAN FROM ,MAY #a#i#f#h7 GIVE P[] TO ! IMAG9ATION4 

,?IS IS A PO9T ?AT (T5 T5DS TO BE OV]LOOK$ BY ?OSE :O SEE AN?ROPOLOGY AS BASICALLY A PRODUCT ( IMP]IALISM4 ,! EM]G5CE ( :AT WE CALL 0SOCIAL SCI5CE0 7AT ?IS PO9T RA!R = LACK ( A BETT] T]M7 CAME AB\T 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL MILIEU ?AT WAS NOT ONLY M>K$ BY IMP]IALISM ON A WORLD SCALE BUT ALSO OBSESS$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION1 ITS [N SUDD5 & DRAMATIC TRANS=MATION 9TO SOME?+ DIFF]5T4 ,C]TA9LY1 IT WAS ! CREATION ( VA/ ,EUROPEAN EMPIRES1 9CORPORAT+ AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( SOCIAL SY/EMS1 ?AT MADE MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGY POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS IS H>DLY AN EXPLANATION 9 ITSELF4 ,!RE HAD BE5 PL5TY ( MULTICULTURAL EMPIRES 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 & NONE1 AS F> AS WE KN[1 HAD EV] BE=E PRODUC$ A PROJECT = ! SY/EMATIC COMP>ISON ( CULTURAL DIFF]5CE4 ,9 FACT1 EV5 IF WE CONF9E \RSELVES TO ! ,WE/]N TRADITION ITSELF1 :AT EVID5CE !RE IS PO9TS IF ANY?+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ONE C\LD MAKE A CASE = EXAMPLE ?AT SOME?+ LIKE AN?ROPOLOGY WAS EM]G+ 9 FIF? C5TURY ,GREECE1 = EXAMPLE 9 ! WORKS ( GEOGRAPH]S LIKE ,HECATAEUS & HI/ORIANS LIKE ,H]ODOTUS4 ,C]TA9LY1 SU* WRIT]S W]E DEVELOP+ IDEAS AB\T H[ CU/OMS & MORES MI<T BE SY/EMATICALLY COMP>$ 7,HOGD5 #a#i#f#d3#b#a-#d#c74 ,?IS WAS DUR+ A P]IOD 9 :I* ! ,GREEK WORLD WAS NOT EV5 POLITICALLY UNIFI$1 LET ALONE ! C5T] ( A VA/ MULTICULTURAL EMPIRE4 ,:5 SU* EMPIRES DID >ISE %ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ?IS SORT ( LIT]ATURE DISAPPE>$3 NEI!R ! ,HELL5I/IC EMPIRES NOR ,ROME PRODUC$ ANY?+ RESEMBL+ AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,! REASONABLE EXPLANATION W\LD SEEM TO BE ?AT FIF? C5TURY ,GREECE WAS A P]IOD ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY3 FULL ( SOCIAL EXP]IM5TS1 REVOLUTIONS1 UTOPIAN S*EMES = ! F\ND+ ( IDEAL CITIES4 ,COMP>+ SOCIAL ORD]S WAS ONE WAY TO DISCUSS ! POT5TIAL RANGE = POLITICAL 7= ,GREEKS ! EQUIVAL5T ( SAY+ 0HUMAN07 SOCIETY4 ,?IS CLE>LY WAS NOT ! CASE DUR+ ! C5TURIES ( ,ROMAN RULE4 ,9 FACT1 IT W\LD SEEM IT WAS ! V]Y POLITICAL FRAGM5TATION ( FIF?-C5TURY ,GREECE :I* 5C\RAG$ ?IS K9D ( ?\<T4 ,S9CE ! BASIC POLITICAL UNIT WAS ! CITY /ATE1 A RELATIVELY SMALL COMMUNITY1 ! SPACE = POLITICAL EXP]IM5TS WAS 9 FACT WIDE OP53 NEW ,GREEK COLONIES1 & H5CE POLITICAL UNITS1 W]E 9 FACT BE+ F\ND$ ALL ! TIME1 NEW CON/ITUTIONS BE+ MULL$ & CREAT$1 OLD REGIMES OV]?R[N4 

,?IS IS NOT ! WAY ! /ORY IS USUALLY TOLD1 ( C\RSE4 ,MO/ S*OL>S1 ,I SUSPECT1 IF !Y W]E TO MAKE ANY NOTICE ( ! FIR/ GLIMM]+S ( E?NOGRAPHIC 9QUIRY AT ALL1 W\LD PROBABLY SEE IT AS JU/ ONE ASPECT ( ! RISE ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY3 ! SAME SPIRIT ( SY/EMATIC COMP>ISON ?AT ,GREEK ?9K]S W]E APPLY+ TO PHYSICS OR GEOMETRY AT ! SAME TIME4 ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS NECESS>ILY WRONG1 BUT AS SO (T51 9VOK+ ! WORD 0SCI5CE0 BR+S SO MANY O!R ISSUES TO ! TABLE ?AT IT PROBABLY CONFUSES MORE ?AN IT ILLUM9ATES4 ,MORE 9T]E/+1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS TO CONSID] ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! WILL+NESS TO GIVE P[] TO ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION ITSELF LEADS TO A NE$ TO RECOGNIZE A SUB/RATUM ( RESI/ANT 0REALITY0 ( SOME SORT 7:I* MU/ !N BE 9VE/IGAT$74 ,!Y >E REV]SE SIDES1 AS IT W]E1 ( ! SAME PROCESS4 ,IT W\LD AT LEA/ MAKE IT EASI] TO UND]/& :Y SO MANY ( ! MO/ IDEALI/IC PEOPLE 9 REC5T HI/ORY HAVE 9SI/$ ON CALL+ !MSELVES 0MAT]IALI/S10 OR AT LEA/ H[ A COMMITM5T TO SOME SORT ( MAT]IALISM HAS SO (T5 ACCOMPANI$ ! MO/ D>+ UTOPIAN PROJECTS4 

,IT MI<T EV5 BE POSSIBLE TO DOCUM5T AT LEA/ A LOOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 E?NOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY & S5SE ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY1 OV] ! LA/ FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,ONE C\LD />T 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 :I* SAW BO? ! FIR/ /ATEM5TS ( :AT WAS TO BECOME MOD]N RELATIVISM 9 AU?ORS LIKE ,MONTAIGNE1 & A SUDD5 BUR/ ( UTOPIAN SPECULATION & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,DUR+ ! C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$ BO? ! CURIOSITY & ! S5SE ( POSSIBILITY FELL SOME:AT 9TO RETREAT 9 MO/ PLACES2 ONLY TO BE SUDD5LY REVIV$ TOGE!R 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY ANO!R RETREAT DUR+ ! REACTION>Y YE>S FOLL[+ ,NAPOLEON'S DEFEAT1 & ANO!R1 EV5 /RONG] REVIVAL AFT] ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h4 ,IT WAS ! LA/ P]IOD ?AT SAW ! EM]G5CE ( AN?ROPOLOGY AS A PR(ESSIONAL DISCIPL9E4 ,IT IS EASY TO =GET H[ MU* ! SPECT] ( REVOLUTION HUNG OV] ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY ( ?AT TIME3 EV5 /ODGY ,VICTORIANS LIKE ,$W>D ,TYLOR OR ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZ] W]E KE5LY AW>E ( ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !IR [N SOCIETY MI<T BE SUDD5LY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SOME?+ PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T4 ,MO/ E>LY AN?ROPOLOGI/S NO D\BT DREAD$ ! PROSPECT1 A FEW MI<T HAVE EV5 F\ND IT EXHIL>AT+1.<#a#f#i.> BUT NONE C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 OBLIVI\S TO IT4 ,RA!R ?AN A P]V]SE CONTEMPLATION ( SOME UTT]LY ALI5 & DI/ANT ,O!R1 !N1 E>LY AN?ROPOLOGY WAS 9SPIR$ AT LEA/ 9 P>T BY ! SUSPICION ?AT SOM$AY ONE MI<T WAKE UP TO DISCOV] ?AT ONE HAD BECOME ! ,O!R ONESELF4 

,WE HAVE1 P]HAPS1 A CLU/] ( RELAT$ ELEM5TS3 A S5SE ( SOCIAL POSSIBILITY1 A FEEL+ ?AT PEOPLE %\LD BE ABLE TO TRANSLATE IMAG9>Y S*EMES 9TO SOME SORT ( REALITY2 A CONCOMITANT 9T]E/ 9 BO? UND]/&+ :AT ! FULL RANGE ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES MI<T BE--AS WELL AS 9 ! NATURE ( 0REALITY0 ITSELF4 ,IT H>DLY SEEMS A CO9CID5CE ?AT 9 ! #a#i#hS & '#iS EA* ( !SE ?REE CAME UND] ATTACK AT EXACTLY ! SAME TIME4 ,9 SOME DISCIPL9ES PO/MOD]NISM CAME TO MEAN AB&ON+ DREAMS ( MASS ACTION = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ALONG ) BELIEF 9 ANY POSSIBLE 0F\NDATIONALISM10 ANY GR\ND+ 9 A RESI/ANT REALITY2 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 IT CAME TO MEAN QUE/ION+ ?AT V]Y COMP>ATIVE PROJECT4 ,?IS WAS :AT WAS WIDELY TAK5 AS RADICALISM AT ! TIME--& 9S(> AS 0RADICAL0 MEANS GETT+ TO ! ROOT ( SOME?+1 !N C]TA9LY IT WAS RADICAL 9 A S5SE4 ,BUT ONE QUE/ION ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 ASK+ OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK IS :E!R ?IS IS REALLY ! CLU/] ( ROOTS WE %\LD BE ATTEMPT+ TO PULL \T4 ,= MY [N P>T1 ,I ?9K !RE IS CLE>LY ANO!R SET ?AT W\LD MAKE A F> MORE CONV9C+ SET ( 9TELLECTUAL VILLA9S3 A CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ,P>M5IDEAN FIX$ =MS1 A C]TA9 EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT HAS LONG DOGG$ ! ,WE/]N TRADITION1 & ! ASSUMPTION ?AT HUMAN NATURE IS F\ND$ ON ESS5TIALLY 9F9ITE1 UNQU5*ABLE DESIRES1 & ?AT !RE=E WE >E ALL 9 A /ATE ( FUNDAM5TAL COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R 7! LATT] AN ASSUMPTION ?AT ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S HAS D$ICAT$ MU* ( HIS C>E] TO EXPOS+3 SEE ,SAHL9S #b#a74 ,C]TA9LY !SE HAVE BE5 MY MA9 9TELLECTUAL ANTAGONI/S 9 ?IS BOOK3 & !Y SEEM TO ME F> MORE *ALL5G+ ONES1 BECAUSE !Y >E ALL F> MORE DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 ORD9>Y COMMON S5SE4 

,M>X V]SUS ,MAUSS--TAKE TWO 

  

,P]HAPS ! MO/ DIFFICULT *ALL5GE ( ALL IS TO LOOK AT ! WORLD 9 :AT ,I'VE CALL$ ,H]ACLEITIAN OR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 DIALECTICAL T]MS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK ,I'VE >GU$ ?AT SY/EMS ( CATEGORIES1 OR KN[L$GE1 >E REALLY JU/ ONE SIDE ( A SY/EM ( ACTION2 ?AT SOCIETY IS !RE=E 9 A S5SE ALWAYS AN ACTIVE PROJECT OR SET ( PROJECTS2 ?AT VALUE IS ! WAY ACTIONS BECOME MEAN+FUL TO ! ACTORS BY BE+ PLAC$ 9 SOME L>G] SOCIAL :OLE1 REAL OR IMAG9>Y4 ,TO ADOPT A DIALECTICAL APPROA* MEANS TO DEF9E ?+S NOT 9 T]MS ( :AT ONE IMAG9ES !M TO BE 9 A C]TA9 AB/RACT MOM5T1 \TSIDE TIME1 BUT P>TLY BY :AT !Y HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO BECOME4 ,IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO ?9K ?IS WAY CONSI/5TLY4 ,BUT :5 ONE IS ABLE TO1 ANY NUMB] ( SEEM+LY IMPOSSIBLE QU&>IES DISSOLVE AWAY4 ,LET ME TAKE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE BE=E TRY+ TO TIE ?+S TOGE!R MORE G5]ALLY4 

,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#e#h7 LONG AGO PO9T$ \T ONE SU* PR(\ND QU&>Y 9 ! V]Y NOTION ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL RELATIVISM3 ?AT :ILE WE REJECT ! NOTION ?AT SOME PEOPLE >E B>B>IANS & 9SI/ ?AT ! P]SPECTIVES ( DIFF]5T GR\PS >E ALL EQUALLY VALID1 IT ALMO/ 9V>IABLY TURNS \T ?AT ONE ( ! FIR/ T5ETS ( FAI? 9 MO/ ( ?OSE GR\PS IS ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,H5CE ! FAM\S FACT ?AT MO/ 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES 9 ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA REF]R$ TO !MSELVES BY SOME T]M MEAN+ 0HUMAN BE+S0 & TO !IR NEI<BORS BY SOME T]M 7CANNIBALS1 MURD]]S1 EAT]S ( RAW FI%1 ETC47 ?AT IMPLI$ !Y W]E LESS ?AN HUMAN4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' [N CONCLUSION1 ?AT ! ONLY REAL B>B>IANS >E PEOPLE :O ?9K O!RS >E B>B>IANS1 IS SO OBVI\SLY CIRCUL> ?AT ONE HAS TO ASSUME IT WAS MEANT AS A K9D ( JOKE4 

,IT WAS ON ! BASIS ( ?IS SAME K9D ( /RUCTURALISM ?AT ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT 7#a#i#g#b7 C\LD !N GO ON TO >GUE ?AT ! V]Y NOTION ( 0MAN0 OR HUMANITY ON :I* ! HUMAN SCI5CES >E BAS$ IS NOT REALLY A UNIV]SAL CATEGORY BUT A PECULI> ,5LI<T5M5T DOCTR9E ?AT WILL SOM$AY PASS AWAY4 ,HE ATTRACT$ A LOT ( ATT5TION BY DO+ SO4 ,BUT FEW HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! :OLE >GUM5T RE/S ON AN EXTREMELY ,P>M5IDEAN1 EV5 POSITIVI/IC WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIETIES ?AT ,LEVI-,/RAUSS WAS ORIG9ALLY DISCUSS+ MI<T HAVE CALL$ !MSELVES 0HUMAN BE+S0 & MADE IT CLE> !Y FELT O!R SOCIETIES FELL %ORT1 BUT MO/ ALSO PRID$ !MSELVES ON !IR ABILITY 7LIKE ! ,IROQUOIS7 TO ADOPT *ILDR51 OR EV5 ADULTS1 FROM O!R SOCIETIES & TURN !M 9TO PROP] HUMAN BE+S4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT MO/ ?\<T !Y C\LD DO ! SAME ) FI% OR SLUGS4 ,A UNIV]SAL CATEGORY ( HUMANITY WAS 9 FACT PRES5T !N1 BUT AS A SET ( POT5TIALS1 JU/ AS UNIV]SALI/IC RELIGIONS SU* AS ,*RI/IANITY OR ,ZOROA/RIANISM OR ,ISLAM--LONG BE=E ! ,5LI<T5M5T--DID 9DE$ RECOGNIZE A UNIV]SAL CATEGORY ( HUMANITY 9 BE+S :O HAD ! POT5TIAL TO CONV]T TO ,*RI/IANITY OR ,ZOROA/RIANISM OR ,ISLAM4 ,ONE CAN APPLY ! SAME LOGIC TO ANY NUMB] ( O!R NOTORI\S PROBLEMS4 ,UNIV]SAL IDEAS >E NOT IDEAS ?AT EV]YONE 9 ! WORLD HAS1 ?AT'S JU/ FALSE POSITIVISM2 UNIV]SAL IDEAS >E ONES ?AT EV]YONE 9 ! WORLD W\LD BE CAPABLE ( UND]/&+2 UNIV]SAL MORAL /&>DS >E NOT ONES ON :I* EV]YONE 9 ! WORLD CURR5TLY AGREES--!RE IS OBVI\SLY NO?+ ON :I* EV]YONE AGREES--BUT ONES ?AT1 ?R\< A CAPACITY = MORAL REASON+ & EXP]I5CE ( =MS ( MORAL PRACTICE ?AT WE ALREADY DO %>E1 WE W\LD BE ABLE TO WORK \T TOGE!R & AGREE TO 7& PROBABLY WILL HAVE TO ON SOME LEVEL IF WE >E ALL TO SURVIVE 9 ! WORLD71 & SO ON4 

,IT IS BECAUSE ,I ?9K ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY IS NECESS>ILY P>T ( A MORAL PROJECT--9 ! PA/ (T5 NOT A V]Y GOOD ONE1 BUT ALWAYS POT5TIALLY V]Y GOOD--?AT ,I HAVE FRAM$ SO MU* ( ?IS BOOK >\ND ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ,M>X & ,MAUSS1 TWO M5 :O W]E BO? FASC9AT$ BY CULTURAL DIFF]5CE & D$ICAT$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( !IR [N SOCIETIES4 ,9 MO/ O!R WAYS !Y W]E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$4 ,MAUSS WAS 9T]E/$ 9 F9D+ A UNIV]SAL MORAL GR\ND = A CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM & LOOK$ TO O!R SOCIETIES = CLUES TO ! %APE ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MI<T TAKE ITS PLACE2 ,M>X DISMISS$ ANY SU* CRITIQUES AS 9EVITABLY P>TAK+ ( ! 0PETTY B\RGEOIS0 MORALITY ( >TISANS & PEASANTS & 9SI/$ ?AT ! ROLE ( KN[L$GE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY CRITICAL3 A MATT] ( UND]/&+ ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS & LAWS ( MOTION ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,HIS APPROA* WAS 9 FACT SO REL5TLESSLY CRITICAL ?AT HE 9SI/$ IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D ANY?+ 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] ?AT C\LD PROVIDE ! BASIS = AN ALT]NATIVE1 EXCEPT = ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 :OSE HI/ORICAL ROLE1 H[EV]1 /EMM$ FROM ! FACT ?AT AS ! ONE CLASS ?AT HAD ABSOLUTELY NO /AKE 9 ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ ORD]1 IT C\LD LIB]ATE ITSELF ONLY BY ?AT ORD]'S ABSOLUTE NEGATION4.<#a#g.> ,WRIT+ ?REE QU>T]S ( A C5TURY LAT]1 ,MAUSS HAD HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO OBS]VE H[ EASILY DISMISSALS ( PETTY B\RGEOIS MORALITY C\LD DEG5]ATE 9TO CONDEMNATIONS ( 0B\RGEOIS S5TIM5TALITY0--A PHRASE ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP EMPLOY$ TO DISMISS ANYONE :O OBJECT$ ON PR9CIPLE TO MURD]+ O!RS 9 COLD BLOOD4 ,HE APP>5TLY 5D$ UP CONCLUD+ IT WAS PRECISELY ,M>X'S REFUSAL TO TAKE POPUL>1 MORAL CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM S]I\SLY ?AT ALL[$ SO MANY ( HIS FOLL[]S TO FALL 9TO A COLDHE>T$1 CYNICAL UTILIT>IANISM ?AT WAS ITSELF A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T V]SION ( ! MORALS ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,MAUSS HIMSELF MOV$ SO F> 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION ?AT HE 5D$ UP ) CONCLUSIONS ?AT C\LD BE AT TIMES />TL+LY NAIVE3 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT >I/OCRATIC SOCIETIES REALLY DID WORK ! WAY >I/OCRATS LIK$ TO PRET5D !Y DID1 OR ?AT CAPITALI/S C\LD1 GIV5 SUFFICI5T 5C\RAGEM5T1 5D UP BE+ DRIV5 BY !IR [N COMPETITIVE 9/9CTS TO GIVE !IR CAPITAL AWAY4 

,! 9T]E/+ ?+ AB\T ?IS DI*OTOMY IS ?AT IT NEV] SEEMS TO GO AWAY4 ,I HAVE ALREADY HAD A BIT TO SAY1 = EXAMPLE1 AB\T ! FATE ( CRITICAL !ORY 9 ! #a#i#gS--:AT HAPP5S IF ONE S]I\SLY TRIES TO COMPLETE ,M>X'S PROJECT ( DEVELOP+1 AS HE PUT IT 9 AN E>LY ESSAY1 A 0RU?LESS CRITIQUE ( EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S40 ,! LIKELY RESULT IS A PICTURE ( ! WORLD SO REL5TLESSLY BLEAK ?AT 9 ! 5D1 CRITICISM ITSELF COMES TO SEEM PO9TLESS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AS ! DEBATES OV] ! EXPLOITATION ( FEMALE LABOR 9 ,MELANESIA1 = 9/ANCE1 REVEAL1 IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT NEO-,MAUSSIANS SU* AS ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN OR ,ANNETTE ,WE9] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DO MU* BETT] ON ?IS ACC\NT4.<#a#g#a.> ,:]E ! ,M>XIAN APPROA* W\LD 9CL9E ONE TO SEE ! ULTIMATE SIGNIFICANCE ( ANY APP>5T 9/ANCE ( FEMALE AUTONOMY OR P[] TO LIE 9 ! DEGREE TO :I* IT CONTRIBUTES TO ! REPRODUCTION ( A L>G] SY/EM 9 :I* WOM5 >E SUBORD9AT$1 ,MAUSSIANS (T5 5D UP D5Y+ ! MEAN+FUL EXI/5CE ( ANY L>G] SY/EM AT ALL4 ,:ILE FEM9I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E ( C\RSE QUITE RI<T TO PO9T \T ?AT MALE AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE ALWAYS T5D$ TO IGNORE FEMALE CONC]NS & >EAS ( FEMALE AUTONOMY1 IF Y\ TAKE ?IS APPROA* TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 RA!R ?AN SEE+ ! PROBLEMS AS 9SOLUBLE IT BECOMES V]Y DIFFICULT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT A PROBLEM EV5 EXI/S4.<#a#g#b.> 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! QUE/ION IS NOT :E!R IT IS NECESS>Y TO COME UP ) A COMPROMISE BETWE5 !SE EXTREME POSITIONS2 ! QUE/ION IS H[4 ,OR P]HAPS EV5 MORE1 ! QUE/ION %\LD BE3 ,:AT IT IS ?AT DRIVES O!RWISE S5SIBLE SOCIAL !ORI/S TO TAKE SU* ODDLY MAXIMAL POSITIONS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,AFT] ALL1 MO/ ( US DON'T F9D IT ALL ?AT DIFFICULT TO /E] A PA? BETWE5 CYNICISM & NAIVETE 9 \R ORD9>Y LIVES4 ,:Y %\LD SOCIAL !ORY1 :I* CAN OP5 \R EYES TO SO MANY PH5OM5A TO :I* COMMON S5SE IS BL9D1 ALSO MAKE US SO BL9D TO PROBLEMS ?AT ACTUALLY DO HAVE COMMON-S5SE SOLUTIONS8 ,I HOPE ?AT IF ,I HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ ANY?+ OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK1 IT'S TO SUGGE/ :]E ONE MI<T AT LEA/ LOOK = A SOLUTION3 ?AT MU* ( ! PROBLEM LIES 9 ! ,P>M5IDEAN LOGIC BEH9D ! V]Y NOTIONS ( 0SOCIETY0 OR 0CULTURE10 :I* LEAD TO IRRESOLVABLE P>ADOXES BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL MOTIVATION & SOCIAL =M1 & ?AT AN APPROA* ?AT BEG9S 9/EAD FROM QUE/IONS ( VALUE1 CREATIVITY1 & AN OP5-5D$ LAY]+ ( REAL & IMAG9>Y SOCIAL TOTALITIES1 MI<T DO MU* TO HELP RESOLVE !M4.<#a#g#c.> 

P]SPECTIVES3 FROM MEAN+ TO DESIRE 

  

,! APPEAL ( M>KET-BAS$ IDEOLOGIES IS NOT ?AT DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 ,!Y DRAW ON A PICTURE ( HUMAN NATURE & HUMAN MOTIVATION ?AT LIES DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! RELIGI\S TRADITION ( ! ,WE/1 & ?AT 9 \R M>KETBAS$ SOCIETY SEEMS 5DLESSLY CONFIRM$ BY EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE4 ,IT ALSO HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( PRES5T+ US ) AN EXTREMELY SIMPLE SET ( PROPOSITIONS4 ,WE >E UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE UNLIMIT$ DESIRES2 S9CE !RE IS NO NATURAL CUT(F PO9T AT :I* ANYONE WILL HAVE 5\< P[]1 OR MONEY1 OR PLEASURE1 OR MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS1 & S9CE RES\RCES >E SC>CE1 ?IS MEANS WE WILL ALWAYS BE 9 AT LEA/ TACIT COMPETITION4 ,:AT WE CALL 0SOCIETY0 IS1 IF NOT PURE OB/RUCTION1 !N A SET ( TOOLS TO FACILITATE ! PURSUIT ( HAPP9ESS1 TO REGULATE ! PROCESS1 P]HAPS CLEAN UP AFT] ITS MESS4 

,M>KET PR9CIPLES CAN !N BE BALANC$1 AS NE$ BE1 BY !IR OPPOSITE3 FAMILY VALUES1 ALTRUI/IC *>ITY1 SELFLESS DEVOTION TO A FAI? OR CAUSE--ALL PR9CIPLES ?AT >E1 AS IT W]E1 BR\<T 9TO BE+ AS COMPLEM5TS TO ! PURE PSY*OLOGY ( 0RATIONAL1 SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION40 ,!SE >E AS ,MAUSS REM9DS US REALLY JU/ TWO SIDES ( ! SAME FALSE CO94 ,! KEY MOVE1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT IDEOLOGICAL WORK 9 ALL ?IS IS DONE BY EXTRACT+ ALL ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS ( DESIRE FROM SOCIETY1 SO ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ( HAPP9ESS L>GELY AS ONE'S RELATIONS ) OBJECTS 7OR AT BE/1 PEOPLE ONE TREATS LIKE OBJECTS73 ! MOM5T IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE ,R\SSEAU TO REM9D US ?AT 9 FACT1 !RE W\LD BE NO PO9T 9 KILL+ EV]YONE ELSE TO ATTA9 !IR WEAL? BECAUSE !N !RE W\LD BE NO ONE TO KN[ WE HAD IT1 WE HAVE ALREADY LONG S9CE LO/ ! IDEOLOGICAL GAME4 ,& IT IS ( C\RSE EXACTLY ?IS EXTRACTION ?AT ALL[S PROMOT]S ( ! M>KET TO CLAIM TO BE ACT+ 9 ! NAME ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 AS SIMPLY OP5+ ! WAY = 9DIVIDUALS TO MAKE UP !IR [N M9DS AB\T :AT !Y WANT FROM LIFE )\T ANYONE NOTIC+ ?AT MO/ ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 QUE/ION SP5D ! VA/ MAJORITY ( !IR WAK+ H\RS RUNN+ >\ND AT SOMEONE ELSE'S BECK & CALL4 ,IT'S A PRETTY NEAT TRICK IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT4 

,MU* ( ! P[] ( M>KET !ORY /EMS FROM ITS V]Y SIMPLICITY4 ,IT DOES CONTA9 )9 IT A !ORY ( HUMAN NATURE1 A !ORY ( DESIRE1 PLEASURE1 FRE$OM1 & EV51 9 ITS [N WAY1 A !ORY ( SOCIETY4 ,! FACT ?AT 9 ALL !SE >EAS ! >GUM5T IS SO SIMPLI/IC AS TO BE FULL ( HOLES IS1 = IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES1 ( ALMO/ NO SIGNIFICANCE1 P>TICUL>LY IF NO ONE IS PROPOS+ A MORE COH]5T ALT]NATIVE4 ,9 FACT1 IT (T5 SEEMS ?AT ALL ! O!R SIDE HAS TO (F] 7ASIDE FROM ALL SORTS ( +5I\S CRITIQUES7 IS A COLLECTION ( SCATT]$ 9SI<TS ?AT1 H[EV] BRILLIANT1 >E DRAWN FROM SU* DIFF]5T !ORETICAL TRADITIONS ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE A COH]5T >GUM5T \T ( !M4 ,ONE PROBLEM ,I F\ND MYSELF RUNN+ 9TO FAIRLY (T5 :ILE WRIT+ ?IS BOOK1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS ! LACK ( A !ORETICAL LANGUAGE ) :I* TO TALK AB\T DESIRE4 ,UNLESS ONE IS ABLE TO CONV9CE ONESELF ?AT !RE REALLY IS A COMPELL+ REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT LANGUAGE ITSELF HAS A SPECIAL AFF9ITY TO ONE'S FA!R'S P5IS1 & IS !RE=E WILL+ TO ADOPT ! IDEAS ( ,JACQUES ,LACAN1 OR UNLESS ONE IS WILL+ TO ADOPT ! ,NIETZS*EAN APPROA* ADOPT$ BY AU?ORS LIKE ,DELEUZE OR ,F\CAULT1 :I* MAKES DESIRE1 OR ! DESIRE = P[]1 ! FUNDAM5TAL CON/ITU5T ( ALL REALITY--A POSITION ?AT IF C>RI$ AT ALL F> 9V>IABLY SEEMS TO LEAD TO TRULY BIZ>RE CONCLUSIONS1 SU* AS LEFT-W+ ACADEMICS S++ ! PRAISES ( ! ,M>QUIS DE ,SADE--ONE IS PRETTY MU* /UCK4 ,IT'S /ILL POSSIBLE1 ( C\RSE1 TO TRY TO M9E SU* !ORIES = 9SI<TS )\T 5DORS+ ! :OLE1 AS ,I DID AT ! 5D ( *APT] #d :5 ,I1 EFFECTIVELY1 TRI$ TO COME UP ) A NON-,FREUDIAN V]SION ( ,LACAN4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?IS WAS A PRETTY DESP]ATE MANEUV]4 ,SURELY !RE MU/ BE SOME ALT]NATIVES4 

,?AT >GUM5T 9CID5TALLY WAS DI/ANTLY 9SPIR$ BY AN E>LY ESSAY ON FETI%ISM BY ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D1 ONE :I* MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE TAK5 ,LACAN'S NOTION ( 0SPECUL> DESIRE0 TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,:AT IS ! REASON1 ,BAUDRILL>D ASK$1 = ! PR(\ND SEXUAL ALLURE CREAT$ BY C]TA9 =MS ( COMPLEX P]SONAL ADORNM5T1 SAY 7AS ,LEVI-,/RAUSS CLAIMS7 BY ! 9TRICATE TATTOO+ ( ,CADUVEO WOM51 :I* LEAVES !IR FACES COV]$ ) A COMPLEX MAZE ( L9ES & SYMBOLS8 ,IS IT NOT BECAUSE :AT REALLY EVOKES DESIRE1 AS ) ALL FETI% OBJECTS1 IS ! EXI/5CE ( A K9D ( P]FECTION1 A SELF-5CLOS+ SY/EMS ( SIGNS8 

,:AT FASC9ATES US IS ALWAYS ?AT :I* RADICALLY EXCLUDES US 9 ! NAME ( ITS 9T]NAL LOGIC OR P]FECTION3 A MA!MATICAL =MULA1 A P>ANOIAC SY/EM1 A CONCRETE JUNGLE1 A USELESS OBJECT1 OR1 AGA91 A SMOO? BODY1 )\T ORIFICES1 D\BL$ & R$\BL$ BY A MIRROR1 DEVOT$ TO P]V]SE AUTOSATISFACTION4 ,IT IS BY C>ESS+ H]SELF1 BY ! AUTO]OTIC MANEUV]1 ?AT ! /RIPTEASE >TI/ BE/ EVOKES DESIRE4 7#a#i#h#a3#i#f7 

,?IS IS NOT P]HAPS A !ORY ( DESIRE SO MU* AS A !ORY ( FRU/RAT$ DESIRE4 ,IT WAS L>GELY 9 REACTION TO ?IS SORT ( AUTO]OTIC MODEL ?AT ,GILLES ,DELEUZE PROPOS$ WE LOOK 9/EAD TO ! POLYMORPH\S P]V]SITY ( ! 9FANT2 = HIM1 DESIRE BECOMES A K9D ( UNIV]SAL PRIMORDIAL =CE ( PRODUCTION FL[+ 9 ALL DIRECTIONS BETWE5 BODIES & BETWE5 BODIES & ! WORLD 7E4G41 #a#i#h#c3#b#f-#b#g74 ,:AT WE CALL 0REALITY0 IS REALLY ITS SIDE EFFECT4 ,BUT EV5 ASIDE FROM ! ,NIETZS*EAN PROBLEMS M5TION$ ABOVE1 ?IS ISN'T REALLY A !ORY ( DESIRE AT ALL--IT'S MORE A DECL>ATION ( :Y ONE ISN'T NECESS>Y4.<#a#g#d.> 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS BOOK ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT A !ORY ( VALUE MI<T ITSELF BE ABLE TO PRODUCE AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,I ?9K ?AT SU* A !ORY AT LEA/ PO9TS 9 SOME PROMIS+ DIRECTIONS4 

,ONE ( ! KEY >GUM5TS ( ?IS BOOK HAS BE5 ?AT :AT WE CALL 0/RUCTURE0 IS NOT A SET ( /ATIC =MS OR PR9CIPLES BUT WAY 9 :I* *ANGES--OR 9 ! CASE ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 ACTION--IS PATT]N$2 IT CONSI/S1 AS ,PIAGET 7OR ,TURN]7 W\LD PUT IT1 ( ! 9V>IABLE PR9CIPLES ?AT REGULATE A SY/EM ( TRANS=MATIONS4.<#a#g#e.> ,AS SU*1 IT IS A NOTORI\SLY ELUSIVE ?+4 ,IT IS NOT ELUSIVE JU/ BECAUSE EV]YONE T5DS TO LOSE TRACK ( ! WAY !IR [N ACTIONS CONTRIBUTE TO REPRODUC+ & RE%AP+ !MSELVES & !IR SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,IT IS ALSO ELUSIVE BECAUSE SOCIAL P]=MANCE IS USUALLY CONSID]$ TRULY >TFUL & ACCOMPLI%$--OR EV51 COMPET5T--L>GELY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT CAN MAKE ?OSE /RUCTURES--! TEMPLATES1 OR S*EMATA1 OR :ATEV] Y\ WI% TO CALL !M--?AT LIE BEH9D IT DISAPPE>4 ,BUT EV5 AS !Y DO SO1 ?OSE TEMPLATES OR S*EMATA T5D TO REAPPE> 9 ! DISLOCAT$ SPECTRAL =M ( IMAG9>Y TOTALITIES1 & !SE TOTALITIES T5D TO 5D UP 9SCRIB$ 9 A S]IES ( OBJECTS ?AT1 9S(> AS !Y BECOME M$IA ( VALUE1 ALSO BECOME OBJECTS ( DESIRE--L>GELY1 BY REPRES5T+ ! VALUE ( AN ACTOR'S [N ACTIONS TO H]SELF4 ,! OBJECT 9 QUE/ION MI<T BE ALMO/ ANY?+3 A RITUAL P]=MANCE1 AN HEIRLOOM TREASURE1 A GAME1 A TITLE ) ITS ASSOCIAT$ REGALIA4 ,! CRITICAL ?+ IS ?AT :ATEV] IT IS1 IT CAN ON SOME LEVEL BE SAID TO CONTA9 EV]Y?+4 ,SU* OBJECTS IMPLY )9 !IR [N /RUCTURE ALL ?OSE PR9CIPLES ( MOTION ?AT %APE ! FIELD 9 :I* !Y TAKE ON MEAN+--9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS1 SAY1 A H\SEHOLD CONTA9S ALL ! ELEM5T>Y =MS ( RELATION AT PLAY )9 A L>G] K9%IP SY/EM1 EV5 IF AT TIMES 9 /RANGE 9V]T$ =MS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 !Y BECOME FROZ5 IMAGES ( ?OSE PATT]NS ( ACTIONS ?AT 9 PRACTICE >E CALL$ 9TO BE+ BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT PEOPLE VALUE !M2 !Y >E1 AS ,I SAID1 MIRRORS ( \R [N MANIPULAT$ 9T5TIONS4 

,NORMALLY1 !SE MICROCOSMIC TOK5S HAVE A /RANGE DUALITY AB\T !M4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y EMBODY A CLOS$ P]FECTION ?AT T5DS TO BE1 MU* AS ,BAUDRILL>D SUGGE/S1 APPEAL+ 9 ITSELF1 & BESIDES :I* ! ACTOR CAN ONLY SEEM A LACK1 A W\ND1 AN ABS5CE1 AN AB/RACT CONT5T TO BE COMPLET$ BY ?IS CONCRETE =M4 ,BUT HIDD5 BEH9D ?AT GLIMM]+ IMAGE ( P]FECTION IS ALMO/ ALWAYS ! AW>5ESS ( SOME?+ IMP]CEPTIBLE1 A LOOM+ ABS5CE ( ITS [N 7?IS IS1 ,I SUGGE/$1 :Y IDIOMS ( VISION SO (T5 SEEM APPROPRIATE--A VISUAL SURFACE ALWAYS IMPLIES SOME?+ 9VISIBLE BEYOND74 ,?IS ABS5CE T5DS TO BE P]CEIV$ NOT AS A LACK BUT AS A K9D ( P[]4 ,BUT ! ULTIMATE ILLUSION1 ! ULTIMATE TRICK BEH9D ?IS :OLE PLAY ( MIRRORS1 IS ?AT ?IS P[] IS NOT1 9 FACT1 P[] AT ALL1 BUT A <O/LY REFLECTION ( ONE'S [N POT5TIAL = ACTION2 ONE'S 0CREATIVE 5]GIES10 AS ,I'VE SOME:AT ELUSIVELY CALL$ !M4 

,H[EV] ELUSIVE1 CREATIVE POT5TIAL IS EV]Y?+4 ,ONE C\LD EV5 >GUE ?AT IT IS 9 A S5SE ! ULTIMATE SOCIAL REALITY4 ,= ME1 ?IS IS :AT IS REALLY COMPELL+ AB\T ,BHASK>'S 0CRITICAL REALISM40 ,BHASK> SUGGE/S ?AT MO/ PHILOSOPH]S HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO COME UP ) AN ADEQUATE !ORY ( PHYSICAL REALITY BECAUSE !Y SEE IT AS COMPOS$ SIMPLY ( OBJECTS BUT NOT :AT HE CALLS 0P[]S0--POT5TIALS1 CAPACITIES1 ?+S ?AT >E ( !MSELVES FUNDAM5TALLY UNREPRES5TABLE1 & 9 MO/ REAL-LIFE1 0OP5 SY/EM0 SITUATIONS1 UNPR$ICTABLE AS WELL4.<#a#g#f.> ,IT SEEMS TO ME IT IS QUITE ! SAME ) P[]S ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,:AT MAKES CREATIVITY SO CONFUS+1 TO BO? ACTOR & ANALY/1 IS ! FACT ?AT !SE P[]S >E--PRECISELY--SO FUNDAM5TALLY SOCIAL4 ,!Y >E SOCIAL BO? BECAUSE !Y >E ! RESULT ( AN ONGO+ PROCESS :]EBY /RUCTURES ( RELATION ) O!RS COME TO BE 9T]NALIZ$ 9TO ! V]Y FABRIC ( \R BE+1 & EV5 MORE1 BECAUSE ?IS POT5TIAL CANNOT REALIZE ITSELF--AT LEA/1 NOT 9 ANY P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT WAY--EXCEPT 9 COORD9ATION ) O!RS4 ,IT IS ONLY ?US ?AT P[]S TURN 9TO VALUE4 ,MANY ( ! MORE /RIK+ RITUALS DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 FROM ,IROQUOIS DREAMGUESS+ TO ! ME*ANICS ( ,MALAGASY SORONA & FADITRA1 C\LD BE SE5 AS M$ITATIONS ON ?IS NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT REALITY4 

,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ?IS SOCIAL ASPECT :I* ?AT OP5S ! WAY TO :AT IS MISS+ 9 SO MU* !ORY4 ,IT BECOMES EV5 CLE>] IF ONE MOVES FROM !ORIES ( DESIRE TO ?OSE ( PLEASURE4 ,MAUSS & ,M>X BO? PROVIDE TANTALIZ+ H9TS 7IF ONLY H9TS7 ( :AT A SOCIAL !ORY ( PLEASURE MI<T BE LIKE3 ,M>X1 9 ! IDEA ( UNALI5AT$ LABOR1 ESS5TIALLY A SUGGE/ION ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TAK+ PLEASURE 9 CREATIVITY RA!R ?AN EXP]I5C+ IT AS PA9 LIES 9 ! NATURE ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 :I* IT IS EMB$D$2 ,MAUSS1 9 HIS EMPHASIS ON 0! DELI<T 9 G5]\S >TI/IC EXP5DITURE1 ! PLEASURE ( HOSPITALITY 9 ! PUBLIC OR PRIVATE FEA/0 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#f#g.>74 ,ONE NE$ ONLY TRY TO IMAG9E A !ORY ( PLEASURE ?AT />T$ FROM EI!R ( !SE 9 ORD] TO SEE H[ MU* ! K9D ( PLEASURES M>KET !ORI/S SEEM TO HAVE 9 M9D :5 !Y CREATE !IR MODELS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR >E FUNDAM5TALLY SOLIT>Y ONES4 ,:5 M>KET !ORI/S ?9K AB\T A PLEASURABLE1 REW>D+ EXP]I5CE1 ! ROOT IMAGE !Y HAVE 9 M9D SEEMS TO BE EAT+ FOOD 70CONSUMPTION07--& NOT 9 ! CONTEXT ( A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE FEA/1 EI!R1 BUT APP>5TLY1 FOOD EAT5 BY ONESELF4 ,! IDEA SEEMS TO BE ( AN ALMO/ FURTIVE APPROPRIATION1 9 :I* OBJECTS :AT HAD BE5 P>TS ( ! \TSIDE WORLD >E COMPLETELY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! CONSUM]'S SELF4 ,9 FACT1 ONE DOESN'T EV5 REALLY NE$ TO />T FROM ,M>X OR ,MAUSS3 ONE NE$ ONLY IMAG9E H[ DIFF]5T ! !ORY MI<T LOOK LIKE IF IT SET (F FROM ALMO/ ANY O!R K9D ( 5JOYABLE EXP]I5CE3 SAY1 FROM MAK+ LOVE1 OR FROM BE+ AT A CONC]T1 OR EV5 FROM PLAY+ A GAME4 

,IT IS A COMMONPLACE ?AT PLEASURE 9VOLVES A C]TA9 LOSS ( SELF4 ,SOME 7E4G41 ,SC>RY #a#i#h#f7 HAVE GONE SO F> AS TO >GUE ?AT S9CE PA9 IS A PH5OM5ON ?AT T5DS TO MAKE EV]Y?+ BUT ! HURT+ SELF VANI%1 PLEASURE %\LD BE/ BE CONCEIV$ AS ITS OPPOSITE3 IF ONE'S H& T\*ES ANO!R P]SON'S SK91 9S(> AS ONE FEELS ?AT O!R SK91 ONE IS EXP]I5C+ PLEASURE2 9S(> AS ONE IS FEEL+ ONE'S [N H&1 ?AT'S PA94 ,?IS IS P]HAPS AN EXTREME =MULATION BUT 9 ITS BROADE/ \TL9ES1 ONE SUSPECTS IT W\LD HAVE MADE P]FECT S5SE TO A SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,IROQUOIS1 S9CE 9 ,IROQUOIAN CULTURES1 BEAUTY & PLEASURE W]E SE5 ABOVE ALL AS A MATT] ( OV]COM+ ?OSE OB/RUCTIONS ?AT PREV5T ! SELF FROM OP5+ ITSELF & EXP&+ 9TO ! SURR\ND+ WORLD & 5T]+ 9TO COMMUNICATION ) O!RS4 ,:AT /RIKES ME AS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT 9 ! ,IROQUOIS =MULATION1 ?\<1 IS ! PRES5CE ( A PR9CIPLE ( CREATION4 ,9 ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE*ES1 ONE DOES NOT M]ELY LI/ ! FEATURES ( ! COSMOS ONE BY ONE1 ONE DESCRIBES !IR COM+ 9TO BE+1 ! FACT ( !IR CREATION4 ,I ?9K ONE MI<T EV5 GO SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT 9 ALL ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ =MULATIONS1 PLEASURE 5DS UP 9VOLV+ NOT JU/ ! EFFACEM5T ( SELF1 BUT ! DEGREE TO :I* ?AT EFFACEM5T P>TAKES ( A DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( ?AT MO/ ELUSIVE ASPECT ( REALITY1 ( PURE CREATIVE POT5TIAL 7:E!R BIOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 OR ES!TIC--?\< ! BE/ SORTS ,I SUPPOSE P>TAKE SOME:AT ( ALL ?REE7-- ?AT V]Y PH5OM5ON :I*1 AS ! ,HOLD] ( ! ,E>? DISCOV]$1 CAN1 IF ONE IS 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( ! L>G] SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* IT TAKES PLACE1 ALSO PRODUCE UNP>ALLEL$ MIS]Y4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/