,*APT] #f 
,M>CEL ,MAUSS ,REVISIT$ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #f -- ,M>CEL ,MAUSS ,REVISIT$ 

  
  

,WE HAVE H]E AN ADMIRABLE EXAMPLE ( H[ CAPITALI/ PROP]TY IS CREAT$4 ,! APPROPRIATION ( GOLD1 9 P>TICUL>1 IS BY NECESSITY A BLOODY BUS9ESS4 ,9 ! #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES1 ! ,SPANI>DS MASSACR$ ! ,P]UVIANS & ,MEXICANS2 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ! ,9DIANS ( ,CALI=NIA W]E COLDLY EXT]M9AT$2 ! ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES1 ME?ODICALLY DE/ROY$4 ,& N[ ?IS SAME G5RE ( COLLECTIVE ASSASS9ATION :I* IS W> IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,BO]S4 ,! B\RGEOISIE NO MORE RECOILS BE=E BLOOD ?AN IT RECOILS BE=E HUMAN EXPLOITATION4 ,?US WE SEE H[ 0PRIVATE PROP]TY IS F\ND$ UPON LABOR06 

--,M>CEL ,MAUSS1 FROM 0,LA GU]RE DU ,TRANSVAAL0 7,LE ,M\VEM5T ,SOCIALI/E1 ,JUNE #a1 #a#i7  
  
  

,CITIZ5S1 9 PROPOS+ TO SET (F =?RI<TLY ON ?IS PA?1 WE MU/ NEV] 9 ANY WAY =GET \R ROLE AS SOCIALI/S & REVOLUTION>IES444 ,WE BELIEVE1 COMRADES1 ?AT ORGANIZ]S & MILITANTS CAN 9DE$ 5C\RAGE ! WORK] TO =ESI<T1 & SEEK TO CREATE = HIM A LITTLE SECURITY 9 ?IS UNNATURAL & CRUEL SOCIETY 9 :I* HE LIVES4 ,BUT WE WILL NOT BE SATISFI$ ) ?AT4 ,WE WILL $UCATE HIM = HIS REVOLUTION>Y TASK BY GIV+ HIM A SORT ( =ETA/E ( ALL ! ADVANTAGES ?AT ! FUTURE SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO (F] HIM444 ,WE WILL CREATE A V]ITABLE >S5AL ( SOCIALI/ CAPITAL 9 ! MID/ ( B\RGEOIS CAPITAL4 

--,M>CEL ,MAUSS1 SPEAK+ BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONAL & ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,SOCIALI/ ,COOP]ATIVES1 ,JULY #b-#e1 #a#i4  
  

,9 E>LI] *APT]S1 ,I HAVE GIV5 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS' WORK SOME:AT %ORT %RIFT1 P>TICUL>LY 9 COMP>ISON ) ?AT ( ,M>X4 ,9 FACT1 ,I BELIEVE ,MAUSS' !ORETICAL CORPUS IS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,HE WAS A MAN ) A REM>KABLE KNACK = ASK+ ALL ! MO/ 9T]E/+ QUE/IONS1 EV5 IF HE WAS ALSO KE5LY AW>E 9 ?OSE E>LY DAYS ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESE>*1 ?AT HE DIDN'T HAVE ! MEANS TO FULLY ANSW] !M4 ,9 ! ,ANGLOPHONE WORLD1 HIS WORK IS N[ KN[N MA9LY ?R\< A M]E F\R OR FIVE !ORETICAL ESSAYS1 BUT ALMO/ EV]Y ONE ( !M HAS 9SPIR$ A VA/ SECOND>Y LIT]ATURE ( ITS [N4 ,! UNIV]SALLY RECOGNIZ$ MA/]PIECE IS HIS 0,ESSAI SUR LE DON0 7#a#i#b#e71 :I* HAS G5]AT$ MORE DEBATE1 DISCUSSION1 & IDEAS ?AN ANY O!R WORK ( AN?ROPOLOGY--& ?AT HAS OBVI\S RELEVANCE TO ! 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT ,I HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK4 ,9 ?IS *APT]1 !N1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO TE/ SOME ( !SE IDEAS AGA9/ ,MAUSS' MAT]IAL FROM ! 0,! ,GIFT0 ITSELF4 ,9 DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 ,I 9T5D TO MAKE A L>G] !ORETICAL PO9T4 ,9 MANY WAY ,I ?9K HIS WORK & ,M>X'S =M A P]FECT COMPLEM5T4 ,M>X WAS A SOCIALI/ ) AN ONGO+ 9T]E/ 9 AN?ROPOLOGY2 ,MAUSS1 AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O1 ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 REMA9$ AN ACTIVE P>TICIPANT 9 SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 ,& JU/ AS = MANY YE>S FEW SEEM$ TO BE AW>E ( ,M>X'S SUBTLETY AS A SOCIAL ?9K]1 ALMO/ NO ONE N[ADAYS SEEMS AW>E ( ,MAUSS' IMPORTANCE AS A POLITICAL ONE4 ,POLITICAL PASSIONS =M ! FRAMEWORK1 9 FACT1 = MU* ( HIS WORK1 & PROBABLY NO:]E MORE SO ?AN 9 ! CASE ( ! GIFT4 ,LET ME BEG91 !N1 BY DESCRIB+ SOME ( ! BACKGR\ND TO ?IS WORK4 

! GIFT AS SOCIAL CONTRACT 

  

,MAUSS WAS DUR+ HIS [N LIFETIME ?\<T ( MO/ ( ALL AS ! 9TELLECTUAL SUCCESSOR TO HIS UNCLE1 ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM1 ! F\ND] ( ,FR5* SOCIOLOGY4 ,! MO/ COMMON WAY TO LOOK AT ,MAUSS' WORK IS AS ! PURSUIT ( ! SAME 9TELLECTUAL PROBLEMS--IF1 AS ,L\IS ,DUMONT EMPHASIZES 7#a#i#e#b71 9 MU* MORE PRAGMATIC & EMPIRICAL T]MS4 

,DURKHEIM'S PROBLEMS1 9 TURN1 L>GELY EM]G$ FROM A DIALOGUE ?AT HAD BE5 GO+ ON BETWE5 ,FR5* & ,BRITI% ?9K]S AB\T ! DIRECTION ( SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 AB\T ! RISE ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! DECL9E ( RELIGI\S SOLID>ITY & TRADITIONAL =MS ( AU?ORITY1 ! RISE ( ! M>KET AS ! MA9 M$IUM ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,MO/ ( ,MAUSS' ESSAYS CAN BE RELAT$ TO ONE OR ANO!R ( !SE !MES3 JU/ AS HIS ESSAY ON ! 0CATEGORY ( ! P]SON0 CAN BE READ AS AN >*AEOLOGY ( MOD]N 9DIVIDUALISM2 0,! ,GIFT0 CAN BE READ AS AN EXPLORATION ( ! NOTION ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 

,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#g#b7 ONCE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! PROBLEM ,MAUSS IS ULTIMATELY TACKL+ GOES BACK TO ,?OMAS ,HOBBES3 H[ DO Y\ CREATE PEACE BETWE5 PEOPLE :O HAVE NO IMM$IATE REASON NOT TO KILL EA* O!R8 ,HOBBES1 ( C\RSE1 >GU$ ?AT GIV5 HUMAN BE+S' 5DLESSLY ACQUISITIVE PROP5SITIES1 A /ATE ( NATURE C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 A 0W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL02 SOCIETY PROP] C\LD ONLY BEG9 :5 EV]YONE AGRE$ TO CREATE SOME OV]>*+ POLITICAL P[]4 ,! ORIG9AL 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 !N1 WAS A MATT] ( PEOPLE AGREE+ TO AB&ON !IR RI<T TO USE =CE1 & 9VE/ IT 9 A /ATE ?AT WAS1 9 TURN1 CAPABLE ( 5=C+ ANY CONTRACTS !Y MI<T AGREE TO ) EA* O!R4 ,BY ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 A L9E ( >GUM5T ?AT />T$ ) ,SA9T,SIMON & REA*$ ITS APO!OSIS ) ,H]B]T ,SP5C] PROPOS$ ?AT ! ROLE ( /ATE CO]CION WAS NOT ET]NAL1 & ?AT HUMAN HI/ORY WAS SEE+ A GRADUAL %IFT FROM SOCIETIES BAS$ ON MILIT>Y1 TO ECONOMIC COMPETITION1 & FREE ECONOMIC CONTRACTS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,DURKHEIM FRAM$ MU* ( HIS SOCIOLOGICAL !ORY AS A RESPONSE TO ,SP5C]3 PO9T+ \T1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! GR[? 9 PRIVATE CONTRACTS1 F> FROM CAUS+ ! /ATE TO WI!R AWAY1 WAS CAUS+ IT TO 9T]V5E 9 CITIZ5S' LIVES AS NEV] BE=E4 

,9 AN 9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE LIKE ?IS1 IT'S EASY TO SEE H[ 0! ORIG9 ( ! CONTRACT0 W\LD SEEM AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION--& ONE AB\T :I* ! NEWLY EM]G+ FIELD ( AN?ROPOLOGY %\LD HAVE SOME?+ TO SAY4 ,9 ! FIR/ PAGES ( HIS ESSAY1 ,MAUSS EMPHASIZES TWICE ?AT HIS WORK ON ! GIFT IS P>T ( A MU* WID] PROGRAM ( RESE>* 0ON >*AIC =MS ( CONTRACT0 ?AT HE HAD BE5 PURSU+ = SOME TIME1 ALONG ) HIS COLLEAGUE ,GEORGES ,DAVY4.<#a#a#c.> ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ! SPECULATIONS ( ! LIKES ( ,HOBBES1 OR ,ADAM ,SMI?1 OR MOD]N ECONOMI/S1 ! FIR/ VOLUNT>Y1 CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS W]E NOT BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS BUT BETWE5 SOCIAL GR\PS3 0CLANS1 TRIBES1 & FAMILIES0 7#c74 ,NEI!R W]E !Y ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL1 OR = ?AT MATT] ECONOMIC1 9 NATURE2 RA!R1 !Y W]E1 AS HE PUTS IT1 0TOTAL10 BR++ TOGE!R DOMA9S WE W\LD DIFF]5TIATE AS 0RELIGI\S1 LEGAL1 MORAL & ECONOMIC40 ,GIFT-GIV+ IS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ?IS SORT ( ?+3 BECAUSE IT IS A PURELY VOLUNT>Y ACT 7OR1 ANYWAY1 CAN BE7 ?AT NONE!LESS CREATES A S5SE ( OBLIGATION4 ,H5CE HIS EXPLANATION ( ! C5TRAL QUE/ION HE 9T5DS TO ANSW]3  
  

,9 PRIMITIVE OR >*AIC SOCIETIES :AT IS ! PR9CIPLE :]EBY ! GIFT RECEIV$ HAS TO BE REPAID8 ,:AT =CE IS !RE 9 ! ?+ GIV5 :I* COMPELS ! RECIPI5T TO MAKE A RETURN8 7PAGE #c7  
  

,BY FRAM+ HIS QUE/ION SO1 ONE MI<T SAY ,MAUSS WAS POS+ A V]Y +5I\S REPLY TO ! FREE-M>KET !ORI/S ( HIS DAY4 ,RA!R ?AN HI/ORY MOV+ FROM A SOCIAL CONTRACT ) ! /ATE1 ) ITS MONOPOLY ( =CE1 TO FREE CONTRACTS AMONG 9DIVIDUALS1 WE DISCOV] ?AT ! ORIG9 ( ! CONTRACT LONG PR$ATES ! /ATE--?AT !SE CONTRACTS HAD MU* MORE TO DO ) :AT WE W\LD N[ CONSID] ECONOMIC ?AN POLITICAL CONC]NS1 BUT ?AT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y LOOK$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ LIKE :AT FREE-M>KET !ORI/S W\LD HAVE IMAG9$ PRIMITIVE ECONOMICS TO BE LIKE4 ,! WORK+ ASSUMPTION ( ECONOMI/S HAD BE5--9 FACT1 /ILL IS--?AT ! ORIG9AL =M ( EX*ANGE WAS B>T]1 MOTIVAT$ BY MAT]IAL SELF-9T]E/3 TWO PEOPLE MEET & AGREE TO EX*ANGE SOME?+ ONE NE$S = SOME?+ NE$$ BY ! O!R2 ONCE ! DEAL IS /RUCK1 IT'S OV]2 ! TWO NE$ HAVE NO?+ FUR!R TO DO ) ONE ANO!R4 ,:AT ,MAUSS IS >GU+1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ! FIR/ AGREEM5TS ?AT C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS ECONOMIC CONTRACTS W]E AGREEM5TS NOT TO ACT 9 ACCORD ) ONE'S ECONOMIC SELF-9T]E/1 S9CE IF ONE IS SIMPLY SPEAK+ ( MAT]IAL GA91 !N OBVI\SLY IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! GIV] TO DEM& AN IMM$IATE RETURN1 & EV5 MORE OBVI\SLY1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! RECIPI5T TO SIMPLY TAKE ! GOODS & KEEP !M1 RA!R ?AN WAIT+ = A DISCRETE 9T]VAL & MAK+ A DRAMATIC C\NT]-GIFT4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?\<1 ,SAHL9S WAS SURELY RI<T3 ! <O/ ( ,HOBBES DOES L+] OV] HIS ACC\NT4 ,MAUSS REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZES ?AT ON ! MO/ PRIMITIVE LEVEL 7ONE ?AT SEEMS TO EXI/ 5TIRELY 9 HIS IMAG9ATION71 !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE BETWE5 GIV+ EV]Y?+1 & ALL-\T W>4 ,NO EXPLANATION ( :Y MEMB]S ( DIFF]5T 0CLANS1 TRIBES1 & FAMILIES0 %\LD FEEL 9CL9$ TO KILL EA* O!R 9 ! FIR/ PLACE IS EV] (F]$4 ,TRUE1 ! EMPHASIS ON HO/ILITY DOES MAKE ! ANTIECONOMISM EV5 RI*]4 ,IT HAS (T5 BE5 NOT$ ?AT :5 SOME?+ RESEMBL+ B>T] DOES OCCUR 9 /ATELESS SOCIETIES IT IS ALMO/ ALWAYS BETWE5 /RANG]S1 PEOPLE :O W\LD O!RWISE BE 5EMIES4 ,RA!R ?AN !RE BE+ SOME FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 RELATIONS ( VIOL5CE & ECONOMIC SELF-9T]E/ 7AS ,SP5C] >GU$1 & JU/ AB\T ANY MOD]N NEOLIB]AL W\LD AUTOMATICALLY ASSUME7 ! TWO >E REALLY JU/ V>IATIONS ( ! SAME ?+3 BO? REFLECT ! WAY ONE ACTS ) PEOPLE T[>DS :OSE FATE ONE IS 9DIFF]5T4 ,! MOM5T ONE MAKES PEACE ) O!RS1 ONE HAS TO MA9TA9 AT LEA/ ! PRET5SE ?AT ONE IS TAK+ SOME CONSID]ATION ( !IR 9T]E/S AS WELL AS ONE'S [N4 ,H5CE1 AS ,MAUSS NOTES1 )9 GIFT ECONOMIES1 EV5 9 CASES :]E ONE REALLY IS SIMPLY 9T]E/$ 9 OBTA9+ MAT]IAL GOODS1 ONE HAS TO PRET5D O!RWISE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT A PR(\ND WISDOM H]E4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 ! WISDOM COMES AT A T]RIBLE PRICE1 BECAUSE ! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION ?AT ORD] & AMICABLE RELATIONS >E ?+S ?AT NE$ TO BE EXPLA9$1 :ILE ! POT5TIAL = VIOL5CE & CONFLICT DOES NOT 7AN ASSUMPTION :I* CAME TO BE ! BASIC />T+ PO9T ( /RUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM7 5DS UP RE9=C+ ! CYNICAL PREMISES :I* LIE B5EA? ECONOMISM IF ANY?+ EV5 MORE ?AN ,MAUSS' CONCLUSION UND]CUTS !M4 

,MAUSS' SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM HE SET = HIMSELF1 ON ! O!R H&1 LEADS 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,:Y DO PEOPLE FEEL OBLIG$ TO RETURN GIFTS8 ,HIS ANSW] IS FAM\S3 OBJECTS >E SE5 TO P>TAKE ( SOME?+ ( ! P]SONALITY ( ! GIV]4.<#a#a#d.> ,IT WAS TO ?IS EFFECT ?AT HE 9TRODUC$ ! TE/IMONY ( A ,MAORI SAGE NAM$ ,TAMATI ,RANAPIRI1 ! FAM\S PASSAGE AB\T ! HAU OR 0SPIRIT0 ( ! GIFT--ACCORD+ TO ,MAUSS' 9T]PRETATION1 ?AT P>T ( ! DONOR'S S\L ?AT BECOMES1 AS IT W]E1 5TANGL$ 9 ! GIFT1 & ?AT1 ?R\< ITS WI% TO RETURN HOME1 COMPELS ! RECIPI5T TO MAKE A RETURN4 

,I'LL BE LOOK+ AT ?IS PASSAGE 9 A MORE DETAIL LAT] ON4 ,= N[1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ,MAUSS' 9T]PRETATION HAS COME UND] A GREAT DEAL ( CRITICISM--NOT ONLY FROM ,MAORI S*OL>S1 BUT ALSO FROM AMBITI\S !ORETICIANS LIKE ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#e7 :O1 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO :AT BECAME ! POPUL> ,FR5* $ITION ( ,MAUSS' WORK1 >GU$ ?AT ,MAUSS HAD MADE A FUNDAM5TAL LOGICAL MI/AKE 9 TRY+ TO EXPLA9 A PH5OM5ON LIKE RECIPROCITY1 :I* HE FELT WAS ROOT$ 9 ! UNCONSCI\S /RUCTURE ( ! HUMAN M9D1 ?R\< ONE P>TICUL> CULTURAL EXEGESIS4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?\< ?AT ALL ?IS DEBATE RA!R MISSES ! PO9T4 ,ONE C\LD PROBABLY SAY ?AT 9 HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ! HAU1 ,MAUSS HAD1 HIMSELF1 PRODUC$ A K9D ( MY?3 BUT LIKE ALL GOOD MY?S1 ,MAUSS' DID CAPTURE SOME?+ ESS5TIAL1 SOME?+ ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT TO EXPRESS O!RWISE4 ,IF IT HAD NOT1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 LONG S9CE =GOTT54 

,AT ANY RATE1 ! HAU WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE ( A CON/ANT !ME1 ONE ?AT ALSO APPE>S 9 ,MAUSS' ANALYSIS ( KULA1 9 :I* 0! ME*ANISMS ( OBLIGATION444 >E RESID5T 9 ! GIFTS !MSELVES0 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#b#a.>71 9 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ TREASURES ?AT CONTA9 SPIRITUAL P]SONALITIES ?AT POSSESS ! [N] 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#d#d.>71 9 HIS RECON/RUCTION ( E>LY ,ROMAN LAW 9 :I* 0! P]SON .<IS.> POSSESS$ BY ! ?+0 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#e#a.>71 & ELSE:]E4 ,ALL ( ?IS TURNS ON A MU* BROAD] PO9T AB\T ! RELATION ( P]SONS & ?+S4 ,MOD]N LAW MAKES /RICT DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! TWO2 IT IS ONLY = ?IS REASON ?AT MOD]N !ORY CAN IMAG9E ?AT P]SONS >E MOTIVAT$ BY SOME?+ CALL$ 0SELF-9T]E/10 :I* BASICALLY COMES D[N TO ! DESIRE TO ACCUMULATE ?+S4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 PO9TS ( ! ESSAY1 AS ,MAUSS REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZES1 IS TO CALL ! :OLE SET ( ASSUMPTIONS UND]LY+ ?IS NOTION ( 0SELF-9T]E/0 9TO QUE/ION4 

,9 DO+ SO1 HE WAS NOT SIMPLY *ALL5G+ MOD]N COMMON S5SE AB\T ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,HE WAS SAY+ ?AT ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ECONOMICS & SOCIAL SCI5CE DO NOT ADEQUATELY REPRES5T ! COMMON S5SE EV5 ( PEOPLE 9 \R [N SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS A PO9T ?AT1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS LO/ ON MANY--PROBABLY MO/--MOD]N COMM5TATORS ON ,MAUSS4 ,TRUE1 ,MAUSS DID WI% TO >GUE ?AT IT IS ONLY ) ! M>KET ?AT IT IS EV5 POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E A PURE SELF-9T]E/--A CONCEPT ?AT1 HE REM>K$1 C\LD NOT EV5 BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,GREEK1 OR ,LAT91 OR ,SANSKRIT1 OR CLASSICAL ,>ABIC--& ?AT ! MOD]N IDEAL ( ! PURE SELFLESS GIFT IS SIMPLY AN IMPOSSIBLE MIRROR IMAGE ( ?IS NOTION4 ,BUT HE WAS ALSO TRY+ TO UND]/& ! POPUL> APPEAL ( SOCIALISM4 ,TO EXPLA9 ?AT1 HE 5D$ UP PRODUC+ SOME?+ SURPRIS+LY SIMIL> TO ,M>X'S NOTION ( ALI5ATION-- ?\< ,MAUSS HIMSELF WAS PROBABLY NOT AW>E H[ SIMIL> IT WAS4 

,LET ME TRY TO PLACE 0,! ,GIFT0 9 ITS POLITICAL CONTEXT4 

! 0ESSAI SUR LE DON0 AS A CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIALI/ !ORY 

  

,MO/ ( ,MAUSS' ESSAYS W]E WORKS 9 PROGRESS1 PRELIM9>Y REPORTS ON ONGO+ PROJECTS ( RESE>*4 ,HE SP5T ! LA/ HALF ( HIS LIFE SURR\ND$ BY UNCOMPLET$ PROJECTS3 A !SIS ON ! NATURE ( PRAY]1 A BOOK AB\T ! ORIG9S ( MONEY1 YET ANO!R ON SOCIALISM & NATIONALISM 444 ,:5 HE DID ISSUE A PROGRESS REPORT1 IT WAS USUALLY BECAUSE HE WAS ASK$ TO1 OR FELT !RE WAS SOME PRESS+ REASON4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! 0ESSAI SUR LE DON10 IT'S QUITE CLE> ?AT REASON WAS ULTIMATELY POLITICAL4 

,FEW AN?ROPOLOGI/S N[ADAYS SEEM TO BE AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ,MAUSS WAS1 ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 A COMMITT$ SOCIALI/4 ,9 HIS /UD5T YE>S HE WAS A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,JEAN ,JAURES1 LEAD] ( ! ,S,F,I,O 7OR 0,FR5* ,SECTION ( ! ,WORK]S ,9T]NATIONAL071 N[ADAYS FAM\S = HIS DEF5SE ( ,DREYFUS & TIRELESS ANTIW> CAMPAIGNS1 = :I* HE WAS F9ALLY ASSASS9AT$ BY A RI<T-W+ FANATIC 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,MAUSS CONSID]$ ,JAURES AS MU* A M5TOR AS HE DID ,DURKHEIM1 ?\< HE WAS 9 MANY WAYS MORE RADICAL4 ,AFT] ! W>1 ,MAUSS CONT9U$ TO WORK )9 ! P>TY1 S]VE ON ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( SOCIALI/ P]IODICALS1 & WRITE = ! LEFT-W+ PRESS4 ,ABOVE ALL HE WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,FR5* COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T3 HE & A FRI5D F\ND$ & MANAG$ A CONSUM] CO-OP 9 ,P>IS1 HE HELD V>I\S PO/S 9 ! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 & MADE P]IODIC J\RNEYS TO O!R P>TS ( ,EUROPE1 RETURN+ TO PUBLI% REPORTS ON ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,HUNG>Y1 9 ,RUSSIA1 & SO ON 7,F\RNI] #a#i#i#d74 

,! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & P>TICUL>LY ! P]IOD >\ND #aibc & #aibd :5 ,MAUSS WAS ACTUALLY WRIT+ 0,! ,GIFT10 WAS ALSO ONE ( HIS MO/ 9T5SE P]IODS ( POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T4 ,!SE W]E ALSO ! YE>S IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD CAUS$ ! ,S,F,I,O TO SPLIT AP>T 9TO COMMUNI/ & SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,MAUSS HIMSELF HAD ALWAYS FAVOR$ A VISION ( SOCIALISM CREAT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ?R\< COOP]ATIVIZATION & UNION ACTION AIM$ AT ! ULTIMATE ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT BO? COMMUNI/S & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W]E EQUALLY GUILTY ( 0FETI%IZ+ POLITICS0 & ! ROLE ( ! /ATE2 RA!R1 HE SAW ! ROLE ( ! /ATE AS BE+ L>GELY LIMIT$ TO PROVID+ A LEGAL FRAMEWORK )9 :I* WORK]S C\LD MORE EASILY TAKE CONTROL OV] !IR 9DU/RIES & 9 A BROAD] S5SE1 P]HAPS1 BR+ LAW 9TO ACCORD ) POPUL> MORALITY4 ,EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA LEFT HIM PR(\NDLY AMBIVAL5T4 ,HE WAS1 FROM ! />T1 AN 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT] ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT HI<LY SUSPICI\S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4.<#a#a#e.> ,MAUSS FELT ! :OLE PROJECT ( IMPOS+ SOCIALISM BY =CE WAS OXYMORONIC2.<#a#a#f.> HE WAS REPELL$ BY ! NOTION ( A P>TY L9E1 & :ILE HE MADE DUE ALL[ANCES = ! DIFFICULT W>TIME SITUATION 9 :I* ! ,SOVIET REGIME WAS =C$ TO OP]ATE1 DECRI$ ITS USE ( T]ROR1 ITS CONTEMPT = DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & ABOVE ALL = ! RULE ( LAW4 ,IF !RE WAS ONE COMMON !ME TO HIS OBJECTIONS1 IT WAS HIS DISGU/ AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS' COLD-BLOOD$ UTILIT>IANISM 70!IR CYNICAL NOTION ?AT '! 5D JU/IFIES ! MEANS1'0 HE LAT] WROTE1 0MADE !M SEEM M$IOCRE EV5 AMONG POLITICIANS407 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS1 H[EV]1 ?AT HIS D5UNCIATIONS W]E ALWAYS SET AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( AN UNBREAKABLE S5SE ( K9%IP &1 MO/ ( ALL1 A S5SE ?AT ! REVOLUTION REPRES5T$ A MAGNIFIC5T EXP]IM5T3  
  

,S9CE ,M>X ! SOCIALI/S HAVE CAUTI\SLY REFRA9$ FROM CON/RUCT+ UTOPIAS & DRAW+ UP ! PLANS = FUTURE SOCIETIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 H>DLY ADVOCAT+ ANY?+ BUT ! G5]AL APOCALYPTIC !SIS ( ! 'TAK+ OV] ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S1' !Y HAVE LEFT VAGUE1 BECAUSE UNPR$ICTABLE1 ! COLLECTIVE PROC$URES ( ?IS ADM9I/RATION4 ,H[ W\LD ?IS REVOLUTION SUPPRESS '! ADM9I/RATION ( M5 BY M5'8' ,:AT W\LD EM]GE FROM ALL ?IS MORAL EFF]VESC5CE1 ?IS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC *AOS8 

,H[EV] IRRELIGI\S MY SOCIALISM1 H[EV] LITTLE RESPECT WAS >\S$ 9 ME BY ! FIR/ ACTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS--! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,TREATY ( ,BRE/-,LITOVSK--,I C\LD NOT DISASSOCIATE MYSELF FROM !M4 ,MOSC[ SEEM$ TO MANY AMONG US :AT IT REMA9S = V]Y MANY 5LI<T5$ PEOPLE1 EV5 H]E1 A K9D ( SANCTU>Y 9CUBAT+ ! V]Y DE/9Y ( \R IDEAS4 7,MAUSS #a#i#b#eA .<#a#i#i#b3#a#g#c.>7  
  

,MU* ( ,MAUSS' PUBLI%$ WORK 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO 0,! ,GIFT0 CONC]N$ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,L59'S ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 ANN\NC$ 9 #a#i#b#a1 :I* AB&ON$ E>LI] ATTEMPTS AT =C$ COLLECTIVITIZATION1 LEGALIZ$ COMM]CE1 & OP5$ ! C\NTRY TO =EIGN 9VE/M5T4 ,:ILE ,MAUSS C\LD ONLY CELEBRATE ! FACT ?AT ! ,SOVIET /ATE WAS NO LONG] EMPLOY+ T]ROR TO SUPPRESS 9DEP5D5T COOP]ATIVES1 HE /RONGLY OPPOS$ ! ,N,E,P'S OP5+ ( ! C\NTRY'S RES\RCES TO =EIGN CAPITAL--! 0SALE ( ,RUSSIA10 AS HE CALL$ IT 9 AN >TICLE 9 ,LA ,VIE ,SOCIALI/E.<#a#a#g.>--:I* HE SAW AS LIKELY TO M>K ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ALREADY 9 #a#i#b#a1 HE WAS PR$ICT+ ITS IMM95T COLLAPSE2 AT O!R TIMES HE ALL[$ HIMSELF A GU>D$ OPTIMISM1 EV5 SUGGE/+ ! ,SOVIET REGIME MI<T F9ALLY BE EVOLV+ T[>D A MORE G5U9E SOCIALISM4 ,BUT CLE>LY1 ! :OLE BUS9ESS NOT ONLY PREOCCUPI$ HIS M9D1 IT LEFT HIM TORN & PR(\NDLY DI%E>T5$4 

,IT WAS NO CO9CID5CE !N ?AT ,MAUSS' TWO MO/ IMPORTANT PUBLI%$ WORKS ( ?AT DECADE W]E1 ON ! ONE H&1 HIS ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,ASSESSM5T ( ,BOL%EVISM1 & ON ! O!R1 0,! ,GIFT10 BO? PUBLI%$ 9 ! SAME YE> ( #a#i#b#e4 ,!Y W]E CLE>LY MEANT AS TWO LEGS ( ! SAME 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT4 ,) ! FIR/ GREAT ATTEMPT TO CREATE A MOD]N ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM F\ND]+1 ,MAUSS APP>5TLY DECID$ IT WAS TIME TO BR+ ! RESULTS ( COMP>ATIVE E?NOGRAPHY--CRUDE & UNDEVELOP$ ?\< HE WELL KNEW !M TO BE--TO BE>1 9 ORD] TO SKET* \T AT LEA/ ! \TL9ES ( :AT A MORE VIABLE ALT]NATIVE MI<T BE LIKE4 ,HE WAS P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ ) ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! M>KET4 ,ONE ?+ ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]IM5T HAD PROV$ WAS ?AT IT WAS NOT GO+ TO BE POSSIBLE TO SIMPLY ABOLI% BUY+ & SELL+ BY WRIT4 ,L59 HAD TRI$4 ,& EV5 ?\< ,RUSSIA WAS ! LEA/ MONET>IZ$ SOCIETY 9 ,EUROPE1 HE HAD FAIL$4 ,= ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 ,MAUSS CONCLUD$1 WE W]E /UCK ) A M>KET ( SOME SORT OR ANO!R 7#a#i#b#eA .<#a#i#i#b3#a#h#h-#i.>74 ,/ILL1 !RE HAD TO BE A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 0! M>KET0 AS A M]E TE*NIQUE = ! ALLOCATION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( ECONOMIC GOOD 7= 9/ANCE1 BETWE5 DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ COOP]ATIVES OR PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS71 & 0! M>KET0 AS IT HAD COME TO EXI/ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL ,WE/1 AS ! BASIC ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! ULTIMATE DET]M9ANT ( VALUE4 ,:AT ,MAUSS SET \T TO DO1 !N1 WAS TO TRY TO GET AT ! HE>T ( PRECISELY :AT IT WAS AB\T ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET ?AT DID SU* VIOL5CE TO ORD9>Y PEOPLE'S S5SE ( JU/ICE & HUMANITY4 ,TO UND]/& ! POPUL> APPEAL ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES & SOCIAL WELF>E PROGRAMS1 & BY EXAM9+ ! E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD1 IMAG9E :AT A SOCIETY 9 ACCORD ) SU* POPUL> /&>DS ( JU/ICE MI<T LOOK LIKE3 ONE 9 :I* ! M>KET C\LD BE RELEGAT$ TO ITS PROP] FUNCTION1 AS A TE*NIQUE = DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION-MAK+1 A K9D ( POPUL> POLL+ DEVICE ON ! RELATIVE APPEAL ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( CONSUM] GOODS1 & 9 :I* AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SET ( 9/ITUTIONS PRESIDE OV] >EAS ( REALLY SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL VALUE--= EXAMPLE1 ONES C5T]$ ON 0! JOY ( GIV+ 9 PUBLIC1 ! DELI<T 9 G5]\S >TI/IC EXP5DITURE1 ! PLEASURE ( HOSPITALITY 9 ! PUBLIC OR PRIVATE FEA/0 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#f#g.>74 

,:AT ,MAUSS WAS DO+1 9 EFFECT1 WAS TRY+ TO UND]/& ! APPEAL ( ,M>XI/ IDEAS ) M9IMAL REF]5CE TO ! WORKS ( ,M>X4 ,H]E IS ANO!R PO9T ?AT IS (T5 OV]LOOK$4 ,M>X'S WORK WAS NOT1 9 FACT1 ALL ?AT WELL KN[N 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY4 ,MO/ ( IT HAD NOT BE5 TRANSLAT$2 !RE W]E NO ,FR5* ,M>XI/ !ORI/S 9 ?IS P]IOD2 EV5 SOCIALI/ MILITANTS W]E MORE LIKELY TO BE FAMILI> ) ! IDEAS ( ,SA9T ,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 ,PR\DHON1 OR EV5 ,ROB]T ,[5 7,MAUSS #a#i#b1 #a#i#b#d74 ,:5 0,M>XI/ !ORY0 WAS 9VOK$1 IT WAS USUALLY ASSUM$ TO CONSI/ ( SOME K9D ( SIMPLI/IC1 ME*ANICAL DET]M9ISM4 ,MAUSS KNEW BETT] ?AN ?AT2 HE WAS FAMILI> ) ! SUBTLETY ( ,CAPITAL2 BUT HE WAS PROBABLY NOT AW>E ?AT HE WAS ADDRESS+ MANY ( ! SAME QUE/IONS AS ,M>X DID 9 HIS E>LY WRIT+S4.<#a#a#h.> ,:]E A ,G]MAN1 ,HUNG>IAN1 OR ,RUSSIAN AU?OR ( ! P]IOD W\LD PROBABLY HAVE ACCUS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( BETRAY+ !IR [N BE/ 9SPIRATION1 ,MAUSS 9/EAD TURN$ TO A V]Y DIFF]5T 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION4 

,! CRITICAL ?RU/ ( ,MAUSS' ESSAY IS SOME:AT OBSCUR$ BY ! FACT ITS AU?OR SP5T SO MU* ( IT DISCUSS+ ! MO/ COMPETITIVE1 & MO/ >I/OCRATIC1 =MS ( GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,JONA?AN ,P>RY 7#a#i#h#f7 & ,MAURICE ,GODELI] 7#a#i#i#f7 HAVE DONE A USEFUL S]VICE H]E BY REM9D+ US ( ,MAUSS' OV]ALL S*EME4 ,MAUSS BEGAN ) :AT HE CALL$ ! 0TOTAL PRE/ATION40 ,TWO GR\PS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE COME TO BL[S 5D UP 9/EAD CREAT+ A RELATION ( COMPLETE MUTUAL 9T]DEP5D5CE BY (F]+ ONE ANO!R EV]Y?+3 AS AN EXAMPLE1 ,MAUSS PO9TS TO ! RELATIONS BETWE5 MOIETIES 9 MANY ,AU/RALIAN & ,AM]ICAN SOCIETIES1 :I* CAN BE SE5 AS TOTAL CONTRACTS 9 :I* TWO SIDES ( A VILLAGE >E B\ND TO RELY ON ONE ANO!R = FOOD1 MILIT>Y & RITUAL S]VICES1 SEXUAL P>TN]S1 0DANCES1 FE/IVALS & FAIRS10 GE/URES ( RESPECT & RECOGNITION1 & PRACTICALLY EV]Y?+ ELSE 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#c-#d.>74 ,ALL ?IS IS RA!R VAGUE4 ,=TUNATELY1 ,MAUSS DID LAT] 5L>GE ON ! NOTION ( 0TOTAL PRE/ATION10 9 A MU* LESS SPECULATIVE1 & MORE EMPIRICAL LI<T4 ,9 LECTURES DELIV]$ AT ! ,9/ITUT D',E?NOLOGIE AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS BETWE5 #aice & #a#i#c#h1 HE SPEAKS ( 0TOTAL PRE/ATIONS0 7OR 0TOTAL RECIPROCITY07 AS OP5-5D$ RI<TS ?AT 9 MO/ SOCIETIES EXI/ MA9LY BETWE5 P>TICUL> FAMILIES & P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS3  
  

,9 ! BEG9N+ WAS A SY/EM :I* ,I WILL CALL ! SY/EM ( TOTAL PRE/ATIONS4 ,:5 AN ,AU/RALIAN ,KURNAI F9DS HIMSELF 9 ! SAME CAMP AS HIS WIFE'S P>5TS1 HE DOES NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO EAT ANY ( ! PIECES ( GAME :I* HE BR+S ) HIM2 HIS P>5TS-9-LAW TAKE ALL1 !IR RI<T IS ABSOLUTE4 ,! RECIPROCITY IS TOTAL1 IT IS :AT WE CALL 0COMMUNISM10 BUT IT IS PRACTIC$ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 ITS ORIG91 COMM]CIUM GOES TOGE!R ) CONNUBIUM1 M>RIAGE FOLL[S COMM]CE & COMM]CE FOLL[S M>RIAGE4 ,! OBLIGATORY PRES5T1 ! FICTIVE GIFT1 :AT IS REF]R$ TO AS 'LEGAL !FT1' IS 9 REALITY A K9D ( COMMUNISM ) AN 9DIVIDUAL1 SOCIAL1 & FAMILIAL BASE4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR CONSI/S 9 OPPOS+ COMMUNISM & 9DIVIDUALISM4 7,MAUSS #a#i#d#g3#a#d-#a#e7  
  

,:AT DREW ,MAUSS' ATT5TION H]E WAS ! OP5-5D$ NATURE ( ! OBLIGATIONS ?AT SO (T5 ACCOMPANI$ M>RIAGE4 ,A ,MELANESIAN :O NE$$ A NEW CANOE C\LD CALL ON HIS SI/]'S HUSB& & HIS PEOPLE3 S9CE HE HAD GIV5 !M A WIFE1 !Y 9 EFFECT [$ HIM EV]Y?+ & HAD TO PROVIDE HIM NOT 9 ACCORD ) ANY PR9CIPLE ( REPAYM5T1 BUT SIMPLY 9 RESPONSE TO HIS NE$S4 ,H5CE1 HIS USE ( ! T]M 0COMMUNISM40 ,MAUSS >GU$ ?AT IT WAS A KEY MI/AKE TO ASSUME ?AT 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0--OR ANY O!R SORT--WAS A MATT] ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE P]SONAL POSSESSIONS ( SOME SORT ALWAYS EXI/2 ,MAUSS ?\<T MOD]N-DAY REVOLUTION>IES W]E BE+ ABSURD :5 !Y IMAG9$ !Y C\LD ABOLI% !M 7E4G41 #a#i#b3#b#f#d2 #a#i#b#dA3#f#c#g74 ,SECOND1 EV5 :]E PROP]TY IS [N$ BY A GR\P1 IT IS R>ELY DEMOCRATICALLY ADM9I/]$3 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A PRIVATE [N] & A *IEFLY MANAG] IS (T5 LITTLE MORE ?AN LEGAL =MALITY4 ,ONE HAS TO LOOK NOT AT TITLES1 !N1 BUT PR9CIPLES ( ACCESS & DI/RIBUTION4 ,:5 SOMEONE HAS ! RI<T TO TAKE :AT %E FEELS %E NE$S )\T ANY DIRECT PAYM5T OR RECIPROCATION1 !N ?IS IS COMMUNISM4 ,BUT ?IS MEANS ?AT IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE TO HAVE A SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM3 9 :I* SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALS >E B\ND TOGE!R BY SU* OP5-5D$ OBLIGATIONS1 :E!R 7AS 9 ! CASE ( RELATIONS BETWE5 AFF9ES7 ONE-SID$1 OR :E!R 7AS N[ADAYS1 HE REM>K$1 BETWE5 HUSB& & WIFE71 BO? P>TIES HAVE EQUAL RI<TS TO CALL ON ! O!R4.<#a#a#i.> ,!SE C\LD !N KNIT TOGE!R ACROSS ! SOCIETY1 CREAT+ 0A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUAL POSITIONS :I* CON/ITUTE A SY/EM ( TOTAL RECIPROCITIES40 ,! RESULT W\LD 0CORRESPOND EXACTLY TO :AT WE CALL COMMUNISM1 BUT IT WILL /ILL BE A /RICTLY 9DIVIDUAL ?+0 7#a#i#d#g3#a#e1 CF4 ,GODELI] #a#i#i#i3#c#f-#d#i74 

,BUT TO RETURN TO 0,! ,GIFT 40 ,OV] TIME1 ,MAUSS >GU$1 RECIPROCITY CAN ALSO TAKE ON A MORE COMPETITIVE CA/ AS ASS]TIVE 9DIVIDUALS--FIR/ ACT+ AS REPRES5TATIVES ( CLANS OR O!R SOCIAL GR\PS1 LAT]1 9 !IR [N CAPACITY 7,P>RY #a#i#h#f7--5D UP VY+ TO SEE :I* CAN \TGIVE ! O!R4 ,SU* SY/EMS ( 0AGONI/IC EX*ANGE0 ,MAUSS PROPOS$ TO LABEL 0! POTLAT*10 AFT] ! P>TICUL>LY DRAMATIC COMPETITIVE EX*ANGES ?AT HAD BE5 REC5TLY DOCUM5T$ ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,USUALLY1 SU* COMPETITION TOOK MILD =MS1 BUT 9 R>E CASES IT C\LD1 MU* LIKE ! COMPETITIVE GAMES ( CAPITALISM1 T5D TO SUCK EV]Y?+ ELSE 9TO A FRANTIC /RUGGLE TO \TDO ONE'S RIVALS3 EV5 IF !Y >E BAS$ ON OPPOSITE PREMISES1 S9CE ( C\RSE1 ! :OLE PO9T H]E IS NOT TO ACCUMULATE POSSESSIONS BUT RA!R TO EXPRESS ONE'S UTT] CONTEMPT = MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS BY GIV+ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE AWAY4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT ,*RIS ,GREGORY 7#a#i#h#b7 DESCRIB$ 9 HIS FAM\S REANALYSIS IS NOT A GIFT ECONOMY P] SE1 BUT :AT ,MAUSS W\LD CALL A POTLAT* SY/EM1 :I* IS A P>TICUL> AGONI/IC V>IATION--EV51 9 SOME WAYS1 A SLI<TLY PA?OLOGICAL ONE4 ,! GIFT AS CONTE/ CONT9U$ TO DOM9ATE 9 >I/OCRATIC SOCIETIES LIKE ! ANCI5T ,CELTS OR ,G]MANS1 OR 9 ,V$IC ,9DIA1 BUT GRADUALLY1 UNEV5LY1 ! RISE ( MONEY & M>KET EX*ANGE 79VOLV+ DEF9ITIVE SALE &1 !RE=E1 ALI5ATION ( GOODS ?AT W]E NO LONG] SE5 AS 5TANGL$ 9 ! GIV]7 ALL[$ IT TO BE ECLIPS$ BY AN E?OS ( ACCUMULATION = ITS [N SAKE4 ,MO/ ( ! SOCIETIES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD L+]$ SOME:]E 9 BETWE52 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ACCUMULATE =TUNES1 BUT ! RI* W]E CONSID]$1 AS ,MAUSS PUT IT1 0! TREASUR]S ( !IR COMMUNITIES10 EXPECT$--OR1 9 ! ,GREEK LITURGY SY/EM1 COMPELL$--TO DISBURSE !IR WEAL? AGA9 9 CIVIC PROJECTS4 

,! OBVI\S QUE/ION3 H[ DID ONE GET FROM !RE TO H]E8 ,:AT W]E ! ORIG9S ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( 0SELF-9T]E/0 TO BEG9 )1 & H[ DID IT COME TO EFFACE ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ELSE8 ,ALA9 ,CAILLE 7#a#i#i#d3#a-#a#b71 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( AN 9T]DISCIPL9>Y GR\P ?AT CALLS ITSELF ! ,M\VEM5T ,ANTI,UTILIT>I/E DANS LES ,SCI5CES ,SOCIALES1 OR ,M,A,U,S,S1 PO9TS TO ! ROLE ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,ROMAN >I/OCRATS & GR&EES /ILL KEPT MU* ( ! E?OS ( MAGNIFIC5T G5]OSITY3 D$ICAT+ PUBLIC BUILD+S & G>D5S1 VY+ TO HO/ ! MO/ SPECTACUL> PUBLIC GAMES4 ,BUT MU* ,ROMAN L>GESSE WAS QUITE OBVI\SLY MEANT TO W\ND3 A FAVORITE >I/OCRATIC HABIT1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS SCATT]+ GOLD & JEWELS 9TO ! CR[D SO AS TO BE ABLE TO REVEL 9 ! 5SU+ ANIMALI/IC MELEE4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 E>LY ,*RI/IAN !ORIES ( ! GIFT DEVELOP$ 9 REACTION TO SU* OBNOXI\S PRACTICES4 ,TRUE *>ITY1 9 ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 C\LD NOT BE BAS$ ON ANY DESIRE TO E/ABLI% SUP]IORITY1 OR GA9 ANYONE'S FAVOR1 OR 9DE$1 FROM ANY EGOI/IC MOTIVE :ATEV]4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! GIV] C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE GOTT5 ANY?+ \T ( ! DEAL1 IT WASN'T A REAL GIFT4 ,BUT ?IS 9 TURN L$ TO 5DLESS PROBLEMS1 S9CE IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A GIFT ?AT DID NOT B5EFIT ! GIV] 9 ANY WAY4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 DO+ A GOOD DE$ PUT ONE 9 BETT] /&+ 9 ! EYES ( ,GOD & ?US AID$ ONE'S *ANCE ( ET]NAL SALVATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 SOME ACTUALLY 5D$ UP >GU+ ?AT ! ONLY P]SON :O CAN MAKE A PURELY B5EVOL5T ACT WAS ONE :O HAD CONV9C$ HIMSELF ?AT HE WAS ALREADY CONDEMN$ TO HELL4 ,FROM H]E IT'S H>DLY MU* ( A /EP TO ! SORT ( CYNICISM DISCUSS$ 9 E>LI] *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK1 :]E ANY APP>5T ACT ( G5]OSITY IS ASSUM$ TO MASK SOME =M ( HIDD5 SELFI%NESS1 & TO TAKE PLEASURE 9 HAV+ DONE A GOOD DE$ IS SE5 TO SOMEH[ UND]CUT IT--REALLY TWO DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( ! SAME IDEA4.<#a#b.> 

,! MOD]N IDEAL ( ! GIFT1 !N1 BECOMES AN IMPOSSIBLE MIRROR ( M>KET BEHAVIOR3 AN ACT ( PURE G5]OSITY UNTRAMMEL$ BY ANY ?\<T ( P]SONAL GA94 ,BUT AS ! MEMB]S ( ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P 5DLESSLY 9SI/1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN PEOPLE NO LONG] GIVE GIFTS3 EV5 9 MOD]N1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES ?+S >E CON/ANTLY *ANG+ H&S )\T ANY IMM$IATE RETURN OR EXPLICIT AGREEM5T AB\T A FUTURE ONE4 ,IT DOES NOT EV5 MEAN ?AT GIFTS >E NO LONG] IMPORTANT4 ,9 FACT1 !Y >GUE1 MOD]N SOCIETY C\LD NOT FUNCTION )\T !M4 ,! GIFT HAS BECOME ! 0HIDD5 FACE ( MOD]NITY0 7,NICOLAS #a#i#i#a73 0HIDD50 BECAUSE ONE CAN ALWAYS PRODUCE SOME REASON TO SAY ANY P>TICUL> GIFT 7MONEY GIV5 TO *ILDR51 W$D+ PRES5TS1 DONATIONS ( BLOOD1 D9N]S = BUS9ESS ASSOCIATES1 (F]+ ADVICE TO FRI5DS OR SP5D+ H\RS LI/5+ TO !IR T$I\S PROBLEMS7 >E NOT REALLY GIFTS AT ALL4 ,SO TOO 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,! RESULT1 AS ,GODB\T PUTS IT1 IS A SCI5CE ?AT HAS 0COME TO SPEAK ( SOCIAL TIES )\T US+ ! WORDS ?AT >E ASSOCIAT$ ) !M 9 DAILY LIFE3 SURR5D]1 =GIV5ESS1 R5UNCIATION1 LOVE1 RESPECT1 DIGNITY1 R$EMPTION1 SALVATION1 R$RESS1 COMPASSION1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS AT ! HE>T ( RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE & ?AT IS N\RI%$ BY ! GIFT0 7#a#i#i#h3#b#b-#b#a74 

,9 ! ,ANGLOPHONE WORLD1 ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P HAS BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY IGNOR$4 ,?OSE :O LIKE TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS 5GAG$ 9 CUTT+-$GE CRITICAL !ORY HAVE 9/EAD COME TO READ ,MAUSS ?R\< ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA 7#a#i#i#a2 CF4 ,GAS*E #a#i#g#b1 ,S*RIFT #a#i#i#g71 :O 9 ,DONN] LE ,TEMPS EXAM9$ ,MAUSS CONCEPT ( ! GIFT TO DISCOV]--SURPRISE6--?AT GIFTS1 BE+ ACTS ( PURE DIS9T]E/$ G5]OSITY1 >E LOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 

,I SUPPOSE ?IS IS :AT ONE W\LD HAVE TO CONCLUDE1 IF ONE BELIEV$ ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE CALL$ 0,WE/]N DISC\RSE10 & ?AT IT IS 9CAPABLE ( REF]R+ TO ANY?+ O!R ?AN ITSELF4 ,BUT EV5 ?OSE ( US :O BELIEVE ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY IS1 9 FACT1 POSSIBLE (T5 SEEM TO MISS ! PO9T ?AT ,MAUSS WAS NOT DEAL+ PRIM>ILY ) DISC\RSES BUT ) MORAL PR9CIPLES ?AT HE FELT W]E TO SOME EXT5T EMBODI$ 9 ! PRACTICE1 IF NOT ! HI< !ORY1 ( ALL SOCIETIES4 

,TRUE1 ,MAUSS EMPHASIZES ?AT 9 MO/ ( ! SOCIETIES HE WAS EXAM9+1 !RE'S NO PO9T 9 TRY+ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 G5]OSITY & SELF-9T]E/4 ,IT IS WE :O ASSUME ! TWO %\LD NORMALLY BE 9 CONFLICT4 7,?IS WAS ONE REASON :Y HE T5D$ TO AVOID ! T]M 0GIFT0 AT ALL :5 SPEAK+ ( O!R SOCIETIES1 PREF]R+ TO SPEAK ( 0PRE/ATIONS407 ,BUT--& ?IS IS :]E ,I ?9K IT'S CRUCIAL TO UND]/& ! POLITICAL CONTEXT--,MAUSS WAS NOT TRY+ TO DESCRIBE H[ ! LOGIC ( ! M>KETPLACE1 ) ITS /RICT DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 P]SONS & ?+S1 9T]E/ & ALTRUISM1 FRE$OM & OBLIGATION1 HAD BECOME ! COMMON S5SE ( MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE WAS TRY+ TO EXPLA9 ! DEGREE TO :I* IT HAD FAIL$ TO DO SO2 TO EXPLA9 :Y SO MANY PEOPLE--& P>TICUL>LY1 SO MANY ( ! LESS P[]FUL & PRIVILEG$ MEMB]S ( SOCIETY--F\ND ITS LOGIC MORALLY REPUGNANT4 ,:Y1 = EXAMPLE1 9/ITUTIONS ?AT 9SI/$ ON ! /RICT SEP>ABILITY ( PRODUC]S & !IR PRODUCTS (F5D$ AGA9/ COMMON 9TUITIONS ( JU/ICE1 ! MORAL 0B$ROCK10 AS HE PUTS IT1 ( \R [N--AS ( ANY--SOCIETY4 0,IT APPE>S10 HE WROTE 9 HIS CONCLUSIONS1 ?AT ! :OLE FIELD ( 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL LAW IS 9 CONFLICT ) MORALITY4 ,! ECONOMIC PREJUDICES ( ! PEOPLE & PRODUC]S D]IVE FROM !IR /RONG DESIRE TO PURSUE ! ?+ !Y HAVE PRODUC$ ONCE !Y REALIZE ?AT !Y HAVE GIV5 !IR LABOR )\T %>+ 9 ! PR(ITS444 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#f#d.>7 

,H]E !RE IS UND\BT$LY AN E*O ( ,M>X4 ,BUT ,MAUSS' !ORY ( ALI5ATION D]IV$ FROM V]Y DIFF]5T ORIG9S2 NOT FROM ! ,HEGELIAN1 DIALECTICAL TRADITION ,M>X EMPLOY$ 9 HIS E>LY WRIT+S ON ! SUBJECT 7:I* ,MAUSS ALMO/ C]TA9LY HADN'T READ71 BUT RA!R FROM ?AT ( LEGAL HI/ORY--9 :I* PROP]TY IS 0ALI5AT$0 :5 ALL RI<TS 9 IT >E DETA*$ FROM ONE [N] & VE/$ 9 ANO!R4 ,P>TICUL>LY = ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASSES1 :I* W]E NOT F> REMOV$ FROM PEASANT & >TISANAL BACKGR\NDS1 !RE /ILL SEEM$ SOME?+ PR(\NDLY WRONG 9 ?IS4 ,MAUSS WAS TRY+ TO UND]/& :AT ?AT WAS--JU/ AS HE WAS TRY+ TO UND]/& :Y IT WAS ?AT SOCIAL 9SURANCE LEGISLATION1 09SPIR$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! WORK] GIVES HIS LIFE & LABOR P>TLY TO ! COMMUNITY1 & P>TLY TO HIS BOSSES0 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#f#e3#f#e.>71 & !RE=E DES]V$ MORE ?AN A WEEKLY WAGE1 SEEM$ RI<T4 ,HIS ANSW]1 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ,M>X'S1 WAS ?AT A RELATION ( WAGE LABOR WAS A MIS]ABLE & IMPOV]I%$ =M ( CONTRACT4 ,BECAUSE1 AS WE'VE SE51 ! ELEM5T>Y =M ( SOCIAL CONTRACT IS1 = ,MAUSS1 PRECISELY1 COMMUNISM3 ?AT IS1 AN OP5-5D$ AGREEM5T 9 :I* EA* P>TY COMMITS ITSELF TO MA9TA9+ ! LIFE ( ! O!R4 ,9 WAGE LABOR ! WORK] DOES GIVE ( ! TOTALITY ( HIMSELF1 HE 0GIVES HIS LIFE & LABOR10 BUT ! CA% HE RECEIVES 9 RETURN HAS NO?+ ( ! SAME TOTAL QUALITY AB\T IT4 ,IF ONE GIVES ONE'S LIFE1 ONE'S LIFE %\LD AT LEA/ BE GU>ANTE$4 

,IT IS COMMONPLACE TO DISMISS ,MAUSS' POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS AT ! 5D ( 0,! ,GIFT0 AS WEAK1 9CONSI/5T1 NOT ( ! SAME P[] OR BRILLIANCE ( ! RE/ ( ! ESSAY4.<#a#b#a.> ,IT'S TRUE ?AT IT DOES AT TIMES SEEM T5TATIVE4 ,I SUSPECT ?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ,MAUSS IS WRIT+ AB\T POLITICS1 NOT = HIS ACCU/OM$ PROLET>IAN AUDI5CE1 BUT = A BROAD] $UCAT$ PUBLIC4 ,I ALSO SUSPECT ?IS MAY BE ! REASON = SOME ( ! ESSAY'S MO/ IDIOSYNCRATIC SUGGE/IONS3 = 9/ANCE1 ,MAUSS' CALL = ! RETURN TO AN E?OS 9 :I* ! ONLY EXCUSE = ACCUMULAT+ WEAL? IS TO GIVE IT AWAY AGA91 9 :I* ! RI* W\LD AGA9 CONSID] !MSELVES AS ! 0TREASUR]S ( ! COMMUNITY0--A SUGGE/ION ?AT 9T]E/+LY1 DOES NOT APPE> ELSE:]E 9 HIS POLITICAL WORK4 ,IT W\LD BE EASY TO WRITE (F ! :OLE ?+ AS A /UMBL+LY 9ADEQUATE ATTEMPT TO DO ,M>X4 ,MO/ ( ! USUAL COMPLA9TS LEVEL$ BY ,M>XI/ S*OL>S AB\T ! WEAKNESSES ( ! ESSAY >E TRUE 5\<3 ,MAUSS DOESN'T EV5 TALK AB\T PRODUCTION 9 PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 HE HAS NO S5SE ( ! REPRODUCTION ( SOCIAL SY/EMS AS :OLES1 HE LACKS A !ORY ( VALUE4 ,BUT ONE C\LD ALSO TREAT ,MAUSS' APPROA* TO ALI5ATION AS PROVID+ A USEFUL CORRECTIVE TO SOME ( ! MORE COMMON BL9D SPOTS ( ,M>XIAN AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,BY SEE+ ALI5ATION AS SOME?+ ?AT CAN HAPP5 EV]Y TIME AN OBJECT *ANGES H&S1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MAUSS REM9DS US ?AT JU/ AS SOCIALIZATION DOES NOT 5D AT AGE TWELVE OR EI<TE51 ! CREATION ( OBJECTS DOES NOT 5D ON ! FACTORY FLOOR--?+S >E CONT9UALLY BE+ MA9TA9$1 ALT]$1 & ABOVE ALL1 VE/$ 9 NEW MEAN+S1 EV5 AS !Y >E (T5 REPEAT$LY DETA*$ & ALI5AT$ AGA94 ,MORE D>+LY1 ,MAUSS APPE>S TO BE SUGGE/+ ?AT A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SUBJECT_/OBJECT REV]SAL--9 C]TA9 CONTEXTS1 AT C]TA9 LEVELS--MI<T ACT NOT AS A MY/IFICATION & TOOL ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT AS A NORMAL ASPECT ( CREATIVE PROCESSES ?AT MAY NOT BE NE>LY SO DANG]\S AS ITS OPPOSITE1 ! R$UCTION ( ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS TO ANY SORT ( OBJECTIVE CALCULUS4 ,?IS AT ANY RATE WAS :AT ,MAUSS SAW AS ! D[NFALL ( ! ,SOVIET ,M>XI/S3 !IR EXTREME UTILIT>IANISM1 9 :I* HE P]CEIV$--QUITE RI<TLY1 ,I ?9K--! LOGIC ( ! M>KET1 SLI<TLY TRANSPOS$4 

,ALL 9 ALL1 ,MAUSS' WORK COMPLEM5TS ,M>X BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS ! O!R SIDE ( SOCIALISM4 ,M>X'S WORK CONSI/S ( A BRILLIANT & SU/A9$ CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM2 BUT AS ,MAUSS HIMSELF OBS]V$1 HE C>EFULLY AVOID$ SPECULAT+ AB\T :AT A MORE JU/ SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE4 ,MAUSS' 9/9CTS W]E QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 HE WAS MU* LESS 9T]E/$ 9 UND]/&+ ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM ?AN 9 TRY+ TO UND]/&--& CREATE--SOME?+ ?AT MI<T /& \TSIDE IT4 

OBJECTS & P]SONS 

  

,MAUSS WAS ALWAYS T5TATIVE AB\T HIS CONCLUSIONS1 BECAUSE HE KNEW HE WAS WORK+ ) 9ADEQUATE MAT]IAL4 ,E?NOGRAPHY WAS !N 9 ITS 9FANCY4 ,?IS IS NO LONG] ! CASE4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! PROBLEM IS ! OPPOSITE3 ! LIT]ATURE ON ! ,MASSIM1 OR ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 OR ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ HAS BECOME SO VA/ IT W\LD BE ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE = A NON-SPECIALI/ TO DO IT JU/ICE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 SOME REC5T ATTEMPTS TO RETURN TO !SE EXAMPLES & SEE H[ WELL ,MAUSS' CONCLUSIONS BE> UP3 NOTABLY BY ,ANNETTE ,WE9] 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i#b7 & ,MAURICE ,GODELI] 7#a#i#i#f71 BO? ( :OM USE R\<LY ! SAME !ORETICAL APPROA*4 ,TO MY M9D1 ?\<1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 UNEV54 ,BO? >E S*OL>S :OSE EXP]TIZE IS MA9LY 9 ,MELANESIAN AN?ROPOLOGY1 & !IR ACC\NTS BECOME MORE SKET*Y & ATT5UAT$ ! FUR!R FROM ,MELANESIA !Y GO4 ,( C\RSE1 ,I'M NOT AN EXP]T 9 ANY ( !SE >EAS 7TE*NICALLY1 MY EXP]TIZE IS ON ,MADAGASC>71 BUT ,I WILL TAKE ! PLUNGE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 9 TRY+ TO BR+ ,MAUSS' MAT]IAL 9TO RELATION ) ! !ORETICAL ISSUES ?AT HAVE CROPP$ UP OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK--ISSUES ( VALUE1 HI/ORY1 POT5TIAL1 VISIBILITY1 & SO ON-- ,I WILL BE ASK+ SLI<TLY DIFF]5T QUE/IONS ?AN !Y4 ,AS %\LD BE CLE> BY N[1 JU/ SAY+ ?AT GIFTS 9CORPORATE A P>T ( ! GIV]'S SELF LEAVES MANY ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ QUE/IONS UNANSW]$4 ,= EXAMPLE3 :AT P>T8 ,MAUSS' [N =MULATION SEEMS TO SPAN BO? ,TYLOR'S CONCRETE1 VISIBLE 0IMAGE0 S\L1 & HIS 0LIFE-S\L10 ! 9VISIBLE S\RCE ( HUMAN P[]S OR 9T5TIONALITY4 ,9 HIS WORK ON ! P]SON1 AS ,I'VE PO9T$ \T1 HE SEEMS 9T]E/$ 9 ! DEGREE TO :I* P]SONS >E CON/ITUT$ BY A SET ( EMBLEMS OR PROP]TIES 7BY :I* LOGIC GIV+ AWAY ONE W\LD NECESS>ILY BE GIV+ AWAY A FRAGM5T ( ONE'S SELF 72 ON ! O!R1 9 ! 0,! ,GIFT0 ITSELF1 HE /ICKS ) A ,MAORI NOTION ?AT SEEMS TO BE ALL AB\T 9T5TIONS & 9N] P[]S4 ,ANO!R CONFUS+ QUE/ION3 TO :AT DEGREE >E !SE OBJECTS REALLY P]SONIFI$8 

,& AFT]W>DS1 WE WILL SEE :E!R ! RESULTS CAN TELL US ANY?+ NEW AB\T ! OV]ALL AIMS ( ,MAUSS' ANALYSIS3 UND]/&+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 9T]E/ & G5]OSITY1 FRE$OM & OBLIGATION1 P]SONS & ?+S4 

CASE #a3 KULA >M%ELLS & NECKLACES 

  

,MAUSS MADE GREAT USE ( ,BRONISLAW ,MAL9[SKI'S ,>GONAUTS ( ! ,WE/]N ,PACIFIC 7#a#i#b#b74 ,HE CONSID]$ KULA1 ! FAM\S EX*ANGE ( >M%ELLS & NECKLACES ?AT L9K$ TOGE!R ! ISL& SOCIETIES ( ! NOR!RN ,MASSIM REGION ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA1 AN EXAMPLE ( A POTLAT* SY/EM4 ,H[EV]1 HE WAS ALSO RA!R FRU/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT :ILE !Y HAD NAMES & HI/ORIES1 IT WAS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D EXAMPLES ( ! HEIRLOOMS BE+ TREAT$ AS IF !Y ACT$ ( !IR [N ACCORD--OR1 ! ,TROBRI&]S BE+1 HE NOT$1 0POSITIVI/S1 AFT] !IR [N FA%ION10 TREAT$ AS OBJECTS ( CULT 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#i3#b#d.>74 ,MAUSS WAS =C$ TO RELY MA9LY ON ! POETIC METAPHORS TO BE F\ND 9 MAGICAL 9CANTATIONS4 

,ONE ?+ ?AT DOES EM]GE FROM ! LIT]ATURE ON ! CULTURES ( ! KULA *A9 IS ?AT ANY ADEQUATE UND]/&+ ( EX*ANGE 9 !SE SOCIETIES HAS TO BEG9 ) AN UND]/&+ ( LOCAL !ORIES ( PROCREATION4 ,N[1 ,TROBRI& OP9IONS ON ! SUBJECT ( PROCREATION HAVE BE5 ! SUBJECT ( 5DLESS DEBATE1 EV] S9CE ,MAL9[SKI ANN\NC$ 7#a#i#b#i3#a#e#c-#e#h7 ?AT ! ,TROBRI&]S HE KNEW CLAIM$ ?AT SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE WAS NOT ! CAUSE ( PREGNANCY3 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 ?AT :ILE WOM5 C\LD NOT BECOME PREGNANT IF !Y HAD NEV] HAD SEX AT ALL1 AS SOON AS ! WOMB HAD SO BE5 0OP5$10 PREGNANCY OCCURR$ :5 C]TA9 ANCE/RAL SPIRITS CALL$ BALOMA 5T]$ A WOMAN :ILE %E WAS BA?+1 :E!R OR NOT ! WOMAN 9 QUE/ION HAD REC5TLY HAD SEX4 ,DESC5T WAS /RICTLY ?R\< ! MO!R'S L9E2 ! M5 HAD NO?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,! MO/ CURI\S ?+1 ?\<1 WAS ?AT ! SAME 9=MANTS ALSO 9SI/$ ?AT *ILDR51 BO? MALE & FEMALE1 9H]IT$ !IR FA!RS' LOOKS & NOT !IR MO!RS'4 ,:Y8 ,NO EXPLANATION APPE>$ TO BE =?COM+4 ,! BE/ ,MAL9[SKI C\LD COME UP ) WAS ! /ATEM5T ( SOME UNNAM$ 9=MANT3 0MAT]NAL K9SM5 >E ! SAME FLE%1 BUT SIMIL> FACES !Y HAVE NOT0 7,MAL9[SKI #aibi #a#g#c-#g#h74 ,?IS IS NOT REALLY AN EXPLANATION1 ?\<2 IT HAS MORE ! AIR ( /ATEM5T ( SELF-EVID5T TRU?4 ,IF !Y ALL COME FROM ! SAME ORIG9S1 !N :AT O!R REASON C\LD !RE BE = ! FACT ?AT !Y LOOK SO DIFF]5T--EXCEPT ?AT !Y ALL HAVE DIFF]5T FA!RS8 

,9 FACT1 A *ILD'S BODY WAS ?\<T TO BE D]IV$ FROM ITS MO!R'S SUB/ANCE--ULTIMATELY FROM ! IMMORTAL SUB/ANCE ( ITS MO!R'S CLAN4 ,=M OR EXT]NAL APPE>ANCE1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS CONVEY$ ?R\< MALES 7,MAL9[SKI OP CIT42 ,WE9] #a#i#g#f3#a#b#a-#b#c74 ,IT IS MU* ! SAME ON ,GAWA 7,MUNN #a#i#h#f3#a#d#b-#d#c71 :]E ! KEY DI/9CTION MADE IS BETWE5 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ MAT]NAL SUB/ANCE 9SIDE ! BODY1 & A *ILD'S FACE--:I* IS ! EXPRESSION ( !IR 9DIVIDUALITY--& ELSE:]E 9 ! ,MASSIM4 

,A *ILD'S UPBR++ FOLL[S ! SAME IMPLICIT PATT]N4 ,! MO!R & H] BRO!R PROVIDE ! *ILD ) NURTURANCE & FOOD2 ! FA!R & HIS SI/] PROVIDE = ITS BODILY ADORNM5T1 P]=M ! BEAUTY MAGIC CRUCIAL BO? TO C\RT+ & KULA EX*ANGE1 &1 IF ! *ILD IS A BOY1 WILL USUALLY GIVE HIM HIS FIR/ KULA VALUABLE AS WELL 7,WE9] #a#i#g#f3#a#b#c-#b#i2 ,MAL9[SKI #a#i#b#b3#c#c#d-#d#a2 #a#i#b#i3#a#c-#a1 ETC474 ,! LA/ CONTRIBUTION FITS 9 P]FECTLY WELL ) ! O!RS--KULA VALUABLES >E AFT] ALL !MSELVES >TICLES ( ADORNM5T--BUT IT ALSO REVEALS H[1 AS A *ILD GR[S OLD]1 !SE SAME RELATIONS >E TRANSPOS$ ONTO EV] WID] DOMA9S ( ACTIVITY4 

,?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,NANCY ,MUNN 7#a#i#h#f3#e#e-#g#c1 #a#a#a-#a#h1 ETC471 IS 9 TURN ! KEY TO ,GAWAN NOTIONS ( VALUE4 ,:AT ,GAWAN M5 ASPIRE TO ABOVE ALL IS FAME1 ! EXT5SION ( ONE'S SELF \TW>D 9 SPACE & TIME4 ,FAME IS 9 ITSELF A K9D ( ADORNM5T TO ! P]SON4 ,IF ! ORNAM5TS ONE WE>S >E 7LIKE ONE'S PHYSICAL APPE>ANCE7 EXT]NAL1 VISIBLE ASPECTS ( ! SELF ?AT EXT5D ! SELF T[>D O!RS1 KULA >M%ELLS & NECKLACES CAN EXT5D IT EV5 FUR!R BY CIRCULAT+ ABROAD & SPREAD+ KN[L$GE ( ONE'S NAME ) !M :]EV] !Y GO4 ,BUT ONE CAN EXP& \TW>D 9TO !SE BROAD] DOMA9S ONLY AFT] HAV+ FIR/ E/ABLI%$ A /ABLE C5T] OR BASE1 ONE ?AT IS ALWAYS SE5 AS RELATIVELY HOMOG5\S & FEM99E BUT AT ! SAME TIME AS ! DYNAMIC 0S\RCE0 ( EXPANSION4 ,?US 9N] MAT]NAL SUB/ANCE LIES HIDD5 BEH9D ONE'S \T] APPE>ANCE & BEAUTY1 & KULA EX*ANGE IS ITSELF BAS$ ON CONT9UAL GIFTS ( FOOD 7HOMOG5\S SUB/ANCE ITSELF 9T5D$ = ! 9SIDE ( ! BODY7 BETWE5 AFF9ES & CONT9UAL HOSPITALITY BETWE5 KULA P>TN]S4 

,GAWAN M51 = 9/ANCE1 S5D REGUL> GIFTS ( FOOD TO !IR M>RI$ SI/]S2 !IR SI/]S' HUSB&S RECIPROCATE ) OCCASIONAL BUT MORE SUB/ANTIAL GIFTS3 M9OR KULA VALUABLES1 A PA9T$ CANOE4 ,= ! MAN :O PROVID$ ! FOOD1 ! LATT] REPRES5TS NOT M]E RECIPROCITY BUT AN 9CREM5T 9 VALUE1 AN EX*ANGE ( 0NAMELESS & P]I%ABLE0 ?+S = UNIQUE & DURABLE ITEMS :I* WILL ALL[ HIM TO P>TICIPATE 9 WID]1 9T]ISL& TRANSACTIONS 7,MUNN #a#i#g#g2 #a#i#h#f3#a#b#a-#f#b74 ,9 ,MUNN'S T]MS1 !IR GREAT] VALUE LIES 9 !IR CAPACITY TO OP5 ! WAY TO ! CONTROL ( MORE EXPANSIVE LEVELS ( SPACE & TIME4 ,ONE C\LD ALSO SEE IT AS D]IV$ FROM !IR GREAT] CAPACITY TO CONVEY HI/ORY-- ?\< 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 !SE REALLY COME D[N TO ! SAME ?+1 S9CE AN [N] CAN REALIZE ! POT5TIAL VALUE ( SU* OBJECTS ONLY BY GIV+ !M AWAY & ALL[+ !M TO CIRCULATE1 ?US C>RY+ HIS NAME ALONG ) !M4 ,AN OBJECT'S CAPACITY TO EMBODY HI/ORY SIMPLY DET]M9ES H[ F> ?AT NAME CAN GO4 

,! LIT]ATURE ON KULA EX*ANGE IS BY N[ QUITE EXT5SIVE 9DE$1 & IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO GO 9TO SOME DETAIL AB\T H[ KULA >TICULATES ) 9T]NAL EX*ANGE SY/EMS ON EA* ISL& 9 ! *A91 9 EA* CASE SLI<TLY DIFF]5TLY3 ! CONNECTION BETWE5 MALE EX*ANGE & WOM5'S MORTU>Y RITUAL ON ,KIRIW9A 7,WE9] #a#i#g#f1 #a#i#g#h1 #a#i#h#h71 ! TRANS=MATION ( CANOES 9 ,GAWA 7,MUNN #a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#h#f71 ! GRADUAL CONV]SION ( C\RT%IP PRES5TS1 & !N AFF9AL EX*ANGE 9TO KULA ON ,MUYUW 7,DAMON #a#i#g#h1 #a#i#h1 #a#i#i#e71 & SO ON4 ,BUT IT'S NOT REALLY NECESS>Y = PRES5T PURPOSES4 ,ALL ,I REALLY WANT TO /RESS H]E IS ! DEGREE TO :I* !SE VALUABLES DO 9DE$ P>TAKE ( P]SONS2 OR1 TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 S9CE KULA %ELLS DO NOT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 BECOME P]MAN5TLY ATTA*$ TO ANY ONE P]SON'S ID5TITY1 ?AT !Y >E MADE ( ! SAME /UFF AS P]SONS4 ,A KULA %ELL IS LIKE A FRAGM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL ID5TITY ?AT HAS1 AS IT W]E1 BROK5 (F4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! ACTIONS ( 5GAG+ 9 KULA EX*ANGE >E SIMPLY AN EXT5SION ( ?OSE ?AT CREATE P]SONS2 ACTIONS ?AT CAN BE QUITE NEATLY DIVID$ H]E 9TO ?OSE ORGANIZ$ >\ND TWO CONTRA/IVE VALUES1 ONE C5T]+ ON ! 7D>K1 HEAVY1 9T]IOR1 9VISIBLE7 ASPECT ( ! SELF ID5TIFI$ ) ! MATRIL9EAL CLAN1 ! O!R1 ON ! 7BRI<T1 LI<T1 EXT]IOR1 VISIBLE7 ASPECT ID5TIFI$ ) FAME & BEAUTY4 ,& JU/ AS PROPOS$ 9 *APT] #d1 ! HIDD5 9T]IOR ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ID5TIFI$ ) P[]S ( ACTION1 & ! EXT]NAL P>TICUL>ITY ) A S$UCTIVE P[] CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ ACTIONS 9 O!RS4 

,EV5 ! ,TYLORIAN ANALOGY T5DS TO HOLD UP4 ,?IS BECOMES ESPECIALLY APP>5T :5 ONE MOVES TO ! S\!RN P>T ( ! ,MASSIM >*IPELAGO4 ,MO/ ( ! ISL&S H]E DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 KULA EX*ANGE2 RA!R1 ! 0CREATIVE FOCUS ( SOCIAL LIFE10 AS ,DEBBORA ,BATTAGLIA PUTS IT 7#a#i#h#c3#b#h#i7 LIES 9 FUN]>Y RITUAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS >E O!RWISE MU* ! SAME4 

,ON ,SAB>L1 ACCORD+ TO ,BATTAGLIA1 PEOPLE MAKE AN EXPLICIT DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO ASPECTS ( ! SELF3 ON ! ONE H& AN 9T]NAL DYNAMIC 5]GY OR LIFE-=CE HIDD5 )9 ! BODY 7H]E TOO ASSOCIAT$ ) FOOD71 ON ! O!R A 0S\L0 ) AN EXT]NAL 0IMAGE0--! WORD US$ BE>S ! LIT]AL MEAN+ ( 0%AD[0 OR 0REFLECTION10 9 GOOD ,TYLORIAN FA%ION--?AT HAS ALL ! USUAL PROP]TIES ( BE+ DETA*ABLE FROM ! BODY & SURVIV+ DEA?4 ,:5 A P]SON DIES1 ! LIFE-=CE IS NO MORE2 ! S\L DEP>TS FROM ?IS WORLD TO ! AFT]WORLD1 :]E IT LOSES ITS 0IMAGE0 & BECOMES A BALOMA-- ! LATT] BE+ MU* ! SAME H]E AS 9 ! ,TROBRI&S1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ SPIRITS ( ! MATRICLAN1 RESPONSIBLE = ! WOM5'S F]TILITY 7#a#i#h#c3 #b#i#c-#i#d1 #a#i#i3#f#h-#g#a74 

,FUN]AL C]EMONIES1 :I* >E A MAJOR OCCASION = EX*ANGE1 REPRODUCE ?IS PASSAGE ON ! LEVEL ( GOODS4 ,! DEAD P]SON'S PAT]NAL K9 FIR/ DISPLAY A NUMB] ( GRE5/ONE AXES--!SE AXES1 RA!R ?AN KULA %ELLS1 >E ON ,SAB>L ! MO/ EXALT$ =M ( WEAL?--& !N GIVE !M TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ?AT P]SON'S MATRICLAN4 7,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MATRICLAN WILL LAT] RECIPROCATE ) GIFTS ( FOOD47 ,AFT]W>DS1 ! MAT]NAL K9 RETIRE TO AN UNDISCLOS$ LOCATION :]E !Y USE ! AXES TO CON/RUCT AN EFFIGY ( ! DECEAS$1 :I* IS CALL$ ! 0CORPSE40 ,!N1 HID+ ! EFFIGY BEH9D A SCRE51 !Y 9VOKE IT AS AN ANCE/OR ASK+ IT TO USE ITS P[]S ( F]TILITY TO REPRODUCE MORE AXES = ! COMMUNITY 7,BATTAGLIA #a#i#h#c74 

,?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT ! ONLY =M ( EX*ANGE ! ,SAB>LESE 5GAGE 9 BUT IT IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONE1 & IT MOVES 9 ! EXACT OPPOSITE DIRECTION AS KULA--NOT FROM HIDD5 FEM99E P[]S TO VISIBLE MASCUL9E =M1 BUT ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,! REASON IS OBVI\SLY BECAUSE 9 ?IS CASE ! PROCESS IS MODEL$ NOT ON ! CREATION ( ! P]SON 9 PROCREATION & *ILD-RE>+ BUT ON ITS DISSOLUTION 9 DEA?4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! L>G] PO9T1 :I* IS ?AT ONE CANNOT HOPE TO UND]/& ! CIRCULATION ( VALUABLES 9 A 0GIFT ECONOMY0 ( ?IS SORT )\T FIR/ TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! MORE FUNDAM5TAL PROCESSES BY :I* ! HUMAN P]SON IS CREAT$ & DISSOLV$4 ,& ?AT :5 SU* G5]AL PR9CIPLES AS ACTION & REFLECTION1 OR ! MOVEM5T BETWE5 AB/RACT POT5TIAL & CONCRETE =M DO APPE>-- :I* !Y G5]ALLY DO--!SE TOO >E ALWAYS ASPECTS ( P]SONS BE=E !Y >E ASPECTS ( ?+S4 

,BATTAGLIA TOO MAKES ! ,MAUSSIAN PO9T ?AT REALLY IMPORTANT VALUABLES ON ,SAB>L >E SAID TO HAVE ! SAME PROP]TIES AS P]SONS3 !Y HAVE NOT ONLY AN EXT]NAL 0IMAGE0 BUT AN 9N] LIFE-=CE ( !IR [N 7#a#i#h#c3#c#a71 AS WELL AS BE+1 9 !IR EXT]NAL =M1 MODELS ( ! =MS ( SOCIAL ACTION :I* !Y M$IATE4 ,?IS LATT] PO9T ,I CANNOT PURSUE H]E1 BUT ,I REF] ! READ] TO ,BATTAGLIA'S EXEMPL>Y DISCUSSION ( ! =M ( AXES & C]EMONIAL NECKLACES 7#a#i#i3#a#b#h-#c#e74 ,SIMIL> ANALYZES CAN NO D\BT BE C>RI$ \T ( ! =M ( KULA VALUABLES !MSELVES1 :I*1 LIKE SO MANY O!R %ELL VALUABLES 7,WAGN] #a#i#h#f3#e#h-#e#i2 ,CL>K #a#i#i#a1 ,ROBB9S & ,ATK9S #a#i#i#i3#a#f-#a#i71 SEEM TO BE SU* P]FECT EMBODIM5TS ( VALUE BECAUSE !Y COMB9E EXT]IOR BRILLIANCE ) ! CON/ANT REM9D] ( A D>K1 MY/]I\S1 WOMBLIKE 9T]IOR4 

,MAORI V]SUS ,KWAKIUTL 

  

,I />T$ ) ! ,TROBRI& CASE BECAUSE IT WAS SO RELATIVELY /RAI<T=W>D4 ,! TWO KEY VALUES CORRESPOND NICELY ) MY [N CATEGORIES ( ACTION & REFLECTION4 ,! NEXT TWO CASES >E F> MORE COMPLICAT$1 BECAUSE EA* LEANS SO HEAVILY ON EI!R ONE OR ! O!R4 

,IT'S 9T]E/+ TO CONTRA/ H[ DIFF]5TLY ,MAUSS USES HIS ,MAORI & ,KWAKIUTL MAT]IAL4 ,! ,MAORI APPE> L>GELY AS !ORI/S4 ,MAUSS BEG9S HIS ESSAY1 AS WE KN[1 BY ASK+ :Y IT IS ?AT PEOPLE :O RECEIVE GIFTS FEEL OBLIG$ TO GIVE SOME?+ BACK 9 RETURN2 = AN ANSW]1 HE REF]S TO ! REFLECTIONS ( A ,MAORI SAGE ON ! HAU OR 0SPIRIT ( ! GIFT40 ,BUT HE HAS NEXT TO NO?+ ON ! SOCIOLOGY ( ,MAORI GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,:5 DEAL+ ) ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ IT'S QUITE ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE REF]5CE TO PHILOSOPHY1 BUT 5DLESS DETAIL ON ! ACTUAL CONDUCT ( POTLAT*ES & NATURE ( ! WEAL? EX*ANG$4 

,9 A WAY1 ?\<1 ?IS IS NOT ALTOGE!R SURPRIS+4 ,ALREADY 9 ,MAUSS' TIME1 ! PRODUCTS ( ,MAORI PRIE/LY COLLEGES HAD DEVELOP$ A REPUTATION AS ! GREAT 9TELLECTUALS ( ! 0>*AIC0 WORLD3 AS COSMOLOGI/S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 EV5 METAPHYSICIANS4 ,! ,KWAKIUTL REPUTATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS AS MA/]S ( !AT]1 OR DRAMATIC & >TI/IC DISPLAY4 ,ONE SEEM$ OBSESS$ ) ESS5CES1 ! O!R ) SURFACES4 ,9 ! RE/ ( ?IS *APT] ,I W\LD LIKE TO >GUE 7AMONG O!R ?+S7 ?AT !SE REPUTATIONS >E NOT 5TIRELY UNDES]V$4 ,?IS WILL ,I ?9K BECOME ALL ! MORE APP>5T :5 WE TRY TO FILL 9 ! MISS+ P>TS ( ! PICTURE3 ?AT IS1 TO EXAM9E ! ACTUAL ME*ANICS ( ,MAORI EX*ANGE 7CIRCA #a#g#e71 OR ! IMPLICIT PHILOSOPHY BEH9D ! ,KWAKIUTL POTLAT* 7CIRCA #a#h#i#e74 ,9 FACT1 ! TWO SEEM 9 MANY WAYS TO REPRES5T TWO EXTREMES ( LOGICAL POSSIBILITY = A SY/EM ( GIFT EX*ANGE1 A FACT ?AT ,I W\LD >GUE ACTUALLY MAKES ! COMP>ISONS BETWE5 !M ALL ! MORE REVEAL+ IF ONE WI%ES TO UND]/& PRECISELY :AT ! UND]LY+ COMMONALITIES 9 SU* SY/EMS MI<T BE4 

,H]E ,I WANT TO BUILD ON A TRADITION ( COMP>ISON BETWE5 ,POLYNESIA & ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ BEGUN BY ,IRV+ ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g1 #a#i#g#e7 & DEVELOP$ BY ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#h#h74 ,! BASIC >GUM5T COMES D[N TO SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 ,POLYNESIAN SOCIETIES T5D$ TO SEE ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE AS /RUCTUR$ ON A VA/ G5EALOGY 9 ?AT EV]YONE IS DESC5D$ FROM ! GODS 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,! RESULT WAS A T5D5CY T[>D HOMOG5IZATION1 9 :I* NOBLES W]E CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO SET !MSELVES AP>T BY SOME UNIQUE OR A/\ND+ ACT4 ,! ,KWAKIUTL COSMOS1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS ONE ( RADICAL HET]OG5EITY4 ,! UNIV]SE WAS FRAGM5T$ 9TO SOCIAL GR\PS EA* ) !IR [N COMPLETELY UNIQUE MY?OLOGICAL ORIG9S2 !IR CURR5T LEAD]S W]E 9C>NATIONS ( TOTEMIC CREATURES FROM ! BEG9N+S ( TIME ?AT HAD NO REAL CONNECTION ) EA* O!R4 ,:AT ! SY/EM LACK$ WAS ANY UNI=M M$IUM = COMP>ISON4 ,H5CE ,SAHL9S NOTES ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! DEM& = ,WE/]N GOODS :5 EA* SOCIETY FIR/ CAME 9 CONTACT ) ! WORLD M>KET SY/EM3 ,HAWAIIAN LORDS IMM$IATELY S\<T \T UNIQUE TREASURES TO SET !MSELVES AP>T FROM O!R LORDS2 ,KWAKIUTL *IEFS ACCUMULAT$ ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( ID5TICAL ,HUDSON ,BAY TRADE BLANKETS1 :I* BECAME A K9D ( UNI=M CURR5CY ( PRE/IGE4 

,?IS SEEMS TO ME A USEFUL />T+ PLACE BECAUSE NOT ONLY DOES IT TIE 9 ) EX*ANGE1 IT ALSO MAKES S5SE ( SOME ( ! DIFF]5CES 9 IDEOLOGIES ( ! P]SON BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,! ,MAORI UNIV]SE IS A VA/ G5EALOGY2 IT IS 5TIRELY G5]AT$ BY A S+LE PR9CIPLE1 :I* IS ULTIMATELY ?AT ( ! 9T]IOR1 CREATIVE P[]S ( GODS & HUMANS 7?\< IMAG9$1 9 ?IS CASE1 AS AN ALMO/ 5TIRELY SEXUAL1 & !RE=E NATURALIZ$1 TYPE ( CREATIVITY47 ,! RESULT IS A REM>KABLY RI* PHILOSOPHY ( 9T]IOR P[]S1 ) LITTLE EXPLICIT ATT5TION TO EXT]NAL =MS4 ,AMONG ! ,KWAKIUTL IT IS PRECISELY ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,EV]Y?+ IS SURFACES1 CONTA9]S1 MASKS4 ,9T]IORS1 :5 ONE F9DS !M1 ALWAYS TURN 9TO YET MORE SURFACES AGA94 ,MAORI HI/ORIES >E ALL AB\T RECIPROCITY1 BUT ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T WEAL?4 ,KWAKIUTL HI/ORIES CONSI/ ( LITTLE BUT DETAIL$ ACC\NTS ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( WEAL?1 ) NEXT TO NO?+ AB\T RECIPROCITY4 ,& SO ON4 

CASE #b3 GIFTS 9 ,AOTE>OA 

  

,MAUSS WAS ORIG9ALLY DRAWN 9TO ! /UDY ( ,MAORI RELIGION :ILE $IT+ ! PO/HUM\S PAP]S ( HIS COLLEAGUE1 ,ROB]T ,H]TZ4 ,HE 5D$ UP BECOM+ QUITE FASC9AT$ ) IT1 TEA*+ HIMSELF ! ,MAORI LANGUAGE & (F]+ A S]IES ( LECTURES ON ,MAORI COSMOGONIC EPICS 7,S*WIMM] #a#i#g#h3#b#b-#b#c74 ,!SE EPICS ALWAYS TAKE ! =M ( A HUGE G5EALOGY1 BEG9N+ ) AB/RACT 5TITIES LIKE ,DAY & ,NI<T1 OR ,?\<T & ,DESIRE1 PROCE$+ ?R\< ! GODS & ULTIMATELY 9CLUD+ EV]Y?+ 9 ! 5TIRE COSMOS--=E/S1 SEAS1 CROPS1 HUMANS1 EV5 CL\DS & /ONES4 ,ALL LIV+ CREATURES1 !N2 9DE$1 EV]Y ASPECT ( REALITY 9 ! 0WORLD ( LI<T0 9 :I* HUMANS DWELL1 W]E G5]AT$ ACCORD+ TO ONE S+LE PR9CIPLE ( SEXUAL PROCREATION4 

,HI/ORICAL RECORDS SIMPLY CONT9UE ! SAME /ORY1 TELL+ ( ! GREAT CANOES ?AT C>RI$ ! FIR/ IMMIGRANTS FROM ! MY?ICAL ISL& ( ,HAWAIKI TO ,AOTE>OA1 & ( ! W&]+S ( ! M5 & WOM5 :O BECAME ANCE/ORS ( ! DIFF]5T ,MAORI IWI 70TRIBES071 !N1 LAT] ( HAPU 70L9EAGES0 OR 0CLANS074 ,?IS WAS ! GREAT HI/ORICAL >MATURE ?AT PROVID$ ! FRAMEWORK = POLITICS1 BECAUSE ! ,MAORI W]E ONE ( ?OSE EXTRAORD9>ILY R>E GR\PS :OSE MEMB]S ACTUALLY REMEMB]$ !IR G5EALOGIES3 MO/ PEOPLE C\LD TRACE BACK !IR ANCE/ORS = SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S 9TO ! PA/4 ,G5EALOGIES1 9 TURN1 W]E ! BASIS ( RANK3 S9CE *ILDR5 W]E RANK$ 9 ORD] ( S5IORITY1 & S9CE 9 !ORY EV]YONE C\LD BE PLAC$ SOME:]E ON ! SAME G5EALOGICAL /RUCTURE1 EV]YONE %\LD KN[ PRECISELY :]E !Y /OOD 9 RELATION TO EV]YONE ELSE4 ,9 REALITY1 ?+S W]E 9F9ITELY COMPLICAT$1 S9CE ,MAORI K9%IP WAS COGNATIC3 ONE C\LD TRACE TO FAM\S ANCE/ORS ?R\< EI!R MALE OR FEMALE L9KS1 & !RE=E JU/ AB\T ANY FREE ,MAORI C\LD MAKE A CLAIM TO BE+ A RANGATIRA1 A HI<BORN NOBLE1 ?R\< SOME CONNECTION OR ANO!R4 

,SOCIETY WAS ORGANIZ$ 9TO A S]IES ( TRIBES & HAPU1 EA*1 9 PR9CIPLE1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ITS >IKI1 DESC5D$ FROM ITS F\ND+ ANCE/OR ?R\< AN UNBROK5 L9E ( 7MALE OR FEMALE7 S5IOR *ILDR54 ,H]E AGA91 REAL POLITICS WAS 9F9ITELY MORE COMPLICAT$2 ! FACT ?AT A FIR/BORN DAU<T] R>ELY SUCCE$$ TO POLITICAL (FICE--BUT /ILL \TRANK$ H] BRO!RS-- ALONE ALL[$ 5DLESS POSSIBILITIES = /RUGGLES OV] /ATUS1 %IFT+ ALLIANCES1 & POLITICAL 9TRIGUE4 ,F9ALLY1 S9CE COGNATIC K9%IP 5SURES ?AT MO/ PEOPLE HAD ANY NUMB] ( *OICES = :I* GR\P !Y WI%$ TO JO92 9 ANY COGNATIC SY/EM1 POLITICS L>GELY BECOMES A MATT] ( PULL+ PEOPLE TOGE!R4 ,AMBITI\S LEAD]S C\LD USE AN ALMO/ 9F9ITE V>IETY ( TIES TO ASSEMBLE FOLL[]S & EFFECTIVELY CON/RUCT NEW K9 GR\PS 9 :I* !Y OR SOME CLOSE RELATIVE C\LD CLAIM TO /& AS ! >IKI 7,S*WIMM] #a#i#g#h1 #a#i#i74 ,HAPU1 AT LEA/1 W]E BE+ CONT9UALLY RE-CREAT$ ON SU* L9ES4 ,BUT ALL ?IS ALSO MEANT POLITICS BECAME AN OBVI\S Z]O-SUM GAME3 !RE >E ONLY SO MANY PEOPLE >\ND1 & EV]YONE ONE DRAWS 9TO ONE'S [N G5EALOGICAL GR\P IS LO/ TO ALL ! O!RS4 

MANA & TAPU 

  

,( ALL ! METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTS ! ,MAORI HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! MO/ FAM\S >E C]TA9LY MANA & TAPU 70TABOO074 ,9 ,MAORI !Y >E (T5 US$ 9T]*ANGEABLY1 S9CE !Y IMPLY TWO DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( P[]3 ! ONE1 P[] 9 ITS CAPACITY TO ACT2 ! O!R1 P[] 9 H[ IT MU/ BE RESPECT$ BY O!RS4 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE ALTOGE!R 9 KEEP+ ) ! T]MS MAPP$ \T 9 *APT] #d1 BUT 9 FACT ?+S 9 ?IS CASE >E A GOOD DEAL MORE COMPLICAT$4 

,= ONE ?+1 :ILE 9 MO/ ( ,POLYNESIA 0MANA0 IS ! P[] ( ! GODS1 OR BY EXT5SION1 ANY 9VISIBLE P[] CAPABLE ( MAK+ ?+S HAPP5 OR 0APPE>10 AMONG ! ,MAORI IT ALSO TAKES ON A MORE EXPLICITLY POLITICAL MEAN+4 ,MANA CAN MEAN 0PRE/IGE10 0AU?ORITY10 OR 09FLU5CE40 ,)9 ?IS USAGE !RE SEEMS TO BE A RECOGNITION ?AT POLITICAL P[] IS BUILT L>GELY ON REPUTATION2 ?AT IT IS ONLY ! FACT ?AT O!RS BELIEVE ONE HAS IT ?AT ALL[S IT TO EXI/4 ,AS SU* IT REQUIR$ CON/ANT MA9T5ANCE3 ,MAORI NOBLES 7& JU/ AB\T ALL FREE M5 CONSID]$ !MSELVES NOBLEM57 W]E NOTORI\SLY T\*Y4 ,TO LEAVE EV5 AN IMPLI$ SLEI<T OR 9SULT UNAV5G$ W\LD LEAD TO ! WEAK5+ ( ONE'S MANA1 UNLESS SET /RAI<T BY SOME SORT ( UTU1 SOME ACT ( RECOMP5SE1 RECIPROCITY1 OR REV5GE4 

,AS = TAPU3 IT REF]R$1 ABOVE ALL1 TO RE/RICTIONS2 OR EV5 MORE1 TO A /ATE ( BE+ SURR\ND$ BY !M1 ?US R5D]+ ONE SACR$1 PURE1 0SET AP>T0 FROM A RELATIVELY PR(ANE 7NOA7 WORLD *>ACT]IZ$ ESPECIALLY BY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES3 COOK+1 EAT+1 EXCRETION1 SEXUALITY4 ,COOK$ FOOD ESPECIALLY HAD TO BE KEPT AWAY FROM TAPU OBJECTS4 0,EV]Y MAN 9 ,MAORI SOCIETY10 WRITES ,FIR?1 

HAD SOME DEGREE ( P]SONAL TAPU1 V>Y+ ACCORD+ TO HIS RANK & BECOM+ V]Y 9T5SIVE ) ! MORE IMPORTANT *IEFS4 ,COOK$ FOOD & ALL ?+S CONNECT$ !RE) W]E ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( TAPU1 & CONTACT ) !M AS SUFFICI5T TO DE/ROY ! TAPU ( ANY OBJECT1 H[EV] SACR$4 ,H5CE NO MAN POSSESS$ ( ANY SELF-RESPECT W\LD 5GAGE 9 COOK+1 OR COLLECT FIREWOOD1 NOR1 S9CE ! MO/ TAPU P>TS ( HIS P]SON W]E HIS HEAD & BACK1 W\LD BE C>RY BURD5S ( COOK$ FOOD4 ,SU* WORK WAS LEFT TO SLAVES1 :O HAD LO/ !IR TAPU1 & TO WOM51 :O .<= ! MO/ P>T.> DID NOT HAVE ANY4 7,FIR? #a#i#e#i3#a#h#a2 SEE ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g7 

,!SE W]E NOT /ATIC CATEGORIES4 ,LIFE WAS A PROCESS ( ! 5DLESS IMPOSITION1 & /RIPP+ AWAY1 ( TAPU4 ,TO DEF9E ONESELF AS TAPU1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ALWAYS A MATT] ( DEF9+ O!RS AS RELATIVELY NOA3 H5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ONE E>LY TRAVEL]'S ACC\NT1 ,MAORI *IEFS W5T TO W> C>RY+ A TAIAHA /AFF :OSE BLADE WAS %AP$ LIKE A PROTRUD+ TONGUE1 SO AS TO IMPLY ! DESIRE TO TURN ! 5EMY 9TO FOOD4 ,9 ?IS CASE IT WAS NO AB/RACT SYMBOL--,MAORI W>RIORS DID 9DE$ FEA/ ON !IR DEFEAT$ FOES--BUT ! SAME *IEF MI<T HOLD \T ! SAME WEAPON AS A /AFF :5 MAK+ SPEE*ES TO HIS [N PEOPLE1 SIMPLY AS A SIGN ( HI<] /ATUS 7,ANGAS #ahdg ,I3 #c#a#h74 ,! FACT ?AT ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE WAS SE5 AS P>T ( A VA/ G5EALOGY CREAT$ A SORT ( COSMOLOGICAL DILEMMA3 HUMANS W]E ! (FSPR+S ( ! GODS1 BUT !N1 SO WAS EV]Y?+ ELSE1 9CLUD+ ! ANIMALS & PLANTS ONE HAD TO EAT TO SURVIVE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! DIV9E REMA9$ PRES5T 9 ALL !SE ?+S2 IT HAD TO BE 9 ORD] = !M TO GR[--S9CE ! DIV9E WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL G5]ATIVITY4 ,= ONE'S SWEET POTATOES TO GR[1 ONE HAD TO MA9TA9 TAPUS TO 5SURE ! GODS' PRES5CE4 ,TO BE ABLE TO H>VE/ ONE'S SWEET POTATOES1 ONE HAD TO BREAK !M1 TO DRIVE ! GODS AWAY1 &1 EFFECTIVELY1 MAKE W> ON ! CROPS1 SO AS TO BE FREE TO KILL & EAT !M 7,WILLIAMSON #a#i#a#c1 ,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#h2 ,SAHL9S #a#i#h#eB3#b-#b#f74 ,! :OLE UNIV]SE WAS AN >5A ( 5DLESS CONSUMPTION BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ALL DRIV5 BY A PR9CIPLE ( UTU OR RECOMP5SE :]E EV]Y?+ ULTIMATELY LEADS TO ITS COMEUPPANCE2 I4E41 EV5TUALLY ! GODS EAT US 9 RETURN1 :I* IS :Y WE ULTIMATELY MU/ DIE 7,SMI? #a#i#g#b74 

,?IS ABILITY TO APPROPRIATE :AT RI<TFULLY BELONGS TO ! GODS WAS ! P>ADIGM = A G5]AL POSSIBILITY ( REV]S+ EXI/+ HI]>*IES1 :I* 9 ,MAORI MY?S & HI/ORIES1 USUALLY PLAYS ITSELF \T 9 /ORIES ( Y\NG] BRO!RS OR D>+ Y\NG W>RIORS :O1 UN5CUMB]$ BY ! 5DLESS TABOOS & PROTOCOL ?AT H$GES AB\T S5IOR FIGURES1 CAN MAKE A NAME = !MSELVES BY BREAK+ ALL ! RULES 7,GUDGEON #a#i#eA3#f#b-#f#e2 ,SMI? #a#i#g#b3#f#b-#f#c74 ,BY DO+ SO1 !Y 9 EFFECT PROV$ !IR MANA & C\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME HI<LY TAPU FIGURES 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,IT WAS A V]Y DANG]\S /RATEGY4 ,MAORI HI/ORY IS FULL ( TRANSGRESSIVE W>RIORS :O F9ALLY W5T TOO F>1 TRANSGRESS$ ONE RULE !Y %\LDN'T HAVE1 & 5D$ UP BE+ DE/ROY$ BY IT4 ,/ILL1 IT ALL[$ = A BROAD DIVISION BETWE5 SORTS ( LEAD]S3 ON ! LEVEL ( ! TRIBE1 SACR$ >IKI1 :O HAD LITTLE IMM$IATE POLITICAL P[]2 ON ?AT ( ! HAPU1 FIGURES :O HAD L>GELY A*IEV$ IMPORTANT ROLES ?R\< !IR [N EF=TS4 ,!SE W]E 9 FACT ! EFFECTIVE POLITICAL ACTORS1 S9CE IT WAS ! HAPU 7OR 0CLAN07 ?AT WAS ! REALLY SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL UNIT4 

,MAORI VALUES 

  

,FROM ?IS1 ONE BEG9S TO GET A V]Y R\< IDEA ( ! /RUCTURE ( VALUE 9 TRADITIONAL ,MAORI SOCIETIES4 ,AS AN 9ITIAL APPROXIMATION1 ONE CAN DI/+UI% TWO BROAD T]MS3 CALL !M 0G5]ATION10 & 0APPROPRIATION40 ,! FIR/ IS ID5TIFI$ ) P[]S ( CREATIVITY & GR[?1 :I* IS ULTIMATELY ! G5]ATIVE P[] ( ! GODS4 ,9 HUMAN SOCIETY IT IS EMBODI$ MO/ ( ALL 9 ! FIGURE ( ! >IKI1 P>TICUL>LY ! REALLY GR& >IKI 7(T5 WOM57 :O >E ! FIR/BORN ( A :OLE TRIBE3 ! LIV+ EMBODIM5TS ( ANCI5T ANCE/ORS & ULTIMATELY ( GODS4 ,SU* FIGURES W]E CONSID]$ ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE = ! F]TILITY & SPIRITUAL /ATE ( !IR GR\P'S T]RITORIES1 BUT !Y W]E SO H$G$ AB\T BY TAPU ?AT !Y DID NOT DO MU*1 OR 9 SOME CASES1 ANY?+2 !IR MA9 ROLE WAS SIMPLY TO EXI/4 ,! SECOND IS ALL AB\T HUMAN A*IEVEM5T1 ! TRANSGRESSION & APPROPRIATION1 & ! MY?IC FIGURES ( Y\NG] BRO!RS :O USURP$ ! >IKI'S AU?ORITY4 ,ONE IS SEV]ELY FETI%IZ$1 S9CE ALL HUMAN P[]S ( CREATION >E SE5 AS REFRACTIONS ( ! P[]S ( ! GODS2 ! O!R1 :ILE ALL AB\T HUMAN ASS]TIV5ESS1 IS NOT SE5 AS FUNDAM5TALLY CREATIVE AT ALL1 BUT MORE AB\T DE/RUCTION.<#a#b#b.>--,TU1 :O IS ! GOD :O REPRES5TS ! HUMAN SIDE ( ! COSMOS1 IS ALSO ! GOD ( W>4 ,! TWO MI<T BE SAID TO COME TOGE!R 9 A BROAD NOTION ( HONOR1 :I* IS BO? ONE'S ABILITY TO DEF5D ONE'S TAPU & ! ABILITY TO 5COMPASS EV] MORE ( ! UNIV]SE )9 IT4 

,ALL ?IS DOES RECALL ! T]MS ,I WAS DEVELOP+ 9 *APT] #d3 ! PASSIVE >I/OCRAT1 ORI5T$ T[>D ! PA/1 :OSE ROLE IS JU/ TO BE2 ! ACTIVE W>RIOR ORI5T$ T[>D ! FUTURE4 ,BUT ! P>TICUL>LY METAPHYSICAL QUALITY ( ,MAORI PHILOSOPHY ALSO MEANS ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO MAKE A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE51 SAY1 VISIBLE =MS ( P[] ID5TIFI$ ) ! DISPLAY ( PROP]TY & HIDD5 P[]S ( ACTION4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! P]SUASIVE DISPLAY ( WEAL? SIMPLY WAS NOT MU* ( A FACTOR4 ,9/EAD1 ONE HAS A CON/ANT MOVEM5T BACK & =? BETWE5 VISIBLE & 9VISIBLE =MS1 ) ! USUAL IDEA BE+ ?AT ! =M] >E SIMPLY P>TICUL>1 PROBABLY EPHEM]AL1 EMANATIONS ( ! LATT]2 & ALL ( ?IS TAKES PLACE 9 A CONTEXT ( DANG] & OV]ALL COSMIC /RIFE4 

,?IS BECOMES ESPECIALLY CLE> :5 ONE LOOKS AT PROP]TY4 ,! 0P]SONAL TAPU0 ( AN IMPORTANT P]SON V]Y MU* EXT5D$ TO !IR POSSESSIONS4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE S9CE ANY?+ ?AT CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ONE'S P]SON C\LD !REBY BE CONSID]$ AN EXT5SION ( ! P]SON HIMSELF OR H]SELF4 ,A LORD'S CLOAK1 OR 9 FACT ANY G>M5T1 WAS P>T ( ?AT LORD & (T5 SEEM$ TO REPRES5T ?AT V]Y CAPACITY = 5COMPASSM5T3 TO ?R[ ONE'S G>M5T OV] A PRISON] MEANT ?AT P]SON WAS SP>$ FROM DEA?2 AN IMPORTANT UNM>RI$ WOMAN :O ?REW H] CLOAK OV] A MAN !REBY M>RI$ HIM 7,WE9] #a#i#i#b3#f#a74 ,IF AN >IKI US$ A H\SE1 NO ONE ELSE C\LD1 = FE> ( VIOLAT+ !IR TAPU 7?IS W\LD USUALLY 5TAIL DIRE CONSEQU5CES74 ,BUT BY EXT5SION1 ANY ACT ( ID5TIFY+ ANO!R P]SON'S L& OR O!R PROP]TY ) ! TAPU P>TS ( ONE'S BODY OR P]SONAL EFFECTS C\LD1 IF UN*ALL5G$1 BE TAK5 AS A CLAIM ( [N]%IP3  
  

,?US1 A *IEF NAM$ ,RAUKATAURA1 PASS+ ?R\< A =E/ [N$ BY A FRI5DLY TRIBE1 HAD ONE ( ! FEA!RS ( HIS HEAD-DRESS TORN \T BY A %RUB4 ,SITT+ D[N1 ! *IEF MADE A LITTLE F5CE ( BROK5 /ICKS R\ND HIS SACR$ FEA!R4 ,HE WAS ACCOMPANI$ ON ?IS OCCASION BY SOME ( ! M5 ( ! TRIBE [N+ ! PLACE1 BUT !Y SAID & DID NO?+4 ,!IR SIL5CE & 9ACTION W]E CON/RU$ AS AN ASS5T TO [N]%IP1 & ! SONS ( ,RAUKATAURA HELD POSSESSION ( ?IS TITLE UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY444 ,SOMETIMES IF A *IEF %\LD WA% OR COMB HIS SACR$ HEAD :5 J\RNEY+ ACROSS A PIECE ( L& HIS PEOPLE W\LD CLAIM ! L&1 OR IF HE SLEPT 9 A TEMPOR>Y HUT = A NI<T1 TITLE W\LD BE ASS]T$4 ,!SE CLAIMS W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 MADE LI<TLY1 !RE W]E TO BE O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 SU* AS ! DEA? ( A NE> RELATIVE AT ! TIME2 SOME?+ TO M>K ! EV5T AS ( IMPORTANCE BE=E SU* CLAIM WAS E/ABLI%$1 & IT ALWAYS HAD TO BE UPHELD BY ! LAW ( ! /RONGE/4 7,TREGE> #a#i#d3#a#c#b-#c#c7.<#a#b#c.>  
  

,! SAME PR9CIPLE H[EV] WAS ALSO APPLI$ 9 A F> MORE AGGRESSIVE MODE ( APPROPRIATION CALL$ TAPATAPA 70*ALL5GE074 ,A *IEF--?AT IS1 A RECOGNIZ$ LOCAL LEAD] :OSE TAPU WAS P>TICUL>LY GREAT--C\LD1 9 EFFECT1 APPROPRIATE AN OBJECT SIMPLY BY ID5TIFY+ IT ) HIS NAME OR A P>T ( HIS BODY4 ,MAN+ 7#a#h#f#c3#a#c#g-#c#i2 ,FIR? #a#i#e#i3#c#d#e7 GIVES ! EXAMPLE ( A GR\P ( *IEFS :O1 OBS]V+ A FLEET ( CANOES ?AT !IR >MIES W]E AB\T TO SEIZE AS PLUND]1 BEGAN LAY+ CLAIM TO ! BE/ ONES3 0?AT SWIFT CANOE IS MY BACKBONE10 SAID ONE1 0MY SKULL %ALL BE ! BAL] TO BALE ?AT ONE \T10 0?OSE TWO >E MY TWO ?I<S10 & SO ON4 ,EA* !REBY EFFECTIVELY BR\<T IT )9 ! CIRCLE ( HIS TAPU1 :I* W\LD !N HAVE BE5 VIOLAT$ HAD ! MAN :O ACTUALLY CAPTUR$ ! CANOE 9 QUE/ION NOT IMM$IATELY H&$ IT OV] TO HIM4 

,9 ALL !SE CASES WE >E DEAL+ ) SOME V]SION ( 0! LAW ( ! /RONGE/40 ,S9CE SIMPLY 5%R9+ A FEA!R FROM ONE'S HEADDRESS 9 A =E/1 OR LAY+ CLAIM TO A CANOE BY ID5TIFY+ IT ) ONE'S BACKBONE1 DID NOT 9 ITSELF GIVE ANYONE A RI<T TO IT1 SU* AN ACTION WAS A TE/ ( P[]3 ONE /ILL HAD TO P]SUADE O!RS TO AGREE 7EV5 IF FROM FE>71 OR DEF5D ONE'S CLAIM BY =CE4 ,BUT SUCCESSFUL P]SUASION1 9TIMIDATION1 OR ! APPLICATION ( =CE WAS1 IT SEEMS CLE>1 ITSELF ! PRO( ( ONE'S MANA4 ,?IS WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ DRAMATICALLY ! CASE ) TAPATAPA1 BECAUSE 9 P]=M+ IT :AT ONE WAS ACTUALLY DO+ WAS CURS+ ONESELF4 ,! MO/ P[]FUL CURSES 7OR 0WIT*CRAFT10 9 ,AOTE>OA IT WAS ! SAME ?+7 CONSI/$ ( ID5TIFY+ ONE'S VICTIM ) COOK$ FOOD--AN ACT ?AT1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE HAS SOME OBJECT TAK5 FROM ! VICTIM TO USE AS A M$IUM1 IS EFFICACI\S 9 ITSELF 9 DE/ROY+ ! TAPU ( ! VICTIM & SETT+ !M TO WA/E AWAY 7,:ITE #a#h#h#e3#a#e-#e#a2 CF4 ,DUNNE #a#i#b#g3#h#h-#h#i74 ,TAPATAPA WAS SLI<TLY MILD]3 IT MI<T CONSI/ (1 SAY1 NAM+ ONE'S DOG AFT] A RIVAL *IEF--?\<1 IF DISCOV]$1 SU* AN ACT W\LD REQUIRE AN ACT ( V5GEANCE AS ITS UTU 7PAYBACK1 RECIPROCITY74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 CALL+ A CANOE HIS BACKBONE1 ! *IEF 9 QUE/ION WAS CREAT+ A SITUATION 9 :I* ANYONE :O DID NOT PASS ! CANOE OV] TO ! *IEF W\LD HAVE BE5 (F]+ HIM A T]RIBLE *ALL5GE4.<#a#b#d.> 

,TAPATAPA1 BE+ A =M ( APPROPRIATION \TRI<T1 DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 MU* US$ AGA9/ ?OSE ( EQUAL /ATUS3 ,:ITE NOTES IT WAS MO/ (T5 US$ TO SEIZE ! PROP]TY ( SLAVES4 ,IF A *IEF EMPLOY$ IT AGA9/ A FREE P]SON1 SOMEONE ) TAPU ( !IR [N1 HE W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO EV5TUALLY RECIPROCATE--PRESUMABLY 9 APPROPRIATELY LAVI% >I/OCRATIC /YLE4 ,BUT AS ONE MI<T EXPECT 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* MO/ FREE M5 CLAIM$ NOBLE /ATUS1 SU* BEHAVIOR WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! MI<TY4 ,9 FACT1 MU* ( :AT W\LD NORMALLY BE CALL$ GIFT EX*ANGE SEEMS TO HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( MUTUAL APPROPRIATION3 ONE P>TY REQUE/S SOME OBJECT 7TACITLY OR O!RWISE72 ! [N] IMM$IATELY SUPPLIES IT1 !N LAT] APPE>S TO REQUE/ SOME?+ ( R\<LY EQUIVAL5T WOR?4 

,?US TO ADMIRE SOME?+ BELONG+ TO ANO!R P]SON USUALLY MEANT ?AT IT WAS IMM$IATELY PRES5T$ TO ! P]SON :O PRAIS$ IT4 ,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS 9 PROCUR+ ! >TICLE DESIR$ IS ILLU/RAT$ BY A /ORY GIV5 BY ,JOHN ,:ITE ( A NOT$ G\RM& ( TRADITIONAL DAYS1 ,TE ,RE+A ( ,KAITAIA4 ,HE WAS ( SU* GRE$Y DISPOSITION ?AT :5 ANYONE WAS PASS+ UP OR D[N ! VALLEY ) FI% OR O!R PRODUCTS HE ALWAYS HAIL$ HIM1 SAY+1 0,I AM V]Y FOND ( ?AT FOOD40 ,?IS WAS EQUIVAL5T TO A DIRECT REQUE/ = IT1 SO ( C\RSE ! FOOD WAS H&$ OV] TO HIM4 ,SO TIRESOME BECAME ?IS PRACTICE ?AT AT L5G? ! PEOPLE ( ! DI/RICT1 TO 5D HIS BEGG+1 S5T A W> P>TY AGA9/ HIM & SLEW HIM4 7,FIR? #a#i#e#i3#d#a#a-#d#a#b7 

,TE ,RE+A APP>5TLY HAD LITTLE WOR? REQUE/+ 9 RETURN4 ,E>LY ,EUROPEAN VISITORS TO ,NEW ,ZEAL& SOON HAD TO TEA* !MSELVES NEV] TO PRAISE OR ADMIRE AN OBJECT ( ,MAORI MANUFACTURE1 LE/ ITS [N] IMM$IATELY PRESS IT ON !M & !N LAT] EXPECT TO BE ABLE TO DEM& SOME?+ ( R\<LY EQUAL WOR?4 

,:ILE AS ,FIR? NOTES1 B>T] ITSELF WAS ABS5T 9 TRADITIONAL ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ?IS IS AB\T AS CLOSE TO B>T] AS GIFT EX*ANGE CAN GET4 ,HAGGL+ MI<T HAVE BE5 ABS5T1 BUT EA* P>TY *OSE :AT IT WANT$ FROM ! O!R ON ! BASIS ( A PRESUM$ EQUIVAL5CE4 ,( C\RSE AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 IT IS NOT AS IF ANYONE W]E FREE TO CLAIM ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 !RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A BROAD DI/9CTION BETWE5 TYPES ( VALUABLES4 ,FOOD1 & OBJECTS ( EV]YDAY USE1 WAS A SPH]E ( LAVI% G5]OSITY2 TO REFUSE A REQUE/ = FOOD SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 WELL NI< IMPOSSIBLE4.<#a#b#e.> ,BUT REQUE/S = AN HEIRLOOM C\LD BE REFUS$3 ,JOHANS5 7#a#i#e#d3#a#a#i7 NOTES A PROV]B AB\T A C]TA9 ,TUAHU ,MAH9A :O WAS REFUS$ AN HEIRLOOM CLOAK3 0HE IS A /+Y MAN2 ?IS IS EVID5T AS ! DOGSK9 CLOAK WAS NOT GIV5 TO HIM40 ,AS 9 ! ,TROBRI&S1 SU* HEIRLOOMS W]E SE5 ESPECIALLY SOME?+ ONE P>TY EXTRACTS FROM ANO!R--BUT H]E1 ?IS IS NOT SE5 AS A RESULT ( ! S$UCTIVE BEAUTY ( ! RECIPI5T1 BUT !IR POT5TIAL = ACTION3 9 ?IS CASE ! CAPACITY 7OR DISPOSITION7 TO RECIPROCATE4 

,!RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A COMPLEX SET ( PR9CIPLES GOV]N+ :O C\LD DEM&1 OR GIVE1 :AT TO :OM UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES--ONE :OSE F9] PO9TS IT IS BY N[ IMPOSSIBLE TO RECON/RUCT4 ,= EXAMPLE3 SOMETIMES PEOPLE DID (F] IMPORTANT HEIRLOOMS AS GIFTS4 ,! RECIPI5T WAS UND] NO OBLIGATION TO ACCEPT 7,MAUSS' 0OBLIGATION TO RECEIVE0 WAS APP>5TLY NOT 9 EFFECT 9 ,AOTE>OA71 BUT IF HE OR %E DID1 ACCEPTANCE WAS SE5 AS PLAC+ ! DONOR 9 A SITUATION 9 :I* HE W\LD LAT] BE ABLE TO DEM& ALMO/ ANY?+ 9 RETURN4 

,AN 9/ANCE ( ?IS OCCURR$ :5 A *IEF CALL$ ,PAPAKA444 :ILE ON A VISIT TO ! ,NGATIHAPE TRIBE1 BY :OM HE WAS 5T]TA9$ AS A GUE/1 MADE A PRES5T ( HIS E> ORNAM5T TO ! ,NGATIHAPE *IEF4 ,N[ ANY?+ WORN ON ! P]SON ( A *IEF IS SACR$1 & ! PRES5TATION BY A *IEF ( AN E> OR HEAD ORNAM5T1 IS A M>K ( ! GREATE/ RESPECT ?AT CAN BE %[N BY ONE ,MAORI TO ANO!R4 ,PAPAKA WAS ACCU/OM$ TO WE> ATTA*$ TO HIS E> ! TAIL ( A ,MAORI DOG CALL$ 0W>O10 :I* HE GAVE TO ! ,NGATIHAPE *IEF1 & IT WAS ACCEPT$4 ,SOON AFT]W>DS ,PAPAKA RETURN$ & ASSUM$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,NGATIHAPE TRIBE1 & CONSEQU5TLY A RI<T TO ALL !IR L&S1 :I* CLAIM HAS CONT9U$ GOOD TO HIS DESC5DANTS TO ! PRES5T TIME444 7,:ITE #a#h#h#e3#a#i#f7 

0,! ,NGATIHAPE TRIBE10 HE EXPLA9S1 09 RECEIV+ ! PRES5T FROM ,PAPAKA VIRTUALLY B\ND !MSELVES TO GIVE :ATEV] HE MI<T DEM& 9 RETURN 4440 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY AN EXTREME CASE1 BUT ! SAME LOGIC RECURS ?R\<\T ! E>LY LIT]ATURE3 :E!R IT BE ! CASE ( ! ,MAORI *IEF :O1 BE=E DEP>T+ ON HIS FIR/ VISIT TO ,AUCKL&1 PRESS$ NUM]\S UNWANT$ PIGS ON HIS HO/1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO DEM& SOME ( ?+S HE EXPECT$ TO SEE !RE 7,%ORTL& #a#h#e#f3#b#a#e-#a#g71 OR ! CONDUCT ( IMPORTANT 9T]TRIBAL M>RIAGES1 9 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,DUNNE 7#a#i#b#g3#a#h#i7 ! SUITORS W\LD (F] ! WOMAN'S FAMILY A GIFT ( HEIRLOOM WEAPONS & ORNAM5TS2 IF ACCEPT$1 IT WAS 0TANTAM\NT TO ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! Y\NG W>RIOR AS A SON-9-LAW40 

,!RE WAS YET ANO!R =M ( TRADITIONAL APPROPRIATION4 ,)9 K9%IP GR\PS1 GOODS W]E CON/ANTLY *ANG+ H&S ?R\< A K9D ( RITUALIZ$ PILLAG+ CALL$ MURU 7,MAN+ #a#h#f#c3#h#c-#i#a2 ,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#d3#a#d-#d#f74 ,ANYONE :O WAS CONSID]$ TO HAVE DAMAG$ ! HONOR OR SAFETY ( A GR\P BY VIOLAT+ AN IMPORTANT TAPU1 BY SEXUAL 9DISCRETIONS1 BY ACCID5TALLY 9JUR+ ANO!R OR EV5 ACCID5TALLY 9JUR+ !MSELVES1 W\LD BE SUBJECT TO A RAID+ P>TY ( !IR [N K9--ITS SIZE V>Y+ ) ! GRAVITY ( ! (F5SE-- ?AT W\LD DESC5D ON ! CULPRIT'S HOME/EAD1 HEAVILY >M$1 & /RIP IT 5TIRELY B>E ( MOVABLE POSSESSIONS4 ,TO BE ! OBJECT ( SU* A RAID WAS CONSID]$ NO LITTLE HONOR4 ,NEI!R W]E !Y BY ANY MEANS A R>E OCCURR5CE-- ,MAN+ REM>KS ?AT ANYONE :O ACCUMULAT$ AN UNUSUAL /ORE ( WEAL? W\LD T5D TO BE OBS]V$ CON/ANTLY = POSSIBLE 9FRACTIONS1 & ?AT HE HAD HIMSELF OBS]V$1 DUR+ ! TIME HE WAS LIV+ 9 A ,MAORI SETTLEM5T1 ! SAME ,EUROPEAN COAT *ANGE [N]%IP SIX TIMES BY MEANS ( MURU1 ULTIMATELY 5D+ UP 9 ! H&S ( ITS ORIG9AL POSSESSOR4 

MAURI & HAU 

  

,SO F> !N1 WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ ?AT A P]SON'S PROP]TY IS SE5 AS A CONT9UATION ( !IR P]SON1 OR AT LEA/ :AT ,FIR? CALLS !IR 0P]SONAL TAPU40 ,WE HAVE ALSO E/ABLI%$ ?AT ?IS DOES NOT /& 9 ! WAY ( A REM>KABLY FLUID SITUATION 9 :I* MO/ OBJECTS >E SUBJECT TO POT5TIAL APPROPRIATION BY O!RS--9DE$1 IT C\LD EV5 S]VE AS A MEANS TO FACILITATE IT4 ,NOT ONLY W]E RELATIONS BETWE5 HUMANS & GODS CONCEIV$ 9 T]MS ( RITUAL APPROPRIATION1 BUT SO1 TO A SURPRIS+ DEGREE1 W]E RELATIONS BETWE5 HUMANS4  

 ,MO/ AU?ORS :O HAVE CONSID]$ ! RELATION ( PROP]TY & ! P]SON 9 ,AOTE>OA--,MAUSS 9CLUD$--HAVE NOT LOOK$ SO MU* AT MANA & TAPU AS ! T]MS MAURI & HAU4 ,?IS WILL REQUIRE A BRIEF EXCURSUS4 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ,MAORI !ORIES AB\T ! CON/ITUTION ( ! HUMAN P]SON 7,BE/ #a#i1 #a#i#aA7 DO SEEM TO FIT ! CLASSIC ,TYLORIAN MOLD4 ,!RE IS 9DE$ ONE ASPECT KN[N AS ! WAIRUA1 OR 0D\BLE10 P>TICUL>LY IMMAN5T 9 REFLECTIONS & %AD[S1 :I* IS ALSO ! ASPECT ?AT SURVIVES DEA?2 ALONGSIDE IT1 A SET ( T]MS CONC]N+ HIDD51 9VISIBLE P[]S ID5TIFI$ ) LIFE1 M9D1 /R5G?1 PRODUCTIVITY1 & SO ON4 ,BUT ! FIR/ T]M IS US$ 9 ONLY A V]Y LIMIT$ FA%ION3 MA9LY1 = <O/S1 & = ?AT ASPECT ( ! SELF ?AT W&]S ABROAD 9 DREAMS4 ,IT IS ! 9VISIBLE PR9CIPLES ?AT >E REALLY DEVELOP$2 &1 CRITICALLY1 !Y ?AT BECAME CAU<T UP 9 ONE'S POSSESSIONS4 ,ALL ! EMPHASIS IS ON ! T]MS HAU & MAURI2 BO? ( :I* REF] TO AN ACTIVE LIFE-=CE ?AT EXI/S BO? 9 HUMAN BE+S1 &--APPROPRIATELY 5\< = A PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM :I* SEES ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE AS EM]G+ FROM ! SAME G5]ATIVE P[]S--IS IMMAN5T 9 ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 & FEATURES ( ! L&SCAPE AS WELL4 

,:5 ONE SPEAKS ( ! HAU OR MAURI ( A =E/ OR COA/AL 9LET US$ AS A FI%]Y1 ONE IS SPEAK+ FIR/ ( ALL ( PRODUCTIVITY3 ?AT :I* MAKES IT LIVE & GR[1 & PRODUCE FI% & BIRDS & EELS4 ,:5 ONE SPEAKS ( ! HAU OR MAURI ( A P]SON1 H[EV]1 ONE IS NOT TALK+ AB\T 0PRODUCTIVITY0 9 ANY?+ LIKE ! SAME S5SE3 ! T]M DOES NOT APPE> TO HAVE ANY?+ TO DO EI!R ) HUMAN F]TILITY1 OR TO MAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( ANY SORT4 ,RA!R1 IT APPE>S TO BE ROOT$ 9 A C]TA9 NOTION ( ESS5CE4 ,FIR? 7#a#i#e#i3#b#e#e7 CALLS IT 0VITAL ESS5CE03 ! ASSUMPTION BE+ ?AT BEH9D ANY MAT]IAL =M IS AN 9VISIBLE1 DYNAMIC P[] ?AT MAKES IT :AT IT IS4 ,IT IS AT ONCE ! S\RCE ( APPE>ANCE & POT5TIAL = ACTION1 :I*1 AS V>I\S AU?ORS 7,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#d1 ,S*WIMM] #a#i#g#h7 NOTE1 WAS = ,MAORI PHILOSOPH]S SE5 AS M]ELY AN EXPRESSION ( AN 9N] NATURE4 ,IF 9T]F]$ )1 CONTAM9AT$1 OR 0LO/10 ! OBJECT OR BE+ ?AT IS ITS EMANATION--9 ?IS CASE1 A HUMAN BE+--WILL !RE=E BEG9 TO LOSE ITS 9TEGRITY1 DECAY1 OR SIMPLY DIE4 

,:5 SPEAK+ 9 SU* BROAD T]MS1 MAURI & HAU C\LD BE US$ ALMO/ 9T]*ANGEABLY4 ,9S(> AS !Y W]E DI/+UI%$1 IT WAS L>GELY BY ! WAYS !Y BECAME 9VE/$ 9 MAT]IAL OBJECTS4 ,AS A R\< =MULATION1 ,I MI<T (F] ! FOLL[+3 9S(> AS ?IS ESS5TIAL P[] BECAME CAU<T UP 9 OBJECTS ?AT M$IAT$ RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY 9 WAYS :I* OP5 SOME ( !M TO P]IL1 !N ?OSE OBJECTS W]E CALL$ HAU2 :5 IT WAS 9/EAD 9VE/$ 9 AN OBJECT ?AT WAS !N HIDD5 AWAY TO PRES]VE & PROTECT ?AT P[]1 ?AT WAS A MAURI 7CF4 ,GUDGEON #a#i#eB3#a#b#g-#b#h74 

,= EXAMPLE1 IF A MAGICIAN WI%+ TO CURSE SOMEONE MANAG$ TO GET HOLD ( ! CLIPP+S ( !IR HAIR OR NAILS1 LEFTOV]S FROM ONE ( !IR MEALS1 OR EV5 ! IMPRESSION ( !IR FOOTPR9T1 ?IS W\LD BE CALL$ A HAU4 ,HAV+ ?US ATTA9$ ACCESS TO ! S\RCE ( ?AT P]SON'S P[]S1 AS EMBODI$ 9 ! OBJECT1 HE W\LD HAVE MU* OPPORTUNITY TO H>M H]4 ,BUT ONE C\LD ALSO EMPLOY A SIMIL> PROCESS TO 9VE/ ! G5]ATIVE P[]S (1 SAY1 A =E/ 9 A 0TALISMAN03 SAY1 ! BRAN* ( A TREE FROM ! =E/1 OR SOME SIMIL> METONYMIC TOK51 OR MORE (T5 SOME UNUSUALLY %AP$ /ONE OR O!R OBJECT4 ,ONE C\LD CONVEY ! P[]S TO ?IS OBJECT BY ! *ANT+ ( SPELLS1 !N HIDE IT AS A MAURI4 ,IT W\LD !N NORMALLY BE BURI$ 9 A SECRET PLACE 9 ! =E/1 SO AS TO BO? PROTECT ! F]TILITY ( ! =E/ BY EMBODY+ IT 9 A =M ?AT 5EMIES C\LD NOT F9D TO H>M4 ,USUALLY1 IT WAS ALSO PLAC$ 9 A LIZ>D1 :I* ?US BECAME IMMORTAL & W&]$ UNSE5 9 ! =E/4 ,ONLY BY CAPTUR+ ?IS LIZ>D OR F9D+ ! HIDD5 TALISMAN W\LD 5EMIES 7:O SEEM TO HAVE BE5 LEGION 9 MO/ SU* MATT]S7 BE ABLE TO DE/ROY ! =E/'S OR FI%+-PLACE'S F]TILITY4 ,SIMIL> MAURI W]E PLAC$ NE> FI%]IES 7E4G41 ,MIT*ELL #a#i#d#d3#d#b-#d#c74 

,!RE IS SOME?+ TO ME QUITE FASC9AT+ AB\T SU* HIDD5 TALISMANS4 ,DESCRIPTIONS ( !M 7SEE ,BE/ #a#i#i1 #a#i#b#i1 #a#i#d#b7 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY EMPHASIZE ?AT !IR P[] WAS TW(OLD3 NOT ONLY DID !Y 9CREASE ! F]TILITY ( BIRDS OR FI%1 BUT !Y ALSO DREW !M 9 FROM O!R =E/S1 OR O!R P>TS ( ! SEA4 ,CLE>LY1 !RE SEEMS TO BE AN E*O H]E ( ! Z]O-SUM GAME ( COGNATIC K9%IP2 ! HIDD5 P[]S ( ! MAURI ( A =E/ OR FI%]Y W]E MODELS = ! SORTS ( P[] ?AT C\LD CREATE DESC5T GR\PS--BO? NATURAL F]TILITY1 :I* IS ! BASIS = K9%IP ITSELF1 & ! MORE POLITICAL P[] ( GA!R+ & ASSEMBL+1 DRAW+ 9 9DIVIDUALS FROM O!R LOCALITIES1 S9CE1 9 A COGNATIC SY/EM1 ONE HAS A FIX$ NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS ALL ( :OM C\LD BE MEMB]S ( ANY NUMB] ( DIFF]5T GR\PS4 

,!RE >E TWO PO9TS TO BE MADE H]E4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! G5]ATIVE P[] WAS NOT SE5 AS HUMAN1 BUT DIV9E4 ,ONE MI<T RECALL ?AT ,MAORI AGRICULTURAL RITUAL WAS SE5 AS A WAY ( BR++ 9 ! GODS 7:O GAVE ! FIELD ITS P[]S ( GR[? & F]TILITY71 DUR+ :I* TIME ! FIELD WAS LAD5 ) TAPU1 & !N1 BE=E H>VE/1 BANI%+ !M TO FREE ! PLACE = HUMAN BE+S4 ,NORMALLY1 SU* FIELDS ALSO CONTA9$ A MAURI EI!R BURI$ 9 ! SOIL1 OR DISPLAY$ 9 ! =M ( 0KUM>A GODS0 7,BE/ #a#i#b#e3#a#i#i-#b#c72 IT WAS USUALLY REMOV$ AFT] ! H>VE/4 ,ALSO1 ! V]Y FIR/ SWEET POTATO FROM EA* FIELD WAS LEFT AS AN (F]+ = ! GODS--?IS (F]+ WAS CALL$ A HAU1 & IT WAS ?IS ?AT LIFT$ ! TAPU /ATE ( ! FIELD & CROPS SO IT C\LD EAT5 BY ORD9>Y HUMANS4 

,SECOND1 ?IS IDIOM ( G5]ATION & GA!R+--MODEL$ ON ! CREATION ( HUMAN1 POLITICAL GR\PS--WAS NOT SO CLE>LY SET \T :5 ?OSE T]MS W]E APPLI$ TO ! HUMAN GR\PS !MSELVES4 ,H5CE !RE IS 9 EFFECT A D\BLE DISPLACEM5T4 

! HAU ( ! GIFT 7ONE MORE TIME7 

  

,MAUSS' 0 HAU ( ! GIFT0 >GUM5T HAS SP>K$ AN APP>5TLY 5DLESS DISCUSSION & DEBATE 7,FIR? #a#i#e#i3#b#g#i-#h#a1 #d#a#g-#b#a2 ,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#d3#a#a#f-#a#a#h2 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS #a#i#e2 ,PAN(F #a#i#g2 ,SAHL9S #a#i#g#b2 #a#i#i#b2 ,GA!RCOLE #a#i#g#h2 ,MAC,CALL #a#i#h#b2 ,MAC,CORMICK #a#i#h#b2 ,CASSAJUS #a#i#h#d2 ,GUID]I #a#i#h#d2 ,TAIEB #a#i#h#d2 ,WE9] #a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i#b3#d#i2 ,?OMPSON #a#i#h#g2 ,RAC9E #a#i#i#a2 ,BABDAZAN #a#i#i#c2 ,GODELI] #a#i#i#f3#d#i-#e#f2 ,SALMOND #a#i#i#g3#a#g#f-#a#g#g2 ,GELL #a#i#i#h3#a#f-#a#i2 ,GODB\T & ,CAILLE #a#i#i#h3#a#c#a-#a#c#d74 ,9 A WAY IT'S RA!R ODD ?AT IT %\LD1 S9CE JU/ AB\T NONE ( !SE AU?ORS ACCEPTS ,MAUSS' [N 9T]PRETATION-- ?AT 9 ,MAORI PHILOSOPHY1 GIFTS W]E SE5 AS CONTA9+ SOME?+ ( ! GIV]'S S\L 7HIS HAU71 & ?AT IT IS ! DESIRE ( ?IS FRAGM5T ( ! S\L TO RETURN TO ITS NATIVE L&S & =M] [N] ?AT OBLIGES ! RECIPI5T TO (F] SOME?+ 9 RETURN4 

,! MO/ FAM\S TEXT ?AT ,MAUSS MADE ! C5T] ( HIS ANALYSIS IS ACTUALLY FROM AN ESSAY ON BIRD-SN>+ 7,BE/ #a#i#i74 ,IT APPE>S TO BE TAK5 FROM A LETT] WRITT5 BY A ,MAORI SAGE NAM$ ,TAMATI ,RANAPIRI1 9 RESPONSE TO A S]IES ( 9QUIRIES ON ! SUBJECT S5T HIM BY ,ELSDON ,BE/4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS QUITE POSSIBLY ! MO/ QUOT$ P>AGRAPH 9 ALL ( AN?ROPOLOGY3  
  

,I WILL N[ SPEAK ( ! HAU1 & ! C]EMONY ( :ANGAI HAU4 ,?AT HAU IS NOT ! W9D ?AT BL[S2 NO1 NOT AT ALL4 ,I WILL EXPLA9 IT C>EFULLY TO Y\4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT Y\ POSSESS A C]TA9 VALUABLE 7TAONGA71 & Y\ GIVE ?AT VALUABLE TO ME4 ,WE HAVE NO AGREEM5T AB\T PAYM5T4 ,N[1 ,I GIVE ?AT >TICLE TO A ?IRD P]SON1 :O1 AFT] SOME TIME HAS ELAPS$1 DECIDES S9CE HE HAS ! VALUABLE1 HE %\LD TO MAKE SOME RETURN = IT1 & SO HE DOES SO4 ,N[1 ?AT VALUABLE ?AT HE GIVES TO ME IS ! HAU ( ! ONE ,I FIR/ RECEIV$ FROM Y\ & !N GAVE TO HIM4 ,I MU/ H& IT OV] TO Y\4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE RI<T = ME TO KEEP IT = MYSELF1 :E!R IT BE DESIRABLE OR O!RWISE4 ,I MU/ H& IT OV] TO Y\1 BECAUSE IT IS A HAU ( ! O!R VALUABLE4 ,W]E ,I TO KEEP SU* AN EQUIVAL5T = MYSELF1 !N SOME S]I\S ILL W\LD BEFALL ME1 EV5 DEA?4 ,SU* IS ! HAU1 ! HAU ( P]SONAL PROP]TY1 ! HAU ( ! =E/444 7,RANAPIRI 9 ,BE/ #a#i#i3#d#c#i1 #d#d#a7.<#a#b#f.>  
  

,ALL ( ?IS IS (F]$ TO EXPLA9 A C]EMONY CALL$ :ANGAI HAU 70FE$+ ! HAU071 MEANT TO LIFT ! TAPU FROM A =E/ :5 ,MAORI F[L]S COME TO COLLECT ITS BIRDS4 ,! FIR/ !Y TRAP MU/ BE COOK$ ON A SACR$ FIRE & A C]TA9 %>E (F]$ TO ! =E/'S MAURI3 ! TALISMAN ?AT EMBODIES ITS LIFE-=CE1 & P>T ALSO TO ! PRIE/S :O PLAC$ IT !RE4 ,S9CE 0IT IS ! MAURI ?AT CAUSES ! BIRDS TO BE ABUNDANT 9 ! =E/10 ,RANAPIRI NOTES1 0!SE BIRDS >E ! PROP]TY (1 OR BELONG TO1 ! MAURI40 ,?IS GIFT1 HE EXPLA9S1 IS ALSO CALL$ A HAU4 

,N[ MO/ COMM5TATORS HAVE TURN$ ?IS ONE PASSAGE OV] & OV]-- & ,I AM NOT GO+ TO BE SO 5TIRELY DIFF]5T--BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ?IS IS BY NO MEANS ! ONLY REF]5CE 9 ! ,MAORI LIT]ATURE TO 0! HAU ( ! GIFT40 ,MAUSS HIMSELF LI/$ QUITE A NUMB] 9 ! ACCOMPANY+ FOOTNOTES3 ESPECIALLY1 CONC]N+ ! EXPRESSIONS HAU :ITIA1 0AV]T$ HAU0 OR KAI HAU 0EAT+ ! HAU0--BO? ( :I* REF] TO ! CONSEQU5CES ( NOT RETURN+ A GIFT4 ,N9E YE>S E>LI]1 ,BE/ HAD WRITT53  
  

,%\LD ,I DISPOSE ( SOME >TICLE BELONG+ TO ANO!R P]SON & NOT H& OV] TO HIM ANY RETURN OR PAYM5T ,I HAVE RECEIV$ = ?AT >TICLE1 ?AT IS A HAU :ITIA & MY ACT IS A KAI HAU1 & DEA? AWAITS ME1 = ! DREAD T]RORS ( MAKUTU 7WIT*CRAFT7 WILL BE TURN$ ON ME4 ,= IT SEEMS ?AT ?AT >TICLE ( Y\RS IS IMPREGNAT$ ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( Y\R HAU1 :I* PRESUMABLY PASS$ 9TO ! >TICLE RECEIV$ 9 EX*ANGE !RE=1 BECAUSE IF ,I PASS ?AT SECOND >TICLE ON TO O!R H&S1 IT IS A HAU :ITIA 7AV]T$ HAU74 

,I WAS HAV+ A FLAX %\LD]-CAPE MADE BY A NATIVE WOMAN AT ,RUA-TAH9A4 ,ONE ( ! TROOP]S WI%$ TO BUY IT FROM ! WEAV]1 BUT %E FIRMLY REFUS$1 LE/ ! HORRORS ( ! HAU :ITIA DESC5D UPON H]4 7,BE/ #a#i3#a#i#h7  
  

,:]E ,MAUSS SEES ! HAU AS A FRAGM5T ( ! HUMAN S\L1 5D[$ ) ITS [N DESIRES1 ,BE/ SEES IT 9 MORE PASSIVE T]MS AS A K9D ( SPIRITUAL SUB/ANCE1 ONE :I* OV]FL[S ! P]SON & CAN BE ABSORB$ 9 ITS POSSESSIONS4 ,BO? SEEM ALI5 TO ! ,MAORI CONCEPTION4 ,H]E ,BE/'S [N F9AL EXAMPLE S]VES AS A C\NT]-ILLU/RATION4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! WOMAN AT ,RUA-TAH9A1 NO OBJECT HAD YET *ANG$ H&S4 ,RA!R1 :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 0AV]T$0 WAS A DECL>$ 9T5TION--AN 9T5D$ MOVEM5T ( OBJECTS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 

,9 FACT1 IF ONE EXAM9ES O!R USES ( ! T]M HAU1 ONE F9DS !Y (T5 TURN ON SOME SORT ( NOTION ( 9T5TIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,AT ITS SIMPLE/ HAU C\LD MEAN 0! W9D ?AT BL[S10 :I* IS V]Y CLOSE TO PURE MOVEM5T & NO?+ ELSE2 AS A V]B IT C\LD MEAN 0TO /RIKE10 BUT ALSO 0TO COMM&10 OR 0TO ANIMATE1 9SPIRIT1 URGE ON0 7,WILLIAMS #a#h#d#d3#d#f-#d#g2 ,TREGE> #a#h#i#a3#e#b74 ,H]E WE SIMPLY HAVE A MOVEM5T FROM ONE 9T5TIONAL SUBJECT TO ANO!R1 OR BETT]1 A MOVEM5T ( 9T5TIONAL ACTION1 A PROJECT1 ?AT />TS FROM ONE P]SON & !N PROCE$S ?R\< ANO!R4 ,! SAME SEEMS TO APPLY TO ! 9T5D$ MOVEM5TS ( OBJECTS1 SU* AS ,MR4 ,BE/'S FLAX %\LD] CAPE4 ,AT ITS BROADE/1 HAU C\LD REF] TO FAME & REPUTATION1 ! PROCESS BY :I* ONE'S NAME IS HE>D & BROADCA/ F> & WIDE4 ,H]E ( C\RSE IT OV]LAPS ) MANA4 

,IF SO1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT AN OBJECT BECOMES A HAU :5 IT M$IATES SU* AN MOVEM5T & ?AT ?IS HAU IS 0AV]T$10 OR 0EAT510 :5 SU* A MOVEM5T IS NOT ALL[$ TO TAKE ITS NORMAL C\RSE4 ,P]HAPS SO4 ,BUT ?IS W\LDN'T TELL US MU*3 AFT] ALL1 ANY OBJECT ?AT PLAYS A P>T 9 HUMAN SOCIETY M$IATES ACTION 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R4 

,9 ! 5D1 !N1 ,I ?9K IT WILL PAY TO LOOK AT ,RANAPIRI'S TEXT AGA94 ,:AT ,RANAPIRI SEEMS TO BE DO+1 !RE1 IS DRAW+ A P>ALLEL BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T COMMON USES ( ! WORD 0HAU40 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ACCORD+ TO ,WILLIAMS' ,MAORI DICTION>Y 7#a#h#d#d3#d#g71 HAU C\LD MEAN 0RETURN PRES5T BY WAY ( ACKN[L$GM5T = A PRES5T RECEIV$0--ANY RETURN GIFT1 :E!R OR NOT A ?IRD P>TY WAS 9VOLV$4 ,! O!R USAGE REF]S TO (F]+S MADE TO GODS TO LIFT TAPU 7,WILLIAMS1 ,TREGE> #a#h#i#a3#e#b74 ,IT MI<T BE BE/ TO EXAM9E ?IS P>ALLEL 9 GREAT] DETAIL4 

GIV+1 TAK+1 & ! GODS 

  

,! RITUAL DESCRIB$ 9 ,RANAPIRI'S TEXT1 CALL$ :ANGAI HAU 7FE$+ ! HAU7 IS1 AS ,I'VE ALREADY M5TION$1 ACTUALLY JU/ ?IS SORT ( RITUAL ( TAPU REMOVAL4 ,=E/S W]E HEAVILY TAPU'D DUR+ MO/ ( ! YE>1 DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! GODS W]E PRES5T DO+ !IR PRODUCTIVE WORK1 FILL+ ! TREES ) BIRDS1 PLANTS1 & WILDLIFE4 ,COOK$ FOOD1 = EXAMPLE1 MU/ NEV] BE BR\<T 9TO SU* A PLACE4 ,9 ORD] TO H>VE/ :AT !Y HAVE PRODUC$ & R$UCE IT TO HUMAN FOOD--TO MOVE FROM ! MOM5T ( DIV9E G5]ATION TO ?AT ( HUMAN APPROPRIATION--IT IS NECESS>Y TO REMOVE ?IS TAPU4 ,?IS IS SOME:AT OBSCUR$ 9 ,RANAPIRI'S TEXT :I* MAKES ! :OLE PROCESS RA!R MAGICAL3 HE EMPHASIZES ?AT ! =E/'S HIDD5 MAURI1 & H5CE ITS PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 IS SE5 AS HAV+ BE5 PLAC$ !RE BY ! PRIE/S4 ,NONE!LESS1 ALMO/ ALL O!R TEXTS 7E4G41 ,BE/ #a#i#i3#a#b1 #a#i#b#b3#b#f1 #a#i#b#i3#c7 MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ! P[] ( A MAURI IS ULTIMATELY ?AT ( SOME ATUA1 SOME DIV9E P[] ( G5]ATION4 

,H5CE1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! FACT ?AT ! BIRDS (F]$ TO ! PRIE/S-- & MAURI--W]E COOK$4 ,JEAN ,SMI? OBS]VES ?AT ?IS WAS TYPICAL ( TAPU- REMOVAL RITES3 A GIFT IS (F]$ TO ! GODS1 BUT 9 A =M--SAY1 BY PLAC+ COOK$ FOOD 9 ! M\?S ( !IR IMAGES--?AT WAS POLLUT+ & DE/RUCTIVE ( ! TAPU ?AT 5=C$ !IR P[]4 ,SU* GIFTS W]E 0AN AG5T ( CONTROL DISGUIS$ AS AN ACT ( PROPITIATION0 7#a#i#g#b3#c#c74 

,! WORD HAU WAS ESPECIALLY US$ TO REF] TO ONE TYPE ( TAPU REMOVAL RITUAL1 CALL$ PURE4 ,PURE REF]R$1 MO/ (T51 TO GIFTS ( EI!R COOK$ FOOD OR HUMAN HAIR ?AT HAD BE5 CUT (F1 :I* HAD A SIMIL> ABILITY TO DE/ROY ! /R5G? ( DIV9E P[]S4 ,N[1 ,I'VE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?AT CUT HAIR1 NAILS1 & SIMIL> EXUVIAE W]E REF]R$ TO AS HAU :5 US$ AS ! MEANS TO CURSE SOMEONE4 ,:AT PRECISELY IS ! CONNECTION8 ,BABDAZAN 7#a#i#i#c3#f#a2 ,GELL #a#i#i#h3#a#h7 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT BO? REPRES5T A CAPACITY = GR[?3 ONE'S F+]NAILS & HAIR >E ! P>TS ( ONE'S BODY ?AT >E MO/ OBVI\SLY & CONT9UALLY GR[+1 & CAN ?US BE SE5 AS TOK5S ( ! G5]ATIVE POT5TIAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,I W\LD ADD3 BO? >E TOK5S ( ! G5]ATIVE POT5TIAL ?AT >E NOT CAPABLE ( FUR!R G5]ATION !MSELVES4 ,HAIR OR NAILS 9 !MSELVES >E SIMPLY DEAD MATT]1 9CAPABLE ( GR[?4 ,BY CUTT+ !M (F1 ONE IS R5D]+ A P>T ( ! P]SON ?AT EMBODIES GR[? UTT]LY 9F]TILE4 ,SWEET POTATOES--! P>ADIGMATIC FOOD/UFF-->E /ILL CAPABLE ( G5]AT+ NEW LIFE1 EV5 AFT] !Y'VE BE5 H>VE/$1 BUT ?IS IS :Y ! EMPHASIS IS ON COOK$ FOOD2 9 COOK+ A TUB]1 ONE DE/ROYS ITS G5]ATIVE POT5TIAL & R5D]S IT FIT ONLY = CONSUMPTION4.<#a#b#g.> ,! SAME IS ( C\RSE TRUE ( ! COOK$ BIRDS (F]$ 9 ,RANAPIRI'S TEXT4 

,! P>ALLEL ) CURS+ 7:I* IS ALSO REF]R$ TO AS 0WIT*CRAFT07 IS QUITE CLE>1 !N4 ,9 ONE CASE1 0SORC]Y0 IS SAID TO USE ! M$IUM ( ! VICTIM'S HAIR OR NAILS 7HAU7 TO DE/ROY ! VICTIM'S LIFE-=CE 7HAU72 9 ANO!R1 CURSES DECL>E HIM TO BE COOK$ FOOD4 ,9 FACT1 !SE >E PRECISELY ! SAME ?+ 7CF4 ,%ORTL& #a#h#e#f3#a#a#d-#a#e74 

,ACCORD+ TO ,SMI?1 BY PLAC+ COOK$ FOOD 9 ! M\? ( AN IMAGE OR TOSS+ CUT HAIR AT A SEA MON/]1 ONE WAS O/5SIBLY MAK+ A GE/URE ( PROPITIATION BUT REALLY ATTEMPT+ TO DE/ROY ITS /R5G? & SUBORD9ATE IT TO HUMANS4 ,ONE IS 9 AN ATT5UAT$ WAY DO+ ! SAME ?+ TO ! GODS AS ONE DOES 9 CURS+ A HUMAN BE+2 NEUTRALIZ+ ITS G5]ATIVE P[] & R$UC+ AT LEA/ AN ASPECT ( ITS CREATION TO FOOD4 ,! OBJECTS1 !N1 EMBODY PROCESSES4 ,!Y =M A COMPRESS$ ICON ( ! ACTIONS ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< !IR M$IUM3 GR[?1 DETA*M5T FROM ! S\RCE ( GR[?1 DE/RUCTION ( ! G5]ATIVE P[] 9 A WAY ?AT MAKES ITS PRODUCTS APPROPRIABLE = HUMAN BE+S4 ,IT'S A MOTION ?AT R5D]S ! TWO KEY PR9CIPLES ( VALUE 9 ,MAORI SOCIETY--DIV9E G5]ATION & HUMAN APPROPRIATION--TWO MOM5TS ( A S+LE FROZ5 N>RATIVE4 

,DOES ! GIFT ( A HAU AS RETURN PRES5T DO SOME?+ SIMIL>8 ,WELL1 ON ONE LEVEL1 IT C\LD C]TA9LY BE SAID ?AT IT DOES4 ,IT REMOVES ! TAPU FROM ! ORIG9AL OBJECT4 ,H]TZ HIMSELF HAD NOT$ ?AT IF ONE W]E TO /EAL AN OBJECT1 ?AT OBJECT IS /ILL FULL ( 0TABOOS0 & 0SIGNS ( [N]%IP0 ?AT *>GE IT ) A K9D ( P[] 7CALL$ EI!R MANA OR HAU7 :I* WILL PUNI% ! ?IEF 79 ,MAUSS #aibe .<#a#i#i3#9#b#i.>74 ,UNTIL A C\NT]-GIFT IS (F]$1 ! OBJECT IS /ILL )9 ! CIRCLE ON ! GIV]'S TAPU1 NOT ! RECIPI5T'S4 ,AS SU* IT CON/ITUTES A DANG]3 IT CAN BE US$ AS A M$IUM ( ATTACK1 DE/ROY+ ! RECIPI5T'S [N TAPU 7AS 9 CURS+71 OR P]HAPS1 AS ,MAUSS SUGGE/S1 OP]AT+ ALL ( ITS [N ACCORD4 

,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME !RE IS A BROAD] S5SE 9 :I* A 0RETURN PRES5T0 OP]ATES TO LIFT TAPU--ONE ?AT CAN BE FULLY UND]/OOD ONLY :5 ONE CONSID]S ! PECULI>LY APPROPRIATIVE /YLE ( ,MAORI GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,IF Y\ ACCEPT A VALUABLE GIFT FROM ANO!R1 ?IS PLACES Y\ 9 A POSITION 9 :I* ?AT P]SON CAN DEM& PRETTY MU* ANY?+ ! GIV] DEEMS TO BE EQUIVAL5T3 EV51 9 SOME CASES1 ONE'S L&S OR ONE'S DAU<T] OR ONE'S SELF4 ,ONE CAN REFUSE ONLY AT ! RISK ( A TOTAL COLLAPSE ( HONOR 7NOT TO M5TION ! ?REAT ( 0WIT*CRAFT074 ,SO 9 EFFECT1 ALL ONE'S POSSESSIONS >E POT5TIALLY )9 ! DONOR'S P[]4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( TAPU2 TO BE NOA1 FREE ( TAPU1 ALSO MEANS TO BE 0)9 ANO!R'S P[]40.<#a#b#h.> 

,H5CE ! LOGIC ( ,RANAPIRI'S ANALOGY BETWE5 ! TWO SORTS ( GIFT BECOMES ALMO/ P]FECT4 ,! DONOR REALLY IS 9 ! POSITION ( ! G5]ATIVE GOD4 ,! GOD 7OR MAURI1 IF Y\ LIKE71 AFT] ALL1 HAS CREAT$ ! BIRDS ?AT HAVE JU/ BE5 H>VE/$ ?R\< ITS G5]ATIVE P[]S2 !Y BELONG TO IT4 ,9 ORD] TO APPROPRIATE ! BIRDS = !MSELVES1 ! HUMAN HUNT]S GIVE BACK A SMALL PORTION AS A 0FIR/ FRUITS (F]+10 BUT 9 A COOK$ =M ?AT IMPLIES AT LEA/ ! TEMPOR>Y DE/RUCTION ( ?AT P[]4 ,! GOD %\LD PROP]LY HAVE RI<TS TO EV]Y?+4 ,NOT ONLY ! =E/ BUT ITS PRODUCTS >E UND] ITS TAPU4 ,?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! HAU1 HUMANS LIFT ! TAPU ! GOD HAS PREVI\SLY IMPOS$ :ILE ITS G5]ATIVE P[] WAS 9 EFFECT4 ,IT IS QUITE ! SAME AS ) SWEET POTATOES4 ,N[1 ! P[] ( ! DONOR IS NOT QUITE SO SWEEP+ AS ?AT ( ! GOD2 EXCEPT 9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES1 LIKE ,PAPAKA'S1 HE DOES NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO DEM& EV]Y?+4 ,BUT HE DOES HAVE ! RI<T TO DEM& ANY?+1 & SO HIS P[] HANGS OV] ALL ! RECIPI5T'S POSSESSIONS 9 A SIMIL>LY UNDIFF]5TIAT$1 5COMPASS+ FA%ION4 ,BUT ?IS MEANS ?AT BY (F]+ A RETURN PRES5T1 A HAU1 ONE EFFECTIVELY HEADS ?IS PROSPECT (F4 ,BY (F]+ A PORTION1 ONE FREES ! RE/ ( ONE'S POSSESSIONS FROM ! ?REAT ( FALL+ UND] ! DONOR'S TAPU4 

,:AT ,I'M SUGGE/+ !N IS ?AT ONE REASON (F]+ A RETURN GIFT C\LD BE SE5 AS A HAU WAS ?AT A ,MAORI ( ! TIME W\LD NOT HAVE AUTOMATICALLY ASSUM$ ?IS TO BE ! NORMAL PRACTICE4 ,:5 WE ?9K ( GIFT EX*ANGE WE NORMALLY ASSUME A SC5>IO 9 :I* ,A (F]S SOME?+ TO ,B1 & !N ,B1 AFT] A DISCRETE 9T]VAL1 (F]S SOME?+ BACK AGA94 ,?IS DOES NOT APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ! SC5>IO :I* AN EI<TE5? OR N9ETE5? C5TURY ,MAORI W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE HAD =EMO/ 9 !IR M9D4 ,AS WE'VE SE51 :5 GOODS *ANG$ H&S1 IT WAS (T5--PROBABLY MO/ (T5--?R\< ONE ( V>I\S COMPLEX =MS ( APPROPRIATION4 ,IF SO1 !N (F]+ A RETURN GIFT-- SAY1 BY GIV+ ! TAONGA TO A ?IRD P>TY1 GETT+ SOME?+ 9 RETURN1 & PASS+ IT BACK TO ,A AGA9--C\LD BE SE5 AS AMONG O!R ?+S A RA!R CLEV] /RATAGEM2 A WAY ( TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE & SALVAG+ ONE'S AUTONOMY4 

HEIRLOOMS 

  

,AT ?IS PO9T ,I CAN RETURN TO ,ANNETTE ,WE9]'S TREATM5T ( ! ,MAORI LIT]ATURE 9 ,9ALI5ABLE ,POSSESSIONS 7#a#i#i#a74 ,WE9] IS TRY+ TO SALVAGE ! CORE ( ,MAUSS' >GUM5T3 ?AT ! OBLIGATION TO RETURN A GIFT IS1 = ! ,MAORI1 DUE TO ! ID5TITY ( ! GIFT BE+ CAU<T UP 9 ?AT ( ITS ORIG9AL [N]4 ,OR AT LEA/1 %E >GUES ?IS IS TRUE ( C]TA9 TYPES ( GIFT1 HEIRLOOMS CLASS$ AS TAONGA4.<#a#b#i.> ,!SE1 %E CLAIMS1 CAN = ?IS REASON NEV] REALLY BE GIV5 AWAY AT ALL4 ,!Y SO P>TAKE ( ! ID5TITY ( !IR ORIG9AL [N]S ?AT !Y >E ALWAYS SE5 TO BELONG TO !M1 & !RE=E1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE !Y CAN NEV] REALLY BE GIV5 AWAY AT ALL4 

,( ! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT CATEGORIES ( HEIRLOOM1 ONE--GRE5/ONE WEAPONS & ORNAM5TS--W]E SE5 AS FUNDAM5TALLY MALE PRODUCTS1 & ! O!R--V>I\S ELABORATELY CRAFT$ FLAX1 FEA!R1 OR DOGSK9 CLOAKS--AS FEMALE ONES4 ,SU* OBJECTS1 %E >GUES1 T5D OV] TIME TO BE SE5 AS ! V]ITABLE EMBODIM5TS ( ! ANCE/ORS4 ,?IS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\SLY ! CASE = GRE5/ONE3 9 FACT ,WE9] SUGGE/S 7#a#i#i#b3#e#f-#e#h7 ?AT 9 ! E>LIE/ P]IODS ( HUMAN SETTLEM5T 9 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 BE=E GRE5/ONE CAME 9TO COMMON USE1 ! MA9 TREASURES W]E ACTUALLY MADE FROM ANCE/RAL BONES4 ,& IF GRE5/ONES W]E BONES1 CLOAKS W]E AN EXT5SION ( ! SK94 ,EV5 9 REC5T TIMES1 AT FUN]ALS ( IMPORTANT M5 OR WOM51 SU* VALUABLES W\LD BE LAID AT ! BODY'S SIDE1 SOMETIMES ALONG ) ! BONES ( O!R1 E>LI] ANCE/ORS1 & USUALLY1 BURI$ ) !M = A TIME1 BE=E BE+ RECOV]$ & RITUALLY FRE$ ( TAPU TO BECOME VALU$ HEIRLOOMS ONCE AGA9 7,TREGE> #a#i#d2 ,METGE #a#i#g#d3#b#f#c2 ,BE/ #aibd ,I,I2#e#d-#e#e2 CF4 ,TAYLOR #a#h#e#e3#f#b74 ,HEIRLOOMS QUITE LIT]ALLY P>TOOK ( ! DEAD & /ORIES ( ! RECOV]Y ( LONG LO/ HEIRLOOMS ALMO/ ALWAYS CULM9ATE 9 A SC5E 9 :I* 0IT WAS C>RI$ TO ! VILLAGE1 :]E IT WAS WEPT OV]1 AS ?\< IT HAD BE5 A LONG LO/ & DE> RELATIVE0 7,GUDGEON #a#i#eA3#e#g7--AFT] :I* IT WAS USUALLY LAID TO RE/ 9 A COLLECTIVE TOMB4 

,I HAVE ALREADY REM>K$ ?AT !RE IS A C]TA9 9COH]5CE 9 ,MAUSS' ANALYSIS ( ! HAU ( ! GIFT4 ,IF ! GIFT ,I GIVE TO Y\ CONTA9S A PORTION ( MYSELF1 ONE ?AT WI%ES TO RETURN HOME1 !N :Y %\LD IT BE SATISFI$ BY Y\R GIV+ ME SOME?+ ELSE8 ,W\LDN'T ?IS JU/ COMP\ND ! PROBLEM8 ,Y\ W\LD ?9K IF ?IS IDEOLOGY W]E US$ TO JU/IFY ANY?+1 IT W\LD BE ! RETURN ( ! OBJECT ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,WE9] IS >GU+4 ,TO CONT9UE ! ANALOGY3 IF ,I GIVE Y\ MY FA!R'S SKULL AS A GIFT1 IT DOES NOT ?US BECOME Y\R FA!R'S SKULL1 NO MATT] :AT Y\ GIVE ME 9 RETURN4 ,UNLESS EX*ANGE IS SE5 AS EFFECT+ A COMPLETE ALI5ATION ( RI<TS1 & RI<TS >E ALL ?AT IS CONSID]$ IMPORTANT1 IT WILL C]TA9LY BE SE5 AS /ILL BELONG+ TO ME4 ,9 ,AOTE>OA AT LEA/1 ?IS MEANT SU* AN OBJECT C\LD NEV] REALLY BE GIV5 AWAY4 ,GIFTS ( HEIRLOOMS W]E REALLY ONLY LOANS4 ,(T5 TWO *IEFS CONCLUD+ AN ALLIANCE W\LD SWAP HEIRLOOM WEAPONS1 OR TWO SECTIONS ( A TRIBE W\LD PASS AN ANCE/RAL HEIRLOOM BACK & =? BETWE5 !M2 SOMETIMES !Y W]E GIV5 AS GIFTS DUR+ M>RIAGES OR FUN]ALS2 BUT 9 EV]Y CASE1 :E!R OR NOT !RE WAS A RETURN GIFT1 IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT ! OBJECT WAS GIV5 ONLY = SAFEKEEP+1 AS A K9D ( TRU/2 EV5TUALLY1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE GIV5 BACK4 

,BUT ( C\RSE1 ,MAORI HEIRLOOMS W]E NOT REALLY MADE FROM HUMAN BODIES4 ,! QUE/ION IS H[ IT WAS ?AT C]TA9 OBJECTS CAME TO BE SO 5TANGL$ 9 HI/ORY ?AT !Y >E TREAT$ AS IF !Y MI<T AS WELL BE4 ,H]E1 ,WE9] SPEAKS BROADLY ( OBJECTS EMBODY+ ! 0COSMOLOGICAL ORIG9S0 ( A GR\P2 & ONE DOES HE> OCCASIONALLY ( SU* ?+S AS ADZES ONCE US$ TO SEP>ATE ,HEAV5 & ,E>? 9 ! BEG9N+ ( TIME 7,GUDGEON #a#i#eA3#e#e-#e#g71 OR TRIBES ?AT /ILL [N$ AXES !IR ANCE/ORS HAD US$ TO C>VE ! CANOES 9 :I* !Y FIR/ MIGRAT$ TO ,AOTE>OA1 C5TURIES BE=E 7,MIT*ELL #a#i#d#d3#a#h#g2 ,:ITE #ahhg ,I,I,I3#c#a-#c#b2 ,I,V3#a#g-#a#h74 ,HEIRLOOMS LIKE !SE W\LD BE H&$ D[N 9 ! S5IOR1 >IKI L9E ( ! TRIBE4.<#a#c.> ,N[1 !RE IS ALREADY SOME?+ IMM$IATELY 9T]E/+ AB\T !SE HEIRLOOMS4 ,AXES OR ADZES >E TOOLS4 ,TOOLS >E1 BY DEF9ITION1 NOT CREAT$ TO BE SIGNIFICANT 9 !MSELVES1 BUT TO BE USEFUL2 !Y EXI/ 9 ORD] TO BECOME ! M$IA = HUMAN ACTIONS4 ,H5CE1 IF !Y >E VALU$ AS HEIRLOOMS TODAY1 !IR VALUE IS ?AT ( ! ACTIONS !Y FACILITAT$ 9 ! PA/--ACTIONS ?AT1 9 TURN1 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FAME ( ! ACTORS1 :OM ! TOOLS CAN !N MEMORIALIZE4 

,!SE ACTS CAN BE ACTS ( CREATION OR ALSO ACTS ( DE/RUCTION4 ,MANY ( ! MO/ FAM\S HEIRLOOMS W]E WEAPONS4 

,! M]E IS HI<LY REG>D$ AS A TRIBAL TREASURE1 & ! BE/ ( !M HAD BAD RECORDS2 !RE >E NO NOT*ES ON !M TO 9DICATE ! NUMB] ( HEADS !Y HAVE SPLIT1 BUT !SE >E ALL MEMORIZ$ & ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 RELATION TO EA* CAN BE REC\NT$ BY MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE AS ACCURATELY AS A GRAMOPHONE REPEATS A RECORD4 7,DUNNE #a#i#b#g3#a#h#g7 

,EV5 :5 :AT IS MEMORIALIZ$ >E ACTS ( CREATION1 H[EV]1 !SE DO NOT SEEM TO 9CLUDE ! CREATION ( ! OBJECT ITSELF4 ,MANY HEIRLOOMS >E N[ CONSID]$ WORKS ( >T2 /ILL1 ! NAMES ( ! >TI/S OR CRAFTSPEOPLE :O MADE !M USUALLY REMA9 OBSCURE--EV5 IF ! NAMES ( SUBSEQU5T HOLD]S >E KN[N 9 EXTRAORD9>Y DETAIL4.<#a#c#a.> 

,! EMPHASIS ON ACTIVE P[]S SEEMS APPROPRIATE CONSID]+ ! OV]ALL METAPHYSICAL QUALITY ( ,MAORI ?\<T4 ,( C\RSE FEM99E GOODS REPRES5T ! O!R SIDE ( ! EQUATION3 IF ,WE9] IS RI<T1 ! VISIBLE EXT]IOR SK9 AS OPPOS$ TO ! HIDD5 9N] BONES 75ABL]S ( ACTION74 ,:]E MALE TREASURES CREATE OR DE/ROY1 FEMALE ONES >E1 AS WE'VE SE51 TOK5S ( ! P[] ( 5COMPASSM5T4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 ! VALUE ( ! OBJECT >ISES ABOVE ALL FROM ! ACTIONS ?AT HAVE SURR\ND$ IT1 OR :I*--SOME:AT P>ADOXICALLY--ITS [N DESIRABILITY HAVE GIV5 RISE TO4 

,IT MI<T BE USEFUL H]E TO CONSID] H[ SU* VALUABLES APPE>1 :5 !Y APPE> 9 ,MAORI HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS4 

,BE=E ,I DO SO1 ?\<1 A WORD ON ,MAORI HI/ORY4 ,! SURPRIS+ ?+ :5 ONE GOES ?R\< ,MAORI ORAL HI/ORIES1 RI* & DETAIL$ AS !Y >E1 IS ?AT HEIRLOOMS R>ELY PLAY MU* P>T4 ,!SE >E MA9LY ! HI/ORIES ( MIGRATIONS1 ( BEGETT+S1 9SULTS & V5GEANCE1 EXPLORATION & ROMANCE1 ) OCCASIONAL FEATS ( MAGIC OR EV5 EXPLOITS ( HUNT+ OR FI%+4 ,!RE >E S$UCTIONS & ELOPEM5TS & TREA*]\S MURD]S1 & 5DLESS W>S1 BUT V]Y LITTLE AB\T PROP]TY 7IT'S ESPECIALLY /RIK+ IF ONE COMP>ES !M TO1 SAY1 ! ,KWAKIUTL HI/ORIES GA!R$ BY ,BOAS1 :I* SEEM TO BE 5TIRELY AB\T PROP]TY7--UNLESS1 ?AT IS1 AN ITEM WAS DRAWN 9TO ! ACTION ( ! DRAMA ITSELF4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF !SE /ORIES CONTA9 LITTLE AB\T PROP]TY1 & ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T GIFTS1 !Y >E V]Y MU* AB\T RECIPROCITY4 ,! NOTION ( UTU1 ( PAY+ BACK DEBTS1 IS ! C5TRAL !ME ( MO/ ( !M3 IT IS JU/ ?AT ! IDIOM ( RECIPROCITY IS OV]:ELM+LY ONE ( VIOL5CE4 ,H]E IS MY ABBREVIAT$ SUMM>Y ( ONE ( ! FEW ACC\NTS 9 :I* AN HEIRLOOM--9 ?IS CASE1 A DOGSK9 CLOAK--DOES TAKE C5T] /AGE3 

,9 AB\T #a#f#g#e1 A C]TA9 9L& *IEF HAD POSSESSION ( TWO FAM\S TREASURES1 A GRE5/ONE W> CLUB CALL$ ,K>IOI-,MUTU & A DOGSK9 CLOAK CALL$ ,PIPI-TE,WAI4 ,TWO RIVAL *IEFS FROM ! COA/AL ,KA:IA REGION SET \T TO ASK HIM = !M2 ! MORE PROM95T1 ,TUAHU ,MAH9A1 FAIL$2.<#a#c#b.> BUT HIS RIVAL ,PAKAUE SUCCE$$4 ,AFT] AN ALLY W>N$ ,TUAHU ,MAH9A ?AT N[ NO ONE W\LD CONSID] HIM A MAN AS LONG AS ,PAKAUE LIV$1 HE ATTACK$ ,PAKAUE'S =T4 ,PAKAUE FL$ & WAS EV5TUALLY HUNT$ D[N & KILL$ BY A RELATIVE ( ,TUAHU ,MAH9A NAM$ ,TUAT9I ,MOKO1 :O APPROPRIAT$ ! HEIRLOOMS4 

,MO/ ( ,PAKAUE'S PEOPLE FL$ TO A NE>BY TRIBE :]E !Y F\ND ALLIES1 RAIS$ AN >MY1 & ULTIMATELY TOOK !IR REV5GE ON ,TUAHU ,MAH9A1 KILL+ HIM & MANY ( HIS FOLL[]S4 ,SATISFI$ ) !IR V5GEANCE1 !Y MADE PEACE ) ! SURVIVORS4 ,PAKAUE'S SON ,TE ,WEHI H[EV] WAS NOT SATISFI$ BECAUSE HIS FA!R'S KILL] REMA9$ ALIVE & 9 POSSESSION ( ! HEIRLOOMS2 EV5TUALLY HE F\ND ALLIES ( HIS [N1 TWO BRO!RS :O W]E FAM\S W>RIORS FROM ,WAIKATO4 ,!IR EXP$ITION WAS SUCCESSFUL2 !Y TOOK ! =T :]E ,TUAT9I ,MOKO WAS LIV+1 & :5 ! LATT] TRI$ TO FLEE ) ! HEIRLOOMS1 ,TE ,WEHI RAN HIM D[N & KILL$ HIM4 ,HE QUICKLY SECRET$ ! TREASURES UND] HIS CLOAK1 BUT ! TWO BRO!RS HAD S5T A SPY :O REPORT$ :AT HAD HAPP5$4 ,SO ! TWO ASK$ HIM = ! HEIRLOOMS1 & HE WAS OBLIG$ TO H& !M OV]4.<#a#c#c.> 

,!SE TWO BRO!RS1 :O CONQU]$ MU* ( ,WAIKATO1 EV5TUALLY BECAME SU* \TRAGE\S CANNIBALS ?AT !Y BEGAN TO KILL & EAT EV5 !IR [N RELATIVES2 EV5TUALLY1 !IR NEI<BORS RAIS$ A HUGE >MY TO TAKE REV5GE1 & AFT] GREAT BATTLES1 !Y W]E KILL$4 

,! HI/ORY GOES ON TO DETAIL YET ANO!R CYCLE ( V5GEANCE1 AS ONE ( ! W>RIOR'S SONS GREW UP & DISCOV]$ ! FATE ( HIS FA!R4 ,!RE WAS NO WORD ( ! TREASURES1 ?\<1 UNTIL MANY G5]ATIONS LAT]1 :5 A ,WAIKATO *IEF NAM$ ,TE ,:ATA ,K>AKA WAS MAK+ PEACE ) ! ,NGATI ,M>U TRIBE TO ! NOR?4 ,TO SEAL ! AGREEM5T1 ! ,NGATI ,M>U *IEF H&$ OV] ! DOGSK9 CLOAK4 ,NO ONE WAS QUITE SURE H[ IT CAME 9TO !IR POSSESSION1 BUT MANY SPECULAT$ HIS TRIBE MU/ HAVE TAK5 P>T 9 ! BATTLE 9 :I* ! TWO BRO!RS FELL4 ,AT ANY RATE S9CE IT WAS RETURN$ TO ITS 0ORIG9AL [N]S10 IT HAS NEV] PASS$ TO ANY O!R TRIBE4 ,FIR/ IT WAS LAID UP 9 A SECRET LIME/ONE CAVE2 LAT]1 :5 ,EUROPEANS DISCOV]$ ! CAVE1 IT WAS MOV$ TO ! FAMILY BURIAL VAULT :]E IT HAS REMA9$1 0ALONG ) O!R TRIBAL HEIRLOOMS10 EV] S9CE4.<#a#c#d.> 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ ?+S AB\T ?IS /ORY IS ?AT WE NEV] LE>N ANY?+ AB\T ! HEIRLOOM'S ORIG9S4 ,CLE>LY1 :5 ! /ORY BEG9S1 ,K>IOI,MUTU & ,PIPI-TE-,WAI MU/ HAVE ALREADY HAD SOME SIGNIFICANT HI/ORY-- O!RWISE !Y W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DESIRABLE HEIRLOOMS4 ,BUT AB\T ! CLOAK WE ONLY HE> ?AT IT CAME ORIG9ALLY FROM A DIFF]5T TRIBE1 ! ,:ANGANUI1 TO ! S\?2 AB\T ! CLUB WE DON'T LE>N EV5 ?AT MU*4 ,BUT 9 A WAY ?IS MAKES S5SE4 ,BECAUSE IF ?IS WAS A TOK5 ( ! HI/ORY ( ,:ANGANUI1 ?AT'S :]E ! CLUB %\LD PROP]LY 5D UP2 9/EAD1 ! PO9T ( ! N>RATIVE IS TO E/ABLI% H[ IT BECAME 5TANGL$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,WAIKATO4 ,! VALUE ( ! CLOAK1 !N1 BECAME ?AT ( ! MURD]S :I* ,PAKAUE'S ACQUISITION ( IT 9SPIR$1 & ! SUBSEQU5T W>S ( V5GEANCE1 ALL ( :I* W]E 5\< 9 !MSELVES TO ATTA* IT TO ! T]RITORY & DESC5DANTS ( ,WAIKATO4.<#a#c#e.> 

,IF ACTS ( EX*ANGE >E ONLY R>ELY 9CLUD$ 9 ! HI/ORIES 7,PAKAUE'S SOLICITATION CLE>LY ONLY APPE>S BECAUSE IT L$ TO VIOL5CE71 IT'S BECAUSE !Y DID NOT 9 !MSELVES CONTRIBUTE TO E/ABLI%+ OR DEMON/RAT+ ! OBJECT'S VALUE4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 AS ) ! M$IEVAL RELICS DISCUSS$ BY ,GE>Y 7#a#i#h#f71 :I* 9 !IR HI/ORIES W]E ALWAYS BE+ /OL51 ! IDEA ?AT SOMEONE MI<T P>T ) SU* AN OBJECT VOLUNT>ILY SUGGE/$ ?AT IT MI<T NOT BE SO DESIRABLE AS ! N>RATOR W\LD WI% TO IMPLY4 ,EV5 :5 ! CLOAK DID *ANGE H&S VOLUNT>ILY1 IT WAS ALWAYS AT ANO!R'S REQUE/4 

,MAORI HEIRLOOMS1 ,ANNE ,SALMOND ONCE SUGGE/$ 7#a#i#h#d71 CREAT$ FIX$ PO9TS 9 :AT WAS O!RWISE AN 5DLESSLY %IFT+ T]RA9 ( DESC5T1 M>RIAGE1 W>1 & APPROPRIATION4 ,/ILL1 IT WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO KEEP !SE PO9TS FIX$4 ,SOME HEIRLOOMS DO SEEM TO HAVE BE5 PASS$ D[N FROM ELDE/ *ILD TO ELDE/ *ILD 9 UNBROK5 SUCCESSION--BUT ?IS ITSELF WAS A GREAT ACCOMPLI%M5T4 ,! PRES5CE ( FAM\S TAONGA 9SPIR$ ATTACK1 & WEAK GR\PS W\LD (T5 (F] UP !IR MO/ FAM\S HEIRLOOMS TO AN 5EMY RAID+ P>TY1 HOP+ TO ASSUAGE IT4 ,SALMOND H]SELF DESCRIBES ,CAPTA9 ,COOK'S IMPRESSIONS FROM ! #a#g#gS1 ( AN ISL& 9 :I* P[]FUL T]RITORIES FULL ( TAONGA ALT]NAT$ ) IMPOV]I%$ ONES FULL ( HEAVILY =TIFI$ SETTLEM5TS1 VICTIMS ( CON/ANT RAIDS BY !IR NEI<BORS1 9 :I* !RE W]E NO TAONGA AT ALL4 ,ALL ( !M HAD LONG S9CE BE5 C>RI$ (F1 OR GIV5 AWAY4 ,:ILE ! EX*ANGE ( HEIRLOOMS C\LD SEAL A PEACE1 !IR V]Y EXI/5CE C\LD 9SPIRE W>S1 &1 AS ! /ORY ( ,PIPI-TE-,WAI SUGGE/S1 IF ! RESULT+ CONFLICT WAS SUFFICI5TLY BLOODY1 ! OBJECT C\LD 5D UP 5TANGL$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T DESC5T L9E & H5CE 0BELONG TO0 SOMEONE ELSE4 ,9DE$1 ONE IS LEFT ) ! SUSPICION ?AT ONE REASON = ! HABIT ( HID+ SU* HEIRLOOMS AWAY 9 CAVES OR TOMBS B5EA? ! E>? WAS PRECISELY TO AVOID ?IS3 TO 5SURE ?AT1 RA!R ?AN MAK+ FUR!R TR\BLE1 !Y W\LD BE P]MAN5TLY B\ND TO ! GR\P'S MANA1 ITS 9VISIBLE POT5CY4 

,MAORI SY/EMS ( VALUE1 !N1 W]E BAS$ NOT ONLY ON A REM>KABLY /RONG EMPHASIS ON 9VISIBLE1 CREATIVE P[]S1 & V]Y LITTLE ON EXT]IOR DISPLAY1 BUT ALSO ON A PECULI> COSMOLOGY ?AT SAW P[]S ( CREATIVITY--EV5 ?OSE HIDD5 )9 HUMANS--AS P>TAK+ ( ! DIV9E1 & 9 :I* ! MO/ *>ACT]I/ICALLY HUMAN =MS ( ACTION 9/EAD CONSI/$ ( ONE OR ANO!R SORT ( APPROPRIATION1 CONSUMPTION1 OR DE/RUCTION4 ,IT WAS ?R\< ! LATT]--ESPECIALLY1 ?R\< TRANSGRESSIVE EXPLOITS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R--?AT ONE MADE ONESELF AN 9DIVIDUAL & LEFT ONE'S M>K ON HI/ORY4 ,IT IS ONLY ONCE ONE BE>S ?IS 9 M9D ?AT ! NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT METAPHYSICS ( ,MAORI EX*ANGE1 :I* HAVE FASC9AT$ AN?ROPOLOGI/S FROM ,MAUSS ONW>DS1 CAN REALLY MAKE S5SE4 

CASE #c3 ! KWAKIUTL POTLAT* 

  

,MAUSS' OBS]VATIONS ON ! POTLAT* W]E NOT LIMIT$ TO ! ,KWAKIUTL--HE US$ 9=MATION ON MANY O!R ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ SOCIETIES AS WELL--BUT IT W\LD SEEM MORE MANAGEABLE TO HOLD !M D[N TO ! ONE1 BE/ DOCUM5T$1 CASE4 ,ACTUALLY1 T]M9OLOGIES HAVE REC5TLY *ANG$2 0,KWAKIUTL0 N[ REF]S TO A SUBGR\P AMONG ! NATION ?AT REF]S TO ITSELF BY ! UNPRON\NCEABLE NAME ,KWAKWAKA'WAKW1 :I* MEANS 0?OSE :O SPEAK ! ,KWAKWALA LANGUAGE40 ,H[EV]1 S9CE MO/ ( ! 9=MATION WE HAVE COMES FROM ! ,KWAKIUTL !MSELVES 7! F\R TRIBES ?AT LIVE >\ND ,=T ,RUP]T1 ON ,VANC\V] ,ISL&7 !RE SEEMS NO NE$ TO DROP ! NAME 5TIRELY4 

,?IS MAT]IAL PRES5TS C]TA9 PROBLEMS ! ,MAORI CASE DOES NOT4 ,= ! ,MAORI1 ,I ?\<T IT POSSIBLE TO TAKE A S+LE PO9T 9 TIME-->\ND #a#g#e-- AS AN E?NOGRAPHIC BASEL9E4 ,9 DEAL+ ) ! ,KWAKIUTL1 ?IS ISN'T REALLY POSSIBLE4 ,! MO/ 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL IS D]IV$ FROM R\<LY ! TIME :5 ,FRANZ ,BOAS WAS DO+ HIS FIELDWORK2 BUT ?IS WAS A TIME ( EXTRAORD9>ILY RAPID SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!RE=E1 :ILE ,I WILL TRY TO FOCUS ON :AT'S CALL$ ! 0,=T ,RUP]T P]IOD10 :I* RAN FROM R\<LY #ahdi TO #a#i#b#e1 ,I'LL BE DRAW+ ON A RANGE ( HI/ORICAL P]IODS4 ,ANO!R PROBLEM IS ?AT ,BOAS' MAT]IAL1 :ILE V]Y RI*1 IS RA!R DIFFICULT TO DEAL )4 ,MU* ( IT CONSI/S SIMPLY ( ,KWAKWALA TEXTS 7A CLAN HI/ORY1 AN ACC\NT ( A M>RIAGE1 AN EXPOSITION ON TRADITIONAL H&ICRAFT TE*NIQUES1 ETC47 PRES5T$ )\T EV5 ! MO/ M9IMAL E?NOGRAPHIC CONTEXT3 = 9/ANCE1 CLAN HI/ORIES DO NOT COME ) ANY 9DICATION ( :O ! N>RATOR IS1 LET ALONE ANY DESCRIPTION ( ! PRES5T COMPOSITION ( ! GR\P4 ,MORE CONV5TIONAL E?NOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL DOES EXI/1 BUT MA9LY FROM A MU* LAT] P]IOD4 

,ONE ?+ ALMO/ EV]YONE :O WRITES AB\T ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ CULTURES EMPHASIZES IS ! 9CR$IBLE B\NTE\SNESS ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS WAS A PLACE V]ITABLY BUR/+ ) FOOD3 SALMON RAN SO ?ICK ?AT ! RIV]S SEEM$ BLACK ) FI%1 & !RE W]E 5DLESS SUPPLIES ( B]RIES1 ROOTS1 SEALS & O!R AQUATIC MAMMALS4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT WAS CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A QUITE D5SE POPULATION ON HUNT+1 GA!R+1 & ESPECIALLY FI%+ ALONE1 & BECAUSE SO MU* ( ! FOOD WAS /ORABLE1 !RE WAS A PHYSICAL SURPLUS CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A CLASS ( NON-PRODUC]S4 ,EV5 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,KWAKWALA SPEAK]S LIV$ 9 GREAT C$> PLANK H\SES1 FULL ( C>V$ BOXES ( PRES]V$ FOOD1 9 VILLAGES 9 :I* >I/OCRATS AMASS$ WEAL? = GREAT RITUAL DI/RIBUTIONS & PREP>$ ! P>APH]NALIA = DRAMATIC C]EMONIES2 COMMON]S DID ! WORK ( FOOD COLLECTION & PREP>ATION2 !RE WAS EV5 A SMALL /RATUM ( SLAVES :O FET*$ FIREWOOD & P]=M$ O!R M5IAL TASKS4 ,! ,KWAKIUTL ?US LIV$ 9 COMMUNITIES MORE P]MAN5T1 & MORE /RATIFI$1 ?AN ALMO/ ANY?+ ELSE:]E DOCUM5T$ = PEOPLE :O DO NOT PRACTICE AGRICULTURE4 

,= HUNT]-GA!R]S1 ! ,KWAKIUTL W]E D\BLY REM>KABLE BECAUSE !Y APPE>$ TO WORK MU* H>D] ?AN !Y REALLY HAD TO4 ,AT LEA/ ?IS WAS ! CONCLUSION ( MO/ E>LY OBS]V]S3  
  

,9 A REGION :]E SUBSI/5CE DEM&S C\LD HAVE BE5 MET EASILY BY CONC5TRATION ON GETT+ & /OR+ 5\< ( A FEW NATURAL PRODUCTS SU* AS SALMON & B]RIES1 ! ,KWAKIUTL *OSE ! GR& MANN] 9 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS 9 ! GREAT DISPLAYS1 DI/RIBUTIONS & EV5 DE/RUCTIONS ( WEAL? SO DI/9CTIVE ( !IR CULTURE444 ,! ,KWAKIUTL .<W]E.> AMONG ! BE/ H\S$ & MO/ LAVI%LY SUPPLI$1 AS WELL AS ! BE/ F$1 ( ! PEOPLES ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,PLURALIZATION WAS A CONSPICU\S FEATURE ( MU* ( ?IS MANUFACTUR+4 ,EA* H\SEHOLD MADE & POSSESS$ MANY MATS1 BOXES1 C$>-B>K & FUR BLANKETS1 WOOD5 DI%ES1 HORN SPOONS1 & CANOES4 ,IT WAS AS ?\< 9 MANUFACTUR+ AS WELL AS 9 FOOD PRODUCTION !RE WAS NO PO9T AT :I* FUR!R EXP5DITURE ( EF=T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( MORE ( ! SAME ITEMS WAS FELT TO BE SUP]FLU\S4 7,COD]E #a#i#e3#a#i7  
  

,!SE !MES RUN ?R\< ,KWAKIUTL LIFE3 ! T5D5CY TO BREAK TASKS D[N 9TO HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ & DIFF]5TIAT$ BITS1 EA* 9VOLV+ ITS [N SPECIALIZ$ SET ( TOOLS2 ! T5D5CY = 5DLESS DUPLICATION1 & = MAK+ PILES ( WEAL?4 ,IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 ALL ?IS 9 T]MS ( ECOLOGICAL 0ADAPTATION0 7?\< MANY HAVE TRI$72 MORE REASONABLE TO APPROA* IT AS A QUE/ION ( VALUE4 ,IF VALUE IS ULTIMATELY AB\T H[ PEOPLE PORTION \T !IR CREATIVE 5]GIES1 !N MO/ HUNT] GA!R] SOCIETIES KN[N TO AN?ROPOLOGI/S BEHAVE MU* LIKE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES SU* AS ! ,KAYAPO3 !Y DEVOTE MO/ ( ?OSE 5]GIES NOT SO MU* TO ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL ?+S AS ?AT ( C]TA9 SORTS ( PEOPLE4 ,9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! ME*ANISMS BY :I* !Y DO SO T5D TO BE LABEL$ 0K9%IP SY/EMS40 ,! ,KWAKIUTL1 !N1 >E REM>KABLE BECAUSE !Y W]E A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O REALLY DID DEVOTE A HUGE PROPORTION ( !IR TIME & CREATIVE 5]GY TO ! GA!R+ ( FOOD & TO RELAT$ MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 NOT \T ( NECESSITY1 BUT BECAUSE ?AT'S :AT !Y CONSID]$ REALLY IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS NOT =TUIT\S1 !N1 ?AT ,KWAKWALA TEXTS GIVE US 5DLESS DETAILS ON FOOD PREP>ATION & NEXT TO NO?+ ON H\SEHOLD /RUCTURE4 ,9DE$1 ?\< WE KN[ A GOOD DEAL ( ! C$>-BO>D CON/RUCTION ( ,KWAKIUTL H\SES1 ACTUAL H\SEHOLD COMPOSITION1 CIRCA #a#i1 REMA9S SOME?+ ( A MY/]Y4 

,= PEOPLE LIV+ 9 SU* A B\NTE\S 5VIRONM5T1 ! ,KWAKIUTL SEEM$ TO PLACE A PECULI> EMPHASIS ON HUNG]4 ,! SPIRITUAL BE+S ?AT POPULAT$ ! ,KWAKWALA COSMOS1 AS ,/ANLEY ,WAL5S 7#a#i#h#a7 HAS EMPHASIZ$1 W]E CREATURES DRIV5 PRIM>ILY BY !IR RAV5\S APPETITES--SPIRITS1 ANIMALS1 & HUMANS ALL 5DLESSLY CONSUM+ ONE ANO!R4 ,RITUAL 9VOLV$ CON/ANT CREATION ( ! EXP]I5CE ( HUNG]3 AS ,WAL5S NOTES1 NOT ONLY WAS SELF-CONTROL & SELF-D5IAL AT TABLE CONSID]$ A CRUCIAL M>K ( NOBLE /ATUS1 BUT RA!R ?AN BE+ MOM5TS ( COLLECTIVE 9DULG5CE1 FEA/S W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS SOLEMN AFFAIRS AT :I* ! PORTIONS S]V$ W]E UNSATISFY+LY SMALL--& NOBLES W]E NOT EV5 SUPPOS$ TO F9I% !IR PORTIONS4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS HAPP5+ AS IF ! SY/EM WAS MEANT TO CREATE A FEEL+ ( DEPRIVATION :]E NONE REALLY NE$$ TO EXI/4 

,! MO/ REASONABLE PLACE TO LOOK = AN EXPLANATION1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS 9 ! EXI/5CE AMONG ! ,KWAKIUTL ( SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE A CLASS SY/EM4 ,! TWO AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O HAVE WRITT5 ! MO/ EXT5SIVELY ON ,KWAKIUTL COSMOLOGY1 ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g#e7 & ,WAL5S 7#a#i#h#a71 BO? EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS WAS ESS5TIALLY A HUNT+ COSMOLOGY1 ( A SORT FAMILI> 9 A V>IETY ( =MS FROM ,SIB]IA TO ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,SU* SY/EMS >E (T5 BAS$ ON ! SUPPOSITION ( A K9D ( COOP]ATIVE RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANS & !IR PREY3 :5 ONE KILLS GAME ONE MU/ DO IT PROP]LY1 & ?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE ( ! DISPOSAL ( ANIMAL REMA9S2 ?IS IS A RITUAL RESPONSIBILITY ?AT 5SURES ! CONT9U$ RE9C>NATION ( ! ANIMALS4 ,SU* COSMOLOGICAL SY/EMS >E ALL AB\T FOOD1 & ! CIRCULATION ( S\LS & SUB/ANCE BETWE5 HUMANS & !IR PREY4 ,!Y ALMO/ NEV] BECOME IDEOLOGIES ( RULE OR SUPPORT = ! EXI/5CE ( AN >I/OCRACY ( NON-PRODUC]S1 BECAUSE 9 HUNT]GA!R] SOCIETIES SU* A /RATUM ALMO/ NEV] EXI/S4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( RI*1 /ORABLE FOOD SURPLUSES ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ BO? ELIM9AT$ MU* ( ! 9SECURITY :I* T5DS TO G5]ATE SU* AN EMPHASIS1 & AT ! SAME TIME ALL[$ ! EM]G5CE ( A K9D ( RUL+ CLASS ?AT !N MA9TA9$ ?AT SAME COSMOLOGY AS JU/IFICATION ( ITS RULE4 ,NOBLES DID NOT HUNT OR FI%4 ,BUT !Y MA9TA9$ ! CIRCULATION ( S\LS ?AT MADE HUNT+ & FI%+ POSSIBLE4 

,ALREADY ONE CAN SEE H[ DIFF]5T ALL ?IS IS FROM A COSMOLOGY ( ! ,POLYNESIAN V>IETY4 ,9 FACT1 9 MANY WAYS ,KWAKWALA ASSUMPTIONS SEEM EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,:]E ! ,MAORI SAW HUMANS AS DEP5D5T ON SUP]NATURAL P[]S 9 ORD] TO REPRODUCE !MSELVES1 H]E1 IT'S IF ANY?+ ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,H]E IS ONE >EA :]E ONE SIMPLY CANNOT BRU% ASIDE QUE/IONS ( HI/ORY4 ,DEEP COSMOLOGICAL /RUCTURES TO ! SIDE1 WE'LL PROBABLY NEV] BE ABLE TO KN[ H[ MU* ( ?IS RA!R UNUSUAL SITUATION WAS TRUE = ,KWAKALA SPEAK]S (1 SAY1 ! SEV5TE5? OR EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 BECAUSE ! 9=MATION WE HAVE BEG9S 9 A P]IOD ( 5ORM\S SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,! AU?ORS ( ,BOAS' TEXTS W]E LIV+ 9 A TIME :5 ! OV]ALL ,KWAKIUTL POPULATION HAD BE5 DECL9+ PRECIPIT\SLY = A HUNDR$ YE>S1 AS A RESULT ( NEWLY 9TRODUC$ DISEASES & LACK ( M$ICAL ATT5TION FROM ! ,CANADIAN AU?ORITIES1 & 9 :I* ! ,KWAKIUTL HAD BE5 9CORPORAT$ NOT ONLY 9TO ! ,CANADIAN /ATE BUT A L>G] M>KET ECONOMY 9 WAYS ?AT EX]T$ BO? 5ORM\S PRESSURES &1 ESPECIALLY AT FIR/1 5ORM\S OPPORTUNITIES = ! ACCUMULATION ( UNPREC$5T$ NEW LEVELS ( WEAL?4 ,! MA9 IMM$IATE RESULT ( BO? WAS A CRISIS ( AU?ORITY--:AT SOME HAVE DUBB$ ! 0,=T ,RUP]T CLASS /RUGGLE0 7,KOBR9SKY #a#i#g#e1 ,MASCO #a#i#i#e1 ,WOLF #a#i#i#i71 AFT] ! ,CANADIAN =T >\ND :I* MO/ ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,KWAKIUTL TRIBES ASSEMBL$4 ,COMMON]S HAD MORE & MORE RES\RCES ) :I* TO *ALL5GE !IR PREVI\S M>G9ALITY2 AN EV]-DW9DL+ >I/OCRACY WAS DESP]ATELY TRY+ TO F5D !M (F & MA9TA9 ITS PRIVILEG$ POSITION :ILE AT ! SAME TIME 5GAG+ 9 EV] MORE DRAMATIC & MAGNIFIC5T COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R4 ,ONE RESULT WAS ! 5ORM\S 9FLATION ( POTLAT*ES-- C]EMONIAL GA!R+S 9 :I* NOBLES E/ABLI%$ !IR RI<TS TO IMPORTANT TITLES BY ! DI/RIBUTION ( FURS & O!R PROP]TY1 BUT ?AT BEGAN TO 9VOLVE ! LAVI%+ ( :AT EV5 9 ,WE/]N T]MS WAS REM>KABLE WEAL? 7T5S ( ?\S&S ( BLANKETS1 FIFTY PHONOGRAPH MA*9ES1 A ?\S& SILV] BRACELETS1 SIXTY WA%BAS9S1 ETC47 ON PEOPLE :OM ! GIV] USUALLY CLAIM$ TO CONSID] 5EMIES4 ,IT ALSO RESULT$ 9 A V]ITABLY DAZZL+ SPATE ( RITUAL & >TI/IC CREATIVITY3 ! G5]ATION ( NEW DRAMATIC =MS & TE*NIQUES1 NEW RITUAL1 & AN \TP\R+ ( WORKS ( MAT]IAL >T1 ( MASKS1 SCULPTURES1 & PA9T+S1 SO 9SPIR$ ?AT ,LEVI-,/RAUSS WAS MOV$ TO REM>K 7#a#i#h#b3#d7 ?AT IT WAS AS IF ONE SMALL SOCIETY HAD PRODUC$ SEV5 DIFF]5T ,PICASSOS ALL AT ! SAME TIME4 

,BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT JU/ AB\T ALL ( ?IS WAS P>T ( :AT WAS 9 ! 5D A LOS+ /RUGGLE--AN EF=T ( AN ELITE TO R$EF9E ITS PRIVILEGE 9 ! FACE ( EQUALIZ+ =CES--& ?AT ! ACC\NTS ?AT ,FRANZ ,BOAS & HIS ASSI/ANT ,GEORGE ,HUNT GA!R$1 BO? CLAN HI/ORIES & ACC\NTS ( TRADITIONAL PRACTICES1 W]E V]Y MU* P>T ( IT4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT !SE ACC\NTS PRES5T AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY MALE1 >I/OCRATIC PO9T ( VIEW--ONE CAN NEV] BE QUITE SURE H[ MU* ! HI/ORICAL MEMORY ITSELF IS SOME:AT RECON/RUCT$ ) POLITICAL 5DS 9 M9D4 ,W]E EI<TE5? C5TURY ,KWAKIUTL >I/OCRATS1 = EXAMPLE1 REALLY =BIDD5 TO HUNT OR FI%8 ,WAS ?IS TRUE ( A :OLE ?IRD ( ! POPULATION1 OR JU/ A FEW MO/ EXALT$ TITLE HOLD]S8 ,W]E FEA/S ALWAYS ORGANIZ$ TO CREATE AN ILLUSION ( HUNG]1 OR WAS ?AT A LAT] DEVELOPM5T8 ,IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY4 

,( C\RSE MO/ TEXTS >E PROBLEMATIC 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,I'M EMPHASIZ+ ! MATT] H]E ONLY BECAUSE IT BE>S SOME:AT ON :AT ,I AM MA9LY 9T]E/$ 93 ! RELATION BETWE5 COSMOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS1 NOTIONS ( ! P]SON1 & ! EX*ANGE ( GIFTS4 

K9%IP 

  

,ONE MI<T SAY !RE >E TWO MA9 =MS ( PRODUCTIVE ACTION ?AT REMA9 L>GELY HIDD5 9 ! MAT]IAL ASSEMBL$ BY ,BOAS4 ,! FIR/ IS ! NORMAL OP]ATION ( DOME/IC UNITS 7P>TICUL>LY COMMON] ONES72 SECOND1 RELAT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( A COOP]ATION 7CF4 ,COD]E #a#i#e#f74 ,9 P>T ?IS IS BECAUSE :AT WE CALL 0K9%IP0 WAS1 = ,BOAS' ,KWAKIUTL 9=MANTS1 L>GELY A MATT] ( ! TRANSF] ( TITLES & HEIRLOOM TREASURES4 ,! LIFE-CYCLE ( AN >I/OCRAT WAS M>K$ \T BY POTLAT*ES & ! DI/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY2 ! LIFE-CYCLE ( A COMMON] 7A 0H\SE P]SON07 WAS NOT4 ,H5CE ,BOAS & ,HUNT F\ND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO COLLECT 9=MATION AB\T K9%IP RELATIONS AMONG COMMON]S4 ,>I/OCRATS CLAIM$ COMMON]S DID NOT M>RY BUT 0/UCK TOGE!R LIKE DOGS02 COMMON]S SAID !Y W\LD BE TOO A%AM$ TO EV5 SPEAK ( SU* MATT]S4 ,IT W\LD SEEM MO/ H\SES1 = EXAMPLE1 CONTA9$ BO? >I/OCRATIC & COMMON] FAMILIES1 BUT IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ H[ !SE RELAT$ TO EA* O!R1 BECAUSE 9 ! ACC\NTS1 COMMON]S SIMPLY DISAPPE>4 

,BOAS DID PROVIDE SOME FAIRLY DETAIL$ 9=MATION ON ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT K9%IP GR\PS4 ,!RE W]E TWO ( !SE4 ,! SMALLE/ UNIT1 :I* ,BOAS SOMETIMES CALL$ A 0CLAN10 SOMETIMES A 0G5S10 WAS CALL$ ! NUMAYM4 ,9 E>LI] TIMES A TYPICAL NUMAYM CONSI/+ ( P]HAPS A HUNDR$ PEOPLE4 ,SEV]AL W\LD BE GR\P$ TOGE!R 9TO A 0TRIBE10 :I* %>$ A S+LE W9T] VILLAGE4.<#a#c#f.> ,NEI!R W]E PRECISELY DESC5T GR\PS4 ,BOAS 9 FACT 5D$ UP CONCLUD+ !Y W]E BE/ SE5 AS COLLECTIONS ( NAM$ (FICES OR TITLES3 IT WAS ( !SE 0SEATS0 ?AT A NUMAYM WAS REALLY SE5 TO CONSI/ 7#a#i#f#f3#e74 

,A TRIBE W\LD1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 BE NAM$ AFT] ! ANCE/OR :O F\ND$ IT4 ,!SE ANCE/ORS W]E ALMO/ NEV] HUMAN4 ,USUALLY ! LEG5D RELAT$ H[ SOME MY?ICAL ANIMAL 7A GULL1 A ?UND]BIRD1 A :ALE1 ETC47 CAME D[N TO E>? & REMOV$ ITS ANIMAL MASK1 & ?US BECAME A HUMAN BE+4 ,?IS F\ND] WAS CONSID]$ ! ANCE/OR NOT ( ! TRIBE AS A :OLE BUT ONLY ( ! *IEF >I/OCRATIC L9E ( ITS HI<E/ RANK+ NUMAYM4 ,USUALLY1 EA* ( ITS O!R NUMAYMA WAS F\ND$ :5 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T MY?ICAL FIGURE1 OR SOMETIMES A PAIR ( !M1 0DESC5D$0 TO E>? 9 SIMIL> FA%ION 7,BOAS #a#i#c#e3#d#a-#e#b2 #a#i#f#f3#d#a-#d#d7 TO BECOME ANCE/ORS ( ITS S5IOR L9E4 ,! F\ND]'S ANIMAL MASKS--& O!R1 ASSOCIAT$ P>APH]NALIA--W]E !N GIV5 AS A GIFT TO HIS DESC5DANTS1 TO BE TRANSF]R$1 ALONG ) ! F\ND]'S NAME1 AS HEIRLOOM TREASURES 7TLOGWE71 IDEALLY FROM FA!R TO ELDE/ SON1 ALONG ) ! NAME ( ! ANCE/OR HIMSELF4 ,! HEAD ( ! GR\P1 !N1 WAS CONSID]$ ! LIV+ 9C>NATION ( ! F\ND]4 ,EA* H[EV] WAS ! RESULT ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ORIG9AL EV5T4 

,TO MAKE ! S5SE ( DISCONT9UITY EV5 MORE EXTREME3 O!R TITLES HELD BY A NUMAYM MI<T D]IVE FROM 5TIRELY DIFF]5T EV5TS 7! 5C\NT] ( AN ANCE/OR ) A SUP]NATURAL BE+ = EXAMPLE74 ,& IT USUALLY TURNS \T ?AT ! BULK ( ITS MEMB]S ( !SE GR\PS W]E NOT RELAT$ TO ! *IEFLY F\ND] AT ALL4 ,9 MY?S ! COMMON] MEMB]S W]E SAID TO DESC5D$ FROM GUE/S :O /AY$ AFT] ONE ( HIS FEA/S 7,BOAS #a#h#i#g3#c#h#c71 OR FROM PEOPLE HE CREAT$ \T ( GULLS' EGGS1 OR SEA%ELLS1 OR :O EM]G$ FROM ! PO/S ( HIS H\SE 7,BOAS #a#i#c#e3#d#c74 ,9 MORE PROSAIC HI/ORIES1 !Y (T5 TURN \T TO BE CLI5TS ATTA*$ TO ! CORE L9E = ANY NUMB] ( DIFF]5T REASONS1 AS WELL AS Y\NG] *ILDR5 ( ! CORE L9E :O DID NOT 9H]IT >I/OCRATIC /ATUS4.<#a#c#g.> ,BEL[ !M1 SLAVES W]E NOT CONSID]$ MEMB]S ( ! GR\P AT ALL4 

,! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! SY/EM IS TO UND]/& ?AT ONE'S ID5TITY ?US BECAME CAU<T UP 9 ONE'S POSSESSIONS4 ,EA* NUMAYM POSSESS$--9DE$1 9 ! ,KWAKWALA VIEW L>GELY CONSI/$ (--A COLLECTION ( >I/OCRATIC NAMES OR TITLES1 EA* ) ITS ASSOCIAT$ TREASURES4 ,FROM A ,WE/]N P]SPECTIVE !SE TREASURES W]E BO? MAT]IAL & IMMAT]IAL4 ,A F\ND]'S TITLE MI<T C>RY ) IT ! RI<T TO PA9T A C]TA9 EMBLEM1 OR 0CRE/0--SAY1 A BE> OR KILL] :ALE--ON ONE'S H\SE OR O!R POSSESSIONS1 ! RI<T TO P]=M A C]TA9 DANCE OR SONG AT A POTLAT* OR ,W9T] ,C]EMONIAL1 & SO ON4 ,O!RS W]E QUITE CORPOREAL1 9CLUD+ H\SES1 C>V$ H\SE-POLES1 MASKS1 DANCE CO/UMES & RELAT$ P>APH]NALIA1 FEA/ DI%ES1 & SO ON1 ALL ( :I* T5D$ TO HAVE !IR [N NAMES & HI/ORIES4 ,BUT IT IS PROBABLY DECEPTIVE TO DI/+UI% CORPOREAL & 9CORPOREAL PROP]TY AT ALL4 

,H]E AN EXAMPLE MI<T BE USEFUL4 ,AN IMPORTANT ,KWAKIUTL H\SE W\LD NORMALLY CONTA9 F\R OR FIVE NAM$ 0FEA/ DI%ES10 C>V$ 9 ! %APE ( SOME MY?IC CREATURE4 ,[N]%IP ( SU* A DI% C>RI$ ) IT ! RI<T TO DI/RIBUTE C]TA9 SORTS ( FOOD AT COLLECTIVE FEA/S2 IT ALSO C>RI$ ) IT RI<TS ( ACCESS TO C]TA9 T]RITORIES :]E ?AT SORT ( FOOD 7B]RIES1 FI%1 ETC47 C\LD BE COLLECT$4 ,:5 SU* FAM\S DI%ES *ANG$ H&S1 ! ACTUAL PHYSICAL OBJECT WAS USUALLY DE/ROY$--:AT WAS REALLY TRANSF]R$ WAS SIMPLY ! RI<T TO REPRODUCE IT & TO CALL ! NEW DI% BY ITS NAME4.<#a#c#h.> ,SIMIL>LY1 TRANSF] ( A DANCE-NAME W\LD GIVE ITS RECIPI5T ! RI<T TO PLAY A C]TA9 P>T 9 ! DRAMAS ( ! ,W9T] ,C]EMONIAL2 IT W\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A GREAT WOOD BOX CONTA9+ ! ACTUAL CO/UMES & P>APH]NALIA1 ?\< H]E AGA9 ! PHYSICAL OBJECTS MI<T WELL BE DE/ROY$ & REPLAC$ 9 ! PROCESS4 

,! [N]%IP ( ! TREASURES1 !N1 WAS EV]Y?+4 ,NOT SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ! FAMILY HI/ORIES PROVID$ BY ,BOAS >E OV]:ELM+LY AB\T PROP]TY1 ITS ACQUISITION & TRANSF]4 ,OR ?AT ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#h#a71 DESPAIR+ ( TRY+ TO FIGURE \T ! ,KWAKIUTL DESC5T SY/EM ?R\< MORE CONV5TIONAL MEANS1 5D$ UP CREAT+ AN 5TIRELY NEW CONCEPT1 0! H\SE10 9 ORD] TO DO SO1 >GU+ ?AT1 MU* LIKE ,M$IEVAL >I/OCRATIC FAMILIES1 ,KWAKIUTL DESC5T WAS REALLY ORGANIZ$ >\ND A PATRIMONY--H\SES1 L&S1 HEIRLOOMS1 A S5SE ( FAMILY HONOR--MORE ?AN ANY PR9CIPLE ( DESC5T1 A PATRIMONY ?AT C\LD BE CONVEY$ 9 A NUMB] ( WAYS1 BY 9H]ITANCE1 M>RIAGE1 GIFT1 & SO ON4 

,OBVI\SLY1 9 ANY SU* SY/EM1 ! RULES ( TRANSF] BECOME ALLIMPORTANT4 ,H]E ! KEY DI/9CTION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 BETWE5 TWO BROAD CLASSES ( TITLE 7EA* ) A DIFF]5T SORT ( ACCOMPANY+ PROP]TY74 ,ONE CLASS WAS ATTA*$ TO ! NUMAYM ITSELF4 ,EA* NUMAYM CONTA9$ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( NAM$ POSITIONS1 (T5 CALL$ 0SEATS0 BECAUSE !Y AF=D$ !IR [N]S A PLACE 9 POTLAT*ES4 ,! S\RCES 9SI/ ?AT !SE TITLES--! CANONICAL NUMB] = ! ,KWAKWAKA'WAKW AS A :OLE IS USUALLY GIV5 AS #f#e#h.<#a#c#i.>-- W]E ALL RANK$ 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R3 BO? )9 NUMAYMA1 & OV]ALL1 S9CE NUMAYMA & TRIBES W]E ALL RANK$ 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R4 ,AS ) MO/ RANK+ SY/EMS1 H[EV]1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET ! SAME V]SION FROM ANY TWO 9=MANTS4.<#a#d.> ,AT ANY RATE1 !SE RANK$ POSITIONS W]E ! V]Y SUB/ANCE ( A NUMAYM4 ,IDEALLY1 !Y %\LD PASS FROM FA!R TO SON1 OR AT LEA/ TO ELDE/ *ILD4 ,BUT ANYONE :O RECEIV$ SU* A TITLE BECAME A MEMB] ( ! NUMAYM SIMPLY BY ! ACT ( HOLD+ IT4 

,! SECOND V>IETY W]E TITLES ?AT C\LD PASS BACK & =? BETWE5 NUMAYMA3 !SE 9CLUD$1 ESPECIALLY1 FEA/ NAMES OR TITLES ?AT GAVE ONE A ROLE 9 ! ,W9T] ,C]EMONIAL4 ,MANY ( !SE C\LD BE PASS$ ON ONLY BY M>RIAGE4 

,POTLAT*ES W]E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ! OCCASIONS ON :I* NAMES ( EI!R SORT W]E 0FA/5$ ON0 TO A NEW HOLD] & 9 DO+ SO1 0GIV5 WEI<T0 BY DI/RIBUT+ MORE EPHEM]AL =MS ( WEAL? TO ONE'S FELL[ TITLE HOLD]S4 

,IDEALLY1 TITLES ( ! FIR/ SORT %\LD HAVE PASS$ FROM FA!R TO SON 7OR1 EXCEPTIONALLY1 TO DAU<T]S74.<#a#d#a.> ,BUT IT W\LD SEEM ?AT EV5 FROM E>LY ON1 ?+S W]E MU* MORE FLEXIBLE4 ,(T51 NAMES W\LD BE PASS$ ON FROM WIFE'S FA!R TO DAU<T]'S HUSB& 9 M>RIAGE1 OR EV5 MORE1 TO ! LATT]'S *ILDR54 ,AS A RESULT ! SY/EM WAS EFFECTIVELY COGNATIC4 ,ONE C\LD ALSO ACQUIRE SU* NAMES BY GIFT1 FROM AN 5TIRELY UNRELAT$ HOLD]--IT WAS CONSID]$ CRUCIAL = ELD]LY NOBLES TO GIVE !IR TITLES AWAY BE=E !Y DI$--OR 9 FACT BY KILL+ ! =M] HOLD] & APPROPRIAT+ !IR NAMES & POSSESSIONS4 ,9 FACT1 A WELL-CONNECT$ NOBLEMAN C\LD ACQUIRE A NUMB] ( SEATS1 & H5CE TO BE A MEMB] ( SEV]AL DIFF]5T NUMAYMA AT ! SAME TIME1.<#a#d#b.> ?\< ?IS APPE>S TO HAVE BECOME ESPECIALLY COMMON ONLY DUR+ ! 0,=T ,RUP]T P]IOD10 :5 ! TOTAL POPULATION WAS UND]GO+ CATA/ROPHIC DECL9E4.<#a#d#c.> ,EV5 :5 ! TOTAL POPULATION HAD HIT ROCK BOTTOM1 H[EV]1 & ! TOTAL NUMB] ( ADULT MALES WAS WELL BEL[ ! NUMB] ( AVAILABLE TITLES1 DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 >I/OCRATS & COMMON]S W]E MA9TA9$--?R\< IT (T5 TOOK ! >I/OCRATS FRANTIC EF=TS TO PREV5T TITLES FROM PASS+ TO ?OSE !Y CONSID]$ UNWOR?Y4 ,9 FACT1 !Y MANAG$ TO PREV5T V]Y MANY TITLES FROM PASS+ TO *IEFLY WOM51 EV5 ?\< SU* TRANSF]ALS W]E NOT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 =BIDD5 BUT M]ELY FR[N$ UPON4 ,H[EV] ALL ?IS C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY BY DEVELOP+ AN 9H]ITANCE SY/EM ( TRULY B>OQUE COMPLEXITY1 SO 9TRICATE & PLIABLE ?AT IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO RECON/RUCT H[ PROP]TY HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ 9 SIMPL] TIMES4 

ELEM5TS ( ! P]SON 

  

,IT %\LD BE CLE> 5\< BY N[ ?AT ?IS WAS A SOCIETY 9 :I* PROP]TY PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( SOCIAL ID5TITY4 ,AT LEA/ 9 ! CASE ( TITLES & !IR ASSOCIAT$ TREASURES1 ON TAK+ POSSESSION ( !M1 ONE LIT]ALLY BECAME SOMEONE ELSE4 ,MAUSS HIMSELF MADE NOTE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 HIS FAM\S ESSAY ON ! 0,CATEGORY ( ! ,P]SON10 WRITT5 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,MAUSS BEGAN BY NOT+ ?AT ! ,LAT9 WORD 0P]SONA0 IS 9 FACT ORIG9ALLY D]IV$ FROM AN ,ETRUSCAN WORD1 PH]SU1 MEAN+ 0MASK40 0,! P]SON10 9 ANCI5T ,ROME1 WAS DEF9$ BY HAV+ A C]TA9 LEGAL /&+ 7! FA!R ( A FAMILY WAS A JURAL P]SON1 ITS WOM51 *ILDR51 & SLAVES W]E NOT1 BUT W]E ABSORB$ 9TO HIS LEGAL P]SONALITY & ?US HAD TO BE REPRES5T$ BY HIM71 BUT AN OLD] USAGE WAS ALSO REFLECT$ 9 ! T]M DRAMATIS P]SONAE1 A CA/ ( *>ACT]S1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ,ROMAN !AT] WAS ONE ( /OCK *>ACT]S 7! ,SYCOPHANT1 ! ,BRAGG>T ,SOLDI]1 ETC471 EA* ) HIS OR H] [N EASILY ID5TIFIABLE MASK1 CO/UME1 & EMBLEMATIC PROPS4 ,PRESUMABLY1 WROTE ,MAUSS1 SU* A SY/EM IS ULTIMATELY D]IV$ FROM SOME?+ LIKE ! ,KWAKIUTL ONE1 9 :I* ONLY NOBLES HAD TRUE P]SONAE1 & !SE W]E EMBODI$ 9 C]TA9 SORTS ( EMBLEMATIC PROP]TY1 PASS$ 9 ! ANCE/RAL L9E1 ?AT LIT]ALLY MADE ! P]SON :O HE WAS4 ,HI/ORICAL SPECULATION ASIDE1 ! ANALOGY C\LD H>DLY BE MORE P]FECT4 ,AS WE'LL SEE1 NOT ONLY W]E ! PUBLIC P]SONAE ( ,KWAKIUTL >I/OCRATS MADE UP ( JU/ SU* EMBLEMATIC PROP]TIES1 BUT !SE W]E 5TIRELY CAU<T UP 9 A K9D ( !AT]2 9 FACT1 ! PROP]TIES !MSELVES C\LD1 = ! MO/ P>T1 EQUALLY BE CONSID]$ !ATRICAL PROPS4 

,H]E ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! ,MAORI & ! ,KWAKIUTL IS ESPECIALLY /RIK+4 ,9 ! =M] CASE1 !RE'S AN 5DLESS WEAL? ( MAT]IAL ON ASPECTS ( ! 0S\L10 ( SPIRITUAL P[]S LIKE MANA1 VITAL 5]GIES LIKE ! MAURI & HAU1 & SO ON1 BUT V]Y LITTLE P>ALLEL TO !SE MAT]IAL TOK5S ( ID5TITY4 ,9 ,BOAS' TEXTS1 ! DIFFICULT ?+ IS F9D+ ANY?+ ON ! NATURE ( ! S\L4.<#a#d#d.> ,SU* SPECULATION JU/ DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 A TOPIC ( MU* 9T]E/ = HIS 9=MANTS4 ,IT'S ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+ CONSID]+ ?AT BO? ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g#e7 & ,WAL5S 7#a#i#h#a7 SEE ! ,KWAKIUTL COSMOS AS A VA/ SY/EM = ! RECYCL+ ( S\LS1 :I* FL[ 5DLESSLY BACK & =? BETWE5 HUMAN & ANIMAL REALMS4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 EXPLICIT !ORIES ( ! S\L >E LACK+2 ! PICTURE !SE AU?ORS PROVIDE IS L>GELY RECON/RUCT$1 BY EXTRAPOLAT+ :AT !Y TAKE TO BE ! IMPLICIT LOGIC LY+ BEH9D ,KWAKIUTL MY? &1 ESPECIALLY1 9T5SE MOM5TS ( !ATRICAL DISPLAY4 

,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g#e3#f#b-#f#c71 = EXAMPLE1 HAD TO CO9 ! T]M 0=M S\LS0 TO DESCRIBE !M4 ,RECALL H]E ! ANCE/RAL FIGURES :O CAME TO E>? & CA/ (F !IR ANIMAL MASKS 9 ORD] TO BECOME HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 MY?S1 ANIMALS & HUMANS TURN 9TO ONE ANO!R QUITE EASILY BY SLIPP+ \T ( !IR MASKS OR SK9S4 ,9 /ORIES AB\T ! F\NDATIONS ( L9EAGES1 H[EV]1 ! MASK REMA9S3 OR1 TO BE MORE EXACT1 ! ORIG9AL1 PHYSICAL MASK EV5TUALLY DISAPPE>S1 BUT ITS =M REMA9S4 ,! RI<T TO REPRODUCE ?AT =M-- :E!R IT BE A KILL] :ALE1 OR BE>1 OR EAGLE--N[ BECOMES A POSSESSION ( ! 7N[ HUMAN7 DESC5DANT :O BE>S ITS NAME & IS ?US ITS CURR5T HEIR & 9C>NATION1 :O ALSO HAS ! RI<T TO WE> ! MASK AT C]TA9 SIGNIFICANT MOM5TS AT POTLAT*ES OR O!R C]EMONIAL EV5TS4 ,HE ALSO HAS ! RI<T TO PA9T ! DESIGN ON ! \TSIDE ( HIS H\SE1 OR C>VE IT ONTO ITS SUPPORT+ POLES1 OR O!RWISE USE IT AS AN EMBLEM ( HIS NUMAYM'S ID5TITY3 ?IS IS :AT ,BOAS 7#a#h#i#g3#e#e#d7 REF]R$ TO AS A FAMILY 0CRE/40.<#a#d#e.> 

,ACTUALLY1 ,GOLDMAN 5DS UP >GU+ ?AT ! ,KWAKIUTL RECOGNIZ$ ?REE ASPECTS ( ! HUMAN S\L1 :I* HE LABELS ! P]SONAL S\L 7:I* EV]YONE HAS1 EV5 COMMON]S71 ! NAME S\L1 & ! =M S\L 7!SE TWO BELONG ONLY TO NOBLES74 ,! FIR/ IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY UNELABORAT$4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT'S >GUABLE ?AT ! O!R TWO >E REALLY TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+1 S9CE !RE'S NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ,KWAKWALA SPEAK]S MADE AN EXPLICIT DI/9CTION BETWE5 A TITLE & ! EMBLEMATIC TREASURES ?AT CAME ) IT4 

,!Y DID--AS NOT$--MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO BROAD CLASSES ( TITLES & !IR RESPECTIVE CO/UMES1 P[]S1 & P>APH]NALIA4 ,!RE WAS A PRIM>Y ONE PASS$ D[N )9 ! NUMAYM1 IDEALLY FROM FA!R TO ELDE/ SON1 & A SUBSIDI>Y ONE ?AT PASS$ FROM WIFE'S FA!R TO DAU<T]'S HUSB&1 OR TO ! LATT]'S *ILDR54 ,A BETT] WAY TO PHRASE ?IS1 ?\<1 IS ?AT C]TA9 NAMES W]E AN 9TR9SIC P>T ( ! NUMAYM TO :I* !Y BELONG$1 SO ?AT IF AN \TSID] ACQUIR$ ! NAME1 ?AT P]SON BECAME A MEMB] BY DO+ SO4 ,IF SOMEONE OBTA9S SU* A NAME 9 M>RIAGE1 OR AS A GIFT1 OR = ?AT MATT] BY KILL+ ITS PREVI\S HOLD] 79 :I* CASE ! KILL] HAD ! RI<T TO ALL ! NAMES & POSSESSIONS ( ! VICTIM71 ?AT P]SON BECOMES A MEMB] 9 ! NUMAYM SIMPLY BY DO+ SO4 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE ( ! HO/ ( SECOND>Y NAMES & P>APH]NALIA--FEA/ NAMES1 ,W9T] ,C]EMONIAL NAMES1 & ! LIKE--?AT NORMALLY PASS$ BETWE5 GR\PS ON M>RIAGE & REPRES5T$1 ONE MI<T SAY1 SUBSIDI>Y ASPECTS ( AN >I/OCRAT'S P]SONA4 ,EV5 9 PRE-CONTACT TIMES1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ONE ( ! GREAT AIMS ( ANY GREAT NOBLE WAS TO ACCUMULATE AS MANY ( !SE SUBSIDI>Y NAMES AS POSSIBLE1 TO LIT]ALLY SWELL ONESELF UP ) MORE & MORE ID5TITIES2 AS A ,KWAKWALA SPEAK] W\LD NO D\BT PUT IT1 TO BECOME 9CREAS+LY 0WEI<TY40 ,?IS NOTION ( WEI<T1 AS WE'LL SEE1 WAS ! KEY TO ! UND]LY+ NOTION ( VALUE4 

,IT W\LD BE EASY TO TAKE ?IS TOO F>4 ,A NOBLE ) SEV]AL TITLES WAS NOT SE5 AS SIMPLY ! 9C>NATION ( A SET ( MY?ICAL FIGURES2 !RE WAS SOME NOTION ( A UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL :O UNIT$ !M1 HAD ACQUIR$ !M1 & HAD ! POT5TIAL TO ACQUIRE MORE4 ,BUT AGA91 AB\T ?IS 0P]SONAL S\L10 & ITS P[]S1 WE LE>N ALMO/ NO?+4 ,IT'S NOT CLE> IF A N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,KWAKWALA SPEAK] W\LD HAVE FELT ?AT !RE WAS ANY?+ ?AT C\LD BE LE>N$ OR WAS WOR? LE>N+4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE A G5]AL RULE ( ! ,KWAKIUTL COSMOS4 ,/RIP AWAY ONE LAY] ( EXT]IORITY & ONE IS LIKELY TO 5C\NT] YET ANO!R SURFACE4 ,! MASKS ?AT REPRES5T$ F\ND+ ANCE/ORS--(T5 MAGNIFIC5T WORKS ( >T--T5D$ TO BE MASKS )9 MASKS3 ! BEAK ( A GIANT BIRD ?AT OP5$ TO REVEAL NOT ! WE>]'S [N FACE BUT ANO!R MASK 9SIDE2 SOMETIMES EV5 ?AT MASK W\LD OP5 TO REVEAL ANO!R ONE4 ,/ANLEY ,WAL5S 7#a#i#h#a3#d#f-#d#i7 >GUES ?AT AMONG ! ,KWAKIUTL ! P]SON IS CONCEIV$ AS A K9D ( A BOX4 ,! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ >T IS FAM\S = ITS ELABORATELY C>V$ BOXES1 & !SE PLAY$ A CRITICAL ROLE 9 ,KWAKIUTL CULTURE4 ,POTLAT*ES L>GELY CONSI/$ ( TAK+ V>I\S SORTS ( WEAL? \T ( ONE SET ( BOXES1 DISPLAY+ !M1 & TRANSF]R+ !M TO O!RS4 ,MASKS & CO/UMES W]E G5]ALLY KEPT LOCK$ UP 9 HUGE BOXES UNTIL ! TIME CAME TO TAKE !M \T = C]EMONIAL OCCASIONS4 ,( C\RSE1 IF ONE OP5$ UP SU* BOXES1 :AT ONE F\ND 9SIDE WAS JU/ ANO!R SET ( EXT]IOR 0=M S\LS40 ,& 9SIDE ?OSE1 ANO!R SET ( SURFACES4 ,WAL5S SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,KWAKIUTL SAW ALMO/ EV]Y?+ AS A BOX3 CLAN T]RITORIES W]E BOXES1 H\SES ! BOXES 9SIDE !M1 HUMAN BODIES ! BOXES 9SIDE ?OSE4 ,SOCIAL GR\PS LIKE NUMAYM >E CONCEPTUAL BOXES1 DEF9$ ?R\< PHYSICAL ONES3 !RE >E COLLECTIVE PROP]TY & FOOD /ORAGE BOXES = ! NUMAYM AS A :OLE1 9 ADDITION TO :I*1 EA* FAMILY HAS !IR [N SMALL] /ORAGE BOX4 ,AS = ! 9DIVIDUAL3 ONE'S NAME IS SE5 AS ITSELF A K9D ( BOX 9 :I* ONE'S V>I\S P[]S1 QUALITIES1 & RI<TS >E CONTA9$4 

,HUMANS >E BORN FROM BOXES1 SWADDL$ 9 BOXES1 CAT*1 /ORE & S]VE !IR FOOD 9 BOXES1 LIVE 9 BOXES1 TRAVEL 9 BOXES1 & :5 !Y DIE >E BURI$ 9 BOXES4 ,EV5 ! BODY ITSELF IS A TYPE ( BOX3 HUMANS NOT ONLY LIVE & DIE 9 BOXES1 BUT >E !MSELVES BOXES444 ,NAMES ACT AS CONTA9]S = 9VISIBLE SPIRITUAL MATT] 9 ! WAY ?AT WOOD5 BOXES CONTA9 MAT]IAL ITEMS4 7,WAL5S #a#i#h#a3#d#f7.<#a#d#f.> 

,BOXES BECOME S\LS1 !N1 :5 !Y ACQUIRE NAMES & BECOME ET]NAL2 ?IS IS = ,GOLDMAN TOO :Y A 0=M S\L0 CAN BE CALL$ A S\L2 IT IS A S\L BECAUSE IT WILL ALWAYS EXI/4 

,?R\<\T ! LIT]ATURE !RE IS ALMO/ NO SPECULATION AB\T ! ULTIMATE 5]GETIC =CES ?AT MOVE CREATURES1 OR AB\T G5]ATIVE P[]S3 9SIDE BOXES !RE >E1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 JU/ MORE CONTA9]S1 OR IF NOT ?AT1 %E] UNDIFF]5TIAT$ POT5TIALITY4 ,:5 HIDD5 POT5TIALITY IS IMAG9$1 TOO1 IT IS 9 REM>KABLY DRAMATIC1 TANGIBLE =M3 L>GELY AS DIGE/$ & REGURGITAT$ FOOD4 ,AT 0OIL FEA/S10 = EXAMPLE1 GUE/S W]E LADL$ \LA*5 7C&LEFI%7 OIL TO DR9K1 *ALL5G$ TO CONSUME AS MU* AS POSSIBLE BE=E REGURGITAT+2 MEAN:ILE1 ! SAME K9D ( OIL P\R$ CONT9UALLY ONTO A C5TRAL FIRE ?R\< 0VOMIT BEAMS10 WOOD5 FACES ) WIDE OP5 M\?S4 

,= ! ,KWAKIUTL1 VOMIT IS NOT A SUB/ANCE ( FIL?4 ,VOMIT IS TO A CULTURE ) ORAL METAPHORS :AT SEM5 IS TO A CULTURE ) SEXUAL METAPHORS3 AN IMPORTANT CATEGORY ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 A SYMBOL ( UNDIFF]5TIAT$ MATT] ) NO ID5TIFY+ FEATURES & A TOTAL POT5TIAL = BECOM+4 ,ALL ! P[] ( VOMIT IS POT5TIAL1 NOT REALIZ$4 ,VOMIT IS ! FIR/ /AGE ( CAUSALITY1 ! /ATE ( EXI/5CE ?AT PREC$ES ORD] & PURPOSE4 ,ALL ?+S AB\T TO BEG9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+--FETUSES1 CORPSES1 ! UNIV]SE BE=E ,TRANS=M] *ANG$ IT-->E SYMBOLIZ$ BY VOMIT4 ,! ACT ( VOMIT+ IS NOT AN ACT ( REJECTION BUT A POSITIVE ACT ( CREATION1 A NECESS>Y /EP 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION4 

,VOMIT IS ! TRANS=M$ ID5TITY ( ! MO/ PRECI\S ( SPIRIT GIFTS-- FOOD4 ,ALL FOOD1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY NOT BE REGURGITAT$1 BECOMES VOMIT AT ONE /AGE 9 ! DIGE/IVE PROCESS4 ,FOOD & VOMIT >E COMPLEM5T>Y ASPECTS ( S+LE SUB/ANCE3 ! BODIES ( ANIMALS TRANS=M$ 9TO1 RESPECTIVELY1 CULTURAL & SPIRITUAL =MS4 ,VOMIT IS ?US ! SYMBOL ( TRANS=M$ SUB/ANCE3 & ! CYCLE ( +E/ION1 DIGE/ION1 & REGURGITATION IS A METAPHOR = ! CYCLE ( DEA?1 METEMPSY*OSIS1 & REBIR?4 7,WAL5S #a#i#h#a3#a#d#f-#a#d#g7 

,:ILE PROBABLY SOME:AT OV]/AT$1 ?IS PASSAGE GIVES SOME IDEA ( H[ SU* MATT]S W]E DEALT ) 9 ,KWAKIUTL RITUAL SYMBOLISM4 ,! HIDD51 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 9T]IOR WAS 9DE$ CONSID]$ TO REPRES5T PURE POT5TIALITY1 BUT IT WAS 9 AN UTT]LY TANGIBLE1 MAT]IAL =M--A K9D ( COSMIC S\P4 

,WAL5'S COMP>ISON ( VOMIT & SEM5 IS ESPECIALLY 9TRIGU+ BECAUSE IT ONCE AGA9 IMPLIES ?AT ?IS WAS AN IDEOLOGY ?AT EMPHASIZES ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD OV] ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE4 ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#g#e3#e-#e#b1 #a#c#i-#d1 #b#b-#b#e71 H[EV]1 IS ! MO/ EXPLICIT H]E3 9 FACT1 HE SP5DS A GOOD DEAL ( TIME TRY+ TO RECON/RUCT ! IMPLICIT !ORY ( CREATIVE P[]S ?AT LIE BEH9D ! DIFF]5T SORTS ( HEIRLOOM TREASURES4 ,HE CONCLUDES ?AT !RE >E TWO BASIC SETS1 ONE ?AT CORRESPOND TO ! RANK$1 NUMAYM TITLES1 ! O!R ) ?OSE ?AT >E TRANSF]R$ ONLY BY M>RIAGE4 ,! RANK$ TITLES ?AT MAKE UP A NUMAYM1 :I* GO BACK TO SUP]NATURAL ,F\ND]S1 & ALSO GRANT ONE RI<TS TO HUNT+1 FI%+1 & B]RY+ T]RITORIES REPRES5T1 HE SUGGE/S1 AN IDEAL ( ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E PASS$ ON BETWE5 M5 7WOM5 CAN1 EXCEPTIONALLY1 HOLD !M1 BUT IF SO !Y TOO >E CONSID]$ MALES7 AT RITUAL FEA/S & DI/RIBUTIONS4 ,AS 9 SO MANY HUNT+ SOCIETIES1 SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE ITSELF IS CONSID]$ 9IMICAL TO ! HUNT2 BODIES ?AT HAVE HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES GIVE (F A SC5T ?AT DI/URBS ANIMALS & DRIVES !M AWAY4 ,H[EV]1 SEXUAL P[]S DO 5T] 9 AGA9 9 ! SECOND1 SUBSIDI>Y SET ( PROP]TIES1 :I* >E NOT RANK$1.<#a#d#g.> BUT :I* >E TRANSF]R$ ONLY AT M>RIAGE1 GIV5 FROM ! BRIDE'S FAMILY TO ! GROOM'S4 ,H]E AGA91 ! CONTRA/ ) ! ,MAORI IS /RIK+4 ,= ! ,MAORI1 EV]Y?+ 9 ! UNIV]SE IS G5]AT$ ?R\< A S+LE PR9CIPLE ( SEXUAL REPRODUCTION2 IT'S ONLY :5 ONE WI%ES TO ?9K AB\T ! REASONS = DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 V>I\S FEATURES ( ?AT CREATION ?AT ONE 9VOKES A SECOND PR9CIPLE1 :I* HAS TO DO ) COMPETITION & VIOL5CE1 & ATTEMPTS TO R$UCE O!RS TO ! /ATUS ( FOOD4 ,= ! ,KWAKIUTL1 !RE IS NO S+LE /ORY ( ! CREATION ( ! UNIV]SE AS A :OLE2 9/EAD1 !RE IS AN 5DLESS S]IES ( LITTLE CREATIONS BY ,F\ND]S1 ALL 9 ISOLATION FROM ONE ANO!R1 :I* >E SE5 AS E/ABLI%+ AN ESS5TIALLY ASEXUAL ORD] ?AT REGULATES RELATIONS BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & FOOD2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 5T]S ONLY LAT]1 AS A SUBORD9ATE PR9CIPLE ?AT CREATES L9KS BETWE5 ALL !SE HET]OG5E\S GR\PS4 

,BUT ?IS IS ALL V]Y AB/RACT4 ,IT MI<T HELP TO LOOK 9 GREAT] DETAIL AT ! ACTUAL PRACTICE ( ,KWAKIUTL M>RIAGE4 

M>RIAGE 

  

,AS ,I M5TION$1 M>RIAGE WAS CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) ! TRANSF] ( ANCE/RAL PROP]TY2 SO MU* SO ?AT COMMON]S1 :O HAD NONE1 W]E NOT CONSID]$ TO M>RY AT ALL4 

,M>RIAGE WAS (T5 REPRES5T$ AS ! EQUIVAL5T ( W>4 ,GREAT NOBLES W5T \T 0ALL OV] ! WORLD0 TO W9 OV] PR9CESSES & ACQUIRE NEW NAMES & P[]S BY SO DO+4 ,TO SUCCE$ WAS ALWAYS FRAM$ AS A FEAT1 A CONTE/3 ! SUITOR'S P>TY (T5 FAC$ A MOCK BATTLE ON COM+ A%ORE AT ! WOMAN'S FA!R'S VILLAGE2 !SE MOCK BATTLES C\LD SOMETIMES %ADE 9TO ! REAL ?+1 & PEOPLE C\LD BE W\ND$1 EV5 KILL$4 ,OR ! SUITORS MI<T HAVE TO UND]GO ORDEALS--HAV+ TO RUN ?R\< DOORWAYS HUNG ) TOR*ES1 TO SIT UNMOV$ AS ! MA/] ( ! H\SE P\R$ OIL ONTO ! FIRE1 SCOR*+ EV]YONE4 ,(T51 !SE TRIALS W\LD EXACTLY REPRODUCE EV5TS 9 MY?S 9 :I* W&]+ H]OES 5C\NT] SOME T]RIFY+ SUP]NATURAL MON/]1 &1 9 PREVAIL+ AGA9/ IT1 ACQUIRE GREAT TREASURES1 OR ITS BEAUTIFUL DAU<T] AS HIS WIFE4 

,SU* HABITS UND]L9E :AT IS )\T A D\BT ONE ( ! MO/ SALI5T FEATURES ( ,KWAKWAKA'WAKW CULTURE3 ITS REM>KABLE S5SE ( !AT]1 ITS FLAIR = ! MAGNIFIC5T GE/URE1 & P>TICUL>LY1 = SIMULAT$ HORROR4 ,HUNT REC\NTS ! CASE ( A MAN :O RAID$ A GRAVEY>D ! NI<T BE=E A SUITOR WAS TO APPE> TO ASK = ! H& ( HIS DAU<T]1 & GA!R$ SEV5 HUMAN SKULLS & 0A L>GE NUMB] ( LONG BONES0 & PLAC$ !M 9 ! JAWS ( A HUGE BE> MASK4 ,:5 ! SUITOR 5T]$ ! ROOM1 A MAN EM]G$ CO/UM$ AS A BE>1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,DEV\R] ( ! ,TRIBES40 ,! BE> OP5$ ! JAWS ( HIS MASK1 ! SKULLS ROLL$ \T TO %ATT] ON ! GR\ND4 0,SU* WAS ! FATE10 HE W>N$ HIM1 0( ! LA/ SIX M5 :O TRI$ TO W9 MY DAU<T]0 7#a#h#i#g3#c#f#c74 ,KWAKWALA P]=MANCES W]E FULL ( ?IS SORT ( ?+1 %OT ?R\< ) A K9D ( C>NIVAL BUNKUM LOVE ( TRAP DOORS1 FAKE BLOOD1 & CANNIBAL MON/]S TAK+ BITES \T ( C>EFULLY SIMULAT$ ROTT+ CORPSES4 ,IT IS 9 P>T = ?IS REASON ?AT RITUALS !MSELVES C\LD BE REF]R$ TO1 9 ! ,KWAKWALA LANGUAGE1 AS 0FRAUDS0--?\< ?IS MADE !M NO LESS SACR$4 ,9DE$1 ! PRES5CE ( SACR$ P[]1 NAWALAK1 WAS SE5 ABOVE ALL 9 ITS ABILITY TO MAKE ITS AUDI5CE %IV] ) FE>4 

,9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT M>RIAGES1 ?\<1 ! SUITOR'S P>TY IS ALMO/ ALWAYS SE5 AS DRAW+ ! WOMAN \T ( H] NATAL H\SEHOLD--NOT BY GIFTS1 BUT BY ! M]E DISPLAY ( 9H]IT$ P[]S & P>APH]NALIA 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e3#g#i74 ,!RE WAS1 9 EFFECT1 A CONTE/ ( ! ATTRACTIVE P[]S ( ! SUITOR'S WEAL?1 :I*1 JU/ BY BE+ DISPLAY$1 W\LD T5D TO DRAW ! PR9CESS TO HIM4 ,! SYMBOLISM H]E IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE IT RECURS 9 POTLAT*ES AS WELL4 ,! PR9CESS IS ALWAYS REPRES5T$ AS BE+ 9F9ITELY HEAVY3 UNMOVABLE1 EVOK+ MY?IC WOM5 :O >E LIT]ALLY ROOT$ TO ! FLOOR ( !IR H\SES4 ,9 P>T1 %E IS HEAVY ) PROP]TY1 :I* IS >RANG$ >\ND H] OR ON H] P]SON 9 ! C]EMONY 79 ,KWAKIUTL RHETORIC1 WEI<T & WEAL? >E PRACTICALLY SYNONYM\S72 9 A BROAD] S5SE1 ONE MI<T SAY SIMPLY HEAVY ) IMPORTANCE1 OR VALUE4 0,*IEFS ( ! TRIBES60 SAYS A SUITOR 9 ONE ( ,BOAS' TEXTS 7#a#i#b#e3#b#d#i-#f#i71 :O HAS ASSEMBL$ A HO/ ( ALLIES TO ASSI/ HIM4 0,WE HAVE COME TO ?IS GREAT W$D+4 ,N[ WE %ALL %[ ! P[]S RESID+ 9 US & TRANSMITT$ TO US BY \R ANCE/ORS1 & ) !M WE %ALL %AKE FROM ! FLOOR ! PR9CESS ( ?IS *IEF ( UNBLEMI%$ ANCE/RY40 ,HE !N CALLS ON !M ONE BY ONE TO DISPLAY !IR TREASURES3 ONE DISPLAYS A B[1 :I* HIS ANCE/OR ACQUIR$ 9 ! WILD]NESS & US$ TO VANQUI% HIS 5EMIES2 ANO!R A H>POON GIV5 BY HIS ANCE/OR1 ! ,?UND]BIRD2 ! NEXT A QU>TZ CRY/AL 0:I* ! WOLF VOMIT$ 9TO MY ANCE/OR ,GREAT ,SMOKE ,[N]10 ! NEXT1 A ,GRIZZLY ,BE> GR[L4 ,AFT] EA* SPEE*1 ! *IEF NOTES ?AT ! PR9CESS HAS ?US BE5 MOV$ FUR!R FROM ! C5T] ( ! H\SE1 UNTIL F9ALLY %E IS DRAWN TO ! DOOR4 

,N[1 ! GROOM DID 9 !ORY PAY A 0BRIDEPRICE0 TO HIS BRIDE'S FA!R-- USUALLY A MODE/ SUM 9 SK9S1 OR1 LAT]1 BLANKETS4 ,KWAKIUTL 9=MANTS ALWAYS MADE NOTE ( ?IS1 SO MU* SO ?AT ,BOAS SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y SAW M>RIAGE AS A K9D ( PUR*ASE4 ,BUT IF ONE EXAM9ES ! FULL CYCLE ( TRANSACTIONS1 ONE 9V>IABLY DISCOV]S ?AT ! AM\NT 0PAID0 BY ! BRIDEGROOM & HIS FAMILY WAS NEGLIGIBLE 9 COMP>ISON TO ! VA/ FL[ ( WEAL? ?AT MOV$ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,CONSID] ONE FAIRLY TYPICAL HI/ORICAL ACC\NT FROM ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,! GROOM GAVE A TOTAL ( FIFTY-F\R ANIMAL SK9S ( DIFF]5T SORTS2 ! FA!R-9-LAW GAVE 7OV] ! C\RSE ( ?REE PAYM5TS7 OV] ?REE HUNDR$ SK9S1 TWO MAJOR TITLES1 A COPP] %IELD1 SIX SLAVES1 FIVE DIFF]5T DANCES ) ACCOMPANY+ DANCE NAMES & P>APH]NALIA1 & A 0CANNIBAL POLE0 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e3#g#h-#g#i74 ,9 ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES ! DISP>ITY REMA9$ NO LESS DRAMATIC4 

,:AT'S MORE1 UNLIKE ! BRIDE'S FA!R'S PAYM5TS TO ! GROOM1 ! GROOM'S PAYM5T HAD TO BE REPAID4 ,SOME YE>S AFT] ! M>RIAGE1 A WIFE'S FA!R C\LD 0REPUR*ASE0 ! BRIDE1 PAY+ BACK1 AGA91 F> MORE ?AN ! ORIG9AL AM\NT2 ! WOMAN WAS !REBY CONSID]$ FREE ( ! UNION 7%E C\LD /AY ON IF %E DESIR$1 BUT IT WAS CONSID]$ A BIT UNSEEMLY47 ,SOMETIMES ?IS WAS DONE TO RAISE ! /ATUS ( ONE'S DAU<T]--A WOMAN :O HAD BE5 M>RI$ & REPUR*AS$ F\R TIMES WAS CONSID]$ TO HAVE OBTA9$ ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( NOBILITY--BUT 9 P>T1 TOO1 IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! *ILDR54 ,?IS ,I ?9K HELPS EXPLA9 ! O!RWISE MY/]I\S WAY 9 :I* SO MANY *IEFS WILL+LY P>T$ ) SU* A HUGE %>E ( !IR HEIRLOOM POSSESSIONS TO !IR SONS-9-LAW3 MU* ( :AT !Y DONAT$ WAS :AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0CON/ITUTIVE PROP]TY40 ,! NAMES ?AT !Y GAVE1 SOMETIMES DIRECTLY TO ! HUSB& BUT MORE TYPICALLY TO ANY (FSPR+ ( ! UNION1 W]E NAMES ?AT BELONG$ TO !IR [N NUMAYM2 9 GIV+ !M1 !Y W]E EFFECTIVELY REPRODUC+ !IR [N GR\P4 ,ON SOME OCCASIONS1 ! SUITOR HIMSELF W\LD ?US BE TURN$ 9TO A MEMB] ( HIS WIFE'S NUMAYM2 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 HIS *ILDR5 W\LD HAVE ! OPTION ( BECOM+ SO IF !Y TOOK ON ?OSE NAMES4 ,& ( C\RSE1 IF ! BRIDE WAS REPUR*AS$ & NO LONG] LIV+ ) ! FA!R ( H] *ILD1 ?IS W\LD MAKE ! LATT] \TCOME ALL ! MORE LIKELY4 

POTLAT*ES 

  

,?IS 9 TURN MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& :AT HAPP5$ AT A POTLAT*4 ,POTLAT*ES W]E1 AS NOT$1 MEANT TO 0FA/5 ON0 NAMES4 ,!RE W]E A :OLE SUCCESSION ( 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT CATEGORIES ( NAMES TO BE FA/5$ ON OV] ! C\RSE ( A Y\NG NOBLE'S LIFE1 />T+ ) MODE/ TITLES RES]V$ = *ILDR5 OR Y\?S1 :I* ONLY GAVE ONE ! RI<T TO DI/RIBUTE M9OR OBJECTS TO CLOSE K91 TO MORE & MORE IMPORTANT ONES1 :I* C>RI$ ) !M ! RI<T TO DI/RIBUTE PROP]TY TO MEMB]S ( O!R NUMAYMA1 OR TO RIVAL TRIBES4.<#a#d#h.> ,!SE TITLES W]E ALSO CALL$ 0SEATS0 BECAUSE EA* CORRESPOND$ TO A PLACE ( HONOR AT COLLECTIVE GA!R+S3 GUE/S W\LD SIT 9 RANK ORD] ACCORD+ TO !IR TITLES1 AS ! HO/S APPE>$ & DISPLAY$ !IR V>I\S TREASURES & PRIVILEGES1 MADE ! SORT ( BOA/FUL OR VA+LORI\S SPEE*ES = :I* ! ,KWAKIUTL HAVE BECOME SO FAM\S1 & ( C\RSE DI/RIBUT$ PROP]TY TO ALL4 ,AFT] HAV+ HELD A POTLAT* & FA/5$ ON A NAME1 !N1 ONE HAD ! RI<T TO TAKE ?AT SEAT AT SUBSEQU5T POTLAT*ES OR FEA/S4 7,IF ONE HELD SEV]AL SEATS1 ONE W\LD ONLY TAKE ONE PLACE ONESELF BUT LEAVE WOOD5 BOXES ON ! O!R TO RECEIVE BLANKETS OR O!R PROP]TY47 ,! OBJECTS DI/RIBUT$ AT SU* EV5TS1 :E!R BLANKETS1 OIL1 FL\R1 SILV] BRACELETS1 OR ,S+] SEW+ MA*9ES1 W]E NOT 9 !MSELVES CON/ITUTIVE WEAL?1 & = ?AT REASON NOBLES W\LD MAKE A PO9T ( SPEAK+ ( !M ) DISDA91 REF]R+ TO !M AS TRIFLES OR LIT]ALLY1 0BAD ?+S40 ,/ILL1 !RE WAS A S5SE ?AT 9 DI/RIBUT+ PROP]TY1 ONE E/ABLI%$ ONE'S RI<T TO BE> ! NAME ( AN ORIG9AL ,F\ND] BY REPRODUC+1 9 A LIMIT$ WAY1 A ,F\ND]'S DEF9+ ACTION--?AT ( GIV+ ?+S AWAY 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e3#a#b#d74 

,IT'S 9T]E/+ TO ?9K = A MOM5T AB\T ! CONCEPTION ( HI/ORICAL ACTION AT PLAY H]E4 ,IF ONE READS ?+S V]Y LIT]ALLY1 IT MI<T SEEM ?AT !RE IS NONE AT ALL4 ,ALL ! GREAT DE$S ?AT CREAT$ SOCIETY W]E P]=M$ LONG AGO1 9 MY?IC TIMES2 ! KEY SOCIAL ACTORS >E !MSELVES RE9C>NATIONS ( ?OSE ANCI5T H]OES1 BUT N[ R$UC$ SIMPLY TO ACT+ \T ! SAME GE/URES 9 A MU* LESS] KEY4 ,IF ONE LOOKS A BIT DEEP]1 ?\<1 ?+S >E SOME:AT MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT'S NOT AS IF !RE W]E NO IDEA ( NOBLES AS 9DIVIDUAL1 CONSCI\S ACTORS :O >E ASSEMBL+ !SE ID5TITIES & DISPOS+ ( !M1 BUT :O REMA9 ESS5TIALLY CONT9U\S ?R\<\T4 0,DO+ A GREAT ?+10 HOLD+ A POTLAT* OR A FEA/ OR O!RWISE GIV+ AWAY PROP]TY1 NOT ONLY ADD$ WEI<T TO A NAME BUT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FAME ( ! ACTOR BEH9D ! MASK1 AS IT W]E4 ,TRUE1 !RE WAS LITTLE WAY = ?AT FAME TO 5DURE BEYOND ! LIV+ MEMORY ( ?OSE :O'D WITNESS$ ?OSE DE$S1 BECAUSE1 9 ! LONG RUN1 IT WAS ! ET]NAL NAMES1 RA!R ?AN ! ACTORS ?AT HELD !M1 ?AT W\LD T5D TO BE REMEMB]$4 ,BUT EV5 H]E !RE WAS A K9D ( PLAY ( MIRRORS4 ,BECAUSE ! NAMES !MSELVES ALMO/ 9V>IABLY REF] TO WEAL? & ! HABIT ( IT GIV+ IT AWAY4 ,A FAM\S LI/ ( TITLES READS3 ,CREAT+ ,TR\BLE ,ALL ,>\ND1 ,! ,GREAT ,ONE ,ALWAYS ,ALONE 9 ! ,WORLD1 ,F\R ,FA?OM ,FACE1 ,MAK+ ,POTLAT* ,DANCES ,ALL ! ,TIME1 ,COPP]1 ,FROM ,:OM ,PROP]TY ,COMES1 ,GIV+ ,WEAL?1 ,GIV+ ,FOOD1 ,GIV+ ,POTLAT* ,EV]Y:]E1 ,TO ,:OM ,PEOPLE ,PADDLE1 ,:OSE ,BODY ,IS ,ALL ,WEAL?1 ,FROM ,:OM ,PRES5TS ,>E ,EXPECT$1 ,GREAT ,M\NTA91 ,AB\T ,:OSE ,PROP]TY ,PEOPLE ,TALK1 ,ALWAYS ,GIV+ ,POTLAT*1 ,5VI$1 ,>\ND ,:OM ,PEOPLE ,ASSEMBLE1 ,?R[+ ,AWAY ,PROP]TY1 ,ALWAYS ,GIV+ ,BLANKETS ,AWAY ,:ILE ,WALK+1 ,SATIAT+1 ,GETT+ ,TOO ,GREAT 7,BOAS #a#h#i#g3#c#c#i-#d2 ,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e3#f#a1 ,COD]E #f#g74 

,?IS IS P]HAPS ! GREATE/ P>ADOX ( ALL4 ,EV5 ! NAMES1 :I* H>K BACK TO ! 9IMITABLE DE$S ( MY?IC ANCE/ORS1 DO NOT REF] TO !SE 9IMITABLE DE$S BUT RA!R TO ACTIONS 9 ! PRES5T4 ,EV5 MORE1 !Y REF] TO ! IMPRESSION !SE ACTIONS MAKE ON A BROAD] AUDI5CE4 ,EV5 ! HEIRLOOM TREASURES !MSELVES1 :I* DID T5D TO REF] TO MY?OLOGICAL EV5TS1 TOOK ! =M ( CO/UMES & PROPS FULL ( TRICKS & /AGE ILLUSIONS--(T5 REPLETE ) COMPLEX APP>ATI ( PULLEYS & /R+S1 ALL MEANT TO W[ ! APPRECIATIVE SPECTATOR3  
  

,! CLAN ,HAA'NAL9O HAVE ! TRADITION ?AT !IR ANCE/OR US$ ! FABUL\S D\BLE-HEAD$ SNAKE = HIS BELT & B[4 ,9 !IR POTLAT*ES ! *IEF ( ?IS G5S APPE>S1 !RE=E1 DANC+ ) A BELT ( ?IS DESCRIPTION & ) A B[ C>V$ 9 ! %APE ( ! D\BLE-HEAD$ SNAKE4 ,! B[ IS SIMPLY A LONG C>V$ & PO9T$ /ICK TO :I* A /R+ RUNN+ ?R\< A NUMB] ( R+S & CONNECT+ ) ! HORNS & TONGUES ( ! SNAKE IS ATTA*$4 ,:5 ! /R+ IS PULL$1 ! HORNS >E ]ECT$ & ! TONGUES PULL$ \T4 ,:5 ! /R+ IS SLACK5$1 ! HORNS DROP D[N & ! TONGUES SLIDE BACK 94 7,BOAS #a#i#f#f3#a7  
  

,ULTIMATELY EV]Y?+ GOES BACK TO !AT]1 TO :AT ONE CAN PUT OV] ON A 7DEM&+ BUT APPRECIATIVE7 PUBLIC4 ,! TITLES & TREASURES W\LD BE MEAN+LESS )\T IT2 EV]Y?+ AB\T !M REF]S TO ! PRES5CE ( AN AUDI5CE4 ,& AS SUGGE/$ 9 *APT] #c1 ! DIM5SIONS ( ?IS AUDI5CE CORRESPONDS1 FROM ! ACTOR'S PO9T ( VIEW TO ! DIM5SIONS ( ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,& ( C\RSE H]E 0! ACTOR0 IS TO BE TAK5 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL S5SE1 :I* BR+S US BACK TO MY ORIG9AL PO9T AB\T HI/ORY4 ,!SE P]=MANCES >E NOT 9 !MSELVES REMEMB]$4 ,IF POTLAT*ES DID 5T] 9TO HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS1 IT APPE>S TO BE ONLY :5 !Y S]V$ TO 0FA/5 ON0 SOME NEW NAMES & PRIVILEGES WON 9 M>RIAGE--?IS BECAUSE H]OIC M>RIAGES CAN BE SE5 AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! BASIC ,KWAKWALA MY? 9 :I* ! H]O W&]S F> AWAY TO $GES ( ! UNIV]SE TO W9 GREAT PRIZES FROM ! BE+S HE 5C\NT]S !RE4 ,O!RWISE 0GREAT DE$S10 LIKE MO/ GREAT P]=MANCES1 T5D TO DISAPPE>4 ,KWAKIUTL !AT] IS SEMI-IMPROVIZATIONAL2 ! CO/UMES & PROPS & P]=MANCES !MSELVES UND]GO CON/ANT 9NOVATION & REFA%ION+1 BUT ALMO/ NONE ( ! CREATIVE 5]GIES ?AT GO 9TO !M LEAVES A P]MAN5T TRACE ON COLLECTIVE MEMORY4 

PROP]TY1 DI/RIBUTION1 & COSMOLOGY 

  

,A WORD OR TWO ON POTLAT*ES AS COSMIC EV5TS4 

,PR9CESSES >E ALWAYS REPRES5T$ AS HEAVY2 M5 USE DISPLAYS ( WEAL? AS ONE WAY TO DRAW !M \T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 WEAL? & DI/RIBUTIONS ( WEAL? >E ALL AB\T ADD+ 0WEI<T0 TO ONE'S NAME1 BECOM+ BIG & HEAVY 9 ONE'S TURN4 ,IF !RE IS A S+LE NOTION ( VALUE ?AT P]VADES ,KWAKIUTL CULTURE IT IS ?IS NOTION ( 0WEI<T0--:I*1 9 ! CASE ( A =MAL TITLE1 WAS MEASUR$ BY ! TOTAL AM\NT ( WEAL? GIV5 9 ORD] TO FIX ! TITLE ON 7CF4 ,OB]G #a#i#g#c3#a#b#e74 ,A TITLE'S RANK (T5 SEEM$ A SECOND>Y MATT] 9 COMP>ISON4.<#a#d#i.> ,AT LEA/1 ?IS WAS :AT REALLY SEEM$ TO /IR PASSIONS & FO/] RIVALRIES4 ,! CONSUMMATE IMAGE ( SUCCESS IS ?AT APPEAL$ TO P]IODICALLY 9 ,BOAS' R5DITION ( POTLAT* SPEE*ES1 9 :I* ! HO/ IS LIK5$ TO A GIANT M\NTA91 9F9ITELY HEAVY1 FROM :I* BLANKETS & O!R WEAL? FL[ D[N LIKE AN AVALAN*E ( PROP]TY1 SIMULTANE\SLY 5RI*+ & IMP]IL+ EV]YONE >\ND4 ,IT'S AN IMAGE ?AT P]FECTLY SUMS UP ! PECULI> ,KWAKIUTL COMB9ATION ( AGGRESSION & G5]OSITY4 

,! IMAGE ( ! M\NTA9 IS TELL+1 ,I ?9K1 BECAUSE ,BOAS HIMSELF 7#a#i#c#e3#c#c#d7 NOTES ?AT 9 MANY ORIG9 MY?S1 ! FIR/ ANCE/OR ( A NUMAYM IS SAID TO HAVE DESC5D$ FROM HEAV5 TO E>? EI!R ON A 0MOV+ M\NTA910 OR ALONG A 0POTLAT* POLE0--! LATT] BE+ ! POLE BESIDE :I* ! HO/ /&S :5 SPEAK+ & DI/RIBUT+ GIFTS AT SU* AFFAIRS4 ,APP>5TLY1 WE >E DEAL+ ) :AT ,MIRCEA ,ELIADE W\LD CALL A K9D ( AXIS MUNDI3 ! COMMON MY?OLOGICAL IMAGE ( A C5TRAL TREE1 POLE1 OR M\NTA9 ?AT IS ! PO9T AT ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE :]E EV]Y?+ COMES TOGE!R--SKY & E>?1 VISIBLE WORLD & 9VISIBLE ,O!RWORLD1 LIFE & DEA?1 MUNDANE PRES5T & MY?IC PA/--& :]E IT IS POSSIBLE TO MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 !M4 ,9 MO/ SY/EMS1 ?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 RITUAL1 :]E AN ALT>1 PO/1 OR TREE1 OR /ATUE REPRES5TS ?AT COSMIC C5T]1 BUT JU/ BY WAY ( A REFRACTION OR /&-9 = A REAL C5T] 7,M\NT ,M]U1 ,J]USALEM1 ,AZTLAN47 ?AT'S USUALLY ASSUM$ TO BE V]Y F> AWAY4 ,! PROBLEM IS ( C\RSE ?AT 9 A ,KWAKWALA UNIV]SE FRAGM5T$ 9TO AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( UNCONNECT$ F\ND+ EV5TS1 !RE IS NO ONE S+LE COSMOLOGICAL C5T] BUT AN ALMO/ 5DLESS NUMB] ( POSSIBLE ONES4 ,EV]YONE1 9 EFFECT1 CLAIMS TO REPRES5T ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,P>T ( ! NOTORI\S GR&IOSITY & HYP]BOLE ( ! ,KWAKIUTL *IEFS1 ,I ?9K1 /EMS FROM ! FACT ?AT ALL %>$ AN ULTIMATELY IMPOSSIBLE AMBITION4 

,) ALL !SE P>TICUL>1 9COMM5SURABLE C5T]S1 IT %\LD BE OBVI\S :Y SOME G5]IC M$IUM ( COMP>ISON BECAME SO IMPORTANT4 ,H5CE ! APPEAL ( ,HUDSON TRADE BLANKETS4 ,BE=E ! ,KWAKIUTL W]E 9 REGUL> CONTACT ) ,EUROPEANS1 ! CLOSE/ !RE WAS TO !SE W]E ANIMAL SK9S1 :I* W]E1 9 EFFECT1 G5]IC 0=M S\LS03  
  

,! ANIMAL SK9 IS ALSO A =M1 A G>M5T ?AT ORIG9ALLY CONV]TS A HUMAN 9N] SUB/ANCE 9TO ANIMAL =M4 ,9 MY?1 ANIMALS EASILY SLIP 9 & \T ( !IR SK9S TO BECOME MOM5T>ILY NONANIMAL444 ,FROM ! MY?ICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! SK9 IS ! ANIMAL'S ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTE FROM :I*1 H[EV]1 IT IS SEP>ABLE1 9 ! WAY 9 :I* S\L SEP>ATES FROM BODY444 ,?US ! ANIMAL SK9444 IS LIKE A MASK4 ,BUT IT IS NOT1 ( C\RSE1 A CRE/4 ,CRE/S >E 9DIVIDUAL1 & HAVE EPI!TIC NAMES2 ANIMAL SK9S >E G5]ALIZ$1 & >E NAMELESSLY G5]IC4 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e3#a#b#e7  
  

,H5CE1 S9CE CRE/S >E PASS$ D[N )9 PRECISE *ANNELS ( DESC5T1 0ANIMAL SK9S CIRCULATE CEASELESSLY AMONG ! TRIBES40 

,9 O!R WORDS1 RA!R ?AN A DIVISION BETWE5 P>TICUL> OBJECTS1 ID5TIFI$ ) ONE'S EXT]IOR P]SONA1 & G5]IC ONES 7LIKE MONEY7 ID5TIFI$ ) 9T]IOR P[]S1 ONE HAS AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( EXT]IORS3 !SE >E RANG$1 H[EV]1 9TO MORE RELATIVELY P>TICUL> & G5]IC =MS4 ,H5CE CRE/S & ASSOCIAT$ TREASURES T5D$ TO ACCUMULATE ! DEEPE/ & MO/ SPECIFIC HI/ORIES1 DAT+ BACK TO MY?IC TIMES2 TREASURES TRANSF]R$ BY M>RIAGE W]E MU* H>D] TO KEEP TRACK (1 & ?US T5D$ TO HAVE %ORT]1 MORE FRAGM5T>Y ONES4 ,! SK9S1 BE+ )\T HI/ORY1 C\LD ?US REPRES5T A K9D ( UNDIFF]5TIAT$ S\L-/UFF OR VITALITY2 ACCORD+ TO BO? ,GOLDMAN & ,WAL5S1 P>T ( ! OV]ALL PURPOSE ( RITUAL WAS1 AS 9 MO/ HUNT+ COSMOLOGIES1 TO AID 9 AN 5DLESS RECYCL+ ( S\LS4 ,BUT EV5 ! SK9S W]E NOT REALLY A UNI=M M$IUM ( EX*ANGE3 :ILE !Y C\LD BE SE5 AS REPRES5T+ ! S\LS ( 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS1 !Y W]E OBVI\SLY ( DIFF]5T SORTS1 SIZES1 & QUALITIES4 ,H5CE1 AS ,SAHL9S NOTES1 ! IMM$IATE & OV]:ELM+ POPUL>ITY ( ! ,HUDSON ,TRAD+ ,COMPANY'S WOOL5 BLANKETS1 :I* W]E ANALOG\S TO SK9S BUT1 BE+ MASS-PRODUC$1 ALL UTT]LY ID5TICAL4 ,!Y IMM$IATELY BECAME ! CURR5CY ( ! SY/EM--OR1 !Y DID UNTIL ! #a#i#aS OR '#bS1 :5 !Y BEGAN TO BE REPLAC$ BY ACTUAL ,CANADIAN CURR5CY4 

,BE=E GO+ ON ,I %\LD 5T] ANO!R PROVISO AB\T HI/ORY4 ,:5 ,GOLDMAN & ,WAL5S ANALYZE ,KWAKIUTL RITUAL AS C5T]+ ON A CIRCULATION ( S\LS1 :AT !Y >E DO+ IS (F]+ A RECON/RUCTION ( A RITUAL SY/EM ASSUM$ TO HAVE EXI/$ >\ND ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 BAS$ ON ANALOGIES ) O!R HUNT+ COSMOLOGIES1 P>TICUL>LY O!R ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN ONES4 ,!RE'S NO?+ 9 ! ACTUAL TEXTS ?AT DIRECTLY /ATES ?AT GIV+ AWAY SK9S OR BLANKETS HAS ANY?+ TO DO ) RECYCL+ S\LS4 ,AGA91 IT MAKES ONE WOND] :E!R :AT ONE IS DEAL+ ) 9 HI/ORIC TIMES IS A RITUAL SY/EM ORIG9ALLY BAS$ ON KEEP+ A COSMIC BALANCE AMONG S\RCES ( FOOD1 N[ TRANS=M$ 9TO SOME?+ DIFF]5T3 AN 5DLESS QUE/ TO E/ABLI% COSMIC C5TRALITY 9 A WORLD ?AT HAD BECOME RAPIDLY UNH+$4 

,! 9TRODUCTION ( TRADE BLANKETS ALL[$ = A NUMB] ( O!R 9NOVATIONS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT WAS ! CREATION ( :AT MI<T JU/LY BE CONSID]$ A SY/EM ( HI< F9ANCE4 ,9 E>LI] P]IODS1 A NOBLE WI%+ AMASS WEAL? = A POTLAT* W\LD NORMALLY HAVE HAD TO APPEAL TO ! MEMB]S ( HIS NUMAYM1 OR TRIBE1 = CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,BLANKETS ALL[$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ! #a P]C5T 9T]E/ LOAN1 :I* ,DRUCK] & ,HEIZ] 7#a#i#f#g3#g#h7 PLAUSIBLY SUGGE/ WAS PROBABLY 9SPIR$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( SOME E>LY ,=T ,RUP]T LOAN %>K4 ,IF A *IEF WI%$1 = EXAMPLE1 TO />T A SON ON A POTLAT* C>E]1 HE'D FIR/ CONTRIBUTE A HUNDR$ BLANKETS1 :I* ! BOY W\LD !N IMM$IATELY LOAN \T TO ALLIES1 & CALL 9 ! LOANS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,EV5TUALLY HE W\LD HAVE 5\< BLANKETS TO BUY ONE ( ! *EAP] HEIRLOOM COPP]S ?AT CIRCULAT$ )9 ! COMMUNITY3 !SE W]E 5GRAV$ COPP] PLATES ?AT W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT CIRCULAT+ TREASURES 9 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ SOCIETIES4 ,IT WAS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE ?AT ANYONE BUY+ A COPP] %\LD PAY MORE = IT ?AN ITS LA/ PUR*AS] HAD4 ,H5CE1 BE=E HOLD+ A POTLAT*1 ONE C\LD SELL IT AGA9 TO A RIVAL CLAN1 :I* W\LD !N FEEL OBLIG$ TO PROVIDE AN IMPRESSIVE 9CREM5T4 ,ALMO/ ALL MAJOR DI/RIBUTIONS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 PROCE$$ BY ! SALE ( A COPP]1 :I* MOV$ ,BOAS TO DESCRIBE !M AS HAV+ 0! SAME FUNCTION :I* BANK NOTES ( HI< D5OM9ATION HAVE ) US0 7#a#h#i#g3#c#d#d2 #a#i#f#f3#h#b7--A DESCRIPTION ?AT1 ,I ?9K1 IS NOT 5TIRELY )\T JU/ICE4 ,COPP]S W]E ! ULTIMATE REPOSITORY ( VALUE &1 ( ALL =MS ( =MS ( WEAL?1 ! ONES ?AT CAME NE>E/ TO REPRES5T+ LIFE 9 ! RAW4 

! ROLE ( COPP]S 

  

,AB\T ! ORIG9 ( !SE COPP]S !RE HAS BE5 A GOOD DEAL ( DEBATE4 ,LOCAL LEG5D HAS IT ?AT COPP] WAS FIR/ DISCOV]$ & FIR/ SMELT$ BY ! ,BELA ,COOLA NATION TO ! F> NOR!A/ ( ,VANC\V] ,ISL&4 ,EV5 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,EUROPEAN ACC\NTS ( DIFF]5T ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ SOCIETIES REPORT ?AT %EETS ( BEAT5 COPP]1 R\<LY %IELDLIKE 9 APPE>ANCE1 W]E ONE ( ! MO/ TREASUR$ =MS ( LOCAL WEAL?4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> ?\< H[ MANY SU* ANCI5T1 ABORIG9AL COPP]S !RE W]E3 :ILE MANY HUNDR$S ( ,KWAKIUTL COPP]S HAVE BE5 PRES]V$1 NONE >E MADE FROM NATIVE METAL4 ,9/EAD1 ! COPP] 9V>IABLY TURNS \T TO HAVE COME FROM COPP] %EET+ B\<T FROM ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS OR SALVAG$ (F ! SIDES ( ,EUROPEAN %IPS 9 RELATIVELY REC5T TIMES4 

,!RE HAS ALSO BE5 A FAIR AM\NT ( DEBATE AB\T ! COPP]'S *>ACT]I/IC =M3 USUALLY AB\T TWO FEET LONG1 WID] AT ! TOP1 ) A CRUCI=M FRAME & ! TOP HALF 9 ! =M ( A S*EMATIC FACE4 ,SOME SUGGE/ COPP]S >E MEANT TO REPRES5T ! =EHEAD ( A SEA MON/] NAM$ ,KOMOGWA1 :O BE/[S GREAT WEAL? ON ?OSE MORTALS LUCKY 5\< TO F9D HIS PALACE B5EA? ! SEA 7,WAT]MAN #a#i#b#c74 ,WID]SPA*-,?OR >GUES 7#a#i#h#a7 IT IS SIMPLY A S*EMATIC REPRES5TATION ( ! HUMAN BODY4 ,:ATEV] ! CASE1 ! VALUE ( COPP]S SEEMS TO D]IVE AT LEA/ 9 P>T FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y >E CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5T TO HUMAN LIVES4 

,9 E>LY TIMES ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 QUITE LIT]ALLY SO1 S9CE COPP]S W]E SE5 AS EQUIVAL5T ( SLAVES 7W> CAPTIVES74 ,ONLY ! GREATE/ NOBLES [N$ EI!R1 & :AT'S MORE1 !Y [N$ !M AS P]SONAL POSSESSIONS--NEI!R W]E !Y ATTA*$ TO ANY O!R SORT ( HEIRLOOM PROP]TY BUT C\LD BE DISPOS$ ( AT WILL1 TO CIRCULATE BETWE5 GR\PS4 ,SLAVES W]E SOMETIMES SOLD2 ! D$ICATION ( H\SES OR TOTEM POLES1 AT FUN]ALS1 9ITIATIONS1 & SIMIL> IMPORTANT EV5TS W\LD (T5 BE M>K$ BY SACRIFICES1 9 :I* ! [N] W\LD EI!R KILL A SLAVE1 OR LIB]ATE H]--9 EI!R CASE1 [N]S W]E AB&ON+ !IR PROP]TY 9 SU* A WAY AS TO L5D GLORY TO ! EV5T4 ,) ! COLONIZATION ( ,VANC\V] ,ISL& 9 #a#h#d#i1 & ! CON/RUCTION ( ,=T ,RUP]T1 W> & SLAV]Y BO? CAME TO AN 5D2 BUT IT SEEMS TO BE >\ND ?IS TIME ?AT COPP]S BEGAN TO BE PRODUC$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 & !Y SEEM TO HAVE GA9$ 9 IMPORTANCE BO? AS 9/RUM5TS ( F9ANCE1 BUT ALSO1 AS SUB/ITUTES = SLAVES--!Y TOO C\LD BE SACRIFIC$1 BROK5 OR LIT]ALLY 0KILL$0 ON MOM5T\S OCCASIONS 7,KAN #a#i#h#i3#b#c#h-#d#a74 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT !SE COPP]S W]E NOT HEIRLOOMS 9 ! SAME S5SE ( MO/ ( ! 0HEIRLOOM TREASURES0 ,I HAVE BE5 DISCUSS+--CRE/S1 MASKS1 OR W9T] DANCE PRIVILEGES4.<#a#e.> ,!Y NEI!R HAVE P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL ORIG9S1 NOR DO !Y BECOME P>T ( !IR [N]'S SOCIAL P]SONA4 ,9 MY?S1 COPP]S >E WON FROM SEA MON/]S & OGRES AT ! $GES ( ! UNIV]SE2 BUT ! ORIG9 ( 9DIVIDUAL COPP]S IS ALWAYS A MY/]Y2 !Y >E SE5 AS COM+ FROM F> AWAY1 \TSIDE ( ! COMMUNITY1 A K9D ( G5]IC ,ELSE:]E4 ,& :ILE EA* COPP] WAS UNIQUE1 ) ITS [N NAME & DESIGN1 & !RE=E HAD ! CAPACITY TO ACCUMULATE HI/ORIES1 9S(> AS IT DID1 !SE HI/ORIES W]E EXTREMELY BRIEF 7E4G41 ,DUFF #a#i#h#a3#a#e#c1 ,JONAITIS #a#i#i#a3#d-#d#a74 ,R>ELY W\LD !Y GO BEYOND ! NAME ( LA/ [N] OR TWO--& ( C\RSE H[ MANY BLANKETS !Y HAD RECEIV$ = IT4 

,(T5 COPP]S W\LD FL[ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION AS BRIDES3 A FA!R-9LAW W\LD S5D ONE OR TWO ALONG ) HIS DAU<T] & P]HAPS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL COPP]S LAT] ON1 :5 HIS SON-9-LAW OR GR&*ILD NE$$ TO FUND A POTLAT* TO FA/5 ON A NAME HE HAD PROVID$4 ,9 ONE LONG ACC\NT ( ! SALE ( A COPP] PROVID$ BY ,BOAS 7#a#i#f#g3#h#d-#i#b71 ! COPP] ITSELF IS TREAT$ ALMO/ AS A BRIDE3 !RE IS A CON/ANT EMPHASIS ON ITS EXTRAORD9>Y WEI<T1 AS ! NUMAYM ?AT ASSEMBLES ITS RES\RCES TO PUR*ASE ! COPP] PILES UP AN EV] HEAVI] PILE ( BLANKETS1 :I* ULTIMATELY BECOMES CAPABLE ( DRAW+ ! COPP] T[>D IT4 ,IT APPE>S1 ONCE AGA91 TO BE A DRAMA AB\T ! CREATION ( COSMIC C5T]S3 ! M\NTA9 ( BLANKETS BE+ AGA9 A K9D ( AXIS MUNDI1 AS ! SELL]1 IT W\LD SEEM1 POSES AS A ,DZONOQWA1 ONE ( ! OGRES FROM ! $GES ( ! WORLD RESPONSIBLE = FIR/ GIV+ COPP]S TO MANK9D4 

,! MY?OLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS ( COPP]S >E EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$4 ,GOLDMAN1 = EXAMPLE1 CLAIMS ?AT !Y >E ID5TIFI$ ) ! SUN1 ) SALMON1 ) FIRE1 & ) BLOOD1 & ?AT !Y W]E ! ONE =M ( WEAL? ?AT BR\<T TOGE!R ALL COSMIC DOMA9S 7SKY1 SEA1 COA/1 & 9T]IOR2 #a#i#g#e3#a#b#f-#b#g74 ,!Y SEEM TO HAVE BE5 AS CLOSE AS ! ,KWAKWAKA'WAKW CAME TO AB/RACT REPRES5TATION ( LIFE1 OR VITAL 5]GY1 ITSELF4 ,WID]SPA*,?OR CALLS COPP]S A 0METAPHOR ( 5]GY10 A 0CONTA9] & CATALY/ ( 5]GY HELD 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 EA* *IEF1 EA* TRIBE0 7#a#i#h#a3#a#g#b72 ,S]GEI ,KAN >GUES ?AT COPP]S W]E LIKE SLAVES 9 ?AT !Y W]E 9 A C]TA9 S5SE P]SONS & 9 A C]TA9 S5SE NOT2 ALSO 0LIKE SLAVES1 COPP]S W]E 0ALIVE10 & H5CE W]E ! QU9TESS5TIAL WEAL? EX*ANGEABLE = ALL O!R TYPES ( PROP]TY0 7#a#i#h#i3#b#d#f1 CF4 #c#d#5#f#e74 

,IT WAS BECAUSE !Y W]E ALIVE ?AT COPP]S C\LD BE KILL$4 ,?IS LEADS US1 F9ALLY1 TO ONE ( ! MO/ NOTORI\S FEATURES ( ,KWAKWAKA'WAKW CULTURE3 ! C]EMONIAL DE/RUCTION ( WEAL? & /ATUS COMPETITION4 ,I HAVE SAV$ ?IS ELEM5T = LA/ = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 BECAUSE ESPECIALLY S9CE ! WORK ( ,RU? ,B5$ICT 7#a#i#c#d71 ! IMPORTANCE ( /ATUS RIVALRY & 0FI<T+ ) PROP]TY0 HAS BE5 VA/LY EXAGG]AT$1 TO ! PO9T SOMETIMES ( MAK+ ! ,KWAKIUTL SEEM P>ANOID MEGALOMANIACS4 ,ONCE AGA91 ?IS SEEMS TO BE A RESULT ( ! ,KWAKIUTL LOVE = !ATRICAL EFFECT3 9 ?IS CASE1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT !IR !ATRICAL SKILLS W]E A BIT TOO EFFECTIVE = !IR [N GOOD4 ,SECOND ( ALL1 BECAUSE IT F9ALLY BR+S US TO ! ISSUE ( RECIPROCITY4 

,N[1 IT DID SOMETIMES HAPP5 ?AT !RE W]E TWO CLAIMANTS TO ! SAME TITLE1 OR EV5 ?AT TWO NUMAYMA OR TRIBES MI<T *ALL5GE !IR RELATIVE /&+1 & !RE=E EA* W\LD COMPETE TO ?R[ ! GR&E/ POTLAT* TO VALIDATE ITS CLAIMS4 ,SOMETIMES1 !SE W\LD TURN 9TO :AT ,DRUCK] & ,HEIZ] 7#a#i#f#g3#a#b-#a#c7 CALL 0FICTITI\S RIVALRIES0 BETWE5 TWO *IEFS OV] LONG-DEAD CLAIMS NO REALLY C>$ AB\T ANYMORE1 :]E AT ANY NOTABLE POTLAT* :]E !Y W]E BO? 9 ATT5DANCE1 ONE MI<T DE/ROY A CANOE1 ! O!R A M9OR COPP]1 & BACK & =?1 EA* TRY+ TO \TDO ! O!R4 ,MO/ ( ?IS WAS REALLY JU/ ANO!R EXAMPLE ( FUN & %[MAN%IP1 BUT AT O!R TIMES1 SU* 0FI<T+ ) PROP]TY0 C\LD TAKE A MORE S]I\S TURN4 

,SOME TW5TIE?-C5TURY 9=MANTS CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ! DI/ANT PA/1 A NOBLE MI<T TRY TO EMB>RASS OR BELITTLE A RIVAL SIMPLY BY (F]+ HIM A SPL5DID GIFT1 SO AS TO D>E HIM TO TRY TO RETURN SOME?+ ( R\<LY EQUAL GR&EUR 7,DRUCK] & ,HEIZ] #a#i#f#g3#a#a#i74 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE ! CLASSIC GIFT SC5>IO1 BUT IT DOES NOT APPE> TO HAVE OCCURR$ 9 HI/ORIC TIMES4 ,EXAMPLES FROM HI/ORIC TIMES 9V>IABLY 9VOLVE DE/ROY+ SOME?+1 MO/ (T51 COPP]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF ONE NOBLE FELT ANO!R HAD 9 SOME WAY 9SULT$ HIM OR HIS FAMILY1 HE W\LD NORMALLY TAKE A VALUABLE COPP] & BREAK IT 9TO PIECES1 ?US 0KILL+0 IT1 GIV+ ! V>I\S PIECES TO O!R *IEFS1 & !N PRES5T+ ! ,T-%AP$ CROSS-PIECE TO ! CULPRIT1 :O W\LD !N BE CONSID]$ DEFEAT$ UNLESS HE WAS ABLE TO 0KILL0 A COPP] ( EQUAL VALUE ( HIS [N4.<#a#e#a.> ,SU* COPP]S C\LD /ILL BE PAT*$ BACK TOGE!R AGA93 ! RECIPI5T W\LD USUALLY BE ABLE TO SELL (F ! CROSS-PIECE = A CONSID]ABLE SUM TO SOME O!R *IEF 9T]E/$ 9 ASSEMBL+ ALL ! PIECES1 & ?US BE 9 A GOOD POSITION TO BUY A NEW COPP]2 = ?IS REASON1 A REALLY DET]M9$ RIVAL MI<T SIMPLY PRES5T+ ! CROSS-PIECE BRIEFLY & !N TAK+ IT (F%ORE TO 0DR[N0 IT 9 ! SEA4.<#a#e#b.> ,ANO!R FOCUS ( RIVALRY WAS OIL FEA/S1 9 :I* HO/S W\LD P\R \LA*5 OIL 9TO ! C5TRAL FIRE ( !IR H\SES UNTIL GUE/S' CLO!S W]E SCOR*$1 D>+ !M TO FL9*2 A RIVAL GUE/ MI<T-- ESPECIALLY IF HE FELT HE HAD ?R[N A GREAT] FEA/--RISE UP & TRY TO 0PUT \T ! FIRE0 BY ?R[+ 9 BLANKETS1 COPP]S1 & CANOES1 =C+ ! HO/ TO ANSW] HIM 9 K9D1 :I* C\LD1 ON OCCASION1 TURN 9TO :AT SEEM$ TO \TSIDE OBS]V]S LIKE P>OXYSMS ( DE/RUCTION1 9 :I* RIVAL *IEFS VI$ TO EXPRESS !IR CONTEMPT = WEAL? & !IR ABSOLUTE D$ICATION TO ! MAGNIFIC5T GE/URE4 

EX*ANGE & RECIPROCITY 

  

,MAORI HI/ORIES >E ALL AB\T RECIPROCITY--OR AT LEA/1 AB\T REV5GE--) NEXT TO NO?+ ON PROP]TY2 ,KWAKIUTL FAMILY HI/ORIES >E QUITE ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,9 FACT1 ONE ( ! /RIK+ ?+S AB\T ! ,KWAKIUTL MAT]IAL IS H[ LITTLE A ROLE RECIPROCITY PLAYS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A GREAT DEAL ( MISUND]/&+ ON ?IS PO9T 9 ! PA/1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE ( ,FRANZ ,BOAS' MI/AK5 IMPRESSION ?AT EV]Y?+ DI/RIBUT$ AT A POTLAT* EV5TUALLY HAD TO BE PAID BACK D\BLE4 ,?IS 9SPIR$ ,MAUSS TO WRITE ?AT 0! OBLIGATION TO RECIPROCATE CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( ! POTLAT*0 7.<#a#i#b#e.> #a#i#i3#d#a71 :I* 9 TURN HAS COLOR$ MO/ DISCUSSION ( ! SUBJECT S9CE4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 UND] NORMAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 !RE DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ANY OBLIGATION TO RECIPROCATE 9VOLV$4 ,FRANK ,CURTIS HAD ALREADY PO9T$ ?IS \T 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,:5 ! HO/ DI/RIBUT$ BLANKETS1 OR OIL1 OR O!R 0TRIFLES10 AT A POTLAT*1 HE DOES NOT APPE> TO HAVE PLAC$ ! RECIPI5TS UND] ANY SORT ( OBLIGATION AT ALL4 ,C]TA9LY NONE ( ! RECIPI5TS W\LD !N FEEL OBLIG$ TO HOLD A POTLAT* ( HIS [N & DI/RIBUTE PROP]TY TO HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T PEOPLE JU/ BECAUSE ! PREVI\S DONOR W\LD BE AMONG !M4 ,DRUCK] & ,HEIZ] 7#a#i#f#g3#c#g1 #e#f-#e#g7 OBS]V$ ?AT IF ! HO/ ( A POTLAT* HAD REC5TLY RECEIV$ SOME?+ FROM ONE ( HIS GUE/S1 HE MI<T GIVE ?AT P]SON A SOME:AT L>G] %>E ?AN ! O!RS 7SAY1 TWO CANS ( OIL 9/EAD ( JU/ ONE71 BUT :5 !Y ASK$ HO/S IF !Y EXPECT$ A RETURN1 ! NORMAL RESPONSE WAS ?AT OBVI\SLY ONLY A FRACTION ( ! GUE/S W]E LIKELY TO HOLD POTLAT*ES ( !IR [N AT ANY TIME 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 & ANYWAY1 NO ONE WAS KEEP+ PRECISE ACC\NTS4 ,CURTIS 7#a#i#a#e3#a#d#c1 ,TE/>T #a#i#i#h7 OBS]V$ ?AT IF A *IEF RECEIV+ GOODS AT A POTLAT* SO MU* AS REM>K$ ?AT HE HAD GIV5 MORE TO ! DONOR AT ONE ( HIS [N1 MO/ PEOPLE W\LD CONSID] ?IS TO HIS PR(\ND DISCR$IT1 S9CE A REAL *IEF %\LDN'T C>E4 

,9 ANO!R S5SE1 ?\<1 ! FACT ?AT SOME ( ! GUE/S W]E GO+ TO HOLD POTLAT*ES ( !IR [N WAS ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL4 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE ONE HELD A POTLAT* TO E/ABLI% ONE'S RI<T TO HOLD A TITLE4 ,IT WAS ONLY :5 ! =M] HO/ RECEIV$ PROP]TY UND] ?AT TITLE AT SOMEONE ELSE'S POTLAT* ?AT ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ! POTLAT* HAD SUCCE$$4 ,H5CE1 AT ONE'S [N POTLAT*1 ONE PASS$ JUDGM5T ON O!RS' /ATUS2 AT !IR POTLAT*ES1 !Y PASS$ JUDGM5T ON ONE'S [N 7,B>NETT #a#i#c#h1 #a#i#f#h2 ,ROSMAN & ,RUBEL #a#i#g#a74 ,9S(> AS ANY?+ EV5 REMOTELY LIKE 0REPAYM5T0 WAS 9VOLV$1 IT WAS NOT 9 ! OBJECT GIV5 7A M]E 0TRIFLE071 BUT 9 ! ACT ( RECOGNITION GIV+ IT 5TAIL$4 

,SO3 TITLES & RELAT$ CON/ITUTIVE PROP]TY W]E TRANSF]R$1 :E!R FROM P>5T TO *ILD1 OR FROM WIFE'S FA!R TO DAU<T]'S HUSB&1 )\T ANY 0OBLIGATION TO REPAY40 ,! TITLES W]E !N FA/5$ ON AT COLLECTIVE DI/RIBUTIONS1 :I* ALSO DID NOT 9VOLVE ANY PR9CIPLE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,9 FACT !RE >E ONLY A FEW CONTEXTS 9 :I* ONE CAN TALK AB\T RECIPROCITY3  

,9 0F9ANCE03 \TSIDE ( POTLAT*ES1 LOANS ( BLANKETS HAD TO BE REPAID AT RATES ( #c TO #a P] C5T4 ,?IS DOES NOT APPE> TO CREATE SOCIAL TIES1 ?\< IT USUALLY PROCE$S ALONG EXI/+ ONES4  

,9 M>RIAGE3 :ILE ! OV]ALL RELATION IS 5TIRELY LOPSID$ & UNRECIPROCAL1 A WIFE'S FA!R CAN 0BUY H] BACK40 ,?IS NOT ONLY DOES NOT CREATE ONGO+ TIES1 IT NEGATES EXI/+ ONES4  

,9 RIVALRY3 DIRECT *ALL5GES BETWE5 PEOPLE LEAD TO AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE GIFTS ! O!R CANNOT MAT*4  
  

,( ! ?REE1 IT'S ONLY 9 ! LA/ ?AT !RE IS ANY?+ LIKE ! CLASSIC DYNAMIC ( GIFT & C\NT]-GIFT4 ,O!RWISE1 ,KWAKIUTL EX*ANGE APPE>S TO HAVE WORK$ ON 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES4 

,P]HAPS ?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO TRY TO UNRAVEL ALL ( !SE PR9CIPLES2 BUT !RE IS ONE ?AT ,I ?9K IS ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL4 ,9S(> AS GIFTS W]E ID5TIFI$ ) ANY P>TY TO ! EX*ANGE1 IT WAS LESS ) ! GIV] ?AN ) ! RECIPI5T4 ,9 ! CASE ( CON/ITUTIVE PROP]TY1 ONE LIT]ALLY BECOMES :AT ONE IS GIV54 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES TO ACTS ( RIVALRY3 ! MA9 WAY ( MAK+ A *ALL5GE1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS TO 0KILL0 A COPP]1 :I* WAS AS WE'VE SE5 ID5TIFI$ ) A HUMAN LIFE1 & !N H& ! BROK5 PIECES TO ONE'S RIVAL4 ,DO+ SO WAS CONSID]$ ANALOG\S TO AN ACT ( VIOL5CE1 IT WAS 0/RIK+0 HIM4 ,& F9ALLY1 IT WAS 5TAIL$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( POTLAT* GIFTS BE=E ! ADV5T ( ,HUDSON ,BAY TRADE BLANKETS3 ! SK9S ( SEA MAMMALS LIKE SEALS & OTT]S W]E RES]V$ = HI< NOBILITY1 =E/ MAMMALS = O!R NOBLES1 C$>WOOD B>K ROBES = COMMON]S 7,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e3#a#c#f-#c#g2 ,SEWID-,SMI? #a#i#h#f3#f#c74 ,ALL ( :I* SUGGE/S :Y SU* G5]IC GIFTS1 AS1 BLANKETS1 OR SILV] BRACELETS1 OR ,S+] SEW+ MA*9ES W]E (FICIALLY DISDA9$ AS 0BAD ?+S10 ! DI/RIBUTION ( :I* C\LD ITSELF BE SE5 AS A K9D ( ASSAULT ON ! RECIPI5TS4 ,!Y W]E BAD BECAUSE !Y W]E ALL ! SAME4 ,A POTLAT* TURN$ ON A CONTRA/ BETWE5 TWO SORTS ( TRANSF]3 ! HO/ RECEIV$ A UNIQUE TITLE1 ?US DEF9+ HIMSELF AS UNIQUE & P>TICUL>1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME DEF9+ ! GUE/S AS FACELESS & G5]IC 9 COMP>ISON4 ,IT WAS A WAY ( REPRODUC+1 9 MAT]IAL T]MS1 ! RELATION ( ! P>TICUL>1 0SPECIFIC0 ACTOR & FACELESS SPECTATORS4 ,EV5 IF1 IRONICALLY1 HE HAD TO WAIT UNTIL HE WAS HIMSELF A GUE/ & WAS RECOGNIZ$ UND] ?AT TITLE = ! VALUE ?US PRODUC$ TO BE COMPLETELY REALIZ$4 

,AGA91 ALL ?IS IS ALMO/ AN EXACT 9V]SION ( ! ,MAORI PR9CIPLE BY :I* IMPORTANT VALUABLES W\LD CONT9UE TO BE ID5TIFI$ ) ! GIV]4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! DIFF]5CES1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO MAKE A MORE SY/EMATIC COMP>ISON4 

CONCLUSIONS ,I3 UNRAVEL+ SOME ?+S 

  

,WE HAVE OBVI\SLY COME A LONG WAY FROM ,L59'S ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY4 ,LET'S SEE IF WE CAN'T TIE SOME ( ! MANY ?READS ( ?IS *APT] TOGE!R4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 :AT CONCLUSIONS CAN WE COME TO AB\T ! RELATIONS ( P]SONS & ?+S8 ,H]E1 ,I ?9K WE CAN SAY ?AT ,MAUSS' OV]ALL CONCLUSIONS HAVE BE5 QUITE CLE>LY CONFIRM$4 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 ! MO/ VALUABLE OBJECTS 9 GIFT ECONOMIES >E VALU$ PRIM>ILY BECAUSE !Y EMBODY SOME HUMAN QUALITY1 :E!R ?IS BE ! CREATIVE POT5TIAL ( HUMAN ACTION1 OR F]TILITY1 OR ! LIKE1 OR P>TICUL> HI/ORIES & ID5TITIES ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 A*IEV$4 

,( C\RSE1 ,I'VE ALREADY >GU$ SOME?+ SIMIL> AB\T M>KET ECONOMIES AS WELL2 BUT H]E1 ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! IDEAL ( ! COMPLETE DETA*ABILITY ( P]SONS & ?+S 7:I* ,MAUSS EMPHASIZ$7 IS P>T ( ?AT SAME OV]ALL MOVEM5T ?AT L$ ALSO TO ! SEP>ATION ( ! SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 EMPHASIZ$ BY ,M>X1 :I* ALL[S !SE ESS5TIAL L9KS TO BE OBSCUR$4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT IS NOT GIFT ECONOMIES BUT M>KET ECONOMIES ?AT D5Y 0! TRUE SOIL ( !IR [N LIFE10 S9CE !Y >E CON/ANTLY OBSCUR+ ! FACT ?AT ALL 0ECONOMIC0 ACTIVITY IS ULTIMATELY A MEANS TO ! CREATION ( C]TA9 SORTS ( P]SON4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE ?+ ?AT HAS DEF9ITELY EM]G$ IS ?AT GIFT ECONOMIES CAN V>Y 5ORM\SLY 9 H[ !Y DO ?IS2 & P>TICUL>LY1 9 H[ P]SONAL ID5TITIES BECOME 5TANGL$ 9 ?+S--F> MORE1 ONE SUSPECTS1 ?AN ,MAUSS HIMSELF W\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 ,TWO ( HIS KEY EXAMPLES SEEM TO REPRES5T ! LIMITS ( POSSIBILITY 9 EI!R DIRECTION4 ,TO PUT ! MATT] SUCC9CTLY3 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,MAORI HEIRLOOMS W]E SO CAU<T UP 9 ! ID5TITIES ( ! [N] ?AT !Y C\LDN'T REALLY BE GIV5 AWAY AT ALL2 AMONG ! ,KWAKIUTL1 !Y W]E SO ID5TIFI$ ) A P>TICUL> P]SON ?AT IF GIV5 AWAY1 ! RECIPI5T BECAME ! P]SON :O ! GIV] US$ TO BE4 ,AT EI!R EXTREME1 ID5TIFICATION DOES NOT FACILITATE RECIPROCITY4 ,IT MAKES RECIPROCITY IMPOSSIBLE4 

P9K CADILLACS & AUTOGRAPH$ BASEBALLS 

  

,SU* APP>5TLY EXOTIC PRACTICES MI<T SEEM TO PUT SOME /RA9 ON ,MAUSS' ASSUMPTION ?AT WE >E DEAL+ ) A MORAL LOGIC ?AT1 9 ITS MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS AT LEA/1 EXI/S EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT IT'S NOT H>D TO F9D FAMILI> P>ALLELS4 ,9 ! CASE :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ 0CON/ITUTIVE PROP]TY10 ! MO/ OBVI\S ONE IS 9H]ITANCE4 ,:5 A ,KWAKIUTL >I/OCRAT PASSES HIS NAME1 ) ALL ITS ATT5DANT RI<TS1 CO/UMES1 & P>APH]NALIA1 ON TO HIS SON ?IS IS CLE>LY A COMB9ATION ( :AT WE'D CALL 09H]ITANCE0 & :AT WE'D CALL 0SUCCESSION TO (FICE40 ,EV5 :5 A MAN PASSES A ,W9T] ,C]EMONIAL NAME TO HIS DAU<T]'S HUSB&1 IT IS USUALLY TO BE HELD 9 TRU/ = HIS GR&*ILDR54 ,EV5 9 \R [N SOCIETY 9H]ITANCE IS ! MO/ COMMON1 & AMBIGU\S1 =M ( GIFT3 ON ! ONE H&1 TO PASS ON ONE'S WEAL? IS OBVI\SLY NOT AN ACT ( PURE SELF-9T]E/2 ON ! O!R1 IT IS GIFTS ( ?IS SORT ?AT >E RESPONSIBLE = MO/ ( SOCIETY'S FUNDAM5TAL 9EQUALITIES4 

,ONE MI<T PROPOSE !N ?AT AMONG ,KWAKWALA SPEAK]S1 ALL GIFTS OP]AT$ A BIT LIKE WE ASSUME 9H]ITANCE TO OP]ATE4 ,BUT ?IS IS ONLY A FIR/ APPROXIMATION4 

,ON A DEEP] LEVEL1 IT MI<T BE USEFUL TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 TWO MODALITIES ( GIFT-GIV+3 ONE ( :I* TURNS PRIM>ILY ON ! ID5TITY ( ! GIV]1 ! O!R1 ON ! RECIPI5T4 ,AGA91 LET'S TAKE A FAMILI> EXAMPLE4 ,MANY CELEBRITIES-- ROCK />S1 BALL PLAY]S1 MOVIE />S-->E 9 ! HABIT ( GIV+ AWAY TOK5S ( !MSELVES TO FANS !Y HAPP5 TO MEET3 BITS ( CLO?+1 OR JEWELRY1 A GUIT> PICK OR ! LIKE2 SO1 9 MANY TIMES & PLACES1 HAVE K+S & HOLY M54 ,9 CASES LIKE ?IS ONE MI<T WELL SAY ! GIV] GIVES A FRAGM5T ( HIMSELF1 9 ! WAY ,MAUSS PROPOSES2 ONE ?AT ! RECIPI5T WILL !N KEEP AS A WAY ( VIC>I\SLY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! GIV]'S ID5TITY4 ,BUT ?AT RECIPI5T DOES NOT REALLY BECOME MORE LIKE ,ELVIS = HAV+ BE5 GIV5 A RH9E/ONE ORNAM5T1 OR A ,CADILLAC1 OR MORE LIKE ,D>RYL ,/RAWB]RY = [N+ A BASEBALL HE HIT \T ( ! FIELD1 OR MORE LIKE ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BECAUSE %E HAS ! P5 ) :I* HE SIGN$ AN IMPORTANT PIECE ( LEGISLATION4 ,NEI!R1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! RECIPI5T 9 SU* CASES UND] ANY OBLIGATION TO MAKE A RETURN GIFT2 TO GIVE A PIECE ( ONE'S [N CLO!S1 OR ONE'S [N P51 W\LD BE RA!R 9SULT+ 7OR AT BE/ COMICAL72 RA!R1 ONE C\LD SAY ! V]Y WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT SU* AN OBJECT IS AN ACT ( RECOGNITION 9 ! ,KWAKIUTL S5SE4 

,AT ! O!R EXTREME1 CONSID] A BADGE ( (FICE4 ,SU* BADGES CAN AT ! V]Y LEA/ BE CONSID]$ 0EMBLEMATIC PROP]TY10 9 ?AT ONLY A POLICEMAN IS LEGALLY ALL[$ TO POSSESS A POLICEMAN'S BADGE1 & ONLY ! ,5GLI% SOV]EIGN CAN WE> ! ,CR[N ,JEWELS4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ?\<1 MATT]S GO EV5 FUR!R1 & SU* BADGES BECOME CON/ITUTIVE3 ! BADGE IS ! (FICE1 OR AT LEA/ SO ONE IS TOLD1 & :OEV] TAKES POSSESSION ( IT !REBY ACC$ES TO IT4 ,9 ! ,ANKOLE K+DOM 9 :AT IS N[ ,UG&A1 AN ANCI5T DRUM1 KEPT 9 A %R9E 9 ! ROYAL COMP\ND1 WAS CONSID]$ ! REAL EMBODIM5T ( ! UNITY ( ! K+DOM & ITS PEOPLE 7,OB]G #a#i#d3#a#e-#e#g74.<#a#e#c.> ,ON ! DEA? ( A K+1 HIS HEIRS FI<T A W> = ITS POSSESSION1 0& MANY ,BANYANKOLE CLAIM ?AT IF A =EIGN K+ W]E ABLE TO CAPTURE ! ROYAL DRUM HE W\LD AUTOMATICALLY BECOME ,K+ ( ,ANKOLE0 7IBID3#a#e#f74 ,?IS IS CLE>LY 0CON/ITUTIVE PROP]TY40 ,?\< ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT 9 ALMO/ ALL SU* CASES1 WE >E DEAL+ ) SOME?+ ( A FIGURE ( SPEE*3 A D>+ =EIGN BURGL> :O MADE (F ) ! DRUM PRESUMABLY W\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE MU* ( A CLAIM ON ! K+DOM4 ,! 0DRUM0 9 O!R WORDS WAS REALLY A METONYM = A :OLE PACKAGE ( RI<TS & PROP]TIES1 9CLUD+ ! ROYAL COMP\ND ITSELF1 MU* 9 ! WAY ,KWAKIUTL PROP]TY APPE>S TO HAVE BE54 

,EV5 ?IS SORT ( PR9CIPLE IS NOT SO EXOTIC AS ONE MI<T ?9K4 ,AN ,5GLI% DUK$OM 9CLUDES A MANORIAL RESID5CE1 AN 5TAIL$ E/ATE 9CLUD+ MANORIAL L&S1 ! RI<T TO USE C]TA9 H]ALDIC EMBLEMS1 & SO ON4 ,9 EFFECT1 :OEV] COMES 9TO POSSESSION ( !SE ?+S IS ! ,DUKE4 ,TRUE1 !RE >E RULES ?AT 5SURE ?AT ?IS CANNOT BE JU/ ANYONE1 & C]TA9LY SOMEONE :O SIMPLY MURD]$ ! DUKE & OCCUPI$ ! PLACE ) A B& ( ?UGS W\LD NOT !REBY BECOME NOBILITY4 ,SO ONE MI<T SAY !SE >E EMBLEMATIC BUT NOT CON/ITUTIVE4 ,BUT IF SO1 ?IS IS L>GELY BECAUSE ! ,5GLI% NOBILITY IS PRES]V$ AS A K9D ( MUSEUM PIECE3 9 ! T5? C5TURY ?IS APPROA* MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVE4 ,AS ) ! ,ANKOLE K+'S /OOL1 ONE SEEMS TO BE DEAL+ ) ACCESS TO A K9D ( PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS1 PROP]TIES ?AT >E EMBLEMATIC ( RULE BECAUSE !Y PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ! CONT9UAL CREATION ( A MY/IQUE ( (FICE2 ( JU/ ! SORT ( EVOCATIVE DISPLAY DESCRIB$ 9 *APT] #d1 SO TYPICAL ( >I/OCRACIES1 9 :I* A HI/ORY ( PA/ ACTS ( RECOGNITION OR OBEISANCE IS SE5 AS EM]G+ FROM ! NATURE ( ! OBJECTS !MSELVES4 ,& ( C\RSE IF A DUKE W]E TO PASS HIS TITLE & ATT5DANT P>APH]NALIA TO AN ADOPT$ SUCCESSOR1 & ?AT W\LD BE 9 EFFECT GIV+ ! DUK$OM AS A GIFT4 

,SO :Y1 !N1 DOES ! ID5TITY ( ! MOD]N CELEBRITY NOT RUB (F 9 A SIMIL> WAY1 IF ONLY SLI<TLY1 ) ! TRANSF] ( GUIT> PICKS OR AUTOGRAPH$ PHOTOS8 ,! ANSW]1 ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT ! CELEBRITY'S MY/IQUE--IF ONE WI%ES TO CALL IT ?AT--IS SE5 AS BE+ D]IV$ NOT FROM AN EXT]IOR APP>ATUS1 BUT FROM )94 ,! GREAT BLUES GUIT>I/ ,B4 ,B4 ,K+1 = EXAMPLE1 NEV] GOES ANY:]E )\T HIS FAM\S GUIT>1 :I* IS CALL$ ,LUCILLE4 ,ALMO/ ANY BLUES FAN IS LIKELY TO KN[ ?IS4 ,BUT EV5 IF ,B4 ,B4 ,K+ W]E TO GIVE AWAY ,LUCILLE1 IT W\LDN'T MAKE ! RECIPI5T ANY MORE LIKE ,B4 ,B4 ,K+ BECAUSE :AT MAKES ,B4 ,B4 ,K+ FAM\S IS ULTIMATELY NOT HIS GUIT> BUT HIS ABILITY TO PLAY IT4 ,! CELEBRITY'S ID5TITY DOES NOT C>RY OV] TO ! RECIPI5T BECAUSE IT WAS SE5 AS HAV+ BE5 D]IV$ FROM 9SIDE1 FROM SOME 9T]IOR ESS5CE OR CAPACITY 7:I* WE USUALLY LABEL 0TAL5T07 RA!R ?AN FROM ANY?+ HE OR %E [NS4.<#a#e#d.> 

,9 A SY/EM LIKE ! ,KWAKIUTL1 !SE CAPACITIES >E ALI5AT$ ONTO PROP]TY4 ,EV5 ! RI<T TO S+ A C]TA9 SONG OR TELL A C]TA9 /ORY IS (T5 [N$ BY A SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! RI<T TO PLAY A SPECIFIC ROLE 9 GREAT RITUAL P]=MANCES IS DEP5D5T ON [N+ ! P>APH]NALIA4 ,ONE MI<T SAY H]E ! KEY ISSUE W\LD BE NOT ! ABILITY TO PLAY ! BLUES BUT ! RI<T TO DO SO1 :I* POSSESSION ( ,LUCILLE C\LD1 9 SU* A SY/EM1 GIVE Y\4 

,! ,MAORI_/,KWAKIUTL COMP>ISON1 9 TURN1 ALL[S US TO ADD NUANCE TO SOME ( ! DI/9CTIONS MAPP$ \T 9 *APT] #d4 ,MONEY1 ,I NOT$1 BE+ G5]IC1 CANNOT ACCUMULATE HI/ORY1 & H5CE CANNOT ADD TO ! HOLD]'S ID5TITY4 ,UNLESS1 ?AT IS1 ONE HAS A V]Y L>GE AM\NT ( IT4 ,AT TIME ( WRIT+1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BILL ,GATES1 F\ND] ( ,MICROS(T1 IS FAM\S PRIM>ILY = BE+ ! RI*E/ MAN ON E>?4 ,IF ,BILL ,GATES W]E TO WAKE UP ONE MORN+ & DECIDE TO SIGN OV] HIS 5TIRE =TUNE TO ME 7& 9CID5TALLY1 9 ! UNLIKELY CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ,BILL ,GATES IS READ+ ?IS3 ?IS MI<T NOT BE AN ALTOGE!R BAD IDEA71 ,I MI<T NOT !REBY BECOME ! F\ND] ( ,MICROS(T OR A BRILLIANT SALESMAN1 BUT ,I W\LD BECOME ! RI*E/ MAN ON E>?4 ,I WILL HAVE ACC$$ TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( HIS CURR5T ID5TITY4 ,N[1 IT MI<T SEEM ODD ?AT ?IS CAN BE TRUE ( MONEY--! ULTIMATE1 G5]IC1 HI/ORYLESS /UFF--& NOT ( SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL OBJECTS LIKE ,LUCILLE2 BUT H]E91 ,I ?9K1 LIES A H9T AS TO :AT IS REALLY GO+ ON4 ,IF ,BILL ,GATES W]E TO GIVE ME ! RI<TS TO SOME S(TW>E HE DESIGN$1 IT W\LD NOT MAKE ME ! DESIGN]4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( MONEY'S RESI/ANCE TO HI/ORY ?AT ITS ID5TITY DOES NOT CL+ TO ! =M] [N]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 FACT1 ) A ,KWAKIUTL DANCE TITLE4 ,CON/ITUTIVE PROP]TY ( ?IS SORT DOES NOT *ANGE 9 ITS ESS5CE--OR P]HAPS WE %\LD BETT] SAY1 9 !ORY %\LD NOT *ANGE 9 ITS ESS5CE--BECAUSE ( ANY ACTIONS A PREVI\S HOLD] MI<T HAVE UND]TAK54 ,H[ WELL1 OR H[ BADLY1 ANY =M] [N] DANC$ ! ,BE> ,DANCE AT PA/ W9T] FE/IVALS IS QUITE IRRELEVANT4 ,! 9T]NAL CAPACITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 9VOLV$ >E NOT AN ISSUE4 ,EV]Y?+ IS ALI5AT$ ONTO ! OBJECT4 ,?IS IS EQUALLY TRUE REG>D+ ! DUKE'S 5TAIL$ E/ATE3 IT IS A NOTORI\S FEATURE ( >I/OCRACIES ( ?IS SORT ?AT EV5 IF ! DUKE TURNS \T TO BE A ,COMMUNI/1 OR IS CONV9C$ ?AT HE IS ,JESUS ,*RI/1 IT DOES NOT MAKE HIM LESS A DUKE1 ANY MORE ?AN A ,CA?OLIC PRIE/'S SEXUAL 9DISCRETIONS %\LD MAKE HIM LESS QUALIFI$ TO P]=M ! ,EU*>I/4 ,NEI!R %\LD ! DUK$OM *ANGE 9 ITS NATURE AFT]W>DS AS A RESULT4 

,IF SO1 ! CRUCIAL FACT AB\T ,MAORI-/YLE HEIRLOOMS W\LD SEEM TO BE ?AT !Y >E NOT 5TIRELY RESI/ANT TO HI/ORY3 AS WE'VE SE5 9 ! CASE ( ! DOGSK9 CLOAK ,PIPI-TE-,WAI1 5TANGLEM5T 9 DRAMATIC HI/ORICAL EV5TS CAN ]ASE !IR =M] SIGNIFICANCE & GIVE !M AN 5TIRELY NEW ONE4 ,?IS MI<T SEEM TO CONTRADICT ,WE9]'S NOTION ( 09ALI5ABILITY10 BUT ,I DON'T ?9K IT REALLY DOES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ,MAORI TAONGA C\LD NOT ABSORB ! ID5TITIES ( !IR [N]S1 !N !Y W\LD /ILL BELONG NOT TO ! GIV] BUT TO :OEV] FIR/ MADE !M--& 9 FACT1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE1 ! ID5TITY ( ?AT P]SON WASN'T EV5 KN[N4 ,RA!R1 !Y T5D$ TO BECOME ID5TIFI$ ) A L9EAGE ?R\< A CUMULATIVE HI/ORY ( BE+ PASS$ ON1 US$1 LO/ & RECOV]$1 PROTECT$ & MA9TA9$4 ,KWAKIUTL TREASURES1 ON ! O!R H&1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY RECEIV$ !IR HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 A S+LE DRAMATIC EV5T 9 ! DI/ANT PA/4 ,EI!R SOME MY?IC BE+ CAME TO E>? & BECAME HUMAN1 OR SOME H]OIC HUMAN PASS$ 9TO ! ,O!R ,WORLD & 5C\NT]$ ONE2 SIMIL> EV5TS C\LD P]HAPS /ILL HAPP5 9 ! PRES5T DAY1 BUT 9 ?AT CASE !Y W\LD ADD NEW TREASURES1 NOT TRANS=M OLD ONES2 !RE=E1 A TREASURE'S VALUE & SIGNIFICANCE WAS SE5 AS P]MAN5TLY FIX$4 ,IT W\LD MA9LY BE US$ TO RE5ACT ! ORIG9AL EV5T1 9 EV5TS ?AT W]E ?US BY DEF9ITION SO M9OR 9 COMP>ISON !Y C\LD DO LITTLE TO *ANGE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! OBJECT4 

,?IS ATTITUDE T[>D HI/ORY HELPS TO EXPLA9 ONE O!RWISE RA!R PUZZL+ SIMIL>ITY 9 ,KWAKIUTL & ,MAORI ATTITUDES T[>D !IR TREASURES4 ,BO? !SE SOCIETIES >E FAM\S = !IR SPECTACUL> VISUAL >TS2 YET 9 EI!R CASE1 ! CREATIVITY ( ! >TI/S :O ACTUALLY DESIGN$ MO/ ( !SE OBJECTS WAS NOT ORD9>ILY CONSID]$ A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 !IR VALUE--EV5 IF 9 EA* CASE ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 = COMPLETELY DIFF]5T REASONS4 ,KWAKIUTL >TI/S 7:O >E MO/LY *IEFS7 >E MA9LY SE5 TO BE SIMPLY REPRODUC+ TREASURES :OSE PROTOTYPES W]E GIV5 TO HUMANS 9 ! ANCI5T PA/2 C>V+ A NEW MASK1 OR CRE/1 OR FEA/ DI% IS NOT SE5 AS CREATION BUT RE-CREATION1 AN ACT ON ! SAME LEVEL AS P]=MANCE4 ,! REASON :Y ! ROLE ( ,MAORI >TI/S 7:O >E ALSO SUPPOS$ TO BE ( >I/OCRATIC RANK7 9 CREAT+ HEIRLOOMS WAS SO R>ELY M5TION$ SEEMS MORE COMPLICAT$1 BUT ,I MI<T SUGGE/ TWO FACTORS4 ,ONE IS ?AT IF ! MEAN+ ( AN OBJECT IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! >TI/IC CREATIVITY ( ITS CREATOR1 ITS MEAN+ IS 9 EFFECT FIX$ FROM ! BEG9N+3 AS 9 \R [N SY/EM1 :]E EV5 5TANGLEM5T 9 QUITE DRAMATIC EV5TS WILL HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON ! MEAN+ ASCRIB$ TO A ,MATISSE OR ,MI*ELANGELO4 ,ANO!R IS ?AT ! PRIM>Y HUMAN VALUE 9 ,AOTE>OA FOCUS$ ON A LOGIC NOT ( CREATION BUT APPROPRIATION4 ,H]E ?\< WE GET BACK TO ! CRUX ( ! PROBLEM ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,MAORI & ,KWAKIUTL SY/EMS ( VALUE4 

A F9AL COMP>ISON 

  

,= MU* ( ! *APT]1 ,I HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ A SET ( SY/EMATIC CONTRA/S BETWE5 ,MAORI & ,KWAKIUTL COSMOLOGIES1 SY/EMS ( VALUE1 & PATT]NS ( EX*ANGE4 ,P]HAPS IT W\LD BE HELPFUL TO PLACE ! MO/ SALI5T ( !M ALONGSIDE ONE ANO!R ON ! FOLL[+ TABLE3 

,MAORI3 ,KWAKIUTL3  

,S+LE OV]>*+ COGNATIC DESC5T SY/EM  

,ELABORATE PHILOSOPHY ( 9T]IOR_/9VISIBLE_/G5]IC P[]S ) TAONGA 7! MO/ IMPORTANT ITEMS ( WEAL?7 AS IMPORTANT SPECIFIC EXCEPTIONS  

,RECIPROCITY AS 5DLESS !ME 9 /ORIES  

,V]Y LITTLE EMPHASIS ON PROP]TY 9 HI/ORIES  

,EMPHASIS ON SELF-REALIZATION ?R\< APPROPRIATION  

,GIFTS MA9TA9 ! ID5TITY ( ! GIV]  

,GR\PS ( UTT]LY HET]OG5E\S ORIG9S  

,NEXT TO NO !ORY ( S\L1 EMPHASIS ON SURFACES1 ) COPP]S 7! MO/ IMPORTANT ITEMS ( WEAL?7 AS IMPORTANT G5]IC EXCEPTIONS4  

,LITTLE RECIPROCITY EXCEPT 9 ANTAGONI/IC RELATIONS  

,HI/ORIES AB\T NO?+ BUT TRANSF]S ( PROP]TY  

,EMPHASIS ON SELF-REALIZATION ?R\< GIV+  

,GIFTS CON/ITUTE ! ID5TITY ( RECIPI5T  
  

,ONE C\LD GO EV5 FUR!R4 ,MAORI ?\<T IS DOM9AT$ BY A METAPHYSICAL !ORY ( P[]S & DYNAMIC ESS5CES1 :I* TAKES ITS HI<E/ =M 9 ! >CANE LORE ( ! PRIE/LY 0,H\SE ( ,SECRETS02 IT SEEMS ONLY APPROPRIATE !N ?AT ! ,KWAKIUTL EMPHASIS ON =MS & SURFACES TOOK ITS HI<E/ =M 9/EAD 9 MOM5TS ( PUBLIC !ATRICAL DISPLAY4 ,:AT'S MORE DIFFICULT TO ACC\NT = IS H[ ALL ?IS LEADS TO ! LA/ TWO T]MS ON ! TABLE4 

,H]E1 IT MAY BE REM>K$1 ! TWO SY/EMS (T5 LOOK LIKE PRECISE MIRROR IMAGES ( ONE ANO!R4 ,9 SOME CASES ITS REALLY QUITE EXTRAORD9>ILY4 ,AMONG BO? ,MAORI & ,KWAKIUTL1 = EXAMPLE1 IT WAS ! CU/OM ?AT IF AN IMPORTANT MAN MADE A MAJOR SOCIAL FAUX PAS1 SAY1 BY 9JUR+ HIMSELF OR VIOLAT+ SOME RITUAL RE/RICTION1 OR 79 ! ,KWAKIUTL CASE7 BE+ CAU<T >GU+ ) HIS WIFE 9 PUBLIC1 ! ONLY WAY TO RE/ORE HIS /ATUS WAS TO D5UDE HIM 5TIRELY ( HIS POSSESSIONS4 ,! MAJOR DIFF]5CE3 9 ! ,KWAKIUTL CASE1 IT IS ! *IEF HIMSELF :O 9VITES EV]YONE PRES5T 9TO HIS H\SE & BIDS !M TAKE AWAY ALL !Y CAN C>RY2 9 ! ,MAORI CU/OM ( MURU1 ! MAN'S K9 ORGANIZE A RAID+ P>TY & PRET5D TO APPROPRIATE HIS GOODS BY =CE1 EV5 :5 !Y >E REALLY ACT+ ) HIS COMPLETE ACQUIESC5CE4 ,! CU/OM IS PRECISELY ! SAME1 EXCEPT 9 ! ONE H& ! IDIOM IS ( COMPLETE1 OP5H&$ G5]OSITY2 9 ! O!R1 AGGRESSIVE APPROPRIATION4 

,:Y8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ! EASIE/ WAY TO RESOLVE ! CONUNDRUM IS TO EXAM9E ! K9D ( DILEMMAS EA* COSMOLOGICAL SY/EM CREATES = A W\LDBE HI/ORICAL ACTOR4 ,AN AMBITI\S ,MAORI WAS ! PRODUCT ( A GIGANTIC G5EALOGICAL SY/EM ( G5]ATION ?AT GAVE HIM ! RI<T TO MAKE C]TA9 CLAIMS OV] O!RS' ALLEGIANCES1 BUT ALMO/ EV]YONE ELSE HAD ANALOG\S RI<TS TO SOME DEGREE OR ANO!R4 ,TO TURN !M 9TO REALITY WAS A MATT] ( ASSEMBL+ PEOPLE AB\T ONE BUT 9 ! PROCESS DIFF]5TIAT+ ONESELF FROM !M4 ,TO PUT IT 9 ANO!R WAY3 ,MAORI ACTORS W]E >M$ ) G5]IC P[]S1 BUT ?OSE P[]S W]E1 9 ESS5CE1 ! P[] TO MAKE ONESELF AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT WAS ! PECULI> EFFECT ( ,MAORI COSMOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AS ,S*WIMM] PO9T$ \T1 ?AT S9CE ! G5]ATIVE P[] ( ! GODS WAS :AT MADE PEOPLE FUNDAM5TALLY ! SAME1 DIFF]5TIATION WAS SE5 AS AN EFFECT ( CONFLICT & /RIFE4 ,APPROPRIATION1 & 9 P>TICUL> VIOL5T OR IMPLICITLY VIOL5T 9CORPORATION ( L&1 PROP]TY1 OR P]SONS1 WAS ! CORRESPOND+ SOCIAL =M4 ,IT WAS ! MEANS ?R\< :I* ONE E/ABLI%$ ONE'S UNIQUE HI/ORICAL ID5TITY4 ,= AN AMBITI\S ,KWAKIUTL ! FUNDAM5TAL HI/ORICAL DILEMMA WAS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL ID5TITIES !RE W]E APL5TY4 ,! PROBLEM WAS NOT1 AS IT WAS = ! ,MAORI1 ONE ( H[ TO SET ONESELF (F FROM SOCIETY 7A SOCIETY ?AT ULTIMATELY EMBRAC$ ! 5TIRE COSMOS71 BUT RA!R ( H[ TO CREATE SOCIETY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,BECAUSE !RE WAS NO ASSUMPTION ( A FUNDAM5TAL PRIOR UNITY OR EV5 NECESS>Y CONNECTION BETWE5 MO/ ,KWAKWALA SPEAK]S--A UNITY ?AT1 ,I MU/ HA/5 TO PO9T \T1 LOGICALLY DID HAVE EXI/ ON SOME LEVEL1 AT LEA/ A CULTURAL ONE1 OR ELSE PEOPLE W\LD NOT HAVE %>$ ! COMMON ASSUMPTION ?AT IT DID NOT4 ,! DILEMMA !N WAS NOT AB\T SELF-DEF9ITION BUT AB\T ! DEF9ITION ( O!RS4 ,9 ?IS LI<T1 ! POTLAT* WAS A ME*ANISM = ! 5DLESS RE-CREATION ( SOCIETY3 SOCIETY DEF9$1 AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ IT IS SO (T5 DEF9$1 ESS5TIALLY AS A POT5TIAL AUDI5CE1 ! TOTALITY ( ?OSE PEOPLE :OSE OP9IONS MATT] TO A SOCIAL ACTOR4 ,REPRODUC+ SOCIETY IS AB\T ASSEMBL+ & HAV+ A DRAMATIC EFFECT ON AUDI5CE2 ?IS IS ! AIM ( REALLY SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL ACTION2 GIFTS1 & ACCOMPANY+ RECOGNITION1 CORRESPOND+LY ITS M$IUM & ITS F9AL REALIZATION4 

CONCLUSIONS ,I,I3 POLITICAL & MORAL CONCLUSIONS 

  

,MY HABIT ( US+ EXAMPLES LIKE ,AM]ICAN CELEBRITIES OR TYCOONS AS A WAY TO COME TO GRIPS ) APP>5TLY EXOTIC PRACTICES MI<T SEEM A BIT =C$1 BUT REALLY IT IS A QUITE 9T5TIONAL /RATEGY4 ,IT IS MY WAY ( DECL>+ MY SYMPA?IES = ,MAUSS' [N 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT1 :I* WAS TO EXPLORE ! COMMON MORAL BASIS ( ALL HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,( C\RSE MY COMP>ISON ( ! ,MAORI & ,KWAKIUTL MI<T SEEM TO T5D 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 TO %[ JU/ H[ DIFF]5T EV5 GIFT ECONOMIES CAN BE2 BUT 9 FACT1 EV5 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,MAORI & ,KWAKIUTL >E L>GELY DIFF]5CES ( EMPHASIS4 ,= ALL ! ,MAORI EMPHASIS ON APPROPRIATION1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! EX*ANGE ( FOOD1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE FEA/S1 ! ,MAORI (T5 DID TRY TO \TDO EA* O!R 9 G5]OSITY 9 WAYS /RIK+LY REM9ISC5T ( ! POTLAT*4.<#a#e#e.> 

,! PROBLEM IS ALWAYS ONE ( F9D+ VIABLE T]MS ( COMP>ISON1 & 9 ?IS CASE ,I ?9K ! PROBLEM IS P>TICUL>LY ACUTE4 ,MAUSS' [N T]M9OLOGY-- ! 0POTLAT*10 ! 0TOTAL PRE/ATION10 0! GIFT10 0RECIPROCITY0--S]V$ WELL 5\< = MAK+ BROAD MORAL PO9TS AB\T ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET1 BUT AS T]MS ( CROSS-CULTURAL COMP>ISON1 !Y >E BLUNT 9/RUM5TS3 EXTREMELY IMPRECISE4 ,9 FACT1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! MUDD9ESS ( HIS T]MS MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = HIM TO FRAME HIS BASIC QUE/IONS--P>TICUL>LY1 0,:Y IS ?AT GIFTS HAVE TO BE REPAID80--9 A WAY ?AT !Y C\LD BE MEAN+FULLY ANSW]$4.<#a#e#f.> ,NOT ?AT ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#e7 DID MU* BETT]3 9 FACT1 ! T]M HE FIX$ ON TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM1 0RECIPROCITY10 IS REALLY ! BLUNTE/ 9/RUM5T ( ALL4 ,AS CURR5TLY US$1 0RECIPROCITY0 CAN MEAN ALMO/ ANY?+4 ,IT IS V]Y CLOSE TO MEAN+LESS4 

SO3 :Y DO GIFTS HAVE TO BE REPAID8 

  

,AS %\LD BE OBVI\S BY N[1 GIFTS DO NOT ALWAYS HAVE TO BE REPAID4 ,! QUE/ION %\LD REALLY BE3 ,:5 DO !Y HAVE TO BE REPAID8 ,:AT SORT ( GIFTS8 ,9 :AT CIRCUM/ANCES8 ,& :AT PRECISELY CAN C\NT AS A REPAYM5T8 

,! CONCLUSION W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID HAD ,MAUSS MADE A S]I\S EF=T TO EXPLORE HIS [N NOTION ( ! 0TOTAL PRE/ATION0 7:I* HE ALSO REF]R$ TO AS 0TOTAL RECIPROCITY071 9/EAD ( MOV+ DIRECTLY TO 0! POTLAT*40 ,BECAUSE 9 ! =M]1 GIFTS DO NOT HAVE TO BE REPAID4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE UNLIKE COMPETITIVE GIFT EX*ANGE1 0TOTAL PRE/ATIONS0 CREAT$ P]MAN5T RELATION%IPS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 RELATIONS ?AT W]E P]MAN5T PRECISELY BECAUSE !RE WAS NO WAY TO CANCEL !M \T BY A REPAYM5T4 ,! DEM&S ONE SIDE C\LD MAKE ON ! O!R W]E OP5 5D$ BECAUSE !Y W]E P]MAN5T2 NO?+ W\LD BE MORE ABSURD ?AN = ! MEMB] ( AN ,IROQUOIS MOIETY TO KEEP C\NT ( H[ MANY ( ! O!R'S SIDE DEAD EA* HAD REC5TLY BURI$1 TO SEE :I* WAS AHEAD4 ,?IS IS :Y ,MAUSS CONSID]$ !M 0COMMUNI/IC03 !Y CORRESPOND$ TO ,L\IS ,BLANC'S FAM\S PHRASE 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,MO/ ( US TREAT \R CLOSE/ FRI5DS ?IS WAY4 ,NO ACC\NTS NE$ BE KEPT BECAUSE ! RELATION IS NOT TREAT$ AS IF IT WILL EV] 5D4 ,:ATEV] ONE MI<T CONCLUDE AB\T ! REALITIES ( ! SITUATION 7& !SE CAN V>Y CONSID]ABLY71 COMMUNISM IS BUILT ON AN IMAGE ( ET]NITY4 ,S9CE !RE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE NO HI/ORY1 EA* MOM5T IS EFFECTIVELY ! SAME AS ANY O!R4 

,! REAL PROBLEM1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 CAME :5 ,MAUSS MOV$ FROM H]E TO UNILAT]AL RELATIONS1 9 :I* ONLY ONE P>TY HAS AN UNLIMIT$ RI<T TO DRAW ON ! O!R'S RES\RCES4 ,IT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ A LOGICAL /EP1 CONSID]+ ,MAUSS WAS DRAW+ HIS MA9 EXAMPLES FROM RELATIONS CREAT$ BY M>RIAGE4 ,:]E SI/] EX*ANGE IS ! PR$OM9ANT =M ( M>RIAGE1 BO? SIDES SEE !MSELVES AS /&+ 9 A RELATION ( P]MAN5T MUTUAL DEBT.<#a#e#g.>2 :]E WOM5 FL[ 9 ONLY ONE DIRECTION1 ! DEBT IS ALL ON ONE SIDE1 & ! WIFEGIV] CAN (T5 MAKE UNLIMIT$ DEM&S ON ! WIFE-TAK]'S FAMILY1 :ILE ! LATT] CAN MAKE NO EFFECTIVE CLAIMS AT ALL4 ,BUT H[ EXACTLY CAN ?IS BE CONSID]$ AN EXAMPLE ( 0RECIPROCITY08 ,IT SEEMS AB\T AS F> FROM RECIPROCITY AS ONE CAN POSSIBLY IMAG9E4 ,( C\RSE ) A T]M ?AT VAGUE1 ONE CAN ALWAYS COME UP ) SOME?+1 & ?IS IS :AT ,MAUSS DID1 SUGGE/+ ?AT SU* UNEQUAL RELATIONS G5]ALLY =M AN OV]ALL CIRCLE 9 :I* ACC\NTS ULTIMATELY BALANCE \T 7#a#i#d#g3#a#e-#a#f74 

,?IS WAS PRECISELY ! >GUM5T ?AT ,LEVI-,/RAUSS WAS LAT] TO LAT* ONTO1 & DEVELOP 9 ,! ,ELEM5T>Y ,/RUCTURES ( ,K9%IP 7#a#i#d#i74 ,HE REF]R$ TO SU* CIRCUL> M>RIAGE SY/EMS AS 0G5]ALIZ$ EX*ANGE10 A PHRASE ?AT HAS ALWAYS BORNE A CONFUS+ SIMIL>ITY TO ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S' 0G5]ALIZ$ RECIPROCITY0 7#a#i#g#b71 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS NOT REALLY ! SAME ?+ AT ALL BUT IS ACTUALLY BACK TO FROM-EA*-ACCORD+-TO-HIS-ABILITIES COMMUNISM AGA94 ,IT'S AS IF EA* AU?OR HAD DEVELOP$ A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ASPECT ( ,MAUSS' 0TOTAL PRE/ATION40 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS TAKES UP ,MAUSS' PO9T AB\T ! UNLIMIT$ DEBTS ( WIFE-TAK]S TO WIFE-GIV]S TO DESCRIBE A SY/EM ( EXTREMELY HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAN CANCEL \T IF EV]YONE M>RIES 9 A CIRCLE4 ,SAHL9S1 ON ! O!R H&1 DEF9ES 0G5]ALIZ$ RECIPROCITY0 AS ! K9D ( OP55D$ RESPONSIBILITY ?AT PREVAILS AMONG CLOSE K91 ALL ( :OM WILL DO :ATEV] !Y CAN TO HELP ! O!R1 NOT BECAUSE !Y EXPECT REPAYM5T1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y KN[ ?AT 9 A SIMIL> CRISIS1 ! O!R W\LD DO ! SAME4 ,HE CONTRA/S IT ) ! 0BALANC$ RECIPROCITY0 ?AT PREVAILS BETWE5 PEOPLE :O1 ?\< LESS CLOSE1 >E NONE!LESS CLOSE 5\< ?AT !Y FEEL OBLIG$ TO DEAL ) EA* O!R ON A MORAL BASIS4 0,BALANC$ RECIPROCITY10 9T]E/+LY 5\<1 W\LD ?US 9CLUDE BO? CLASSICAL GIFT EX*ANGE & ! LESS CUT?ROAT =MS ( TRADE OR B>T]4 

,! CONNECTION IS WOR? MAK+4 ,ACTUALLY1 IF ONE ELIM9ATES ! CONFUS+ T]M 0RECIPROCITY0 FROM ! PICTURE1 IT SOON BECOMES APP>5T ?AT ! CLASSIC GIFT-C\NT]GIFT SC5>IO HAS A LOT MORE 9 COMMON ) M>KET EX*ANGE ?AN WE NORMALLY ASSUME3 AT LEA/1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! SORT ( OP5-5D$ COMMUNISM ,MAUSS TOOK AS HIS />T+ PO9T4 ,:]E ! LATT] IS ALL AB\T MA9TA9+ A P]MAN5T S5SE ( MUTUAL OBLIGATION1 ! =M] IS AB\T ! D5IAL ( OBLIGATION & A MAXIMUM ASS]TION ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 ,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD EV5 SAY ?AT GIFT EX*ANGE ( ?IS BALANC$ SORT IS ACTUALLY MORE CONC]N$ ) ASS]T+ ! ABSOLUTE AUTONOMY ( ! ACTORS ?AN MO/ M>KET CONTRACTS4 ,CONSID] A R5TAL CONTRACT1 = EXAMPLE4 ,I R5T Y\ AN AP>TM5T = SOME MON?S1 AFT] :I* Y\ AGREE TO PAY ME A C]TA9 AM\NT ( MONEY4 ,P>TIES TO SU* A CONTRACT ACT AS IF !Y W]E B\ND BY OBLIGATION1 BUT !Y >5'T REALLY4 ,UNLESS ! CONTRACT IS BACK$ UP BY ! =CE ( LAW1 WE >E BO? P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ?AT Y\ MI<T SIMPLY LEAVE T[N & SKIP \T ON Y\R RESPONSIBILITIES2 OR 7A MORE LIKELY SC5>IO1 P]HAPS7 ,I MI<T IGNORE MY CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE HEAT OR REPAIR ! BA?ROOM FLOOR4 ,WE >E PRET5D+ TO BE MORE CON/RA9$ ?AN WE ACTUALLY >E4 ,9 ! CLASSIC GIFT SC5>IO1 IT IS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE3 ! GIV] PRET5DS HE EXPECTS & DESIRES NO?+ :ATEV] 9 RETURN1 ! RECIPI5T1 ?AT HE IS NOT B\ND BY ANY S5SE ( OBLIGATION TO MAKE A C\NT]GIFT4 ,BO? P>TIES >E CLAIM+ TO BE F> FRE] & MORE AUTONOM\S ?AN !Y ACTUALLY >E4 

,! EMPHASIS ON AUTONOMY IS1 ,I ?9K1 ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ?IS SORT ( GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,9S(> AS IT IS AB\T 0CREAT+ SOCIAL RELATIONS10 IT IS REALLY AB\T CREAT+ RELATIONS ( ! MO/ M9IMAL1 TEMPOR>Y K9D3 ONES ?AT CAN BE COMPLETELY CANCEL$ \T4 ,:AT'S MORE1 :ILE !Y EXI/ !Y >E COMPLETELY UNEQUAL2 ! 9ITIAL GIV] IS AT FIR/ SUP]IOR & MA9TA9S HIS AUTONOMY2 ! RECIPI5T'S AUTONOMY IS CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION UNTIL SU* TIME AS HE CAN MAKE AN APPROPRIATELY MAGNIFIC5T RETURN2 BUT ! MOM5T HE DOES SO1 ! RELATION%IP IS 5D$4 ,OR1 AT ANY RATE1 IT IS IF ! P>TIES WI% IT TO BE1 S9CE NO \T/&+ OBLIGATIONS REMA94 ,AT EV]Y PO9T ! EMPHASIS IS ON M9IMIZ+ ANY S5SE ( OBLIGATION OR DEP5D5CY1 EV5 :]E IT DOES EXI/4 ,:ILE IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT TIT-=-TAT EX*ANGE ( ?IS SORT CAN HELP CREATE AN ONGO+1 MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE RELATION%IP1 IT HAS ONLY REALLY DONE SO :5 IT /OPS BE+ /RICTLY TIT = TAT4 

,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S SUGGE/$ SOME?+ SIMIL> :5 HE NOT$1 SOME:AT T5TATIVELY1 ?AT 9 MO/ 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES BALANC$ RECIPROCITY IS NOT ! PREVAL5T =M ( EX*ANGE4 ,A QUE/ION MI<T EV5 BE RAIS$ AB\T ! /ABILITY ( BALANC$ RECIPROCITY4 ,BALANC$ EX*ANGE MAY T5D T[>DS SELF-LIQUIDATION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A S]IES ( HONORABLY BALANC$ DEAL+S BETWE5 COMP>ATIVELY DI/ANT P>TIES BUILDS TRU/ & CONFID5CE1 9 EFFECT R$UCES SOCIAL DI/ANCE1 & SO 9CREASES ! *ANCES = MORE G5]ALIZ$ FUTURE DEAL+S444 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A R5EGE ACTS TO SEV] RELATIONS--AS A FAILURE TO MAKE RETURNS BREAKS A TRADE-P>TN]%IP4 7#a#i#g#b3#b#b#c7 

,NOT ONLY A R5EGE3 ) GIFTS1 SIMPLY PAY+ BACK EFFECTIVELY CANCELS ANY \T/&+ OBLIGATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES1 UNLESS1 ?AT IS1 ! RECIPI5T WAS SO LAVI% 9 TRY+ TO \TDO ! ORIG9AL GIFT ?AT HE SP>K$ A CYCLE ( ONE-UPMAN%IP4 ,!RE IS A REASON :Y ! TWO ,KWAKWALA TRANSACTIONS ?AT MO/ RESEMBLE ! GIFT-C\NT]GIFT =M >E ! PRACTICE ( 0BUY+ BACK A DAU<T]0--:I* IS A WAY ( 5D+ A SOCIAL RELATION--& GIFTS BETWE5 RIVALS1 :I* ! ,KWAKWALA !MSELVES REF]R$ TO AS 0FI<T+ ) PROP]TY40 ,AMONG ! ,MAORI TIT-=-TAT GIV+ WAS MORE COMMON2 BUT EV5 H]E ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! FAM\S HAU ( ! GIFT--IF MY 9T]PRETATION IS CORRECT--IS PRECISELY ITS ABILITY TO FREE ONE FROM ! P]ILS ( SU* A RELATION%IP4 

,RA!R ?AN 0G5]ALIZ$0 OR 0BALANC$0 RECIPROCITY1 !N1 IT MI<T BE BETT] TO ?9K ( RECIPROCITY AS RELATIVELY 0OP50 & 0CLOS$03 OP5 RECIPROCITY KEEPS NO ACC\NTS1 BECAUSE IT IMPLIES A RELATION ( P]MAN5T MUTUAL COMMITM5T2 IT BECOMES CLOS$ RECIPROCITY :5 A BALANC+ ( ACC\NTS CLOSES ! RELATION%IP (F1 OR AT LEA/ MA9TA9S ! CON/ANT POSSIBILITY ( DO+ SO4 ,PHRAS+ IT ?IS WAY ALSO MAKES IT EASI] TO SEE ! RELATION AS A MATT] ( DEGREE & NOT ( K9D3 CLOS$ RELATIONS CAN BECOME MORE OP51 OP5 ONES MORE CLOS$4 

,IT SEEMS DIFFICULT TO AVOID ! IMPRESSION1 !N1 ?AT ! CLOS$ RECIPROCITY ( GIFT & C\NT]GIFT IS 9 FACT ! =M ( GIFT EX*ANGE ?AT LEA/ EMBODIES :AT MAKES A 0GIFT ECONOMY0 DIFF]5T FROM ONE DOM9AT$ BY M>KET EX*ANGE4 ,IT IS COMPETITIVE1 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 & CAN EASILY 7AS 9 ! ,MAORI CASE7 SLIP 9TO SOME?+ RESEMBL+ B>T]4 ,:Y1 !N1 DID ,MAUSS PUT IT AT ! C5T] ( HIS ANALYSIS--EV5 TO ! PO9T ( L>GELY IGNOR+ ?OSE NETWORKS ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM ?AT1 IT TURNS \T1 W]E ACTUALLY F> MORE IMPORTANT 9 MO/ ( ! SOCIETIES HE WAS DEAL+ )8 ,ONCE AGA91 ,I ?9K1 ! ANSW] LIES 9 ! ESSAY'S POLITICAL PURPOSES4 ,= ?AT1 ! FACT ?AT EV5 A FREE M>KET ECONOMI/ WILL BE LIKELY TO FEEL SOMEH[ R$UC$ IF HE CANNOT RETURN A PRES5T IS A P]FECT />T+ PLACE3 ! 0OBLIGATION TO RETURN0 GIFTS1 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ EI!R BY ! M>KET IDEOLOGY ( SELF-9T]E/ OR BY ITS COMPLEM5T1 SELFLESS ALTRUISM4 

,AT LEA/ ?IS IS P>T ( ! REASON4 ,I ?9K !RE IS ANO!R1 DEEP] ONE AS WELL1 :I* HAS TO DO ) FRE$OM4 ,MAUSS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT \R ACCU/OM$ %>P DIVISION BETWE5 FRE$OM & OBLIGATION IS1 LIKE ?AT BETWE5 9T]E/ & G5]OSITY1 L>GELY AN ILLUSION ?R[N UP BY ! M>KET1 :OSE ANONYMITY MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT WE RELY ON O!R PEOPLE = JU/ AB\T EV]Y?+4 ,9 ITS ABS5CE1 ONE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE AW>E ?AT1 UNLESS ONE WI%ES TO LIVE A SOLIT>Y LIFE1 FRE$OM L>GELY MEANS ! FRE$OM TO *OSE :AT SORT ( OBLIGATIONS ONE WI%ES TO 5T] 9TO1 & ) :OM4 ,NONE!LESS1 ONE C\LD H>DLY D5Y ?AT ! K9D ( OP5-5D$1 0COMMUNI/IC0 RELATIONS ,MAUSS HI<LI<T$ CAN QUITE EASILY SLIP 9TO HI]>*Y1 PATRONAGE & EXPLOITATION4 ,EV5 MOIETIES >E G5]ALLY RANK$4 ,! REAL CRUX ( ! PROBLEM1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 LIES 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FAMILY1 :I* IS ALMO/ EV]Y:]E BO? ! MA9 LOCUS ( SU* OP5-5D$ COMMITM5TS & ALSO ! LOCUS ( A SOCIETY'S MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS ( HI]>*Y1 ITS PRIMORDIAL MODELS ( AU?ORITY4 ,( C\RSE !RE >E EXCEPTIONS TO ANY?+2 FAMILIES >E OBVI\SLY ORGANIZ$ V]Y DIFF]5TLY 9 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES2 USUALLY !Y PROVIDE A SOCIETY'S PRIMORDIAL MODELS = EQUALITY AS WELL2 BUT NONE!LESS1 EV]Y:]E1 9 DIFF]5T WAYS & TO DIFF]5T DEGREES1 COMMUNISM & AU?ORITY T5D TO OV]LAP4.<#a#e#h.> 

,9 FACT1 ,I /RONGLY SUSPECT ?AT ! MORE HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS )9 ! H\SEHOLD1 ! MORE LIKELY IT WILL BE ?AT RELATIONS BETWE5 MALE HEADS ( H\SEHOLD WILL BE M$IAT$ BY SU* BALANC$ & POT5TIALLY COMPETITIVE =MS ( GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,ONE ?9KS IMM$IATELY ( ! HI<L&S ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA1 ) ITS FAM\S TE & MOKA EX*ANGES1 OR ! GIFT-AS-*ALL5GE ( ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN OR MOD]N ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,>E !SE NOT >EAS NOTORI\S = ! EXTREME SUBORD9ATION ( WOM58 ,OR = ?AT MATT] ! >I/OCRATIC RIVALRY ( ! ,CELTIC1 OR ,V$IC1 WORLD1 ONCE AGA9 PREMIS$ ON >I/OCRATIC H\SEHOLDS )9 :I* ! PR9CIPLES ( EX*ANGE W]E ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T4 ,9 MANY CASES1 IT'S QUITE CLE> ?AT ?IS IS :AT GIVES ! ELEM5T ( RIVALRY ITS $GE4 ,AS ,TOM ,BEIDELMAN 7#a#i#h#i7 DEMON/RATES 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ,AGAMEMNON'S FAIL$ ATTEMPT TO SETTLE HIS QU>REL ) ,A*ILLES 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,ILIAD BY RETURN+ ,A*ILLES' SLAVE ALONG ) 5DLESS ADDITIONAL WEAL?1 IF ONE (F]S A GIFT SO LAVI% ?AT ! O!R P>TY C\LD NEV] POSSIBLY RECIPROCATE1 ! RESULT IS TO R$UCE HIM TO SAME ! LEVEL AS A MEMB] ( ONE'S H\SEHOLD1 A *ILD OR A DEP5D5T RA!R ?AN AN EQUAL4 ,NO MAN ( HONOR C\LD ACCEPT SU* A GIFT4 

,P]HAPS !N WE HAVE AN ANSW] TO \R 9ITIAL QUE/ION3 ,:5 DO GIFTS HAVE TO BE REPAID8 ,IF ONE IS SPEAK+ ( /RICT EQUIVAL5CE1 ! ANSW] IS3 ,GIFTS HAVE TO BE REPAID :5 0COMMUNI/IC0 RELATIONS >E SO ID5TIFI$ ) 9EQUALITY ?AT NOT DO+ SO W\LD PLACE ! RECIPI5T 9 ! POSITION ( AN 9F]IOR4 ,SU* =MS ( EX*ANGE !N >E AB\T E/ABLI%+ A K9D ( FRAGILE1 COMPETITIVE EQUALITY BETWE5 ACTORS :O >E ALMO/ ALWAYS !MSELVES HI]>*ICAL SUP]IORS TO SOMEONE ELSE4 

A /RUCTURALI/ 9T]LUDE 7ON VALUE7 

  

,! READ] MI<T BE WOND]+ H[ ALL ?IS TIES 9 ) QUE/IONS ( VALUE1 :I* HAVE SO F> MADE ONLY A SPORADIC APPE>ANCE 9 ?IS *APT]4 ,ACTUALLY1 !RE >E SEV]AL IMPORTANT PO9TS TO BE MADE H]E4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ON ! SUBJECT ( COMPETITIVE GIFTS3 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO CREATE ?IS K9D ( FRAGILE1 COMPETITIVE EQUALITY1 !RE HAS TO BE SOME K9D ( /&>D ( EQUIVAL5CE BETWE5 ?+S4 ,O!RWISE IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! RETURN GIFT WAS 9DE$ ( 0EQUAL OR GREAT] VALUE0 TO ! FIR/4 ,/&>DS ( EQUIVAL5CE BETWE5 OBJECTS1 !N1 CAN EM]GE FROM ! NE$ TO E/ABLI% SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS !ORETICALLY POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E A SY/EM ( GIFT EX*ANGE ?AT DOES NOT E/ABLI% SU* /&>DS4 ,PRESUMABLY ONE C\LD HAVE A SY/EM :]E PEOPLE GIVE & RETURN EXACTLY ! SAME ?+S3 AS 9 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' FAM\S EXAMPLE ( TWO M5 =C$ TO %>E A TABLE AT A *EAP ,FR5* RE/AURANT1 EA* ( :OM P\RS ! O!R A GLASS ( W9E FROM !IR COLLECTIVE BOTTLE 7#a#i#d#g .<#a#i#e#d3#e#h-#e#i.>74 ,BUT A SY/EM 9 :I* FI% C\LD BE EX*ANG$ ONLY = FI%1 OR YAMS = YAMS1 W\LD BE REM>KABLY IMPRACTICAL1 UNLESS !RE WAS NEXT TO NO?+ 9 ! WAY ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 OR ECONOMIC NECESSITIES C\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ 5TIRELY ?R\< O!R MEANS4 

,/ILL1 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON RECIPROCITY1 SU* APP>5TLY S5SELESS EX*ANGE ( ID5TICAL ?+S HAS TAK5 ON A SURPRIS+LY IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ ANALYSIS1 (F]$ BY ,$MUND ,LEA*1 :O TAKES ?IS PR9CIPLE TO ITS LOGICAL EXTREME BY >GU+ ?AT ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY TO E/ABLI% SOCIAL EQUALITY3  
  

,?US ! ,5GLI% GREET ONE ANO!R ) A V]BAL =MULA1 A RECIPROCAL ',H[ DO Y\ DO81' BUT SIMULTANE\SLY !Y %AKE H&S4 ,NEI<BORS AFFIRM !IR FRI5D%IP BY RECIPROCAL HOSPITALITY4 ,MORE DI/ANT FRI5DS EX*ANGE LETT]S OR ,*RI/MAS C>DS1 & SO ON4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES ! RECIPROCITY IS LIKE-=-LIKE & ! MESSAGE ?AT IS 5COD$ 9 ! ACTION IS R\<LY3 ',WE >E FRI5DS & WE >E ( EQUAL /ATUS4' 

,BUT ! MAJORITY ( P]SON-TO-P]SON EX*ANGES >E NOT ( ?IS LIKE-=-LIKE K9D4 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 MO/ ( ! P]SONS 9 A CLOSE NETWORK ( RELATION%IPS >E ( UNEQUAL RA!R ?AN EQUAL /ATUS4 ,! 9EQUALITY ( ! EX*ANGE IS CONGRU5T ) ! 9EQUALITY ( ! /ATUS4 7,LEA* #a#i#h#b3#a#e-#a#e#a7  
  

,SURELY ?IS IS TOO SIMPLI/IC4 ,/ILL1 SU* R$UCTIO AD ABSURDAE CAN BE USEFUL 9 CL>IFY+ ! ISSUES AT H&4 ,LEA*'S ANALYSIS ACTUALLY TYPIFIES AN ASSUMPTION %>$ BY A SURPRIS+ NUMB] ( ,WE/]N SOCIAL !ORI/S3 ?AT ANY SY/EMATIC DIFF]5CE 9 SOCIAL ROLES MU/ NECESS>ILY ALSO BE A =M ( 9EQUALITY4 ,TO A DEGREE ?IS IS PROBABLY JU/ AN EFFECT ( ! 9TR9SIC AMBIGUITY ( ! WORD 09EQUALITY10 :I* CAN MEAN EI!R ?AT ?+S >E RANK$ 9 RELATIONS ( SUP]IORITY & 9F]IORITY1 OR JU/ ?AT !Y >E NOT ! SAME4 ,MORE BROADLY3 ALL SU* G5]ALIZATIONS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 SUFF] FROM A SIMIL> FAULT 9 LOGIC4 ,!Y IGNORE ! FACT ?AT 9 ORD] TO MAKE ANY SORT ( RANK+ BETWE5 TWO T]MS1 ONE HAS TO BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% SOME 9ITIAL GR\ND ( SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 !M4 ,IF TWO T]MS W]E UTT]LY UNLIKE1 !Y C\LD NOT BE COMP>$ AT ALL4 7,?IS IS :Y 0BLACK0 IS ! OPPOSITE ( 0:ITE10 & NOT ( 0FROG074 ,IF !Y C\LD NOT BE COMP>$1 !Y C\LD NOT BE DECL>$ 0UNEQUAL0 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4.<#a#e#i.> 

,! SAME GOES = ! ACT ( DECL>+ TWO ?+S EQUIVAL5T4 ,BY DO+ SO1 ONE IS NOT /AT+ ?AT !Y >E ! SAME 9 EV]Y WAY3 ONE IS SIMPLY /AT+ !Y >E ! SAME ALONG ?OSE DIM5SIONS ONE CONSID]S IMPORTANT 9 ?AT CONTEXT1 & ?AT O!R POSSIBLE CRIT]IA >E1 9 ?AT CONTEXT1 IRRELEVANT4 0,ALL HUMAN BE+S >E EQUAL BECAUSE !Y >E ALL EQUALLY 9 POSSESSION ( AN IMMORTAL S\L2 !RE=E1 ! FACT ?AT !IR FEET MAY V>Y RADICALLY 9 SIZE HAS NO BE>+ ON ! QUE/ION40 ,! ELEM5T ( VALUE1 H]E1 TURNS ON :I* CRIT]IA >E CONSID]$ MEAN+FUL1 OR IMPORTANT1 9 ANY GIV5 CONTEXT4 ,UNLESS ONE IS A CYNIC1 OR A ,DUMONTIAN1 !RE'S NO REASON TO ASSUME ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTEXTS WILL NORMALLY BE ! MO/ 9VIDI\S4 

,ALL ?IS IS FAIRLY SELF-EVID5T IF Y\ REALLY ?9K AB\T IT4 ,MATT]S BECOME MORE COMPLICAT$ :5 ONE MOVES FROM :AT PEOPLE FEEL %\LD NOT BE COMP>$ TO :AT !Y FEEL CANNOT3 = EXAMPLE1 ,DUMONT'S V]SION ( ! FIR/ PREMISE ( MOD]NITY1 0,ALL HUMAN BE+S >E EQUAL BECAUSE !Y >E ALL UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS40 ,\R 9DIVIDUALITY MAKES US 9COMM5SURABLE1 H5CE EFFECTIVELY EQUIVAL5T4 ,/ILL1 EV5 9 ! CASE ( 9COMM5SURABILITY !RE >E DEGREES3 DOGS >E ALL UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS TOO1 BUT FEW BELIEVE ?IS MAKES !M QUITE \R EQUALS4 ,SO ONCE AGA9 IT IS REALLY AN 9ITIAL GR\ND ( SIMIL>ITY 70HUMANITY07 ?AT MAKES ! 9COMM5SURABILITY TAKE ON ! MEAN+ ?AT IT DOES4 

,?IS1 9 TURN1 BR+S US ONCE AGA9 TO A P>ADOX ?AT HAS CROPP$ UP REPEAT$LY OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK3 H[ CAN ONE ?+ BE MORE UNIQUE ?AN ANO!R8 ,Y\ W\LD ?9K ?IS W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,BUT BY N[ IT %\LD BE ABUNDANTLY CLE> ?AT MANY SY/EMS ( VALUE >E BAS$ ON MAK+ PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( DI/9CTION4 ,TO RETURN TO PEOPLE & DOGS3 MO/ ,AM]ICANS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 APPLY SU* A SY/EM TO ! VALUE ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( LIV+ CREATURE4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ANIMAL--OR PLANT1 = ?AT MATT]--IS ASSUM$ TO BE UNIQUE 9 ITS [N WAY1 BUT C]TA9 V>IETIES >E CLE>LY CONSID]$ MORE UNIQUE ?AN O!RS3 HUMANS >E ?US ASSUM$ TO BE MORE 9DIVIDUAL ?AN DOGS1 DOGS ?AN CATTLE1 CATTLE ?AN FI%1 FI% ?AN ROA*ES1 & SO ON4.<#a#f.> ,! MORE UNIQUE EA* 9DIVIDUAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! CATEGORY1 ! MORE OBJECTIONABLE IT IS TO KILL IT4 ,H5CE1 CATS %\LD NOT BE KILL$ LI<TLY2 FI% CAN BE SLAU<T]$ ) RELATIVE IMPUNITY2 KILL+ ROA*ES CAN BECOME A MORAL IMP]ATIVE4 ,ONE MI<T WELL >GUE ?AT DI/9CTIONS ( A SIMIL> LOGICAL ORD] >E MADE = WORKS ( >T3 AT ANY RATE IT'S C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ! FACT ?AT ALL BEAUTIFUL PA9T+S >E UNIQUE 9 !IR BEAUTY DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ONE CANNOT SAY SOME PA9T+S >E MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN O!RS4 

,ALL ?IS IS NOT SO MU* A DIGRESSION AS IT MI<T SEEM4 ,:AT ,I AM TRY+ TO SUGGE/ IS ?AT 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! WORK+S ( ANY SY/EM ( VALUE1 ONE HAS TO EXAM9E BO? :AT %\LD NOT1 & :AT C\LD NOT1 BE MEASUR$ OR COMP>$ )9 IT4 ,9 ! CASE ( A GIFT ECONOMY1 !N1 ! REFUSAL TO KEEP TRACK ( 9PUTS & \TPUTS 9 COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS C\LD BE CONSID]$ AN EXAMPLE ( ! =M]2 ! EMPHASIS ON UNIQUE VALUABLES 9 BALANC$ GIFT EX*ANGE1 ( ! LATT]4 ,AS WE'VE SE51 SU* VALUABLES (T5 DO 5D UP BE+ RANK$ BY ! DEGREE ( !IR 9COMM5SURABILITY4 ,OBVI\SLY NOT ALWAYS3 !RE >E ALSO VALUABLES LIKE WAMPUM OR COPP]S OR ,FIJIAN :ALE TEE?4 ,BUT = SIMPLICITY'S SAKE1 LET'S IMAG9E A SY/EM 9 :I* ?IS WAS ! EXCLUSIVE PR9CIPLE ( RANK+ 7OR A KULA SY/EM ALONG ! L9ES DESCRIB$ BY ,NANCY ,MUNN1 :I* COMES QUITE CLOSE74 ,AT ! L[E/ LEVEL IS COOK$ FOOD4 ,IT W\LD BE A FAIRLY SIMPLE MATT] TO KEEP TRACK ( :O HAD GIV5 :O ! L>GE/ MEALS ( COOK$ YAMS2 !RE=E1 UNLESS ONE IS P>TICUL>LY /+Y OR UNGRACI\S1 ONE DOES NOT TRY TO DO SO4 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO MEASURE ! COMP>ATIVE M]ITS ( TWO FAM\S KULA ORNAM5TS1 OR ONE SU* ORNAM5T & AN EQUALLY FAM\S GRE5/ONE AX2 !RE=E1 IT IS APPROPRIATE TO GIVE ONE = ! O!R 9 /RICTLY BALANC$ EX*ANGE4 ,SOME?+ LIKE ?IS SEEMS TO OCCUR 9 ALMO/ ANY M>KETLESS SOCIETY3 ONE CAN ALMO/ ALWAYS MAKE \T AT LEA/ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 A SPH]E ( EV]YDAY CONSUMPTION1 QUITE (T5 M>K$ BY AN E?OS ( OP5H&$ HOSPITALITY 7,SAHL9S #a#i#g#b71 & A 0PRE/IGE SPH]E10 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ALL SORTS ( C>EFUL ACC\NT+4 ,! ,MAORI >E ONE OBVI\S EXAMPLE4 

,LOOK+ AT ?+S ?IS WAY PRODUCES SOME 9T]E/+ RESULTS1 ESPECIALLY IF WE CONSID] SU* SPH]ES AS ,MUNN 9SI/S1 AS SPH]ES ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,IT !N BECOMES CLE> ?AT AS ONE PROCE$S UPW>D1 ! ACTOR'S ROLE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY OBSCUR$4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 IT IS CLE>LY DE$S ?AT >E AT ISSUE3 ONE IS REFUS+ TO COMP>E :O HAS GIV5 MORE4 ,9 ! LA/1 ! 9COMM5SURABILITY %IFTS 5TIRELY TO ! OBJECT ITSELF4 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ! OBJECT BECOMES ! EMBODIM5T ( A HI/ORY ( O!R PEOPLE'S ACTIONS1 /RET*+ BACK1 USUALLY1 9TO ! DI/ANT ANCE/RAL PA/4 ,:ATEV] ! REASON1 ?\<1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT AS ONE GOES FUR!R UP ! SCALE1 ! ORIG9S ( ! VALUE BECOME 9CREAS+LY MY/IFI$ & 9CREAS+LY LIKELY TO BE SE5 AS AN 9TR9SIC PROP]TY ( ! OBJECT ITSELF4 ,/ILL1 :AT ,I'D REALLY LIKE TO EMPHASIZE IS ?AT ?IS MY/IFICATION1 IF ?AT'S :AT IT IS1 HAPP5S TO A SURPRIS+LY LIMIT$ DEGREE4 ,MAUSS CLE>LY OV]/AT$ HIS CASE H]E3 ,KWAKIUTL COPP]S1 KULA >M%ELLS1 ,MAORI W>CLUBS1 & ! LIKE W]E NOT NORMALLY SE5 TO HAVE !IR [N M9DS & PURPOSES2 9 FACT1 ! /RIK+ ?+ IS H[ MU* MORE LIKELY ONE IS TO RUN 9TO BLATANT SUBJECT_/OBJECT REV]SALS 9 FLIPP+ ?R\< ! PAGES ( ! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL--:]E MONEY IS ALWAYS FLEE+ ONE M>KET TO ANO!R1 BONDS >E DO+ ?IS1 PORK BELLIES DO+ ?AT--?AN 9 P>TICIPANTS' ACC\NTS ( ! OP]ATIONS ( A GIFT ECONOMY4 ,GREAT MY/IFICATIONS DO NORMALLY EXI/ 9 SU* SOCIETIES1 BUT = ! MO/ P>T !Y LIE ELSE:]E4 

SUMM>Y & P]SPECTIVES 

  

,TO GIVE A GIFT IS TO TRANSF] SOME?+ )\T ANY IMM$IATE RETURN1 OR GU>ANTEE ?AT !RE WILL EV] BE ONE4 ,?IS IS ! DEF9ITION ADOPT$ BY ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P 7E4G41 ,GODB\T & ,CAILLE #a#i#i#h71 & IT SEEMS AB\T AS GOOD A G5]AL DEF9ITION AS WE'RE GO+ TO GET4 ,IT ALSO MAKES IT CLE> ?AT ! T]M CAN APPLY TO AN 5ORM\S V>IETY ( TRANSACTIONS1 & ?AT ! T]M 0GIFT ECONOMY0 CAN APPLY TO ANY NOT ORGANIZ$ ON M>KET PR9CIPLES4 ,ONE PURPOSE ( ?IS *APT] IS TO BEG9 TO EXPLORE JU/ H[ DIFF]5T SU* ECONOMIES CAN BE4 

,I HAVE NOT PROPOS$ AN EXHAU/IVE TYPOLOGY ( TYPES ( GIFTS1 BUT ,I HAVE TRI$ TO USE ,MAUSS' IDEAS TO DEVELOP :AT MI<T S]VE AS A REASONABLE BACKBONE = ONE4 ,! NOTION ( 0TOTAL PRE/ATION0 IS 9 FACT AN EXCELL5T PLACE TO />T1 PROVID$ ONE IS WILL+ TO BREAK IT D[N 9TO ITS CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT TIMELESS RELATIONS ( OP5-5D$1 COMMUNI/IC RECIPROCITY1 :E!R !Y APPLY TO GR\PS LIKE MOIETIES OR CLANS1 OR MEMB]S ( A FAMILY1 OR A NETWORK ( 9DIVIDUALS 7AS 9 ,MAUSS' 09DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM07 HAVE TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM BALANC$ GIFT-EX*ANGE4 ,:ILE ! =M] CAN (T5 SLIP 9TO RELATIONS ( PATRONAGE & EXPLOITATION 7& IT IS (T5 V]Y H>D TO TELL1 FROM EI!R ! ANALY/'S OR ACTOR'S PO9T ( VIEW1 JU/ :5 ONE DEF9ITIVELY TURNS 9TO ! O!R71 ! LATT] HAS A T5D5CY TO DEG5]ATE 9TO \TRI<T COMPETITION--MO/ (T5 ! K9DS ( CONTE/ ( G5]OSITY ?AT ,MAUSS LABEL$ 0! POTLAT*0 BUT :I* %\LD PROBABLY BE BE/ REF]R$ TO JU/ AS 0AGONI/IC EX*ANGE40 ,ALT]NATELY1 AS IT FOCUSES MORE ON ! OBJECTS1 IT CAN BECOME CONT9U\S ) =MS ( EX*ANGE ?AT LOOK 9CREAS+LY LIKE B>T]4 ,AS /RUCTURES ( ACTION1 ONE IS CONC]N$ ) MA9TA9+ ! VALUE ( A TIMELESS HUMAN COMMITM5T2 ! O!R1 ?AT ( A MORE EPHEM]AL AUTONOMY4 

,!SE >E BO? =MS ( EX*ANGE ?AT >E RECIPROCAL--A T]M H]E DEF9$ AS ONE 9 :I* TWO P>TIES ACT1 OR >E DISPOS$ TO ACT1 T[>D ONE ANO!R 9 EQUIVAL5T WAYS4.<#a#f#a.> ,)9 RELATIONS ( PRESUM$ 9EQUALITY1 NO PRESUMPTION ( RECIPROCITY EXI/S4 ,ALA9 ,TE/>T 7#a#i#i#h3#i#h7 MAKES ! OBVI\S PO9T ?AT IF Y\ GIVE A DOLL> TO A BEGG> ON ! /REET1 ?IS WILL NOT MAKE SAID BEGG> 9CL9$ TO (F] Y\ A DOLL> IF Y\ RUN 9TO HIM AGA92 9 FACT1 IT WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY MAKE HIM MORE LIKELY TO ASK Y\ = A FUR!R CONTRIBUTION4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ! UND]LY+ LOGIC IS MU* ! SAME AS IT IS :5 ! CELEBRITY GIVES ! FAN AN AUTOGRAPH1 OR A ,KWAKIUTL *IEF ?R[S A POTLAT*3 ! RECIPI5T'S V]Y WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT SU* AN OBJECT S]VES AS AN ACT ( RECOGNITION4 ,IT IS A MICROSCOPIC V]SION ( ! CREATION ( P]SONS1 :I* ALMO/ EV]Y:]E IS BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 9N] QUALITIES 7TAL5T1 G5]OSITY1 DEC5CY1 ETC47 CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY 9 ANO!R P]SON'S EYES4 ,BUT TO CALL ?IS A K9D ( 0RECIPROCITY0--OR EV5 TO ASSUME ?AT A DESIRE = RECOGNITION IS ! ONLY SIGNIFICANT MOTIVE ON ! P>T ( ! GIV]--IS EQUALLY ABSURD4 ,?AT W\LD JU/ BE PLAY+ CIRCUL> ECONOMI/IC GAMES AGA94 

,ANNETTE ,WE9] 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i#b7 & ,MAURICE ,GODELI] 7#a#i#i#f7 >GUE ?AT ,MAUSS' EMPHASIS ON EX*ANGE WAS ITSELF SOME:AT MISGUID$2 ! ULTIMATE VALUABLES ( A SOCIETY OR GR\P WILL NORMALLY BE ?OSE ?AT >E NEV] GIV5 AWAY2 !RE >E ALWAYS SACR$ TREASURES & !SE >E ! REAL ORIG9 ( ! P[] ( ! OBJECTS ?AT >E ACTUALLY ?R[N 9TO COMPETITIVE GAMES ( EX*ANGE4 ,ACTUALLY ?IS SEEMS TO BE ,WE9]'S P>TICUL> V]SION ( A PROBLEMATIC ?AT CROPS UP 9 A SURPRIS+ NUMB] ( AU?ORS WE'VE BE5 LOOK+ AT3 H[ TO RECONCILE A L[] SPH]E ( SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T ) A HI<] ONE ( A SOCIETY'S ET]NAL V]ITIES 7E4G41 ,P>RY & ,BLO* #a#i#h#i2 ,B>RAUD1 DE ,COPPET1 ,ITEANU1 & ,JAM\S #a#i#i#d1 ALSO ,A4 ,WE9] #a#i#g#h1 #a#i#h1 #a#i#h#b74 ,I %\LD MAKE MY POSITION CLE> H]E4 ,NO D\BT 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY !RE WILL BE MANY SITUATIONS 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL CONC]NS WILL BE SE5 TO CONFLICT ) HI<] AU?ORITY OR ! G5]AL GOOD1 H[EV] CONCEIV$2 BUT TO TAKE SU* AN >GUM5T TOO F>1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS TO DO JU/ :AT ,MAUSS WAS W>N+ US NOT TO3 IMPOS+ \R [N ASSUMPTIONS AB\T 9DIVIDUAL SELF-9T]E/ ONTO O!RS :O PROBABLY DO NOT %>E !M4 ,ANYWAY1 IT'S P]FECTLY CLE> ?AT 9 NEI!R ! ,MAORI NOR ! ,KWAKIUTL CASES W]E ! PRIME OBJECTS ( EX*ANGE 9 ANY S5SE SUBSIDI>Y V]SIONS ( SACR$ TREASURES HELD )9 FAMILIES4 ,9/EAD1 WE HAVE 5C\NT]$ EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ SY/EMS ( TRANSF] 9 :I* ! EXACT DIM5SIONS ( 0GR\PS0 >E R>ELY 5TIRELY CLE>1 9 :I* /RATEGIC GAMES ( SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T >E1 AS ,MAUSS W\LD HAVE PR$ICT$1 SO 9TR9SIC TO ! NATURE ( PROJECTS ( COSMIC REPRODUCTION ?AT IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO DIS5TANGLE !M4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 F9ALLY1 WE CAN ?9K ONCE AGA9 AB\T ! POLITICAL & MORAL IMPLICATIONS ( ,MAUSS' WORK4 ,LET ME BEG9 ) A W>N+4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DANG] ( OV]SIMPLIFICATION H]E1 P>TICUL>LY ( ROMANTICIZ+ 0! GIFT0 AS A HUMANIZ+ C\NT]WEI<T TO ! IMP]SONALITY & SOCIAL ISOLATION ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!RE >E TIMES :5 ?+S CAN WORK QUITE ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,LET ME TAKE ANO!R FAMILI> EXAMPLE3 ! CU/OM ( BR++ A BOTTLE ( W9E OR SOMESU* IF 9VIT$ TO A FRI5D'S = D9N]4 ,IT IS A COMMON PRACTICE1 = EXAMPLE1 AMONG ,AM]ICAN ACADEMICS4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ?\<1 IT IS ALSO COMMON = Y\NG PEOPLE ( MIDDLE-CLASS BACKGR\ND TO MOVE1 FROM ! TIME !Y FIR/ BEG9 TO LIVE 9DEP5D5TLY ( !IR P>5TS 9 COLLEGE1 FROM RELATIVELY COMMUNAL LIV+ >RANGEM5TS TO 9CREAS+ SOCIAL ISOLATION4 ,9 AN UND]GRADUATE DORM1 PEOPLE WALK 9 & \T ( EA* O!R'S ROOMS FAIRLY CASUALLY2 (T5 A RESID5TIAL HALL IS NOT UNLIKE A VILLAGE ) EV]YBODY KEEP+ TRACK ( EV]YBODY ELSE'S BUS9ESS4 ,COLLEGE AP>TM5TS >E MORE PRIVATE1 BUT IT IS USUALLY NO BIG DEAL IF FRI5DS DROP BY )\T W>N+ OR PREP>ATION4 ,! PROCESS ( MOV+ 9TO CONV5TIONAL1 B\RGEOIS EXI/5CE IS GRADUAL1 & IT IS ABOVE ALL A MATT] ( E/ABLI%+ ! SACR$ QUALITY ( ! DOME/IC ?RE%OLD1 :I* 9CREAS+LY CANNOT BE CROSS$ )\T PREP>ATIONS & C]EMONY4 ,! GIFT ( W9E1 IF Y\ REALLY ?9K AB\T IT1 IS P>T ( ! RITUALIZATION PROCESS ?AT MAKES SPONTANEITY MORE DIFFICULT4 ,IT IS AS MU* A B> TO SOCIALITY AS AN EXPRESSION ( IT4 

,I AM SAY+ ALL ?IS NOT TO MAKE A PLEA = SOME K9D ( UNIV]SAL COMMUNITAS1 OR EV5 AS A GRIPE FROM SOMEONE :O NEV] KN[S :AT W9E TO BUY1 BUT MA9LY TO MAKE A PO9T AB\T CRITICAL P]SPECTIVES4 ,TO ADOPT A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON A PRACTICE OR 9/ITUTION 7AS ,I HAVE JU/ DONE7 IS USUALLY A MATT] ( PLAC+ IT )9 SOME L>G] SOCIAL TOTALITY1 9 :I* IT CAN !N BE SE5 TO PLAY AN 9TR9SIC P>T 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( C]TA9 =MS ( 9EQUALITY1 OR ALI5ATION1 OR 9JU/ICE4 ,?IS IS :AT ,M>XI/S USUALLY ACCUSE ,MAUSS ( =GETT+ TO DO1 & NOT 5TIRELY )\T REASON4 ,BUT H]E ! ,MAUSSIAN C\LD WELL REPLY ?AT = CRITICISM TO HAVE ANY PURPOSE1 ONE MU/ ALSO BE ABLE TO PLACE SOME PRACTICES OR 9/ITUTIONS )9 AN IMAG9>Y TOTALITY 9 :I* !Y MI<T NOT CONTRIBUTE TO ! REPRODUCTION ( 9EQUALITY1 ALI5ATION1 OR 9JU/ICE4 ,SU* QUE/IONS W]E CLE>LY R>ELY F> FROM ,MAUSS' 7! COOP]ATIVI/'S7 M9D1 & = ME1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT IS MO/ RADICAL AB\T HIS ?9K+4 ,IT 5C\RAGES US--TO PUT ! MATT] 9 A SOME:AT ,HEGELIAN WAY--TO VIEW PRACTICES & 9/ITUTIONS 9 T]MS ( !IR POT5TIALITIES1 TO =CE ON ONESELF A K9D ( PRAGMATIC OPTIMISM4 ,TAKE = EXAMPLE HIS APP>5TLY IDIOSYNCRATIC DEF9ITION ( 0COMMUNISM10 AS A MATT] ( DISPOSITIONS & PRACTICES RA!R ?AN PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,:]E ! IDEOLOGI/S & PROPAG&I/S RESPONSIBLE = :AT PASSES = PUBLIC DISC\RSE 9 ?IS C\NTRY SEEM NEV] TO MISS AN OPPORTUNITY TO CLAIM ?AT SOME?+ !Y CALL 0CAPITALISM0--USUALLY DEF9$ AS BROADLY AS POSSIBLE AS ANY =M ( SELF9T]E/$ F9ANCIAL CALCULATION--IS ALWAYS PRES5T EV]Y:]E 7NEWSPAP] HEADL9E3 0,EV5 9 ,AFRICAN ,REFUGEE ,CAMPS1 ,CAPITALISM ,?RIVES071 ,MAUSS' DEF9ITION W\LD DO ! OPPOSITE4 ,IT W\LD PRES5T US ) ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! SPECT] ( COMMUNISM MI<T LURK NOT ONLY )9 FAMILIES & FRI5D%IPS BUT )9 ! V]Y ORGANIZATION ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM ITSELF1 OR PRETTY MU* ANY SITUATION 9 :I* PEOPLE >E UNIT$ 9 A COMMON TASK1 & 9PUTS & \TPUTS !RE=E ORGANIZ$ ONLY BY ! ACTORS' CAPACITIES & REQUIREM5TS RA!R ?AN BY ANY BALANC+ ( ACC\NTS4 

,)\T A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE AS WELL1 SU* A GE/URE IS JU/ AS MEAN+LESS AS ! HABIT ( SEE+ 0CAPITALISM0 EV]Y:]E4 ,EV5 IF ?IS IS A K9D ( COMMUNISM1 IT REMA9S LODG$ )9 L>G] /RUCTURES ?AT >E ANY?+ BUT EGALIT>IAN4 ,BUT AS ,MAUSS ALSO EMPHASIZ$1 IT IS ! PRES5CE ( SU* PRACTICES & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE = PEOPLE )9 ! SOCIETY TO SEE ?OSE L>G] /RUCTURES AS UNJU/4 ,MAUSS DID NOT SAY IT1 S9CE AT ! TIME HE WAS ?9K+ MA9LY ( AFF9AL RELATIONS1 BUT IT W\LD NOT TAKE MU* ( AN EXT5SION ( HIS IDEAS TO >GUE ?AT ! V]Y EXP]I5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK )9 MANY CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES MAY (T5 DIRECTLY CONTRADICT ! MORAL BASIS ( ! WAGE LABOR CONTRACT ON :I* ?AT 5T]PRISE IS ULTIMATELY BAS$4 

,ALL[ ME A F9AL WORD AB\T POLITICAL VISIONS4 

,?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 BROAD5+ \R S5SE ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES1 9 IMAG9+ DIFF]5T--MORE JU/1 MORE DEC5T--WAYS TO ORGANIZE ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL LIFE QUITE (T5 TURN TO AN?ROPOLOGY = IDEAS & 9SPIRATION4 ,IT W\LD BE NICE IF AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAD SOME?+ TO (F] !M4 ,SOME?+1 ?AT IS1 MORE ?AN W>N+S1 H[EV] LEGITIMATE1 ?AT GIFT ECONOMIES TOO HAVE BE5 KN[N TO TRAMPLE PEOPLE UND]FOOT4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO ORGANIZE MY [N ANALYSIS 9 A WAY ?AT MI<T NOT PROVE COMPLETELY USELESS 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,9 MY DISCUSSION ( CONTEXTS1 LEVELS1 & IMAG9>Y TOTALITIES AT ! 5D ( *APT] #c1 & MY 7RELAT$7 SUGGE/IONS AB\T VALUE1 9COMM5SURABILITY1 & EQUALITY 9 ?IS *APT]1 SU* QUE/IONS W]E NEV] F> FROM MY M9D4 ,TRUE1 MO/ ( !SE OBS]VATIONS HAVE BE5 ON A V]Y AB/RACT LEVEL4 ,!RE >E ANY NUMB] ( WAYS ONE C\LD PUT ! PIECES TOGE!R1 IF ONE WANT$ TO USE SU* IDEAS TO HELP DEVELOP A CONCRETE VISIONS ( H[ A MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY MI<T WORK4 ,9 A WAY1 ?\<1 ,I ?9K ?IS IS QUITE AS %\LD BE4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT :AT WE REALLY NE$ N[ IS NOT ONE BUT AS MANY DIFF]5T VISIONS AS POSSIBLE4 ,I LIKE TO ?9K ?IS W\LD BE ALTOGE!R 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,MAUSS4 

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