,*APT] #e 
,WAMPUM & ,SOCIAL ,CREATIVITY ,AMONG ,! ,IROQUOIS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e -- ,WAMPUM & ,SOCIAL ,CREATIVITY AMONG ,! ,IROQUOIS 

  

,9 ?IS *APT]1 ,I'D LIKE TO SAY A LITTLE BIT AB\T WAMPUM1 ! :ITE & PURPLE %ELL BEADS :I* BECAME A CURR5CY ( TRADE 9 E>LY COLONIAL ,NOR!A/ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,AMONG 0PRIMITIVE VALUABLES0--A CATEGORY 

?AT 9CLUDES SU* ?+S AS KULA NECKLACES1 ,KWAKIUTL COPP]S1 OR ! IRON B>S US$ 9 BRIDEWEAL? EX*ANGE BY ! ,WE/ ,AFRICAN ,TIV--WAMPUM HOLDS A RA!R CURI\S PLACE4 ,SIMPLY AS AN OBJECT1 IT'S BY F> ! MO/ FAMILI>4 ,! AV]AGE READ] IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO KN[ :AT WAMPUM LOOKS LIKE1 OR TO HAVE ACTUALLY SE5 SOME 9 A MUSEUM1 ?AN ANY ( ! O!RS4 ,NONE!LESS1 UNLIKE ! O!RS1 WAMPUM HAS NEV] BE5 TREAT$ AS A CLASSIC CASE 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL EX*ANGE !ORY4 

,!RE >E PROBABLY SEV]AL REASONS = ?IS4 ,= ONE ?+1 ! CONTEXTS 9 :I* WAMPUM CIRCULAT$ IS CLOS] TO :AT A ,WE/]N OBS]V] W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO SEE AS POLITICAL ?AN ECONOMIC4 ,! HEYDAY ( WAMPUM WAS ALSO A V]Y LONG TIME AGO3 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 LONG BE=E ! BIR? ( MOD]N E?NOGRAPHY4 ,BUT IT'S ALSO H>D TO ESCAPE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! CASE ( WAMPUM IS 9 MO/ O!R WAYS JU/ A LITTLE BIT TOO CLOSE TO HOME4 ,WAMPUM WAS1 AFT] ALL1 MAT]IAL MANUFACTUR$ FROM CLAMS F\ND PRIM>ILY (F ! COA/ ( ,LONG ,ISL&1 :OSE %ELLS >E /ILL TO BE F\ND SCATT]$ ON ! BEA*ES ( ,FIRE ,ISL&1 ! ,HAMPTONS1 & O!R PLACES :]E ,NEW ,YORK'S /OCKBROK]S & LIT]ATI LIKE TO SP5D !IR SUMM] WEEK5DS2 IT WAS US$ MA9LY = TRADE ) ! ,IROQUOIS T[NS ?AT !N DOTT$ :AT IS N[ UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK4 ,WAMPUM WAS FIR/ MANUFACTUR$ 9 BULK BY ! ,PEQUODS ( ,CONNECTICUT1 A GR\P LAT] TO BE WIP$ \T BY ,5GLI% SETTL]S 9 A NOTORI\S MASSACRE 9 #a#f#c#g4 ,?IS IS NOT ! SORT ( HI/ORY MO/ ,NEW ,YORK]S LIKE TO DWELL ON--OR ,AM]ICANS 9 G5]AL1 = ?AT MATT]4 

,F9ALLY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S' [N ROLE HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 5TIRELY 9NOC5T4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 :5 MANY ( ! ,SIX ,NATIONS ( ! ,IROQUOIS W]E TRY+ TO W9 BACK CONTROL ( !IR HEIRLOOM WAMPUM COLLECTION FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE MUSEUMS1 ,WILLIAM ,F5TON1 :O WAS !N & REMA9S TO ?IS DAY ONE ( ! MO/ RESPECT$ ,ANGLO AU?ORITIES ON ! SUBJECT1 TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF TO WRITE A MAJOR TREATISE 5TITL$ 0,! ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE ,WAMPUM ,COLLECTION3 ! ,CASE = ,9TEGRITY ( ,CULTURAL ,TREASURES0 7#a#i#g#a7 :I* MADE AN ELABORATE CASE = REFUS+ TO ACC$E TO !IR REQUE/S4 ,! ESSAY1 AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 S]V$ ONLY TO RE9=CE ! WIDESPREAD 7& TO A L>GE EXT5T HI/ORICALLY JU/IFI$7 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN IMPRESSION ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E AT BE/ AG5TS ( CULTURAL IMP]IALISM1 & AT WOR/1 ( EV5 WORSE SORTS4 ,RESULT+ BITT]NESS HAS MADE ! :OLE ISSUE ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL VIEWS ( WAMPUM SOME:AT S5SITIVE4 

,ALL ?IS IS QUITE A %AME BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! /UDY ( WAMPUM IS ( POT5TIALLY 5ORM\S 9T]E/ TO ANY !ORY ( VALUE4 ,= ONE ?+1 IT IS PROBABLY ! BE/ DOCUM5T$ CASE ( BEADS BE+ US$ AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S & A V]Y DIFF]5TLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY 9 :I* WE HAVE A FAIRLY CLE> PICTURE ( :AT ! NON,EUROPEAN P>TIES TO ! TRANSACTION DID ) ! BEADS ONCE !Y GOT !M4 ,! FOCUS 9 ?IS *APT] WILL BE ON ! ,IROQUOIAN PEOPLES ( :AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! ,FIVE 7LAT]1 ,SIX7 ,NATIONS4 ,:AT ,I'M GO+ TO DO FIR/ ( ALL IS TELL ! HI/ORY ( WAMPUM1 UP TO >\ND ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :I* TOOK ON AN EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE 9 ! CREATION ( ! ,IROQUOIS ,F$]ATION ITSELF4 ,! FIR/ EFFECT ( ! >RIVAL ( ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S 9 SE>* ( FUR1 & SOON AFT]1 SETTL]S1 ON ! COA/ ( ,NOR!A/ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS1 PR$ICTABLY1 TO PLUNGE ! PEOPLES ( ! 9T]IOR 9TO AN ALMO/ CON/ANT /ATE ( VIOL5T UPHEAVAL3 A WORLD ( 5DLESS FEUD+1 MASSACRES1 =C$ MIGRATIONS1 :OLE PEOPLES SCATT]$ & DISPLAC$1 ( TWO HUNDR$ YE>S ( ALMO/ CONT9UAL W>4 ,WAMPUM HAD A PECULI> ROLE 9 ALL ?IS4 ,IT WAS ! PR9CIPLE M$IUM ( ! FUR TRADE1 :I* HAD SP>K$ SO MU* ( ! TR\BLE TO BEG9 )--WAMPUM WAS ONE ( ! LURES HELD \T BY ! NEWCOM]S TO 9SPIRE PEOPLE TO ATTACK EA* O!R2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 )9 ! ,IROQUOIS CONF$]ACY--& ! ,IROQUOIS W]E CONSID]$ BY !IR ,9DIAN NEI<BORS A P>TICUL>LY F]OCI\S & T]RIFY+ POPULATION ( W>RIORS--IT WAS VALU$ PRIM>ILY = ITS ABILITY TO CREATE PEACE4 

! ORIG9S ( WAMPUM 

  

,SO MU* *ANG$ SO QUICKLY ONCE ,EUROPEANS BEGAN TO >RIVE ON ! COA/S ( ,NOR!A/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ?AT IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO SAY ANY?+ = C]TA9 AB\T ! YE>S BE=E4 ,!RE'S NO CONS5SUS AB\T :E!R SOME?+ ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ 0WAMPUM0 EV5 EXI/$ BE=E #a#e2 NONE!LESS1 ?IS IS SOME?+ ( A TE*NICAL QUE/ION1 S9CE POLI%$ BEADS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R--R>E /ONES1 MICA1 BEADS ( %ELL OR QUILL--& SIMIL> BRI<T & MIRROR$ OBJECTS C]TA9LY DID1 & !Y W]E AN IMPORTANT 9DIG5\S CATEGORY ( WEAL? ACROSS ! NOR!A/ WOODL&S 7,HAMMEL #a#i#h#d74 

,DUR+ ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ,EUROPEAN 9T]E/ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA FOCUS$ MA9LY ON FUR--P>TICUL>LY BEAV] PELTS1 !N 9 GREAT DEM& = ! MANUFACTURE ( HATS4 ,DUT* & ,5GLI% TRAD]S BEGAN >RIV+ ON ! COA/ >M$ ) LIB]AL SUPPLIES ( GLASS TRADE BEADS--!SE W]E ALREADY BE+ MASS-PRODUC$ 9 ,V5ICE & ! ,NE!RL&S = USE 9 ! M>KETS ( ,AFRICA & ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN--& USUALLY F\ND ! 9HABITANTS WILL+ TO ACCEPT !M 9 EX*ANGE = PELTS4 ,= A TIME1 !Y BECAME A REGUL> CURR5CY ( TRADE4 ,!RE WAS EV5 AN ATTEMPT TO MANUFACTURE !M 9 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,BUT AS TIME W5T ON & ,EUROPEAN SETTL] 5CLAVES GREW1 !IR PLACE WAS GRADUALLY SUPPLANT$ BY WAMPUM3 ! SMALL1 TUBUL> :ITE & PURPLE BEADS ?AT ! ,ALGONKIAN-SPEAK+ PEOPLES ( ,MASSA*USETTS & ,LONG ,ISL& HAD LONG BE5 9 ! HABIT ( MANUFACTUR+ FROM :ELKS & QUAHOG CLAMS4 ,5GLI% & ,DUT* COLONI/S APP>5TLY F\ND IT A RELATIVELY SIMPLE MATT] TO =CE !M TO MASS-PRODUCE !M1 /R++ ! BEADS TOGE!R 9 BELTS ( PURE :ITE OR PURE PURPLE 7! LATT]1 BECAUSE ( !IR RELATIVE R>ITY1 W]E WOR? TWICE AS MU*7 & SETT+ FIX$ RATES ( EX*ANGE ) ! ,9DIANS ( ! 9T]IOR3 SO MANY FA?OMS ( WAMPUM = SU* & SU* A PELT4 ,LAT]1 AFT] ! COA/AL ,9DIANS HAD BE5 L>GELY EXT]M9AT$1 COLONI/S BEGAN TO MANUFACTURE ! BEADS !MSELVES 7,CECI #a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#b2 ,BEAU*AMP #a#i#a74 

,WAMPUM WAS NOT JU/ A CURR5CY ( TRADE4 ,SETTL]S US$ IT 9 DEAL+ ) EA* O!R4 ,! E>LY COLONIES W]E ALSO NOTORI\SLY CA%-POOR2 SILV] MONEY WAS ALMO/ UNHE>D (1 & MO/ TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 SETTL]S W]E CONDUCT$ ?R\< B>T]1 CR$IT1 & WAMPUM4 ,COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS RECOGNIZ$ WAMPUM AS LEGAL T5D] UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 MANY SETTL]S PREF]R+ WAMPUM TO CO9S1 EV5 :5 ! LATT] HAD BECOME EASILY AVAILABLE--IF ONLY1 P]HAPS1 BECAUSE ,9DIANS W]E MORE LIKELY TO ACCEPT !M 7,WE$5 #a#h#h#d2 ,M>TI5 #a#i#i#f74 ,ON ! O!R H& !RE'S NO EVID5CE ?AT EV5 ! ,9DIANS LIV+ 9 ! CLOSE/ PROXIMITY TO ,EUROPEANS US$ WAMPUM TO BUY & SELL ?+S TO ONE ANO!R4 ,WE REALLY >E TALK+1 !N1 AB\T TWO PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T REGIMES ( VALUE4 

,:5 ! FIR/ ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S >RIV$1 MO/ ( ! COA/ WAS OCCUPI$ BY SPEAK]S ( ,ALGONKIAN LANGUAGES2 ! WOODL&S WE/ ( ! ,HUDSON W]E 9HABIT$ MA9LY BY SPEAK]S ( ,IROQUOIAN ONES4 ,!SE LATT] W]E PEOPLE :O LIV$ MA9LY 9 L>GE =TIFI$ T[NS & :O W]E GR\P$ 9TO A PAT*WORK ( POLITICAL CONF$]ACIES1 ( :OM ! MO/ PROM95T W]E ! ,HURON ALONG ! ,SA9T ,LAWR5CE & ! ,IROQUOIS1 SCATT]$ ACROSS ! NOR? ( :AT IS N[ UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK4 ,S9CE MO/ ( ! BEAV] ALONG ! COA/ W]E QUICKLY HUNT$ \T1 ! ,HURON 7ALLI$ ) ! ,FR5* TRAD]S !N E/ABLI%$ 9 ,QUEBEC7 W]E BE/ POSITION$ TO CONTROL ! ROTES TO HUNT+ GR\NDS \T FUR!R WE/4 ,9 ! E>LY SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 !N1 WE HAVE MU* MORE DETAIL$ 9=MATION ON ! ,HURON ?AN ANY O!R ,IROQUOIAN PEOPLES1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT ,FR5* ,JESUITS HAD SETTL$ 9 MO/ ,HURON COMMUNITIES & KEPT DETAIL$ RECORDS ( !IR WORK4 ,! ,FIVE ,NATIONS ( ! ,IROQUOIS ,CONF$]ACY TO ! S\?--! ,ONONDAGA1 ,ONEIDA1 ,S5ECA1 ,MOHAWK1 & ,CAYUGA--W]E LESS WELL KN[N4 ,MO/ ( ! ,ALGONKIAN PEOPLES ( ! COA/ SEEM TO HAVE CONSID]$ !M AS T]RIFY+ CANNIBALS.<#i#e.>--BUT ! ,IROQUOIS HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( ALLIANCE ) ! ,DUT*1 & !RE=E1 ACCESS TO A MU* MORE DEP5DABLE S\RCE ( FIRE>MS4 ,DUR+ ! SO CALL$ 0,BEAV] ,W>S0 FROM #afda TO #a#f#d#i1 !Y MANAG$ TO DE/ROY MO/ ( ! MAJOR ,HURON T[NS1 C>RY (F A L>GE NUMB] ( ,HURON AS CAPTIVES1 & SCATT] MO/ ( ! REMA9+ POPULATION4 ,BY #afef ! ,IROQUOIS HAD BROK5 ! P[] ( ! ,PETUN & ,NEUTRAL ,CONF$]ATIONS TO ! WE/ AS WELL1 ?US E/ABLI%+ A MONOPOLY OV] ! TRADE ?AT !Y W]E TO MA9TA9 = AT LEA/ A C5TURY4 

,DUR+ ! NEXT HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S OR SO1 ! ,IROQUOIS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 AN 5DLESS S]IES ( W>S3 BETWE5 ! ,BRITI% & ,FR5*1 ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S1 & ANY NUMB] ( O!R ,9DIAN NATIONS4 ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT WAMPUM--:I* ! ,IROQUOIS ACQUIR$ BO? AS PAYM5T = FURS & AS TRIBUTE FROM SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLES--CAME TO PLAY A C5TRAL ROLE 9 !IR POLITICAL LIFE1 EV51 ONE MI<T >GUE1 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY ITSELF4.<#i#f.> ,?IS IS ! P]IOD :I* ,I ESPECIALLY WANT TO LOOK AT2 BUT 9 ORD] TO UND]/& :AT HAPP5$1 IT WILL FIR/ BE NECESS>Y TO TRY TO AT LEA/ ATTEMPT TO RECON/RUCT SOME?+ ( E>LY ,IROQUOIAN SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 

! RESURRECTION ( NAMES 

  

,LIKE ! ,ALGONKIAN PEOPLES TO ! EA/1 ,IROQUOIAN NATIONS W]E MATRIL9EAL & MATRILOCAL4 ,UNLIKE !M1 ! ,IROQUOIANS 7,FIVE ,NATIONS & ,HURON ALIKE7 %>$ A V]Y P>TICUL> CON/ITUTION3 !Y SAW !IR SOCIETIES NOT AS A COLLECTION ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS BUT AS A COLLECTION ( ET]NAL NAMES1 :I* OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME PASS$ FROM ONE 9DIVIDUAL HOLD] TO ANO!R4 

,MO/ ( ! PEOPLES ( NOR!A/ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAD A CU/OM ( ! OCCASIONAL 0RESURRECTION0 ( NAMES4 ,IF A FAM\S W>RIOR1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E TO DIE1 ANO!R MAN MI<T BE GIV5 HIS NAME1 & !N BE CONSID]$ 9 A C]TA9 S5SE AN 9C>NATION ( ! SAME P]SON2 IF HE W]E A *IEF1 HE MI<T ALSO 9H]IT HIS (FICE4 ,ACCORD+ TO A ,JESUIT RELATION WRITT5 9 #afdb AB\T ! ,HURON3  
  

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID ?AT ! DEAD W]E BR\<T BACK TO LIFE BY MAK+ ! LIV+ BE> !IR NAMES4 ,?IS IS DONE = SEV]AL REASONS1--TO REVIVE ! MEMORY ( A BRAVE MAN1 & TO 9CITE HIM :O %ALL BE> HIS NAME TO IMITATE HIS C\RAGE2 TO TAKE REV5GE UPON ! 5EMIES1 = HE :O TAKES ! NAME ( A MAN KILL$ 9 BATTLE B9DS HIMSELF TO AV5GE HIS DEA?2 TO ASSI/ ! FAMILY ( A DEAD MAN1 BECAUSE HE :O BR+S HIM BACK TO LIFE1 & :O REPRES5TS HIM1 ASSUMES ALL ! DUTIES ( ! DECEAS$444 7,J,R #b#b3 #b#h#g-#h#i7  
  

,IT WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 BY HANG+ A COLL> ( WAMPUM >\ND ! MAN'S NECK2 IF ! LATT] ACCEPT$ IT1 & DID NOT %AKE IT (F1 HE W\LD !N BECOME ! DEAD MAN'S =M] SELF4 

,! ,IROQUOIS1 H[EV]1 TOOK ?IS PR9CIPLE MU* FUR!R3 ALL NAMES %\LD EV5TUALLY BE RESURRECT$ BY BE+ PASS$ ON TO SOMEONE ELSE4 ,AN ,IROQUOIS NATION 7OR 0TRIBE07 WAS NORMALLY COMPOS$ ( A S]IES ( MATRIL9EAL CLANS1 :I* W]E 9 TURN GR\P$ 9TO TWO MOIETIES4 ,EA* CLAN HAD ITS [N COLLECTION ( NAMES & A MATRON :O WAS ITS KEEP]4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT1 *IEFLY1 NAMES C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE ?\<T ( AS TITLES--S9CE EA* CORRESPOND$ TO A POSITION 9 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! TRIBE OR CONF$]ATION4 ,:5 ONE SU* (FICE-HOLD] DI$1 ! NAME WAS1 AS ! ,HURON PUT IT1 0RESURRECT$0 BY BE+ CONVEY$ TO SOME P]SON ( SIMIL> QUALITIES1 W\LD !REBY ALSO BE 9VE/$ 9 ! TITLE'S ASSOCIAT$ REGALIA & ?US 9 ! (FICE ITSELF 7,GOLD5WEIS] #a#i#a#d2 ,P>K] #a#i#b#f3#f#a-#f#e2 ,%IMONY #a#i#f#a2 ,HEID5REI* #a#i#g#h3#c#g#a-#g#b2 = ! ,HURON1 SEE ,TOOK] #a#i#f#d3#d#d-#d#e74 ,ONE MI<T SAY !N ?AT ! NUMB] ( 0P]SONS0--US+ ! T]M 9 ! ,MAUSSIAN S5SE1 AS P>TICUL> SOCIAL ID5TITIES FIX$ BY SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ 9SIGNIA ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R--9 ! ,IROQUOIS COSMOS WAS FIX$1 S9CE1 LIKE ,TYLOR'S 0IMAGES10 !Y SURVIV$ ! DEA? ( ! HOLD]4.<#i#g.> ,AT ANY PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 ONE W\LD 5C\NT] ! SAME BASIC COLLECTION ( P]SONAE1 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT :ILE ALL ! *IEFLY ROLES W\LD BE FILL$1 SOME ( ! LESS EXALT$ ONES W\LD BE LIKELY TO BE )\T OCCUPANTS AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 

,IROQUOIS S\RCES (T5 SPOKE ( ?IS AS 0HANG+ ! NAME >\ND ! NECK40 ,EVID5CE IS SKET*Y1 BUT AT LEA/ AMONG C]TA9 ,IROQUOIS NATIONS--& P]HAPS ALL ( !M--EA* CLAN DID HAVE A COLLECTION ( 0NAME-NECKLACES0 CORRESPOND+ TO ITS /OCK ( NAMES1 & KEPT BY ! SAME MATRON RESPONSIBLE = KEEP+ TRACK ( !M 7,F5TON #a#i#b#f3#f#e74 ,! MAJOR *IEFLY TITLES CAME ) !IR [N BELTS ( WAMPUM1 :I* FUNCTION$ AS 9SIGNIA ( (FICE1 & :I* W]E 9DE$ PLAC$ >\ND ! NECK ( ! MAN :O SUCCE$$ TO IT1 ALONG ) O!R 9SIGNIA ( (FICE 7,HEWITT #a#i#d#d3#f#e-#f#f2 ,BEAU*AMP #a#i#a3#c#d#g-#d#i2 ,F5TON #a#i#d#f3#a#a#h2 CF4 ,DRUKE #a#i#h#a3#a#i-#a#a74 

,IT IS A LITTLE DIFFICULT TO G5]ALIZE BECAUSE WE >E DEAL+ ) A V>IETY ( PEOPLES :OSE HABITS W]E PROBABLY NOT 5TIRELY CONSI/5T EV5 )9 ANY ONE TIME & PLACE4 ,PROBABLY EV5 DIFF]5T CLANS OR LON<\SES HAD DIFF]5T PRACTICES4 ,BUT IT'S CLE> ?AT AMONG ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS 9 P>TICUL>1 ! RESURRECTION ( NAMES BECAME CRUCIAL TO ! CON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?IS WAS SIMPLY A CULTURAL QUIRK1 BUT IT'S H>D TO ESCAPE ! SUSPICION ?AT ?IS HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! UNUSUALLY PR$ATORY NATURE ( ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY4 

W> & SOCIAL /RUCTURE 

  

,! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,HOD5OSAUNEE 7OR 0,IROQUOIS07 CONSI/$1 AT FIR/1 ( ,FIVE ,NATIONS1 ! ,ONONDAGA1 ,MOHAWK1 ,S5ECA1 ,CAYUGA1 & ,ONEIDA1 ALL ( :OM OCCUPI$ A SWA? ( T]RITORY TO ! DIRECT S\? ( ,LAKE ,]IE 9 :AT IS N[ UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK4.<#i#h.> ,! POPULATION WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 A S]IES ( L>GE1 =TIFI$ T[NS--,DUT* & ,5GLI% S\RCES USUALLY CALL !M 0CA/LES0--P]*$ ON HILLTOPS & SURR\ND$ BY ELABORATE PALISADES4 

,9SIDE ! PALISADES WAS FEMALE T]RITORY4 ,EA* LON<\SE WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND A CORE ( RELAT$ WOM54 ,! MALE DOMA9 WAS 0! =E/10 ) ! USUAL EMPHASIS ON W> & HUNT+4 ,VILLAGES & NATIONS W]E ( C\RSE CONNECT$ BY AN OV]>*+ NETWORK ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS--! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,IROQUOIS ,LEAGUE1 :I* SEEMS TO HAVE EM]G$ 9 ! YE>S BE=E #a#e1 JU/ BE=E ,EUROPEANS APPE>$ ON ! SC5E1 WAS ONE ( ! 9SPIRATIONS = ! F$]AL SY/EM ADOPT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!RE W]E ?US A SET ( DIFF]5T C\NCILS OP]AT+ ON DIFF]5T LEVELS3 FROM LON<\SE TO VILLAGE1 VILLAGE TO NATION1 NATION TO ! F$]ATION ITSELF4 ,!RE >E TWO PO9TS H]E ?AT ,I ?9K DES]VE SPECIAL EMPHASIS4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ?IS SY/EM 9VOLV$ AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT ROLE = WOM54 ,LON<\SES W]E GOV]N$ BY C\NCILS MADE UP 5TIRELY ( WOM51 :O1 S9CE !Y CONTROLL$ ITS FOOD SUPPLIES1 C\LD EVICT ANY 9-M>RI$ MALE AT WILL4 ,VILLAGES W]E GOV]N$ BY BO? MALE & FEMALE C\NCILS4 ,C\NCILS ON ! NATIONAL & LEAGUE LEVEL W]E ALSO MADE UP ( BO? MALE & FEMALE (FICE-HOLD]S4 ,IT'S TRUE ?AT ! HI<] ONE W5T 9 ! /RUCTURE1 ! LESS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ! FEMALE C\NCILS HAD--ON ! LON<\SE LEVEL1 !RE WASN'T ANY MALE ORGANIZATION AT ALL1 :ILE ON ! LEAGUE LEVEL1 ! FEMALE C\NCIL M]ELY HAD VETO P[] OV] MALE DECISIONS--BUT IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT DECISIONS ON ! L[] LEVEL W]E ( MU* MORE IMM$IATE RELEVANCE TO DAILY LIFE4 ,9 T]MS ( EV]YDAY AFFAIRS1 ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY (T5 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AB\T AS CLOSE AS !RE IS TO A DOCUM5T$ CASE ( A MATRI>*Y4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT = ALL ! COMPLEX F$]ATIVE /RUCTURE1 SOCIETY WAS 9 MO/ RESPECTS HI<LY EGALIT>IAN4 ,(FICE-HOLD]S1 MALE & FEMALE1 W]E ELECT$ FROM AMONG A POOL ( POSSIBLE HEIRS2 ! (FICES !MSELVES1 AT LEA/ ! MALE POLITICAL ONES1 W]E CONSID]$ AS MU* A RESPONSIBILITY AS A REW>D AS !Y 9VOLV$ NO REAL MAT]IAL REW>DS & C]TA9LY GRANT$ ! HOLD] NO CO]CIVE P[]4 

,( C\RSE1 MO/ ( \R EVID5CE COMES FROM A TIME ( CON/ANT W>4 ,IT'S H>D TO TELL PRECISELY H[ ALL ?IS AFFECT$ ! RELATIVE ROLES ( M5 & WOM54 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT C\LD ONLY HAVE 9CREAS$ ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! MALE C\NCILS1 :I* W]E L>GELY CONC]N$ ) MATT]S ( W> & PEACE4 ,ON ! O!R1 IT EV5TUALLY CREAT$ A SITUATION 9 :I* A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! M5 9 ANY GIV5 COMMUNITY W]E NOT REALLY ,IROQUOIS AT ALL1 :I* C\LD ONLY HAVE 9CREAS$ ! AU?ORITY ( WOM5 ON ! LOCAL LEVEL4 

,IROQUOIS W>F>E CON=M$ TO A PATT]N COMMON TO MU* ( ABORIG9AL ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,DANIEL ,RI*T] 7#a#i#h#c1 #a#i#i#b3#c#b-#c#h7 CALLS IT ! 0M\RN+ W>0 COMPLEX4 ,! LOGIC IS SIMIL> TO1 BUT NOT QUITE ! SAME AS1 ?AT ( ! FEUD4 ,! DEA? ( ALMO/ ANY IMPORTANT P]SON MI<T LEAD TO ! ORGANIZATION ( A MILIT>Y EXP$ITION1 :E!R OR NOT ?AT P]SON HAD BE5 KILL$ BY 5EMIES4 ,AMONG ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS1 ! LOGIC MI<T BE CONSID]$ AN EXT5SION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( REPLAC+ ! DEAD4 ,:5EV] A MAN OR WOMAN HOLD+ AN IMPORTANT (FICE DI$1 HIS OR H] NAME W\LD BE TRANSF]R$ IMM$IATELY TO SOMEONE NEW3 ! C]EMONY HAS COME TO BE KN[N 9 ! LIT]ATURE AS A 0,REQUICK5+0 C]EMONY1 BECAUSE IT RE/OR$ ! LIFE & VITALITY ?AT HAD BE5 LO/ TO ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY ?R\< DEA?4 ,MORE HUMBLE MEMB]S ( SOCIETY W\LD EV5TUALLY BE REPLAC$ AS WELL4 ,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME1 ! EFFECTS ( LOSS C\LD BE DISA/R\S1 ESPECIALLY = ?OSE CLOSE/ TO ! DECEAS$4 ,! GRIEF & PA9 ( M\RN+ WAS SE5 AS CAPABLE ( DRIV+ SURVIVORS 5TIRELY 9SANE4 ,(T51 !N1 ! WOM5 ( ! B]EAV$ H\SEHOLD C\LD DEM& A RAID+ P>TY BE GOT TOGE!R 7USUALLY FROM AMONG !IR MALE AFF9ES7 TO CAPTURE A REPLACEM5T4 ,NORMALLY ?IS RAID W\LD BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ SOME NEI<BOR+ PEOPLE :O W]E CONSID]$ TRADITIONAL 5EMIES4 ,AT TIMES1 !Y C\LD ESCALATE 9TO MAJOR W>S1 REPLETE ) /&UP BATTLES 9 :I* L>GE P>TIES ( W>RIORS W\LD MEET EA* O!R 9 0L>GELY C]EMONIAL CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 MASS$ =C$ PROTECT$ BY WOOD5 BODY >MOR & B$ECK$ 9 ELABORATE HEADDRESSES0 7,RI*T] #a#i#i#b3#c#e74 ,DEA? 9 BATTLE WAS QUITE UNUSUAL2 9 P>T1 BECAUSE ! MA9 PURPOSE ( W> WAS TAK+ ( PRISON]S4 

,AS = ! PRISON]S1 !IR FATE1 ONCE BR\<T BACK TO ! ,IROQUOIS HOMEL&1 C\LD BE EI!R SURPRIS+LY B5IGN OR UTT]LY HORR5D\S4 ,ALL PRISON]S W]E =MALLY ADOPT$ 9TO ! LOCAL FAMILY ?AT HAD SUFF]$ A REC5T LOSS4 ,IT WAS UP TO FAMILY MEMB]S :E!R !Y W\LD !N BE TORTUR$ TO DEA? OR KEPT ON AS A REPLACEM5T = ! DECEAS$4 ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S SAW ! *OICE AS A MATT] ( :IM1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,?OSE TO BE KILL$ W]E FIR/ FEA/$1 !N TI$ TO A /AKE :]E !Y W]E SY/EMATICALLY CUT1 G\G$1 & MO/ ( ALL1 BURN$ ) FIREBR&S & R$-HOT METAL1 (T5 OV] ! C\RSE ( AN 5TIRE NI<T BE=E DY+--C]EMONIES ?AT1 APP>5TLY SOMETIMES DID 5D ) A COMMUNAL FEA/ ON P>TS ( ! BODY ( ! DEAD 79 O!R WORDS1 :AT !IR NEI<BORS SAID WAS NOT 5TIRELY UNTRUE74 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 CAPTUR$ ON RAIDS1 & A V]Y GOOD PROPORTION--PROBABLY ! MAJORITY--( ! M5 W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 KILL$ BUT P]MAN5TLY ADOPT$4 ,!Y W\LD BE GIV5 ! NAME ( ! DECEAS$ &1 IDEALLY1 ALMO/ 9/ANTLY F9D !MSELVES TREAT$ LIKE A MEMB] ( ! FAMILY1 HAV+ ALL RI<TS & RELATIONS ( ! DECEAS$ 7I4E41 A MAN W\LD NORMALLY TAKE HIS PLACE AS HUSB& ( ! DEAD MAN'S WIFE71 & TREAT$ ) ! UTMO/ T5D]NESS BY HIS FEMALE RELATIVES4 ,AFT] A TRIAL P]IOD DUR+ :I* !Y W]E C>EFULLY WAT*$ = ANY SIGN ( DISAFFECTION1 SU* PRISON]S C\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME FULLY ACCEPT$ MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 EV5 9 SOME CASES LEAD+ W> P>TIES OR RECEIV+ HI<] NAMES & (FICES ) POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,?IS ANYWAY WAS H[ ! SITUATION APPE>S TO HAVE WORK$ 9 9DIG5\S TIMES4 ,W>F>E BECAME MU* MORE SEV]E & DE/RUCTIVE DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 DUR+ :I* ! ,IROQUOIS MANAG$ TO BREAK1 ONE AFT] ! O!R1 A S]IES ( RIVAL F$]ATIONS1 9CLUD+ ! ,MOHICANS1 ,HURONS1 ,PETUNS1 ,NEUTRALS1 ,]IE1 & ,SUSQUAHANNOCK--W>S ?AT (T5 9VOLV$ BO? UNPREC$5T$ MASSACRES 7ONE ,IROQUOIS *IEF ORD]$ EI<TY ,HURON PRISON]S SLAU<T]$ 9 ONE DAY1 9 ORD] TO ASSUAGE HIS GRIEF & ANG] AT ! DEA? ( HIS BRO!R7 & ! MASSIVE 9CORPORATION ( ALI5 PRISON]S 9TO ,IROQUOIAN SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS >\ND ?IS P]IOD ONE READS ACC\NTS ( A SOCIETY EFFECTIVELY DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES1 ) ADOPT$ PRISON]S DO+ ! BULK ( ! M5IAL LABOR & ) MEMB]S ( !IR ADOPT$ FAMILIES HAV+ ! RI<T TO KILL !M = ! SLI<TE/ 9FRACTIONS OR IMP]T95CE 7,/>NA & ,WATK9S #a#i#i#a71 & MISSION>IES COMPLA9$ ?AT 9 MANY COMMUNITIES MO/ M5 W]E NOT P>TICUL>LY FLU5T SPEAK]S ( !IR [N NATION'S LANGUAGES 7,QUA9 #a#i#c#g74 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! UNUSUALLY SY/EMATIC NATURE ( ! ,IROQUOIAN NAM+ PRACTICES ONLY EM]G$ 9 ?IS P]IOD 7ALT]NATELY1 IT MAY BE ?AT IT HAD EXI/$ = A V]Y LONG TIME1 & ?IS WAS ONE ( ! REASONS ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS W]E ABLE TO EXP& & 9CORPORATE O!RS MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN !IR NEI<BORS74 ,ANYWAY1 ?IS EXCEPTIONALLY BRUTAL P]IOD DID NOT LA/ LONG3 ! *ILDR5 ( !SE CAPTIVES W]E CONSID]$ FULL MEMB]S ( !IR ADOPTIVE CLANS4 

! MAK+ ( PEACE 

  

,AT ?IS PO9T1 LET ME RETURN TO ! ROLE ( WAMPUM4 ,WAMPUM 9 FACT PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 ! ME*ANICS ( BO? MAK+ W> & 5D+ IT4 

,= EXAMPLE1 IF A MAN'S DEA? 9SPIR$ MEMB]S ( HIS FAMILY TO COMMISSION A W> P>TY1 ! CLAN MATRON WAS SAID TO 0PUT HIS NAME ON ! MAT0 BY S5D+ A BELT ( WAMPUM TO A RELAT$ W> *IEF2 HE W\LD !N GA!R TOGE!R A GR\P ( M5 TO TRY TO BR+ BACK A CAPTIVE TO REPLACE HIM 7,LAFITAU 9 ,F5TON #a#i#g#h3#c#a#e74 ,IF ! MAN 9 QUE/ION HAD BE5 KILL$1 H[EV]-- AT LEA/1 IF ! KILL] WAS NOT FROM A COMPLETELY ALI5 GR\P--! USUAL PRACTICE WAS TO APPO9T AN AV5G]4.<#i#i.> ,! ONLY WAY TO PREV5T ?IS1 9 FACT1 WAS = ! KILL]'S PEOPLE TO PAY A GIFT ( WAMPUM IMM$IATELY TO ! VICTIM'S FAMILY4 ,! USUAL FEE WAS FIVE FA?OMS = ! LIFE ( A MAN1 T5 = ?AT ( A WOMAN 7,T4 ,SMI? #a#i#h#c3#b#c#f2 ,MORGAN #a#h#e#d3#c#c#a-#c#d2 ,P>K] #a#i#b#f74 ,)9 ! LEAGUE1 ELABORATE ME*ANISMS EXI/$ TO 5SURE ANY SU* MATT]S W\LD BE QUICKLY RESOLV$2 C\NCILS W\LD BE CONVOK$1 L>GE AM\NTS ( WAMPUM RAIS$ BY CANVAS+ ! IMPORTANT MEMB]S ( ! KILL]'S CLAN4 ,EV5 !N1 IT WAS /ILL ! B]EAV$ FAMILY :O HAD ! LA/ WORD4 ,IF /UBBORN1 !Y C\LD /ILL 9SI/ ON S5D+ ! AV5G] ON HIS WAY4 

,! ME*ANICS ( PEACEMAK+ >E ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE ?IS IS :AT ! ,LEAGUE WAS ESS5TIALLY AB\T4 ,! ,IROQUOIS T]M TRANSLAT$ 0LEAGUE10 9 FACT1 REALLY JU/ MEANS 0PEACE03 ! 5TIRE POLITICAL APP>ATUS WAS SE5 BY ITS CREATORS PRIM>ILY AS A WAY ( RESOLV+ MURD]\S DISPUTES4 ,! ,LEAGUE WAS LESS A GOV]NM5T1 OR EV5 ALLIANCE1.<#a.> ?AN A S]IES ( TREATIES E/ABLI%+ AMITY & PROVID+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL MEANS = PREV5T+ FEUDS & MA9TA9+ H>MONY AMONG ! FIVE NATIONS ?AT MADE IT UP4 ,= ALL !IR REPUTATION AS PR$ATORY W>RIORS1 ! ,IROQUOIS !MSELVES SAW ! ESS5CE ( POLITICAL ACTION TO LIE 9 MAK+ PEACE4 

,WAMPUM WAS ! ESS5TIAL M$IUM ( ALL PEACEMAK+4 ,EV]Y ACT ( DIPLOMACY1 BO? )9 ! ,LEAGUE & \TSIDE IT1 HAD TO BE C>RI$ \T ?R\< ! GIV+ & RECEIV+ ( WAMPUM4 ,IF A MESSAGE HAD TO BE S5T1 IT W\LD BE 0SPOK5 9TO0 BELTS OR /R+S ( WAMPUM1 :I* ! MESS5G] W\LD PRES5T TO ! RECIPI5T4 ,SU* BELTS OR /R+S W]E REF]R$ TO AS 0WORDS02 !Y W]E (T5 WOV5 9TO MNEMONIC PATT]NS BE>+ ON ! IMPORT ( ! MESSAGE4 ,)\T !M1 NO MESSAGE /OOD A *ANCE ( BE+ TAK5 S]I\SLY BY ITS RECIPI5T4 ,9 C\NCIL1 TOO1 SPEAK]S W\LD ACCOMPANY !IR >GUM5TS ) BELTS ( WAMPUM--ALSO CALL$ 0WORDS0--LAY+ !M D[N ONE AFT] ! O!R AS ! MAT]IAL EMBODIM5TS ( !IR >GUM5TS 7,BEAU*AMP #a#i#a2 ,SMI? #a#i#h#c3#b#c#a-#c#b74.<#a#a.> 

,:5 5VOYS W]E S5T TO PROPOSE A TREATY TO ANO!R NATION1 NOT ONLY W\LD ! CONDITIONS ( ! TREATY ITSELF BE 0SPOK5 9TO0 BELTS ( WAMPUM1 BUT ! 5VOYS W\LD BE GIV5 BELTS & /R+S TO CONVEY AS GIFTS = ! NATION TO :OM ! TREATY WAS PROPOS$4 ,!SE MI<T ALSO BE WOV5 9TO 0WORDS02 AT ANY RATE1 !Y W\LD BE PRES5T$ ONE BY ONE TO ! ACCOMPANIM5T ( WORDS ( CONCILIATION4 ,S9CE ,IROQUOIS DIPLOMACY IS WELL DOCUM5T$1 WE HAVE A GOOD RECORD ( :AT !SE CONCILIATORY SPEE*ES W]E LIKE3 

,!Y RUN SOME:AT AS FOLL[S1 EA* S5T5CE BE+ PRON\NC$ ) GREAT SOLEMNITY1 & CONFIRM$ BY ! DELIV]Y ( A WAMPUM BELT3 0,BRO!RS1 ) ?IS BELT ,I OP5 Y\R E>S ?AT Y\ MAY HE>2 ,I DRAW FROM Y\R FEET ! ?ORNS ?AT PI]C$ !M AS Y\ J\RNEY$ ?I!R2 ,I CLEAN ! SEATS ( ! C\NCIL-H\SE1 ?AT Y\ MAY SIT AT EASE2 ,I WA% Y\R HEAD & BODY1 ?AT Y\R SPIRITS MAY BE REFRE%$2 ,I CONDOLE Y\ ON ! LOSS ( Y\R FRI5DS :O HAVE DI$ S9CE WE LA/ MET2 ,I WIPE \T ANY BLOOD :I* MAY HAVE BE5 SPILL$ BETWE5 US40444 

,& HIS MEMORY WAS REFRE%$ BY BELTS ( WAMPUM1 :I* HE DELIV]$ AFT] EV]Y CLAUSE 9 HIS H>ANGUE1 AS A PL$GE ( ! S9C]ITY & ! TRU? ( HIS WORDS 7,BRICE 9 ,HOLMES #a#h#h#c3#b#d#b74 

,AFT]W>DS1 AN 5VOY MI<T PLACE ! TREATY BELTS !MSELVES OV] ! %\LD]S ( ! *IEF1 :O C\LD EI!R ACCEPT ! TREATY OR REJECT IT BY %AK+ !M (F 7,HECKEWELD] 9 ,HOLMES #a#h#h#c3#b#d#f-#d#g74 ,IF ACCEPT$1 COPIES ( ! TREATY BELTS W\LD BE S5T BACK ) ! 5VOY1 & BO? SIDES W\LD KEEP !IR BELTS AS A P]MAN5T RECORD ( !IR MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS4 

,MI*AEL ,FO/] 7#a#i#h#e7 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT ! EX*ANGE ( WAMPUM 9 SU* NEGOTIATIONS WAS SE5 FIR/ & =EMO/ AS A WAY ( OP5+ UP *ANNELS ( COMMUNICATION4 ,H5CE ! RHETORICAL EMPHASIS ON 0OP5+ ! E>S0 & 0UN/OPP+ ! ?ROATS0 ( ?OSE :O RECEIV$ IT1 & ( O!RWISE PUTT+ !M AT EASE ) ONE ANO!R4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT IF 7AS WAS USUALLY ! CASE7 !RE HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 HO/ILITIES BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS IS TRUE AS F> AS IT GOES2 BUT ! NOTION ( 0COMMUNICATION0 PLAYS 9TO MU* L>G] COSMOLOGICAL IDEAS4 ,IROQUOIS RELIGION1 AS ,ELISABE? ,TOOK] 7#a#i#g3#g2 ,*AFE #a#i#f#a7 HAS APTLY PUT IT1 WAS 9 ITS ESS5CE 0A RELIGION ( ?ANKSGIV+40 ,RITUAL WAS SE5 ABOVE ALL AS A WAY TO GIVE ?ANKS TO ! ,CREATOR BY %[+ ONE'S JOY AT ! EXI/5CE ( ! COSMOS HE HAD CREAT$4 ,EV5 TODAY JU/ AB\T EV]Y RITUAL EV5T OR EV5 MEET+ 9VOLVES ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE*ES1 9 :I* ! SPEAK] LI/S ! MA9 ELEM5TS ( ! COSMOS--E>?1 TREES1 W9D1 SUN1 MOON1 SKY--& CELEBRATES ! EXI/5CE ( EA* 9 TURN4.<#a#b.> ,?IS CELEBRATION OR JOY C\LD ALSO BE IMAG9$ AS FEEL+ ( EXPANSIV5ESS1 AN OP5+ ( ONESELF TO ! TOTALITY ( CREATION & TO ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,9 A SIMIL> WAY ACTS ( CONDOL5CE1 SU* AS ! GIV+ ( WAMPUM1 W]E MEANT TO CLE> ALL ! GRIEF & ANG] ?AT OB/RUCT$ ! M9DS & BODIES ( ?OSE B]EAV$ BY DEA? & TO RE/ORE !M TO FULL COMMUNICATION ) ! WORLD & O!R PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS :Y ! GIV]S SPOKE NOT ONLY ( OP5+ ! EYES & E>S & ?ROATS ( !IR RECIPI5TS BUT ALSO ( 0REVEAL+ ! SUN0 & 0REVEAL+ ! SKY0 TO !M ONCE MORE4 0,OP5+ UP *ANNELS ( COMMUNICATION10 !N1 IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( CREAT+ AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* PEOPLE CAN TALK TO ONE ANO!R2 IT IS A MATT] ( OP5+ !M UP TO ! UNIV]SE AS A :OLE4 

,BUT :Y %\LD GIFTS ( WAMPUM BE AN APPROPRIATE M$IUM = ?IS8 ,GEORGE ,HAMMEL 7#a#i#h#d7 PROVIDES ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION4 ,?R\<\T ! EA/]N WOODL&S ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 HE SUGGE/S1 !RE WAS A BROAD CATEGORY ( OBJECTS ?AT W]E SE5 AS EMBODY+ :AT HE CALLS 0LIFE & LI<T0--ILLUM9ATION1 9 ,HAMMEL'S ANALYSIS1 BE+ R\<LY EQUIVAL5T TO MY 0EXPANSIV5ESS40 ,!SE 9CLUD$ A WIDE RANGE ( BRI<T OR MIRROR$ OBJECTS1 RANG+ FROM QU>TZ CRY/ALS TO OBSIDIAN TO C]TA9 SORTS ( %ELL1 AS WELL AS1 LAT]1 WAMPUM & GLASS BEADS4 ,EV5 BE=E ! ADV5T ( ,EUROPEANS1 !SE CON/ITUT$ A CATEGORY ( WEAL? ?AT WAS TRAD$ OV] LONG DI/ANCES1 & 9 SPECIAL DEM& BY ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 %AMANI/IC PURSUITS4 ,WAMPUM WAS ?US SE5 AS C>RY+ AN 9TR9SIC CAPACITY TO LIFT AWAY GRIEF4 ,A ,S5ECA MY? AB\T ,HIAWA?A--:O WAS SAID TO BE ! 9V5TOR ( WAMPUM1 AS WELL AS ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,LEAGUE--HAS HIM GA!R+ TOGE!R ! FIR/ /R+ & V[+3  
  

,IF ,I %\LD SEE ANYONE 9 DEEP GRIEF ,I W\LD REMOVE !SE /R+S FROM ! POLE & CONSOLE !M4 ,! /R+S W\LD BECOME WORDS & LIFT AWAY ! D>KNESS ) :I* !Y >E COV]$4 7,HAMMEL #a#i#h#d3#a#i7  
  

,JU/ 9 !SE FEW REF]5CES ONE CAN ALREADY SEE A FAIRLY CLE> SET ( T]MS ( OPPOSITION4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PLEASURE & PA91 JOY & GRIEF IS CONCEIV$ AS ONE BETWE5 EXPANSION & CONTRACTION2 & BY EXT5SION BETWE5 LI<T 7:I* ALL[S EXT5D ONE'S VISION 9TO ! WORLD1 TO SEE ! SUN & SKY7 & D>KNESS 79 :I* ONE'S VISION CONTRACTS TO ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONS ( ! SELF 74 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 P]HAPS1 IT IS AN OPPOSITION BETWE5 >TICULATE SPEE* & SIL5CE OR 9>TICULATE RAGE2 /R+S ( WAMPUM >E !MSELVES ?+S ( LI<T1 BUT !Y >E ALSO 0WORDS10 ?AT UN/OP ! E>S & ?ROATS ( ?OSE :O RECEIVE !M1 ALL[+ !M TO PASS 9TO ?AT DOMA9 ( 0SELF-EXT5SION0 :I* IS MADE POSSIBLE ONLY ?R\< LANGUAGE 7,SC>RY #a#i#h#e74 ,! TWO POSSIBLE FATES ( ,IROQUOIS PRISON]S >E A P]FECT EXPRESSION ( ?IS3 ONE ! ONE H&1 TO HAVE A NAME HUNG >\ND ! NECK1 9 ! =M ( A /R+ ( WAMPUM2 ON ! O!R1 TO HAVE R$-HOT AXES HUNG >\ND ! NECK1 :I* BURN 9TO ! FLE% & S5D ! PRISON] 9TO A SPIRAL ( AGONY ?AT WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD TO ! ULTIMATE CONTRACTION1 ?AT ( DEA?4 

! ORIG9S ( ! ,GREAT ,PEACE 

  

,9 #a#i#d#f1 ! ,S5ECA AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,>?UR ,P>K] SUGGE/$ ?AT IF ONE WI%$ TO UND]/& HIS PEOPLE'S HI/ORY1 ONE HAD TO BEG9 BY TAK+ A COSMOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE3 ?AT IS1 TO SEE H[ ,IROQUOIANS !MSELVES PLACE !MSELVES 9 ! OV]ALL HI/ORY ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,?OSE ( HIS TIME SAW ! LATT] AS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ?REE GREAT CREATIVE MOM5TS3 ! FIR/1 ?AT ( ! CREATION ( ! UNIV]SE2 ! SECOND1 ?AT ( ! CREATION ( ! ,LEAGUE1 OR 0,GREAT ,PEACE10 & ! ?IRD1 ! RE=MS ( ! ,S5ECA PROPHET ,H&SOME ,LAKE 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,>\ND EA* !RE IS AN EXT5SIVE ORAL TRADITION4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD WE >E DEAL+ )1 !RE W\LD APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ONLY TWO4 

,IROQUOIS LEG5DS CONC]N+ ! ORIG9S ( ! ,LEAGUE 7,CONV]SE #a#i#f#b2 ,HALE #a#h#h#c2 ,HEWITT #a#h#i#b2 ,P>K] #a#i#a#f7.<#a#c.> ALWAYS BEG9 BY DESCRIB+ A TIME :5 9CESSANT FEUDS & W>F>E HAD LAID ! C\NTRY TO WA/E4 ,! ,IROQUOIS' ANCE/ORS HAD REV]T$ TO A /ATE ( SAVAG]Y1 FLEE+ TO ! =E/S & GIV+ !MSELVES OV] 5TIRELY TO MURD]1 CANNIBALISM1 & RAP9E4 ,9 !SE /ORIES1 ! EFFECTS ( !IR GRIEF & RAGE >E (T5 FIGUR$ AS PHYSICAL DE=MITIES3 ! PEOPLE HAD LIT]ALLY BECOME MON/R\S4 ,! ACTION BEG9S :51 9 ! MID/ ( ALL ?IS *AOS1 W>1 & DEGRADATION1 A MAN NAM$ ,DEGANAWIDEH EM]GES TO RE=M ! PEOPLE BY MAGIC & P]SUASION1 & TO HAVE !M AGREE TO A ,GREAT ,PEACE4 ,! /ORY FOLL[S HIM AS HE DOES SO1 MEET+ & JO9+ =CES ) ,HIAWA?A1 & CREAT+ PRES5T DAY ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY 9 ! PROCESS BY GIV+ NAMES TO ITS CON/ITU5T CLANS & NATIONS4 ,ITS CLIMAX COMES :5 ! H]OES >E FAC$ ) MO/ MON/R\S BE+ ( ALL1 ! EVIL SORC]] ,?ADODAHO ( ! ,ONONDAGA--DESCRIB$ 79 ,HEWITT'S V]SION3 #a#h#h#b3#a#c#h-#d7 AS HAV+ ! H&S ( A TURTLE1 ! FEET ( A BE>1 SNAKES = HAIR1 & A P5IS ( MANY FA?OMS WRAPP$ SEV]AL TIMES >\ND HIS BODY4 ,RA!R ?AN DO BATTLE1 !Y (F] HIM ?IRTE5 /R+S ( WAMPUM1 ONE AFT] ! O!R1 ACCOMPANY+ EA* ) A SONG4 ,) EA* PRES5TATION1 ONE ( HIS DE=MITIES DISAPPE>S1 UNTIL BY ! 5D HE IS ONCE AGA9 A NORMAL HUMAN BE+4 ,! RE=M$ ,?ADODAHO AGREES TO BECOME ! FIRE KEEP] ( ! C5TRAL ,ONONDAGA C\NCIL LODGE & GU>DIAN ( ! ,LEAGUE'S WAMPUM 79CLUD+ ?OSE V]Y ?IRTE5 /R+S74 ,DEGANAWIDEH GOES ON TO SPEAK ! RULES ( ! ,LEAGUE 9TO WAMPUM /R+S ?AT ,?ADODAHO WILL PRES]VE1 & !N DISAPPE>S FROM ! E>?4 

,ALL ! O!R PROTAGONI/S ( ! /ORY1 9CLUD+ ,HIAWA?A1 REMA9$ JU/ AS ! CLANS & NATIONS TO :I* ,DEGANAWIDEH GAVE NAMES4 ,?ADODAHO HIMSELF BECAME ! KEEP] ( ! ,LEAGUE'S TREASURY ( WAMPUM BELTS2 & EV] S9CE1 :OEV] BECOMES ! KEEP] ( ! TREASURY !REBY BECOMES ,?ADODAHO4 

,NOTE ONCE AGA9 ! P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! REMOVAL ( GRIEF1 & ! BE/[AL ( NAMES4 ,DEGANAWIDEH & ,HIAWA?A CONSI/5TLY DO BO?4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT 9 DO+ SO !Y CREATE SOCIETY 9 TWO S5SES3 FIR/1 BY CREAT+ PEACE1 ! POT5TIAL = SOCIALITY ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE2 SECOND1 BY E/ABLI%+ DIFF]5TIATIONS )9 ?IS NEWLY CREAT$ PEACE1 & !REBY GIV+ SOCIETY ITS /RUCTURE4 ,ALL !SE PRIMORDIAL GE/URES CONT9UE TO BE RE5ACT$ 9 ! PRES5T ?R\< ACTS ( GIV+ WAMPUM4 ,AS 9 SO MANY MY?OLOGICAL SY/EMS1 MO/ PRES5T-DAY ACTS >E NOT SE5 AS FUNDAM5TALLY CREATIVE 9 ! SAME S5SE2 !Y >E SIMPLY A MATT] ( RE-CREAT+ ! SAME /RUCTURE ( NAMES & (FICES OV] & OV] AGA94 ,NONE!LESS1 )\T ?AT CONT9UAL RE-CREATION1 ! ,GREAT ,PEACE W\LD CEASE TO EXI/ & HUMANITY W\LD PRESUMABLY REV]T AGA9 TO SAVAG]Y & RAGE4 

,! CLIMAX ( ! MY?--! RE=M ( ,?ADODAHO--WAS RECAPITULAT$ 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,LEAGUE RITUAL3 ! ,CONDOL5CE C]EMONY1 HELD YE>LY TO 0RAISE UP0 NEW *IEFS TO REPLACE ?OSE :O HAD DI$4 ,LIKE ! SMALL] CLAN RITUALS ON :I* IT WAS MODEL$1 IT CONSI/$ ( A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 TWO MOIETIES1 ONE 0CLE>-M9D$10 ! O!R B]EAV$4 ,AT ! 5D1 ! CLE>M9D$ MOIETY W\LD LIFT ! O!RS' B]EAVEM5T BY PRES5T+ ?IRTE5 0WORDS10 OR MESSAGES1 EA* ACCOMPANI$ BY A /R+ ( WAMPUM :OSE PATT]N REPRODUC$ ! MESSAGE 9 VISUAL =M 7,HALE #a#h#h#c1 ,HEWITT #a#i#d#d1 ,P>K] #a#i#b#f1 ,TOOK] #a#i#g#h3#d#c#g-#d74 ,H]E1 TOO1 EA* /R+ WAS 9T5D$ TO REMOVE SOME HURT OR OB/RUCTION ?AT HAD BE5 ! CONSEQU5CE ( GRIEF3 TO WIPE AWAY ! TE>S FROM !IR EYES1 REMOVE ! OB/RUCTION FROM !IR E>S1 UN/OP ! ?ROAT1 /RAI<T5 ! BODY1 WIPE ! BLOODY /A9S FROM !IR B$S1 LIFT !IR SURR\ND+ D>KNESS1 & SO ON4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ?IS ?AT NEW *IEFS C\LD BE RAIS$ UP BY GIV+ !M ! /R+S OR BELTS CORRESPOND+ TO ! DEAD ONES' NAMES4 

,IF ! RITUAL WAS P]=M$ 9 FULL1 !RE W\LD ALSO BE A RECITATION ( ! ,LEAGUE'S *IEFLY NAMES & ( ITS CON/ITUTIVE REGULATIONS 7,HALE #a#h#h#c3#e#d-#e#e74 ,! BELTS 9TO :I* ,DEGANAWIDEH ORIG9ALLY SPOKE ! LATT] W]E KEPT TOGE!R ) ! ,LEAGUE'S COLLECTION ( TREATY BELTS 7TREATIES ?AT W]E 9 A S5SE !IR EXT5SIONS7 9 ! C5TRAL ,ONONDAGA LODGE UND] ! C>E ( ,?ADODAHO4 ,!Y TOO W]E LAID \T ONE BY ONE AS ELD]S EXPLA9$ !IR SIGNIFICANCE4 

,AT C]TA9 SEASONS !Y MEET TO /UDY !IR MEAN+1 & TO R5EW ! IDEAS ( :I* !Y W]E AN EMBLEM OR CONFIRMATION4 ,ON SU* OCCASIONS !Y SIT D[N >\ND ! *E/1 TAKE \T ONE /R+ OR BELT AFT] ! O!R1 H&+ IT AB\T TO EV]Y P]SON PRES5T1 & ?AT !Y ALL MAY COMPREH5D ITS MEAN+1 REPEAT ! WORDS PRON\NC$ ON ITS DELIV]Y 9 !IR :OLE CONV5TION4 ,BY !SE MEANS !Y >E ABLE TO REMEMB] ! PROMISES RECIPROCALLY MADE BY ! DIFF]5T P>TIES2 & IT IS !IR CU/OM TO ADMIT EV5 ! Y\NG BOYS1 :O >E RELAT$ TO ! *IEFS1 TO444 BECOME E>LY ACQUA9T$ ) ALL ! AFFAIRS ( /ATE4 7,LOSKIEL 9 ,HOLMES #a#h#h#c3#b#d#e-#d#f2 CF4 ,P>K] #a#i#a#f3#d#h7 

,SU* BELTS W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS WOV5 9 COMPLEX PICTURES1 :I* C\LD BE 9T]PRET$ AS VISUAL /ATEM5TS ( ! WORDS ONCE SPOK5 9TO !M1 BUT !SE PICTURES W]E 9 NO S5SE HI]OGLYPHICS4 ,!Y W]E ESS5TIALLY MNEMONICS1 & W\LD HAVE MEANT NO?+ UNLESS 9T]PRET$ BY ELD]S :O US$ !M1 AS ,MORGAN SAYS1 TO 0DRAW =? ! SECRET RECORDS LOCK$ UP 9 !IR REMEMBRANCE0 7,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#a#b-#b#a2 ,DRUKE #a#i#h#e74 

CIRCULATION & HI/ORY 

  

,! ,IROQUOIS ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 !N1 APPE> TO HAVE CONCEIV$ !MSELVES AS 5DLESSLY REPRODUC+ A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT WAS ESS5TIALLY F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( PEACE1 EV5 AS !Y !MSELVES W]E 5GAG$ 9 CON/ANT1 (T5 PR$ATORY W>F>E4 ,! UNUSUALLY /ATIC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY--ESPECIALLY ! CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY AS A COLLECTION ( P]MAN5T1 NAM$ POSITIONS--SEEMS ONLY TO HAVE FACILITAT$ ?IS1 BECAUSE IT MEANT ?AT ! (T5 SORDID OR GRUESOME DETAILS ( ACTUAL HI/ORY C\LD1 AS IT W]E1 BE MADE TO MELT AWAY AT RITUAL MOM5TS :5 BEAUTIFUL WORDS & BEAUTIFUL OBJECTS RE-CREAT$ ! ESS5TIAL F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY1 ITS ULTIMATE TRU?4 

,WAMPUM BECAME ! NECESS>Y M$IUM = ?IS PROCESS4 ,N[1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 ?IS MI<T SEEM SOME:AT P>ADOXICAL1 S9CE WAMPUM WAS1 AFT] ALL1 NOT SOME?+ ?AT ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY ITSELF PRODUC$4 ,IT CAME 9 FROM \TSIDE4 ,BUT 9 A WAY ?IS IS ONLY APPROPRIATE = A MAT]IAL ?AT WAS ITSELF SE5 AS C>RY+ ! P[] ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,IT TURNS ON A COMMON COSMOLOGICAL DILEMMA3 H[ CAN ?AT :I* HAS ! P[] TO CON/ITUTE A C]TA9 ORD] ITSELF P>TAKE ( ?AT SAME ORD]8 7,?IS IS ( C\RSE ANO!R V]SION ( ! ,GO$ELIAN PROBLEMS DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #c47 ,! ORIG9S ( ,DEGANAWIDEH HIMSELF W]E1 AS SO (T5 ) SU* H]OES1 SOME:AT EXTRA-SOCIAL3 HE WAS BORN TO A VIRG9 MO!R 9 A ,HURON VILLAGE4 ,AFT] HAV+ CON/ITUT$ ! SOCIAL ORD]1 HE !N VANI%$2 ALONE AMONG ! *>ACT]S ( ! /ORY1 HE DID NOT REMA9 P>T ( IT4 

,WAMPUM 5T]$ ,IROQUOIS SOCIETY 9 TWO PR9CIPAL WAYS4 ,ONE WAS ! FUR TRADE4 ,! ,IROQUOIS BECAME MORE & MORE C5TRAL PLAY]S 9 ! TRADE OV] ! C\RSE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY2 ,DUT*1 ,FR5* & ,5GLI% M]*ANTS SUPPLI$ L>GE AM\NTS 9 EX*ANGE = FURS4 ,! O!R WAS ?R\< TRIBUTE4 ,9 ! W>S BY :I* ! ,IROQUOIS F\<T AGA9/ O!R GR\PS TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! FUR TRADE1 !Y ALSO IMPOS$ V]Y UNEQUAL TREATIES1 OBLIG+ DEFEAT$ GR\PS TO PAY :AT AM\NT$ TO HUNDR$S ( FA?OMS ( WAMPUM 9 TRIBUTE EV]Y YE>4 ,9 BO? CASES1 WAMPUM T5D$ TO >RIVE ALREADY WOV5 9TO BELTS UNI=M BO? 9 COLOR & 9 SIZE4.<#a#d.> 

,ONCE IT >RIV$1 WAMPUM APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 DIVID$ AMONG IMPORTANT (FICE-HOLD]S1 A CLASS :O SOME E>LY S\RCES EV5 REF] TO AS 'NOBLES0' 0,IT IS !Y :O FURNI% !M10 WROTE ,LAFITAU1 0& IT IS AMONG !M ?AT !Y >E R$IVID$ :5 PRES5TS >E MADE TO ! VILLAGE1 & :5 REPLIES TO ! BELTS ( !IR AMBASSADORS >E S5T0 7,HOLMES #a#h#h#c3#b#d#d72 ?\< !RE >E SOME H9TS ( C]EMONIAL DANCES OR O!R EV5TS 9 :I* (FICEHOLD]S W\LD 0CA/ WAMPUM TO ! SPECTATORS0 OR O!RWISE R$I/RIBUTE ! /UFF 7,MI*ELSON #a#i#g#d2 ,F5TON #a#i#i#h3#a#b#h2 ,BEAU*AMP #a#h#i#h3#a#a74 ,BUT IT DOES NOT REALLY SEEM TO HAVE CIRCULAT$ 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ TRANSACT$1 PASS$ FROM H& TO H&4 ,NEI!R = ?AT MATT] WAS IT MU* US$ AS A CASUAL =M ( ADORNM5T 7,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#c#h#g-#h#h71 BY NOTABLES OR ANYONE ELSE4 ,9/EAD1 IT WAS KEPT HIDD5 AWAY 9 *E/S OR P\*ES 9 ITS [N]'S LON<\SE UNTIL NE$$ = SOME RITUAL OR DIPLOMATIC ACT1 :]EUPON ! WOM5 ( ! LON<\SE W\LD WEAVE IT 9TO ! REQUIR$ PATT]NS4 ,BEAU*AMP REM>KS ?AT 0TO SOME C\NCILS !Y W]E TAK5 ALMO/ BY ! BU%EL1 OV] A HUNDR$ BE+ SOMETIMES US$1 BUT NE>LY ALL !SE W]E AFT]W>DS TAK5 AP>T OR MADE TO DO DUTY ON SOME O!R OCCASION40 ,= SU* LEAGUE-WIDE EV5TS1 (FICE-HOLD]S C\LD SEEM TO HAVE HAD ! RI<T DRAW ON ! RES]VES ( ?OSE !Y REPRES5T$2 AFT]W>DS1 !Y W\LD PRESUMABLY R$I/RIBUTE P>T ( :AT !Y !MSELVES RECEIV$ TO ! CONTRIBUTORS4 7,AT ANY RATE1 ?AT WAS ! CASE 9 DIPLOMACY1 :I* C\LD 9VOLVE EV5 MORE GR&IOSE EXP5DITURES47 

,HIDD5 WAMPUM1 !N1 REPRES5T$ A K9D ( POT5TIAL = POLITICAL ACTION3 = MAK+ PEACE BUT ALSO = MAK+ W>4 ,IT REMA9$ 9VISIBLE UNTIL SOME?+ IMPORTANT NE$$ TO BE SAID OR DONE3 A SPEE* MADE AT C\NCIL1 A W>-P>TY COMMISSION$1 AN AGREEM5T NEGOTIAT$1 A M\RN] CONSOL$4 ,ON SU* OCCASIONS ONE MI<T MAKE GIFTS ( G5]IC WAMPUM1 BELTS ( PURE :ITE OR 0BLACK0 7PURPLE74 ,MORE (T51 ?\<1 ONE GAVE BELTS MADE ( BO? :ITE & BLACK BEADS WOV5 9TO CONCRETE1 P>TICUL> PATT]NS ?AT C\LD BE DISPLAY$1 ONE BY ONE1 AS ! VISUAL COMPLEM5T TO A SPEAK]'S >GUM5TS4 ,IF ! WORDS W]E TRULY IMPORTANT1 ! BELTS C\LD BE PRES]V$ 9 ?AT =M1 PLAC$ 9 A *E/ BUT P]IODICALLY BR\<T \T TO BE DISPLAY$ & !IR WORDS REMEMB]$2 O!RWISE1 !Y W\LD BE CUT UP 9TO !IR COMPON5T BEADS & DI/RIBUT$ AGA94 

,ONE CAN1 ,I ?9K1 DI/+UI% TWO DIFF]5T =MS ( VALUE H]E1 :I* CAN ALSO BE ?\<T ( AS TWO DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* WAMPUM WAS SIMIL> TO SPEE*4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! DESIGNS ( WAMPUM US$ TO RESOLVE DISPUTES OR TO 0OP5 UP *ANNELS ( COMMUNICATION0 W]E AS EPHEM]AL AS ORD9>Y CONV]SATION1 BUT AS 9 MU* ORD9>Y CONV]SATION1 :AT WAS SAID WAS NOT SO IMPORTANT AS ! M]E FACT ?AT PEOPLE W]E SPEAK+ TO ONE ANO!R4 ,BEADS1 AS ,HAMMEL EMPHASIZ$1 EMBODI$ :AT MI<T BE CONSID]$ ! ULTIMATE VALUE 9 ,IROQUOIS CULTURE3 ! S5SE ( BRI<TNESS1 CL>ITY1 EXPANSIV5ESS1 ( UNH9D]$ COMMUNICATION ) ! COSMOS1 :OSE SOCIAL MANIFE/ATION WAS PEACE & ! UNOB/RUCT$ SOLID>ITY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,BUT WAMPUM WAS NOT SIMPLY A REPRES5TATION ( VALUE4 ,BY ASSEMBL+1 DI/RIBUT+1 & PRES5T+ IT AS SOO?+ WORDS TO UNBLOCK ! OB/RUCTIONS ( GRIEF & ANG] 9 O!RS1 ONE ACTUALLY CREAT$ ?AT PEACE & SOLID>ITY4 ,LIKE ,M>X'S MONEY1 WAMPUM WAS A REPRES5TATION ( A VALUE ?AT C\LD ONLY BE REALIZ$ ?R\< ITS EX*ANGE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 C]TA9 0WORDS0--C]TA9 FIGUR$ BELTS & /R+S-- C\LD BECOME SIGNIFICANT & MEMORABLE 9 !MSELVES4 ,LIKE ! UNIQUE HEIRLOOMS DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #d1 !IR VALUE WAS EI!R 79 ! =M ( NAME-BELTS7 TI$ TO UNIQUE P]SONAL ID5TITIES1 OR ELSE 79 ! =M ( LAW& TREATY-BELTS7 D]IV$ FROM A UNIQUE HI/ORY ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,?IS IS PRESUMABLY :Y1 ACCORD+ TO ,LAFITAU1 ! LATT] C\LD BE REF]R$ TO EQUALLY AS 0WORDS0 OR AS 0TRANSACTIONS03 !Y W]E ! EMBODI$ MEMORY ( PREVI\S ACTS ( DIPLOMACY & PEACEMAK+4 ,IF HIDD51 G5]IC1 OR EPHEM]AL WAMPUM WAS ! POT5TIAL TO CREATE PEACE1 HEIRLOOM BELTS W]E PEACE 9 ITS CRY/ALL9E =M4 

CREATION & 9T5TIONALITY 

  

,LET US IMAG9E ! HI/ORY ( PIECE ( WAMPUM1 CIRCA #a#f#g#e4 ,IT WAS MANUFACTUR$ FROM A :ELK %ELL BY AN ,ALGONKIAN SOME:]E ON ,LONG ,ISL& & BECAME P>T ( A SOLID :ITE BELT1 :I* WAS !N PASS$ BY ITS MANUFACTUR] AS TRIBUTE TO SOME ,DUT* (FICIAL4 ,= A :ILE ! BELT CIRCULAT$ AS MONEY BACK & =? BETWE5 COLONI/S 9 ,NEW ,5GL& & ,NEW ,AM/]DAM1 ! MEMORY ( EA* TRANSACTION DISAPPE>+ ) ! NEXT4 ,F9ALLY1 AN ,5GLI% TRAD] US$ IT TO PUR*ASE ! PELT ( A BEAV] ?AT HAD BE5 KILL$ SOME:]E >\ND ,LAKE ,MI*IGAN1 FROM A MEMB] ( ! ,S5ECA NATION :O HAD GOT IT FROM AN ,OJIBWA TRADE P>TN]4 ,FROM !RE ! BELT MI<T HAVE PASS$ WE/ TO ! ,GREAT ,LAKES1 :]E ! PELTS W]E BE+ EXTRACT$ BY TRIBUT>IES ( ! ,IROQUOIS1 & FROM !RE1 PASS$ BACK TO ! ,IROQUOIS AS TRIBUTE ONCE AGA92 OR IT MI<T HAVE REMA9$ 9 ! LON<\SE ( ! MAN :O HAD SOLD ! ,5GLI% TRAD] ! PELTS4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 MEMORY ( EA* SPECIFIC TRANSACTION W\LD CONT9UE TO BE EFFAC$ ) EA* NEW ONE4 ,! VALUE ( ! WAMPUM1 !N1 D]IV$ NOT FROM ! IMPORTANCE ( PA/ ACTIONS BUT1 LIKE MONEY1 FROM ITS CAPACITY TO M$IATE FUTURE ONES1 & ALSO1 ONE %\LD ADD1 ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ! M$IUM ( A L>G] CIRCUIT ( EX*ANGE1 SPANN+ MO/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 A TOTALITY ( 9T]ACTIONS ?AT CONT9U$ TO BE REPRODUC$ ?R\< ITS M$IUM4 ,AGA9 LIKE MONEY1 IT WAS A T9Y PORTION ( A GREAT]1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ TOTALITY4 ,ONLY IF ! BELT W]E BROK5 UP & REWORK$ 9TO 0WORDS0 W\LD ! BEAD'S VALUE %IFT FROM ?AT ( A POT5TIAL = FUTURE ACTIONS TO ?AT ( ACTIONS ALREADY TAK5 9 ! PA/4 

,NOTE ?AT \TSIDE ( ! COLONIES1 WAMPUM FUNCTION$ ONLY 9 AN ANONYM\S FA%ION 9 DEAL+S BETWE5 PEOPLE :O DID NOT CONSID] !MSELVES P>T ( ! SAME SOCIETY3 A ,5GLI% TRAD] & A ,S5ECA1 & ,S5ECA & AN ,OJIBWA1 ETC4 ,9 TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! SAME SOCIETY1 OR EV5 TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( DIFF]5T NATIONS 9T5D$ TO CREATE PEACE1 ALL ?IS *ANG$4 ,SOMETIMES1 ! 0WORDS0 C\LD SIMPLY BE RE5ACTM5TS ( ACTIONS TAK5 9 ! MY?IC PA/1 :E!R ( NAM+ OR CONDOL5CE4 ,O!RS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT SIMPLY REPETITIONS BUT CREATIVE ACTS ?AT1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 C\LD !MSELVES 5D UP MEMORIALIZ$4 ,H]E IS ! TW5TY-?IRD CLAUSE ( ! ,LEAGUE'S ,CON/ITUTION1 AS TRANSLAT$ BY ,>?UR ,P>K] 9 #a#i#a#f3  
  

#b#c4 ,ANY ,LORD ( ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS ,CONF$]ACY MAY CON/RUCT %ELL /R+S 7OR WAMPUM BELTS7 ( ANY SIZE OR L5G? AS PL$GES OR RECORDS ( MATT]S ( NATIONAL OR 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE4 

,:5 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DISPAT* A %ELL /R+ BY A ,W> ,*IEF OR O!R MESS5G] AS ! TOK5 ( SUMMONS1 ! MESS5G] %ALL RECITE ! CONT5TS ( ! /R+ TO ! P>TY TO :OM IT IS S5T4 ,?AT P>TY %ALL REPEAT ! MESSAGE & RETURN ! %ELL /R+ & IF !RE HAS BE5 A SUMMONS HE %ALL MAKE READY = ! J\RNEY4 

,ANY ( ! PEOPLE ( ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS MAY USE %ELLS 7OR WAMPUM7 AS A RECORD ( A PL$GE1 CONTRACT OR AN AGREEM5T4 7#a#i#a#f3#c#g7  
  

,! CONTRACTUAL LANGUAGE MAY SEEM A BIT EX PO/ FACTO1 BUT 0PL$GE0 SEEMS F> CLOS] TO ! ,IROQUOIAN CONCEPTION ?AN 0GIFT40 ,TRUE1 ! RECIPI5T W\LD USUALLY KEEP :AT WAS GIV5 HIM1 BUT EV5 PAYM5TS ( :ITE WAMPUM 9 BLOODWEAL? W]E CONSID]$ 0NOT 9 ! NATURE ( COMP5SATION = ! LIFE ( ! DECEAS$1 BUT ( A REGRETFUL CONFESSION ( ! CRIME1 ) A PETITION = =GIV5ESS0 7,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#c#c#c74 ,A GIFT ( WAMPUM !N REVEAL$ ! 9T5TIONS ( ! GIV] 7:5 !Y W]E NOT CALL$ 0WORD10 !Y C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS BE>+ ! 0?\<T0 OR 0M9D0 ( ! GIV]3 ,HEWITT #a#h#i#b3#a#d#f-#d#h74 ,BUT !Y DID SO 9 A =M ?AT WAS POT5TIALLY P]MAN5T4 ,IT WAS ! FACT ?AT IT C\LD BE KEPT AS A MEMORIAL ?AT MADE ! GIV+ ( WAMPUM A PL$GE ( S9C]ITY1 SO ?AT NO IMPORTANT PROPOSAL OR >GUM5T W\LD BE TAK5 S]I\SLY )\T IT4 

,! CRUCIAL MOM5T ( ! ACT OR 0TRANSACTION0 ?AT WAS MEMORIALIZ$ WAS NOT EV5 SO MU* ! GIV+ ( WAMPUM AS ! M]E REVEAL+ ( IT3 IT CAME :5 ! SPEAK] PULL$ ! /R+S OR BEADS \T ( ! P\* OR BASKET 9 :I* !Y HAD BE5 HIDD51 & PLAC$ !M ON ! GR\ND BE=E ! ASSEMBLY4 ,IT WAS AN ACT ( REVELATION1 ( BR++ ! 9VISIBLE1 9TANGIBLE CONT5TS ( M9D OR S\L 9TO VISIBLE1 PHYSICAL REALITY4 ,?IS WAS 9 A S5SE ! QU9TESS5TIAL CREATIVE ACT1 BY :I* NEW POLITICAL REALITIES C\LD BE BR\<T 9TO BE+4 

,! CONNECTION ( M9D SPECIFICALLY ) WORDS DES]VES FUR!R CONSID]ATION1 S9CE IT APPE>S TO HAVE A P>TICUL> RELEVANCE TO ! CULTURES ( ! ,NOR!A/ WOODL&S 9 G5]AL1 & P>TICUL>LY ) NOTIONS ( ! P]SON4 ,! KEY TEXT H]E IS ,IRV+ ,HALL[ELL'S 7.<#a#i#e#d.> #a#i#f#g7 ESSAY ON CONCEPTIONS ( ! S\L AMONG ! ,OJIBWA1 AN ,ALGONKIAN PEOPLE ( ,CANADA4 ,BY 0S\L10 ,OJIBWA REF] TO ANY BE+ ) A CAPACITY = P]CEPTION & 9T5TIONALITY4 ,:ILE ,OJIBWA ASSUME ?AT S\LS CAN TAKE MANY DIFF]5T APPE>ANCES OR %IFT FROM ONE APPE>ANCE TO ANO!R1 ! UNI=M K]NEL BEH9D !M IS NEV] ITSELF VISIBLE TO ! EYE 7#a#g#g74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE ?+ ALL S\LS DO HAVE 9 COMMON IS AN ABILITY TO SPEAK1 & 0! ONLY S5SORY MODE UND] :I* IT IS POSSIBLE = A HUMAN BE+ TO DIRECTLY P]CEIVE ! PRES5CE ( S\LS ( ANY CATEGORY1 IS ! AUDITORY ONE0 7#a#h1 HIS EMPHASIS74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 EV5 IF S\LS >E 9VISIBLE1 !Y ALWAYS MAKE SOME SORT ( S\ND4 

,IF ?IS SORT ( ANALYSIS APPLIES TO ,IROQUOIS CONCEPTIONS AS WELL 7& BO? ,HALL[ELL & ,TOOK] SUGGE/ ?AT IT DOES7.<#a#e.> !N WORDS !MSELVES CAN BE SE5 AS M$IAT+ BETWE5 ! 9VISIBLE & ! VISIBLE 9 MU* ! SAME WAY WAMPUM DOES4 ,!Y PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y M$IUM BETWE5 HIDD5 DESIRES & CONCRETE1 VISIBLE REALITIES4 ,?IS IS V]Y IMPORTANT BECAUSE1 ,I ?9K1 IT OP5S UP ! QUE/ION ( AN UND]LY+ !ORY ( CREATIVITY4 

,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT ,IROQUOIAN RITUAL IS CON/ANTLY M>K$ \T BY ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE*ES 9 :I* ! (FICIANT PROCE$S TO DRAW ATT5TION TO EA* ASPECT ( ! COSMOS ?AT GIVES HUMANS HAPP9ESS & PLEASURE & ?ANKS ! ,CREATOR = ITS EXI/5CE4 ,9 !SE SPEE*ES1 CREATION ITSELF IS ALWAYS TREAT$ AS AN ACT ( SPEE*4 ,AFT] EA* ASPECT ( ! COSMOS LI/$1 ! SPEAK] COMM5TS1 0?IS IS :AT ! ,CREATOR DECID$ 7OR '9T5D$'70--!N CITES HIS WORDS & CONFIRMS ?AT !SE WORDS W]E 9DE$ TRUE & CONT9UE TO BE TRUE1 & ?AT = ?IS REASON WE %\LD ALL BE GRATEFUL4 ,H]E'S A BRIEF SAMPLE ( ! RHETORIC3  
  

,& ?IS IS :AT ! ,CREATOR DID4 ,HE DECID$1 0,!RE WILL BE PLANTS GR[+ ON ! E>?4 ,9DE$1 ALL ( !M WILL HAVE NAMES1 AS MANY PLANTS AS WILL BE GR[+ ON ! E>?4 ,AT A C]TA9 TIME !Y WILL EM]GE FROM ! E>? & MATURE ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,!Y WILL BE AVAILABLE 9 ABUNDANCE AS M$IC9ES TO ! PEOPLE MOV+ AB\T ON ! E>?40 ,?AT IS :AT HE 9T5D$4 ,& IT IS TRUE3 WE HAVE BE5 US+ !M UP TO ! PRES5T TIME444 ,& ?IS TOO ! ,CREATOR DID4 ,) REG>D TO ! PLANTS GR[+ ON ! E>? HE DECID$1 0,!RE WILL BE A C]TA9 PLANT ON :I* B]RIES WILL ALWAYS HANG AT A C]TA9 TIME4 ,I %ALL !N CAUSE !M TO REMEMB] ME1 ! PEOPLE MOV+ AB\T ON ! E>?4 ,!Y WILL ALWAYS EXPRESS !IR GRATITUDE :5 !Y SEE ! B]RIES HANG+ ABOVE ! E>?40 ,& IT IS TRUE3 WE SEE !M :5 ! W9D BECOMES W>M AGA9 ON ! E>?2 ! /RAWB]RIES >E 9DE$ HANG+ !RE4 ,& IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT WE USE !M1 ?AT WE DR9K ! B]RY WAT]4 ,?AT IS :AT HE DID4 ,& IT IS TRUE3 IT COMES TO PASS4 7,*AFE #a#i#f#a3#a#g-#b#d7  
  

,& SO ON ) SPR+S1 =E/S1 & ANIMALS4 ,! IMAGE ( CREATION IS ALWAYS A S]IES ( DELIB]ATE1 9T5TIONAL ACTS4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS ?AT SU* ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE*ES W]E 7& >E /ILL7 GIV5 AT VIRTUALLY EV]Y IMPORTANT RITUAL OCCASION1 SO ORD9>Y PEOPLE W]E LIKELY TO HAVE HE>D !M DOZ5S1 PROBABLY HUNDR$S ( TIMES4 ,?IS IS :Y IT IS A BIT SURPRIS+ :5 ONE LOOKS 9 COLLECTIONS ( ,IROQUOIS MY?S1 & DISCOV]S ?AT 9 /ORIES AB\T ! CREATION ( ! WORLD1 ! ORIG9S ( ! UNIV]SE LOOK QUITE DIFF]5T4 

,! MY?S 9 QUE/ION W]E MO/LY GA!R$ 9 ! MID- TO LAT59ETE5? C5TURY AMONG ELD]LY MEMB]S ( SEV]AL ,IROQUOIS NATIONS & TRANSLAT$ SOME:AT LAT] 7,E4 ,SMI? #a#h#h#c2 ,HEWITT #a#i#c3#a#f#g1 #a#i#b#h3#d#g#i1 ,CONV]SE #a#i#h2 CF4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS #a#i#h#h3#a#c-#c#d474 ,9 !SE /ORIES1 ! ORIG9AL CREATOR_/PROTAGONI/1 SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ! 0,HOLD] ( ! ,E>?10 IS REPRES5T$ SIMPLY AS ! *IEF ( A PEOPLE :O LIV$ 9 ! SKY4 ,AT ?IS TIME !RE WAS NO SUN OR MOON BUT A GREAT TREE 9 ! V]Y C5T] ( ! SKY ?AT PROVID$ ILLUM9ATION DUR+ ! DAY & GREW DIM AT NI<T4 ,?IS *IEF1 IT WAS SAID1 HAD JU/ M>RI$ A C]TA9 Y\NG WOMAN1 A Y\NG VIRG94 ,:ILE CONV]S+ ) H] \TSIDE HIS LON<\SE1 !IR BREA? M+L$ TOGE!R AS !Y TALK$ & %E BECAME PREGNANT AS A RESULT4 ,?IS C]TA9LY W\LD SUGGE/ ! *IEF 'S WORDS HAD CREATIVE EFFICACY ( A SORT4 ,H[EV]1 HE DOES NOT APPE> TO HAVE BE5 AW>E ( ! F]TILIZ+ PROP]TIES ( HIS [N SPEE*1 BECAUSE :5 %E LAT] TOLD HIM %E WAS PREGNANT 7!Y HAD NOT YET HAD SEXUAL RELATIONS7 HE BECAME PR(\NDLY UPSET4 

,H]E IS ! ORIG9AL TEXT1 9 ! RA!R ANNOY+1 /ILT$ ,5GLI% ?AT TRANSLATORS !N FELT APPROPRIATE = MY?S3  
  

,IT IS C]TA91 IT IS SAID1 ?AT IT =M$ ITSELF !RE :]E !Y TWO CONV]S$1 :]E !Y TWO BREA!D TOGE!R2 ?AT1 V]ILY1 HIS BREA? IS :AT ! MAID5 CAU<T1 & IT IS ?AT :I* WAS ! CAUSE ( ! *ANGE 9 ! LIFE ( ! MAID5 .<?AT IS1 H] PREGNANCY.>444 

,?US IT WAS ?AT1 )\T 9T]RUPTION1 IT BECAME MORE & MORE EVID5T ?AT ! MAID5 W\LD GIVE BIR? TO A *ILD4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! *IEF BECAME CONV9C$ ( IT1 & HE SAID3 0,:AT IS ! MATT] ?AT ?Y LIFE HAS *ANG$8 ,V]ILY1 ?\ >T AB\T TO HAVE A *ILD4 ,NEV]1 MOREOV]1 HAVE ?\ & ,I %>$ ! SAME MAT4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT IT IS NOT ,I :O IS ! CAUSE ?AT ?Y LIFE HAS *ANG$4 ,DO/ ?\ ?YSELF KN[ :O IT IS80 ,%E DID NOT UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( :AT HE SAID4 7#a#i#h3#a#f#g-#f#h7  
  

,:ILE ! *IEF DID NOT UND]/& ! P[] ( HIS SPEE*1 HIS WIFE WAS APP>5TLY IGNORANT EV5 ( :AT WE W\LD CONSID] ! NORMAL MODE ( PROCREATION4 ,EV5TUALLY1 %E GAVE BIR? TO A DAU<T]4 ,BY ?AT TIME ! *IEF HAD BEGUN TO FALL ILL4 

,HIS SUFF]+ BECAME MORE & MORE SEV]E4 ,ALL ! P]SONS DWELL+ 9 ! VILLAGE CAME TO VISIT HIM444 ,!Y QUE/ION$ HIM REPEAT$LY1 SEEK+ TO DIV9E HIS ,WORD1 :AT ?+1 SEEM+LY1 WAS NE$FUL = HIM1 :AT K9D ( ?+1 SEEM+LY1 HE EXPECT$ ?R\< HIS DREAM4 ,?US1 DAY AFT] DAY1 IT CONT9U$ ?AT !Y S\<T TO F9D HIS ,WORD 444 :AT MANN] ( ?+ HIS S\L CRAV$4 7#a#i#h3#a#g#a7 

,ILLNESSES1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 W]E NORMALLY UND]/OOD TO >ISE FROM FRU/RAT$ DESIRES3 DESIRES ?AT W]E (T5 AS NOT UNKN[N TO !IR VICTIMS1 OR REVEAL$ ONLY 9DIRECTLY 9 !IR DREAMS4 

,! CREATOR1 WE >E TOLD1 CALL$ HIS PEOPLE TO ASSEMBLY1 ANN\NC$ ?AT HE HAD HAD A DREAM1 & ASK$ !M TO 0F9D HIS WORD0--TO GUESS :AT HIS DREAM HAD BE54 ,MANY TRI$ & FAIL$4 ,F9ALLY1 SOMEONE SUGGE/$ ! DREAM WAS ?AT ! GREAT TREE /&+ NEXT TO ! *IEF 'S LON<\SE HAD BE5 UPROOT$1 SO ?AT ALL W]E ABLE TO />E ?R\< ! HOLE 9TO ! ABYSS BEL[4 ,?IS1 HE SAID1 WAS ! RI<T ANSW]1 & SO ! PEOPLE PROMPTLY C>RI$ IT \T4 ,! TREE WAS UPROOT$4 ,! *IEF LOOK$ D[N1 !N 9VIT$ HIS WIFE TO FOLL[ SUIT4 ,:5 %E DID SO1 HE KICK$ H] D[N ! HOLE4 

,! MY? GOES ON TO DESCRIBE H[1 BEL[1 %E ULTIMATELY GAVE BIR? TO TW9S4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! ORIG9AL CREATOR1 NOT FULLY CONSCI\S ( EI!R HIS [N CREATIVE ABILITIES OR DE/RUCTIVE IMPULSES1 SEEMS TO SPLIT 9 TWO3 9TO ONE ,GOOD ,TW9 7:O SEEMS TO CORRESPOND TO ! CREATOR ( ! ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE*ES7 :O DOES 9DE$ CREATE ! V>I\S FEATURES ( ! UNIV]SE & NAMES !M1 TRY+ TO CON/RUCT A WORLD AM5ABLE TO MANK9D1 & AN ,EVIL ,TW9 TRY+ TO UNDO EV]Y?+ HIS BRO!R DOES4 ,/ILL1 ! RA!R ODD REF]5CE TO GUESS+ DREAMS DES]VES FUR!R EXPLANATION1 AS IT CORRESPONDS TO A V]Y IMPORTANT DIM5SION ( ,IROQUOIAN RITUAL PRACTICE4 

! DICTATOR%IP ( DREAMS 

  

,!RE >E A S]IES ( ELEM5TS ?AT APPE> TO ME TO BE CRUCIAL TO ! /ORY & TO ! UND]LY+ !ORY ( CREATIVITY IT 5TAILS3  

,:AT SETS (F ! :OLE SEQU5CE ( EV5TS IS ! PROTAGONI/S' FUNDAM5TAL IGNORANCE ( ! NATURE ( HIS [N P[]S ( CREATION  

,?IS IGNORANCE !N LEADS TO ANG] & AGGRESSION--?\<1 IT W\LD SEEM1 ! PROTAGONI/ IS NOT FULLY AW>E ( ?IS EI!R4 ,IT APPE>S 9 SOME:AT SYMBOLIC =M3 ! DESIRE TO UPROOT ! GREAT TREE4 ,9 ! SYMBOLISM ( ,IROQUOIS DIPLOMACY1 AT ANY RATE1 0! TREE ( PEACE0 WAS A SYMBOL ( ! ,LEAGUE ?AT SAT AT ITS C5T]1 & 0UPROOT+ ! TREE0 MEANT W> 7,J5N+S1 ,F5TON1 ,DRUKE & ,MILL] #a#i#h#e3#a#b#b74  

,9 EV]Y CASE1 CREATION CANNOT TAKE PLACE ALONE BUT ONLY ?R\< ! M$IATION ( O!RS4 ,! *IEF 'S 0WORDS0 CAN BR+ ?+S 9TO BE+ ONLY ?R\< ! M$IUM ( HIS WIFE 7BY MAK+ H] PREGNANT71 & !N ?R\< O!RS 0GUESS+ HIS WORD0 & !N TRANSLAT+ HIS DESIRE 9TO REALITY4  
  

,! CU/OM ( DREAM-GUESS+ APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 AN IMPORTANT ONE AMONG ALL ,IROQUOIAN PEOPLES1 & E>LY MISSION>Y S\RCES 9V>IABLY HAVE A GREAT DEAL TO SAY AB\T ! MATT]4 ,SO DOES ,AN?ONY ,WALLACE1 :O 9 #aieh WROTE A FAM\S PIECE ON ! SUBJECT1 CALL$ 0,DREAMS & ,WI%ES ( ! ,S\L40 ,9 #a#f#d#i1 = 9/ANCE1 A ,JESUIT NAM$ ,RAGU5EAU WROTE ( ! ,HURON3  
  

,9 ADDITION TO ! DESIRES :I* WE G5]ALLY HAVE ?AT >E FREE1 OR AT LEA/ VOLUNT>Y 9 US1 :I* >ISE FROM A PREVI\S KN[L$GE ( SOME GOODNESS ?AT WE IMAG9E TO EXI/ 9 ! ?+ DESIR$1 ! ,HURONS BELIEVE ?AT \R S\LS HAVE O!R DESIRES1 :I* >E1 AS IT W]E1 9BORN & CONCEAL$4444 

,N[ !Y BELIEVE ?AT \R S\L MAKES !SE NATURAL DESIRES KN[N BY MEANS ( DREAMS1 :I* >E ITS LANGUAGE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 :5 !SE DESIRES >E ACCOMPLI%$1 IT IS SATISFI$2 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF IT BE NOT GRANT$ :AT IT DESIRES1 IT BECOMES ANGRY1 & NOT ONLY DOES NOT GIVE ITS BODY ! GOOD & HAPP9ESS ?AT IT WI%$ TO PROCURE = IT1 BUT (T5 IT ALSO REVOLTS AGA9/ ! BODY1 CAUS+ V>I\S DISEASES1 & EV5 DEA?4 7QUOT$ 9 ,WALLACE #a#i#e#h3#b#c#f7  
  

,WALLACE GOES OV] A L>GE NUMB] ( ACC\NTS ( SU* ,IROQUOIS !ORIES1 :I* = OBVI\S REASONS HE COMP>ES ) ,FREUD'S4 ,TO REALIZE SU* DREAMS1 ?\<1 ONE USUALLY NE$$ ! HELP ( O!RS2 & ,JESUIT REPORTS MAKE IT CLE> ?AT NEI<BORS OR K9 FELT IT WAS 9CUMB5T ON !M TO COMPLY ) ALL SU* 0WI%ES ( ! S\L10 9S(> AS !Y W]E ABLE TO DO SO4 ,IF IT WAS ! DREAM ( AN IMPORTANT P]SON1 A C\NCIL MI<T BE IMM$IATELY 9VOK$ TO DISCUSS ITS POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE & H[ TO REALIZE IT4 ,OBVI\SLY UNACCEPTABLE DREAMS MI<T BE ACT$ \T 9 SYMBOLIC =M3 A WOMAN :O DREAM$ ( ACQUIR+ SOMEONE ELSE'S FIELDS MI<T HAVE TO MAKE DO ) A GIFT ( A FEW SYMBOLIC FURR[S2 A MAN :O HAD DREAM$ ( BE+ TORTUR$ TO DEA?1 MI<T RECEIVE A M]E TOK5 BURN 7CF4 ,WALLACE OP CIT41 ,TOOK] #a#i#g1 ,BLAU #a#i#f#c72 BUT SOMETIMES !Y C\LD LEAD TO QUITE ELABORATE &1 TO ! MISSION>IES1 QUITE %OCK+ DRAMATIZATIONS1 AS 9 ! EXAMPLE ( AN OLD SICK ,HURON WOMAN :O DREAM$ ALL ! Y\NG M5 & WOM5 ( ! VILLAGE PAIR$ (F 9 A GREAT ORGY 9SIDE H] LON<\SE1 & :OSE DREAM WAS QUITE LIT]ALLY RE5ACT$4.<#a#f.> 

,QUITE FREQU5TLY1 !SE DREAMS SEEM TO HAVE FOCUS$ ON PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY ! CASE DUR+ ! ANNUAL DREAM-GUESS+ FE/IVALS4 ,9 !SE1 P>T ( ! MIDW9T] RITES1 PEOPLE W\LD PRES5T !IR DREAMS TO ONE ANO!R 9 ! =M ( RIDDLES OR *>ADES--IT WAS IMPORTANT AT ANY RATE ?AT EV5 IF UND]/OOD BY ! DREAM]1 !Y NEV] BE /AT$ 9 CLE>1 /RAI<T=W>D T]MS4 ,FRI5DS & NEI<BORS W\LD !N (F] OBJECTS1 ONE BY ONE1 TRY+ TO DET]M9E IF !SE W]E !IR 0S\L'S DESIRE40 ,! SAME C\LD SOMETIMES HAPP5 :5 A P]SON FELL SICK1 & REALIZ$ !IR ILLNESS WAS ! RESULT ( AN UNFULFILL$ DREAM4 ,! ILL P]SON--9 ,JESUIT ACC\NTS1 IT MO/ (T5 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A WOMAN--MI<T NOT EV5 PRES5T A RIDDLE1 BUT SIMPLY MOVE ?R\<\T ! VILLAGE ) H] 5T\RAGE1 DEM&+ ?AT EV]YONE GUESS H] DREAM4 ,9 #afcf ,LE ,JEUNE DESCRIB$ A ,HURON RITUAL HELD :5 SOME ONE SAYS ?AT !Y MU/ GO ?R\< ! ,CAB9S TO TELL :AT !Y HAVE DREAM$4 ,!N1 AS SOON AS IT IS EV5+1 A B& ( MANIACS GOES AB\T AMONG ! ,CAB9S & UPSETS EV]Y?+2 ON ! MORR[ !Y RETURN1 CRY+ 9 A L\D VOICE1 0,WE HAVE DREAM$10 )\T SAY+ :AT4 ,?OSE ( ! ,CAB9 GUESS :AT IT IS1 & PRES5T IT TO ! B&1 :O REFUSE NO?+ UNTIL ! RI<T ?+ IS GUESS$4 ,Y\ SEE !M COME \T ) ,HAT*ETS1 ,KETTLES1 ,PORCELA91 & LIKE PRES5TS HUNG >\ND !IR NECKS1 AFT] !IR FA%ION4 ,:5 !Y HAVE F\ND :AT !Y S\<T1 !Y ?ANK HIM :O HAS GIV5 IT TO !M2 & AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ FUR!R ADDITIONS TO ?IS MY/]I\S PRES5T--AS SOME LEA!R OR A %OEMAK]'S AWL1 IF IT W]E A %OE--!Y GO AWAY 9 A BODY TO ! WOODS1 & !RE1 \TSIDE ! ,VILLAGE1 CA/ \T1 !Y SAY1 !IR MADNESS2 & ! SICK MAN BEG9S TO GET BETT]4 7,J,R #a3#a#g#e-#a#g#g7 

,NOTE ! ELEM5T ( 9ITIAL DISRUPTION3 9 O!R ACC\NTS1 ! VIOL5CE IS MU* MORE 9 ! =EGR\ND4 ,TAKE ,FA!R ,DABLON'S DESCRIPTION ( AN ,ONONDAGA DREAM GUESS+ FE/IVAL ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f#e#f3 AS SOON AS ! ELD]S ANN\NC$ IT HAD BEGUN1 0NO?+ WAS SE5 BUT M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 RUNN+ LIKE MANIACS ?R\< ! /REETS & CAB9S10 MO/ B>ELY DRESS$ DESPITE ! BITT] COLD3  
  

,SOME C>RY WAT]1 OR SOME?+ WORSE1 & ?R[ IT AT ?OSE :OM !Y MEET2 O!RS TAKE ! FIREBR&S1 COALS1 & A%ES FROM ! FIRE1 & SCATT] !M 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 )\T HE$+ ON :OM !Y FALL2 O!RS BREAK ! KETTLES1 DI%ES1 & ALL ! LITTLE DOME/IC \TFIT ?AT !Y F9D 9 !IR PA?4 ,SOME GO AB\T >M$ ) JAVEL9S1 BAYONETS1 KNIVES1 HAT*ETS1 & /ICKS1 ?REAT5+ TO /RIKE ! FIR/ ONE !Y MEET2 & ALL ?IS CONT9UES UNTIL EA* HAS ATTA9$ HIS OBJECT & FULFILL$ HIS DREAM 7,J,R #d#b3#a#e#e-#e#f7  
  

,SIMIL>LY1 ,LE ,JEUNE ELSE:]E WRITES ( 0BAC*ANTES0 9 \TL&I% CO/UMES :O DUR+ EA* NI<T ( ! FE/IVAL HAVE 0LIB]TY TO DO ANY?+1 & NO ONE D>ES SAY A WORD = !M40 

,IF !Y F9D KETTLES OV] ! FIRE1 !Y UPSET !M2 !Y BREAK ! E>!N POTS1 KNOCK D[N ! DOGS1 ?R[ FIRE & A%ES EV]Y:]E1 SO ?OR\<LY ?AT (T5 ! CAB9S & 5TIRE VILLAGES BURN D[N4 ,BUT ! PO9T BE+ ?AT1 ! MORE NOISE & UPRO> ONE MAKES1 ! MORE RELIEF ! SICK P]SON WILL EXP]I5CE4 7,J,R #a#g3#a#g7 

,! VIOL5T *AOS1 & 9DULG5T PATI5CE ON ! P>T ( ! COMMUNITY1 >E FOLL[$ BY ! ACTUAL GUESS+ ( DREAMS1 :E!R BY RIDDLES1 *>ADES1 OR SIMPLY A LABORI\S PROCESS ( ELIM9ATION4 ,9 MO/ CASES OBJECTS ?AT DID NOT TURN \T TO BE RI<T W]E EV5TUALLY H&$ BACK1 BUT IT W\LD SEEM ?AT L>GE AM\NTS ( PROP]TY C\LD SOMETIMES *ANGE H&S4 0,IT W\LD BE CRUELTY1 NAY1 MURD]10 ,DABLON NOTES1 0NOT TO GIVE A MAN ! SUBJECT ( HIS DREAM2 = SU* A REFUSAL MI<T CAUSE HIS DEA?4 ,H5CE1 SOME SEE !MSELVES /RIPP$ ( !IR ALL1 )\T ANY HOPE ( RETRIBUTION2 =1 :ATEV] !Y ?US GIVE AWAY WILL NEV] BE RE/OR$ TO !M1 UNLESS !Y !MSELVES DREAM1 OR PRET5D TO DREAM1 ( ! SAME ?+0 7,J,R #d#b3#a#f#e74 ,DABLON ADDS ?AT HE DOES NOT IMAG9E ?IS (T5 HAPP5S1 S9CE FAK+ A DREAM WAS BELIEV$ TO LEAD TO ALL SORTS ( T]RIBLE MIS=TUNES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! OBJECTS GIV5 W]E (T5 SE5 AS C>RY+ AN ONGO+ PROTECTIVE P[] = ! DREAM]2 A BE>SK9 OR DE]SK9 GIV5 9 DREAM-GUESS+ RITUAL1 = 9/ANCE1 W\LD !NCE BE REG>D$ AS A 0REM$Y10 & US$ TO COV] ! BODY OR KEPT CLOSE BY :5EV] ! [N] WAS ?REAT5$1 AS A K9D ( PROTECTIVE TALISMAN 7,C>HEIL 9 ,J,R #e#d3#f#e-#f#g74 

,! SEQU5CE1 !N1 IS MU* ! SAME AS 9 ! MY?3 IGNORANCE 7! DREAM 9DICATES SOME?+ ! DREAM] HAD NOT EV5 BE5 AW>E ?AT HE OR %E DESIR$71 AGGRESSION 7! WILD ?REATS & DE/RUCTION ( ! EV5+71 & ! NE$ = O!RS TO TRANS=M ONE'S DESIRES 9TO REALITY4 

,NOT ALL DREAMS EXPRESS$ M]E DESIRES ( ! S\L4 ,9 SOME IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY CLE> :E!R ! 9SPIRATION WAS FROM ! DREAM]'S [N S\L OR FROM A DEITY CALL$ ! 0,HOLD] ( ! ,SKIES10 & ALSO 0,MA/] ( \R ,LIVES0--APP>5TLY ! ,CREATOR 9 A P>TICUL> AGGRESSIVE ASPECT 7,TOOK] #a#i#g3#h#f-#h#h73 ?IS SEEMS TO BE ! REASON :Y ! DREAMS ( IMPORTANT PEOPLE W]E (T5 CONSID]$ MATT]S ( NATIONAL CONC]N4 ,OR EV5 ( DECISIVE IMPORT 9 POLITICAL DEBATES3 ,BREBEUF CLAIMS ?AT 0IF A ,CAPTA9 SPEAKS ONE WAY & A DREAM ANO!R1 ! ,CAPTA9 MI<T %\T HIS HEAD (F 9 VA91--! DREAM IS FIR/ OBEY$0 7,J,R #a3#a#f#i74 ,ONE RA!R D\BTS1 ?\<1 ?AT ! SAME DREAM W\LD WEI< SO HEAVILY NO MATT] :O IT WAS :O HAD IT4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE W]E ALSO :AT ,WALLACE CALLS 0VISITATION DREAMS0 7#a#i#f#g3#f#a7 9 :I* GODS OR SPIRITS W\LD APPE> TO ANN\NCE NEWS1 PR$ICT ! C\RSE ( FUTURE EV5TS1 CREATE NEW RITUALS1 OR EV5 E/ABLI% NEW GUIDEL9ES = ! /ORAGE ( CROPS4 ,TWO (T-CIT$ EXAMPLES >E ?AT ( A ,HURON WOMAN :O HAD BE51 CONTR>Y TO CU/OM1 M>RI$ AWAY TO ANO!R VILLAGE1 & :O 5C\NT]$ ! ,MOON 9 ! =M ( A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN3 %E REVEAL$ H]SELF TO BE ! LORD ( ALL ! ,HURONS1 DECL>$ H] LOVE ! DREAM]1 & ANN\NC$ ?AT %E WI%$ H] TO BE DRESS$ 5TIRELY 9 R$ & TO RECEIVE TRIBUTE FROM ALL ! ,HURON ALLIES 9 A GREAT FEA/ ?AT1 %E ORD]$1 WAS ALSO TO BE REPEAT$ H5CE=? BY O!R VILLAGES & NATIONS2 & ! SICK1 0DISFIGUR$0 ,ONONDAGA W>RIOR :O ON HIS RETURN FROM AN UNSUCCESSFUL EXP$ITION AGA9/ ! ,]IE ANN\NC$ HE HAD 5C\NT]$ ! ,CREATOR 9 ! =M ( A DW>F1 :O DEM&$ HE BE GIV5 TWO WOM5 & ?AT DOGS1 WAMPUM1 & FOOD FROM EA* LON<\SE BE (F]$ 9 SACRIFICE TO 5SURE FUTURE VICTORIES 7! FIR/ ,LE,JEUNE 9 ,J,R #a#g3#a#f#e-#h#g2 ! LATT] 9 ,DABLON1 ,J,R #d#b3#a#i#e-#i#g74 ,IROQUOIAN SOCIETIES AT ! TIME APPE> TO HAVE BE5 OP5 TO CON/ANT RITUAL 9NOVATION1 & GREAT NEW COSMOLOGICAL TRU?S SEEM TO HAVE BE5 REVEAL$ 9 DREAMS ON A REGUL> BASIS1 USUALLY ONLY TO FADE AWAY ALMO/ AS SOON AS !Y APPE>$4 

,MIDW9T] C]EMONIAL & ! :ITE DOG SACRIFICE 

  

,IT'S NOT ALWAYS EASY TO SQU>E ! SKET*Y & (T5 S5SATIONALI/IC ACC\NTS ( ,IROQUOIS RITUAL TO BE F\ND 9 E>LY MISSION>Y S\RCES ) ! METICUL\S DESCRIPTIONS COMPIL$ S9CE ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! W9T]TIME 0,FEA/ ( ,DREAMS0 M5TION$ BY SEV]AL E>LY AU?ORS WAS CLE>LY P>T ( :AT IS N[ CALL$ ! ,MIDW9T] ,C]EMONIAL 7,TOOK] #a#i#g71 ! ,IROQUOIS ,NEW ,YE> & ! MO/ IMPORTANT EV5T ( ! PRES5T-DAY RITUAL CAL5D>4 ,9 MO/ ,IROQUOIS COMMUNITIES1 ! MIDW9T] RITES CONT9UE TO 9VOLVE DREAM-GUESS+1 BUT ! G5]AL T5OR ( ! RITUAL HAS OBVI\SLY *ANG$ A GREAT DEAL 9 ! 9T]V5+ C5TURIES4 ,SPONTANE\S DREAMGUESS+ SEEMS TO HAVE VANI%$ 5TIRELY4 

,! MO/ /RIK+ ( !SE *ANGES IS ! DEGREE TO :I* :AT WAS OBVI\SLY AN EXTREMELY FREE-=M & IMPROVIZATIONAL PROCESS HAS S9CE BECOME TAM$ & =MALIZ$4 ,! 0LANGUAGE0 ( DREAMS HAS N[ BECOME CODIFI$1 & DRAMATIC RE5ACTM5TS NO LONG] OCCUR2 9/EAD1 !RE IS AN E/ABLI%$ CODE ( :AT DREAMS >E SIGNIFICANT & AN ELABORATE S]IES ( CORRESPOND5CES ) C]TA9 FOODS & M9IATURE TALISMANS ?AT >E CONSID]$ APPROPRIATE GIFTS = EA*4 ,! BE/ ACC\NT IS ,H>OLD ,BLAU'S DESCRIPTION 7#a#i#f#c2 CF4 ,BEAU*AMP #a#h#h#h17 ( ! ,MIDW9T] DREAM-GUESS+ RITUALS AMONG ! ,NEW ,YORK ,ONONDAGA 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS4 ,! ,ONONDAGA NATION IS DIVID$1 LIKE MO/ ,IROQUOIANS1 9TO TWO MOIETIES2 AT ! HEI<T ( ! C]EMONY1 EA* MOIETY TAKES ITS TURN PRES5T+ ITS DREAMS TO ! O!R 9 ! =M ( RIDDLES & GUESS+ ?OSE ( ! O!R SIDE BY (F]+ ! EQUIVAL5T SORTS ( FOOD2 ONCE A DREAM IS GUESS$ CORRECTLY1 ! DREAM] MOVES BACK TO HIS [N MOIETY'S ASSEMBLY H\SE1 :]E A MEMB] ( HIS [N MOIETY HAS TO GUESS CORRECTLY TOO2 BO? WILL LAT] PROVIDE APPROPRIATE GIFTS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 A MAN :O DREAM$ ( PLAY+ LACROSSE MI<T 5D UP ) A P\ND ( SUG> & A T9Y MODEL LACROSSE /ICK4 ,SIMIL>LY !RE >E ALL SORTS ( O!R SYMBOLIC TOK5S1 M9IATURE V]SIONS ( ! REAL OBJECT ( DESIRE3 ANIMALS1 CANOES1 SL$S1 FALSE-FACE MASKS & ANY NUMB] ( O!R ?+S1 :I* ! DREAM] WILL NORMALLY KEEP AFT]W>DS AS H] P]SONAL AMULET OR PROTECTOR4.<#a#g.> 

,! CLIMAX ( ?IS RITUAL 9VOLVES A FASC9AT+ SET ( 9V]SIONS4 ,AFT] AB\T A HUNDR$ DREAMS HAVE BE5 GUESS$1 A MAN IMP]SONAT+ ! ,CREATOR HIMSELF 5T]S & (F]S HIS [N RIDDLES TO ! PEOPLE ( BO? MOIETIES4 ,! ANSW] ?\< IS ALWAYS ! SAME4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,CREATOR'S DESIRE WAS = ! SACRIFICE ( TWO DOGS1 :I* W]E FIR/ /RANGL$1 !N IMMOLAT$1 PA9T$ :ITE1 & FE/OON$ 9 BELTS ( :ITE WAMPUM4 ,!SE APPE> TO HAVE BE5 SUB/ITUTES = ! DEA? ( W> PRISON]S1 :O W]E1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 SE5 AS (F]+S TO ! ,CREATOR4 ,S9CE #a#h#h#e1 EV5 ! DOG SACRIFICE HAS BE5 AB&ON$1 & ! ,CREATOR IS (F]$ TOBACCO & :ITE RIBBONS 9/EAD 7,HALE #a#h#h#e2 ,HEWITT #a#i#aB1 #a#i#aC2 ,SPECK #a#i#d#f3#a#d#e-#d#f2 ,BLAU #a#i#f#d2 ,TOOK] #a#i#f#e1 #a#i#g3#d#a-#d#g1 #a#b-#a#c1 #a#b#h-#d#a74 ,! SACRIFICE IS M>K$ BY ANY NUMB] ( 9V]SIONS ON ! USUAL RELATION BETWE5 ,CREATOR & HUMANITY4 ,:]E NORMALLY PEOPLE P]=M ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE*ES & SONGS TO CELEBRATE CREATION1 H]E ! ,CREATOR HIMSELF S+S A SONG ( ?ANKSGIV+ 7IT ISN'T CLE> TO :OM72 :]E NORMALLY ! ?ANKSGIV+ SPEE* EMPHASIZES ! TRU? ( ! ,CREATOR'S WORDS1 H]E ! SACRIFIC]S DECL>E !Y >E MAK+ ! (F] 0TO PROVE !IR WORDS >E TRUE40 ,F9ALLY1 ACCORD+ TO ,F5TON'S 9=MANTS1 0! :ITE DOG :I* IS SACRIFIC$ TO ! ,CREATOR444 IS A DREAM TOK5 FROM ALL ! PEOPLE TO ! ,CREATOR & IT BECOMES HIS GU>DIAN0 7#a#i#d#b3#a#g74 

,SO WE >E BACK :]E WE />T$3 ) A DREAM+ GOD :O ONCE AGA9 SEEMS SLI<TLY CONFUS$ AB\T HIS [N ROLE 9 ! PROCESS ( CREATION1 & :O 7!RE=E87 5DS UP MIX+ URGES = DE/RUCTION 9 HIS CREATIVITY4 

,?IS IS NOT :AT ,I MA9LY WANT TO EMPHASIZE1 ?\<4 ,:AT REALLY 9T]E/S ME IS ! UND]LY+ !ORY ( CREATIVITY & ITS RELATION TO CONCEPTIONS ( ! P]SON4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY 5C\NT]$ TWO ASPECTS ( ! LATT]3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! =MAL1 ,MAUSSIAN P]SONA1 :I* AMONG ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! ET]NAL NAME2 ! SECOND1 ! 9N] 0S\L10 OR SEAT ( DESIRES4 ,ONE WAS EMBODI$ 9 VISIBLE TOK5S SU* AS WAMPUM1 :ILE ! O!R WAS FUNDAM5TALLY 9VISIBLE & P]CEPTIBLE MA9LY ?R\< DREAMS & VOICES4 ,BO? W]E TO A C]TA9 DEGREE EXT]IOR TO CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT EXT]IOR1 ONE MI<T SAY1 9 OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS3 ONE A SOCIAL IMPOSITION1 ! O!R1 DESIRES SO 9TIMATE EV5 ! DESIR] WAS NOT 5TIRELY AW>E ( !M4 

,DREAMS W]E ! DESIRES ( ?IS 9N] S\L1 OR 0! LANGUAGE0 9 :I* ?OSE HIDD51 9VISIBLE DESIRES C\LD BEG9 TO TAKE VISUAL =M4 ,:AT ,WALLACE /RESSES1 ?\<1 IS ?AT ?IS PROCESS1 BY :I* HIDD5 DESIRES C\LD BECOME VISIBLE1 MANIFE/1 & SPECIFIC1 F9ALLY TAK+ ON P]MAN5T MAT]IAL =M--C\LD HAPP5 ONLY ?R\< ! P>TICIPATION ( O!RS4 0,DREAMS >E NOT TO BROOD OV]1 TO ANALYZE1 & TO PROMPT LONELY & 9DEP5D5T ACTION2 !Y >E TO BE TOLD1 OR AT LEA/ H9T$ AT1 & IT IS = O!R PEOPLE TO BE ACTIVE0 7#b#d#g74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! HIDD5 CAN BECOME VISIBLE 7OR ! G5]IC SPECIFIC7 ONLY BY ! 9DIVIDUAL BECOM+ SOCIAL 7OR ! SPECIFIC1 G5]IC74 ,?IS SOCIAL ACTION REA*ES ITS HI<E/ =M 9 ! MIDW9T] DREAM-GUESS+1 9 :I* ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY IS MOBILIZ$ TO BR+ MAT]IAL BE+ TO EA* O!R'S DREAMS4 ,IF GIFTS PEOPLE GIVE ON SU* OCCASIONS >E KEPT & TREASUR$ AS TALISMANS & GU>DIANS1 IT MU/ BE BECAUSE !Y >E NOT ONLY MAT]IAL TOK5S ( ! HIDD5 CONT5T ( A P]SON'S M9D BUT ALSO EMBODIM5TS ( ! PROTECTIVE ACTION ( O!RS4 

,WALLACE PLACES A PSY*OLOGICAL SP9 ON ALL ?IS2 UND]/&ABLY 5\<1 CONSID]+ ! NATURE ( ! MAT]IAL & ! DIRECTION ( ,AM]ICAN AN?ROPOLOGY AT ! TIME4 ,IROQUOIAN SOCIETIES COMB9$ A V]Y 9DULG5T ATTITUDE T[>D *ILDR51 ) EXTREME PSY*OLOGICAL PRESSURES ON ADULTS4 ,*ILDR5 W]E NEV] TO BE PUNI%$2 TO FRU/RATE A P[]FUL DESIRE 9 A *ILD MI<T 5DANG] !IR HEAL?4 ,ADULTS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ESPECIALLY M51 W]E HELD TO HI< /&>DS ( G5]OSITY1 BRAV]Y1 & ABOVE ALL /OIC IMPASSIVITY 9 ! FACE ( H>D%IP4 ,EV5 ?OSE TORTUR$ TO DEA? W]E EXPECT$ TO1 & G5]ALLY DID1 FACE !IR FATE ) A %[ ( UTT] EQUANIMITY4 ,IROQUOIS DREAM-!RAPY GAVE ONE A *ANCE TO BE 9DULG$ 9 A SIMIL> WAY BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE2 ! CLOSE/ CONTEMPOR>Y EQUIVAL5T TO ! GREAT DREAM FEA/S >E ! ANTICS ( ! FALSE FACE SOCIETIES1 :OSE MEMB]S >E ALSO PRIVILEG$ AT C]TA9 TIMES TO WREAK HAVOC AMONG PEOPLE'S H\SES1 PLAY+ PRACTICAL JOKES1 BEGG+1 TOSS+ ?+S >\ND1 & :O >E 9DULG$ LIKE :IMSICAL *ILDR54 ,!Y REPRES5T ! SAME PSY*OLOGICAL COMPLEX3 0A LONG+ TO BE PASSIVE1 TO BEG1 TO BE AN IRRESPONSIBLE1 DEM&+1 R[DY 9FANT1 & TO COMPETE ) ! ,CREATOR HIMSELF2 & TO EXPRESS IT ALL 9 ! NAME ( ! PUBLIC GOOD0 7,WALLACE #a#i#f#g3#i#c74 

,IT'S ALSO POSSIBLE TO LOOK AT ! SAME PH5OM5A FROM ! P]SPECTIVES SKET*$ \T 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ?IS BOOK3 H[ =MS ( VALUE EM]GE TO REGULATE A PROCESS :I* IS ULTIMATELY AB\T ! CREATION ( PEOPLE4 ,! ,MIDW9T] ,C]EMONIAL WAS ALSO A TIME = ! NAM+ ( *ILDR5 & CONSOLATION ( M\RN]S2 & CONDOL5CE1 LIKE DREAM-GUESS+1 WAS SOME?+ = :I* ONE NE$$ ! S]VICES ( ! OPPOSITE MOIETY4.<#a#h.> 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 MOIETY /RUCTURES >E WAYS ( CREAT+ IMAG9>Y TOTALITIES3 IF BO? 0SIDES0 >E PRES5T AT A RITUAL1 !N 9 A S5SE SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS PRES5T4 ,SU* TOTALITIES >E BO? CON/RUCT$ \T (1 & S]VE AS ! MEANS TO REPRODUCE1 RELATIONS )9 :ATEV] DOME/IC UNITS MAKE UP ?AT SOCIETY'S BASIC BUILD+ BLOCKS4 ,9 ! ,IROQUOIS CASE !SE W]E ( C\RSE MATRIL9EAL LON<\SES1 EA* ORGANIZ$ >\ND A CORE ( WOM51 & 9 :I* WOM5 APPE> TO HAVE MADE ALL ! MO/ IMPORTANT DECISIONS4 ,DREAM-GUESS+ DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY M>K$ = G5D] ONE WAY OR ! O!R 9 E>LY TIMES1 BUT N[ IT SEEMS TO HAVE PASS$ L>GELY 9TO ! H&S ( M52 CONDOL5CE WAS ALWAYS V]Y MU* A MALE CONC]N1 ONE 9 :I* WOM5 PLAY$ LITTLE P>T4 ,/ILL1 IT WAS 9 ! LON<\SES ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( LABOR TOOK PLACE1 & !RE=E IT IS ALL ! MORE FRU/RAT+ ?AT WE DON'T HAVE ALL ?AT MU* DETAIL AB\T H[ !Y W]E ORGANIZ$4 ,WALLACE'S OBS]VATIONS ON SOCIALIZATION >E USEFUL H]E1 P>TICUL>LY HIS EMPHASIS ON ! COMB9ATION ( 9DULG5CE ( :IMS & ! GRADUAL PROCESS ( 0H>D5+0 *ILDR5 7= 9/ANCE BY 9T5TIONALLY LEAV+ !M UND]DRESS$ 9 W9T]1 & OCCASIONALLY DUNK+ !M 9 COLD /REAMS47 ,! TWO MODES SEEM TO REPRES5T OPPOSITE POLES ( ! SAME PROCESS1 MEANT TO PRODUCE HI<LY AUTONOM\S ADULTS1 AS ONE MI<T EXPECT 9 A SOCIETY ?AT SEEM$ TO PLACE A R\<LY EQUAL /RESS ON EGALIT>IANISM & 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,BO? DREAM-GUESS+ & CONDOL5CE >E CLE>LY MODEL$ ON ?IS LABOR ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,9 EA* CASE1 MEMB]S ( ONE MOIETY PROVIDE NURTURANT C>E = ! O!R4 ,!Y >E SIMIL> 9 O!R WAYS AS WELL4 ,9 EA* CASE1 ! FOCUS IS ON ! PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* >E FULL ( DIRE POSSIBILITIES3 FRU/RAT$ DESIRES CAN KILL1 & ! GRIEF ( M\RN+ CAN DRIVE ! M\RN] 5TIRELY 9SANE4 ,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD GO FUR!R3 9 EA* CASE1 NURTURANT C>E WAS SET AGA9/ A /RONG UND]CURR5T ( 7AT LEA/ POT5TIAL7 VIOL5CE4 ,! VIOL5CE IS MO/ EXPLICIT 9 ! ,JESUIT ACC\NTS ( DREAM-GUESS+1 9 :I* ! DREAM]S GO AB\T AT NI<T ATTACK+ PEOPLE1 SCATT]+ FIRES1 & DE/ROY+ FURNITURE2.<#a#i.> BUT EV5 IF IT'S NOT DRAMATIZ$ 9 ! SAME WAY 9 CONDOL5CE RITUALS1 ?IS IS BECAUSE IT DOESN'T REALLY HAVE TO BE3 ! :OLE PO9T ( ! PROCE$+S IS TO LIFT AWAY EMOTIONS ?AT CAN LEAD TO ! DESIRE = REV5GE & T]RIFY+ PROJECTS ( W> & CRUELTY4 ,9 EA* CASE1 F9ALLY1 OBJECTS *ANGE H& BETWE5 ! TWO SIDES ?AT >E1 OR BECOME1 PROBABLY ! MO/ TREASUR$ TOK5S ( VALUE KN[N TO ,IROQUOIAN SOCIETY4 

,FROM ANO!R P]SPECTIVE1 DREAM-GUESS+ & CONDOL5CE MI<T BE SAID TO REPRES5T TWO OPPOSITE MOVEM5TS 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! P]SON4 ,! FIR/ IS AB\T ! REALIZATION ( ! MO/ 9TIMATE FANTASIES & DESIRES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?\< ?IS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! HELP ( O!RS--9 FACT1 9S(> AS DREAMS HAVE TO BE GUESS$ BY ! OPPOSITE MOIETY1 A*IEV$ ONLY BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,CONDOL5CE1 ( C\RSE1 IS SET (F NOT BY 9DIVIDUAL DESIRES BUT BY ! DISSOLUTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 DEA?3 9 ALL ,IROQUOIAN SOCIETIES1 ONE ( ! MA9 TASKS ( MOIETIES IS TO BURY ONE ANO!R'S DEAD4 ,IT IS ALSO AB\T ! CREATION ( SOCIALITY & :AT 5DURES DESPITE ! DEA? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,WAMPUM IS ! PRIME M$IUM ?R\< :I* ?AT 5DUR+ LIFE ( SOCIETY IS RE-CREAT$3 BO? ?R\< CONDOL5CE ITSELF & ! GIV+ ( NAMES4 ,IF DREAM-GUESS+ IS AB\T H[ ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ ?R\< ! M$IATION ( SOCIETY1 !N ONE MI<T SAY ! RESURRECTION ( NAMES IS AB\T H[ SOCIETY ITSELF CANNOT CONT9UE TO EXI/ EXCEPT ?R\< ! M$IATION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,H5CE ! OBJECTS ?AT PASS BACK & =? BETWE5 MOIETIES 9 EA* CASE3 9 ! =M]1 ! V]Y MO/ P>TICUL>1 9 ! LATT]1 ! V]Y MO/ G5]IC4 

,H5CE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ESS5TIAL MODELS ( CREATIVITY 9VOLV$ 9 EA*4 ,9 ONE1 ! OBJECT REVEALS ! M9D1 OR 0WORD0 ( ! GIV]2 9 ! O!R1 IT REVEALS ! M9D1 OR 0WORD0 ( ! RECIPI5T4 

,NOT EV]Y?+ MOVES ACROSS MOIETY L9ES1 H[EV]4 ,9 EA* CASE !RE WAS A COMPLEM5T>Y GIFT FROM )9 ONE'S [N MOIETY4 ,9 ! ,ONONDAGA ,MIDW9T] ,C]EMONIAL1 ONCE SOMEONE ( ! OPPOSITE MOIETY GUESSES ONE'S DREAMS1 ! GUESS HAS TO BE CONFIRM$ BY SOMEONE FROM ONE'S [N4 ,BO? P>TIES 5D UP GIV+ GIFTS1 ?\< IT IS ! ONE FROM ! O!R SIDE :O PROVIDES ! ACTUAL TALISMAN2 ONE'S [N MATRIL9EAL RELATIVES M]ELY PROVIDE AN EQUIVAL5T V>IETY ( FOOD3 A BAG ( CORN1 A SACK ( SUG>1 & SO ON4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A RELATIVELY G5]IC GIFT COMPLEM5TS A RELATIVELY SPECIFIC ONE4 ,9 ! MATT] ( CONDOL5CE IT WAS EV5 MORE EXTREME1 S9CE :ILE CONDOL5CE ITSELF IS SOME?+ ?AT ONE 0CLE>-M9D$0 MOIETY MU/ C>RY \T = ITS OPPOSITE 70! M\RN]S071 ! SUBSEQU5T TRANSF] ( NAMES OCCURS NOT ONLY )9 ONE'S [N MOIETY BUT )9 ONE'S MATRICLAN4 ,& :ILE ONE IS AN AFFAIR ( M51 ! O!R IS CONDUCT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY WOM53 EV5 9 ! CASE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT F$]AL *IEFS1 IT IS A FEMALE C\NCIL ?AT *OOSES ! SUCCESSOR4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 9 O!R WORDS1 ONE'S MATRIL9EAL K9 PROVIDE A RELATIVELY SPECIFIC GIFT 7A UNIQUE NAME7 TO COMPLEM5T A RELATIVELY G5]IC ONE 7! /&>DIZ$ GIFTS ( EV5 MORE /&>DIZ$ WAMPUM7 PROVID$ BY O!RS4 

,IF !SE COMPLEM5T>Y GIFTS HAVE ANY?+ 9 COMMON1 IT IS ?AT !Y >E COMP>ATIVELY /RAI<T=W>D2 GIFTS ( FOOD OR NAMES SEEM TO LACK ! OV]TONES ( P]IL & VIOL5CE ?AT ALWAYS SEEM TO LURK BEH9D RELATIONS BETWE5 MOIETIES4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS IS ! KEY TO ! NATURE ( ! MOIETIES !MSELVES4 ,TRADITION HAS IT ?AT ,IROQUOIS MOIETIES W]E ONCE EXOGAM\S 7,MORGAN #a#h#e#a3#h#c1 ,F5TON #a#i#e#a3#d#f1 ,TOOK] #a#i#g3#b#c74 ,IF SO1 ?IS DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ! CASE = SOME TIME--ONE IS N[ =BIDD5 ONLY TO M>RY MEMB]S ( ONE'S [N CLAN--BUT EV5 IF ,IROQUOIS MOIETIES W]E NEV] ACTUALLY EXOGAM\S1 IT SEEMS IMPORTANT ?AT PEOPLE BELIEVE !Y W]E4 ,LYNN ,CECI 7#a#i#h#b3#a#b-#a#c7 PO9TS TO AN ,IROQUOIS MY? ( ! ORIG9S ( WAMPUM ?AT IS ALSO A MY? ( ! ORIG9S ( EXOGAMY3 A Y\NG W>RIOR FROM AN 5EMY TRIBE IS ! ONLY ONE ABLE TO KILL A MAGICAL BIRD COV]$ ) WAMPUM4 ,HE M>RIES ! LOCAL *IEF 'S DAU<T]1 & DI/RIBUTES ! BEADS BETWE5 HIS [N & HIS WIFE'S PEOPLE AS A WAY ( E/ABLI%+ PEACE 7,E4 ,SMI? #a#h#h#c3#g#h-#g#i74 ,BUT AS ,CECI NOTES1 NORMALLY IT WAS EXOGAMY ITSELF ?AT CREAT$ PEACE1 0S9CE 9 ?IS WAY Y\NG HUNT]-W>RIORS >E DISP]S$ AMONG !IR 9-LAWS0 7#a#c74 ,IROQUOIS M>RIAGE REALLY C\LD BE CONSID]$ AN EX*ANGE ( POT5TIALLY DANG]\S Y\NG M5 BETWE5 L>GELY SELF-SUFFICI5T GR\PS ( WOM54.<#a#a.> ,H5CE IT W\LD ONLY MAKE S5SE ?AT 9 ! L>G]1 0POLITICAL0 RELATIONS BETWE5 MOIETIES1 !SE SAME M5--& ESPECIALLY OLD] M5--ADOPT$ =MS ( RITUAL ACTION MODEL$ ON ! WORK ( PRIM>Y SOCIALIZATION1 AS A WAY ( OV]COM+ ! POT5TIAL = VIOL5CE & DISRUPTION ?AT ULTIMATELY ORIG9AT$ 9 !MSELVES4.<#a#a#a.> 

,ALL ( ?IS MI<T HELP TO EXPLA9 ONE O!RWISE CURI\S FEATURE ( WAMPUM4 ,P>K] 7#a#i#a#f3#d#f7 CLAIMS ?AT 9 ,LEAGUE ,BELTS1 :ITE BEADS REPRES5T ! ,LEAGUE'S WOM51 ! PURPLE OR 0BLACK0 ONES1 ITS M54 ,?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+ 9 ITSELF3 BY ALL ACC\NTS IT WAS ! :ITE BEADS ?AT EMBODI$ ! VALUES ( 0LI<T & LIFE0 ?AT MADE WAMPUM SUIT$ = ITS POLITICAL ROLE-- BLACK ONES1 BY CONTRA/1 REPRES5T$ ITS OPPOSITE1 ! NEGATIVE VALUES ( GRIEF1 M\RN+1 ANG]1 & W>1 ! LA/ AT LEA/ CONSID]$ A MALE DOMA9 7,HOLMES #a#h#h#c3#b#d#a2 CF4 ,HAMMEL #a#i#i#b74 ,! CURI\S ?+ IS ?AT DESPITE EMBODY+ AN ESS5TIALLY FEM99E VIRTUE1 WAMPUM WAS ONE ( ! FEW IMPORTANT =MS ( PROP]TY 9 ,IROQUOIAN SOCIETY ?AT WOM5 DID NOT CONTROL4.<#a#a#b.> ,H\SES1 FIELDS1 FOOD1 MO/ TOOLS1 & H\SEHOLD IMPLEM5TS--EV5 SU* ITEMS AS ! BRASS KETTLES ?AT W]E ONE ( ! E>LIE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT TRADE ITEM ACQUIR$ FROM ,EUROPEANS 7,TURGEON #a#i#i#g7--W]E EI!R [N$ BY 9DIVIDUAL WOM51 OR [N$ BY COLLECTIVE GR\PS LIKE LON<\SES OR CLANS1 9 :I* WOM5 PLAY$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT ROLES4 ,:ILE WOM5 ACTUALLY WOVE ! BEADS TOGE!R1 \TSIDE ( C]TA9 LIMIT$ =MS SU* AS NAME BELTS1 BELTS & /R+S CIRCULAT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY AMONG M54 

,?IS MI<T BE CONSID]$ A F9AL WAY 9 :I* ACTIONS TAK5 ON ! POLITICAL SPH]E ( PEACEMAK+ 9V]T$ ?OSE TYPICAL ( ?AT BEL[3 ,IROQUOIS K9%IP1 AFT] ALL1 WAS L>GELY A MATT] ( GR\PS ( WOM5 EX*ANG+ M52 POLITICS1 ( M5 EX*ANG+ AN ESS5TIALLY FEM99E SUB/ANCE4 ,BUT ONE CAN ALSO SEE IT AS ! RESULT ( A NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE T5SION 9 ANY PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIETY ?AT SEES 0PEACE0 AS ! ULTIMATE HUMAN VALUE4 ,GRANT$1 ! ,IROQUOIS DEF9$ PEACE AB\T AS BROADLY AS ONE POSSIBLY C\LD3 AS ,PAUL ,WALLACE PUT IT1 PEACE WAS 0! ,GOOD EXPRESS$ 9 ACTION0 7#a#i#d#f3#g71 AN EXPRESSION ( 0WISDOM & GRACI\SNESS0 AS WELL AS A JOY\S UNITY ) ! COSMOS4 ,IT WAS1 AS A ,DUMONTIAN MI<T SAY1 ! ULTIMATE1 5COMPASS+ VALUE1 S9CE IT WAS AB\T ! RELATION ( HUMANS TO ! COSMOS AS A :OLE1 ! ULTIMATE 0IMAG9>Y TOTALITY40 ,YET LOGICALLY1 IT WAS 5TIRELY PREMIS$ ON ! PRIOR EXI/5CE ( ITS OPPOSITE4 ,)\T W>1 0PEACE0 IS MEAN+LESS4 ,9 A S5SE1 !N1 ! WAMPUM BELTS !MSELVES--OR1 P]HAPS MORE ACCURATELY1 ! PROCESS ( WEAV+ !M TOGE!R--WAS ITSELF A MODEL ( ! PROCESS IT WAS MEANT TO M$IATE1 ONE CON/ANTLY REPRODUC$ 9 RITUAL3 ( CONV]T+ ! POT5TIAL = DE/RUCTION 9TO H>MONY BY 9TEGRAT+ IT 9TO A L>G] SOCIAL :OLE4 

DREAM ECONOMIES 

  

,LET ME F9I% ) A FEW WORDS ( HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 

,! BASIC /RUCTURE DESCRIB$ 9 ! LA/ SECTION APPE>S TO BE V]Y OLD4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY TRUE BO? ( ! FUNDAM5TAL =MS ( PRODUC+ PEOPLE & !IR RITUAL REFRACTIONS3 SOME?+ LIKE DREAM-GUESS+1 & SOME?+ LIKE CONDOL5CE1 W]E PROBABLY BE+ PRACTIC$ AMONG ! SPEAK]S ( ,IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES LONG BE=E ! FIR/ =EIGN %IPS BEGAN APPE>+ (F%ORE4 ,! SAME NO D\BT GOES = ! CONCRETE TOK5S ( VALUE ?AT EM]G$ FROM !M3 ,PEOPLE W]E NO D\BT TREASUR+ DREAM-TOK5S & US+ BRI<T OBJECTS D]IV$ FROM F>AWAY PLACES 9 PEACEMAK+ = QUITE SOME TIME AS WELL4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT WAS ONLY 9 ! LATE SEV5TE5? OR EV5 E>LY EI<TE5? C5TURY ?AT WAMPUM BECAME ! UNIV]SAL M$IUM ( DIPLOMACY1 & PROBABLY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ?AT ! LANGUAGE ( DREAMS WAS L>GELY R$UC$ TO A MATT] ( SYMBOLIC TOK5S4 ,9 FACT1 ! ONE ?+ ?AT REALLY JUMPS \T AT ONE READ+ ! ,JESUIT RELATIONS & O!R S\RCES FROM ! SAME P]IOD IS JU/ H[ OP5-5D$ SU* ?+S W]E1 ESPECIALLY 9 COMP>ISON ) ! C>EFUL C]EMONIAL ETIQUETTE ( LAT] TIMES4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS HAS SOME?+ TO DO ) ! NATURE ( ! S\RCES4 ,BUT IT ALSO SEEMS TO REFLECT A G5U9E *ANGE4 

,EUROPEAN M]*ANT & FI%+ VESSELS--,FR5*1 ,SPANI%1 ,DUT*1 ,SW$I%1 ,5GLI%1 & ,BASQUE--BEGAN APPE>+ (F ! NOR!A/ COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 ! #a#eS1 & ) !M CAME TRADE GOODS3 GLASS BEADS1 BUT ALSO BRASS KETTLES & /EEL AXES1 :I* SEEM TO HAVE SPREAD QUITE QUICKLY4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! NEXT C5TURY1 H[EV]1 :5 ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5TS BEGAN TO BE E/ABLI%$ & ,AM]9DIAN SOCIETIES DRAWN 9TO ! GLOBAL FUR TRADE1 ?AT ONE CAN SPEAK ( ! BEG9N+S ( A DEP5D5T ECONOMY 9 ! FAMILI> S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! ,HURON ,CONF$]ACY & !N ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS W]E SOON DEP5D5T ON ,EUROPEANS = !IR TOOLS1 DOME/IC EQUIPM5T1 CLO?+1 WEAPONS1 EV5 FOOD/UFFS1 ALL ( :I* WAS OBTA9$ 9 EX*ANGE = A S+LE PRODUCT3 FUR4 ,!Y W]E DEP5D5T ON GOODS GOT ?R\< COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS ) \TSID]S 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR SOCIETY1 BUT )9 ?AT SOCIETY1 REGIMES ( PROP]TY & DI/RIBUTION REMA9$ L>GELY UN*ANG$4 

,)9 ! ,HURON COMMUNITY1 !RE W]E NO COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS1 PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,GOODS ACQUIR$ W]E SPONTANE\SLY %>$ )9 L9EAGES 7OR SEGM5TS ( CLANS74 ,?IS G5]ALIZ$ PRACTICE ( GIV+ 9SUR$ EQUALITY & ACC\NT$ = ! DISDA9 ) :I* ! ACCUMULATION ( GOODS WAS VIEW$2 IT GOV]N$ ! RULES ( C\RTESY AT ALL TIMES AS WELL AS ! ,HURON P5*ANT = GAMES ( *ANCE1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO FEA/S1 RITUALS1 & C>NIVALS1 & ! OBLIGATION TO SATISFY ANY DESIRE EXPRESS$ BY A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,AS A RESULT1 !RE W]E NO SELL]S NOR BUY]S AMONG ! ,HURONS1 NEI!R COMM&]S NOR COMM&$1 NEI!R RI* NOR POOR 4440,ON RETURN+ FROM !IR FI%+1 !IR HUNT+1 & !IR TRAD+1 !Y EX*ANGE MANY GIFTS2 IF !Y HAVE ?US OBTA9$ SOME?+ UNUSUALLY GOOD1 EV5 IF !Y HAVE B\<T IT1 OR IF ITS HAS BE5 GIV5 TO !M1 !Y MAKE A FEA/ TO ! :OLE VILLAGE ) IT4 ,!IR HOSPITALITY T[>DS ALL SORTS ( /RANG]S IS REM>KABLE40 7,DELAGE #a#i#i#c3#e#b-#e#c7 

,DELAGE >GUES ?AT AMONG ! ,HURON1 NEW REGIMES ( PROP]TY & ! POSSIBILITY ( P]SONAL ACCUMULATION1 REALLY EM]G$ ONLY AMONG CONV]TS TO ,*RI/IANITY2 AMONG ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS1 !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE EM]G$ AT ALL4 ,H[EV]1 IT'S H>D TO AVOID ! TEMPTATION TO 9T]PRET ! DRAMATIC 9T5SITY ( SOME ( ! ,JESUIT ACC\NTS--GAMES 9 :I* PEOPLE W\LD BET ALL !IR P]SONAL POSSESSIONS1 D[N TO !IR V]Y CLO!S2 RITUALS 9 :I* DOME/IC PROP]TY WAS SMA%$1 & H\SES (T5 BURN$ D[N1 9 :I* HUGE AM\NTS ( WEAL? C\LD *ANGE H&S 9 ORD] TO 9DULGE SOMEONE'S DREAM--AS >IS+ TO SOME DEGREE 9 REACTION TO ?IS SITUATION4 ,IT IS PROBABLY NOT 5TIRELY CO9CID5TAL ?AT ! 0,HAT*ETS1 ,KETTLES1 & ,PORCELA90 HUNG >\ND DREAM]S' NECKS 9 ,LEJEUNE'S ACC\NT W]E PROBABLY ! ?REE MO/ IMPORTANT ITEMS ( IMPORT DUR+ ! FIR/ C5TURY ( TRADE4 

,ONE MI<T >GUE1 AS ,DELAGE SEEMS TO1 ?AT ?IS WAS ! MORALITY ( A HUNT+ ECONOMY1 OR AT LEA/ ONE 9 :I* PEOPLE'S MA9 EXP]I5CE ( A SUDD5 W9DFALL IS ( L>GE QUANTITIES ( MEAT4 ,TRADE GOODS1 :I* W]E !MSELVES ACQUIR$ 9 EX*ANGE = ANIMALS1 W]E TREAT$ 9 MU* ! SAME WAY4 ,/ILL1 FACTORS LIKE DREAM-GUESS+ & ! APP>5TLY CON/ANT APPE>ANCE ( NEW REVELATIONS & PROPHETS LEAVE ONE ) ! IMPRESSION ( A SOCIETY ( 5ORM\S 9/ABILITY1 9 :I* ALMO/ EV]Y?+1 9 A S5SE1 WAS POT5TIALLY UP = GRABS4 ,NO D\BT IF ONE W]E LIV+ !RE AT ! TIME1 ONE W\LD DISCOV] AN 5DLESS GAME ( POLITICAL MANEUV]+ BETWE5 WOM5 & M51 Y\NG W>RIORS & ELD]S1 Y\NG WOM5 & OLD MATRONS1 ?OSE ) ACCESS TO =EIGN WEAL? & MORE TRADITIONAL AU?ORITIES1 & SO ON4 ,( C\RSE1 SU* /RUGGLES ALWAYS EXI/ 9 ANY SOCIETY1 BUT H]E ! USUAL COMP>ATIVELY G5TLE TUGG+ BACK & =? SEEMS TO HAVE TURN$ 9TO A SITUATION BUR/ WIDE OP51 A POK] GAME 9 :I* HALF ! C>DS HAD SUDD5LY BE5 MADE WILD4 

,I DON'T ?9K ! PHRASE 0DREAM ECONOMY0 IS 5TIRELY 9APPROPRIATE H]E3 AT LEA/1 IT CAPTURES SOME?+ ( ITS COMB9ATION ( ABSOLUTE UNPR$ICTABILITY & EPHEM]ALITY4 ,RADICAL MOM5TS SEEM TO HAVE FLICK]$ AWAY ALMO/ AS QUICKLY AS !Y APPE>$4 

,!RE IS A MORE COMMON PATT]N H]E1 ONE ?AT HAS T5D$ TO BE OBSCUR$ A BIT BY ! WAY AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE APPROA*$ ! QUE/ION ( CULTURE *ANGE4 ,A KEY CONCEPT HAS BE5 ! 0REVITALIZATION MOVEM5T10 A T]M ?AT1 9 FACT1 WAS CO9$ BY ,AN?ONY ,WALLACE 7#a#i#e#f7 ) ,IROQUOIS HI/ORY V]Y MU* 9 M9D4 ,AT TIMES ( EXTREME CULTURAL DISRUPTION1 ! >GUM5T GOES1 ONE (T5 F9DS ! EM]G5CE ( PROPHETS ) SELF-CONSCI\S PROJECTS ( CULTURAL RE=MATION1 ! P>ADIGM BE+ ! ,S5ECA PROPHET ,H&SOME ,LAKE :O1 9 ! YE>S ( ! ,SIX ,NATIONS' DEFEAT & DEMORALIZATION FOLL[+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 CAME =W>D ) :AT MI<T BE CONSID]$ ! F9AL1 DEF9ITIVE DREAM-REVELATION3 A NEW MORAL CODE MIX+ ,QUAK] & ,IROQUOIAN ELEM5TS1 :I* AMONG O!R ?+S PLAC$ ,IROQUOIS MALES BACK FIRMLY 9 CONTROL ( !IR NATIONS' ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! K9D ( TUMULTU\S WORLD DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,JESUIT ACC\NTS1 !N1 T5DS TO BE SE5 SIMPLY AS ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO REVITALIZATION MOVEM5TS--:I*1 IF ! SITUATION BECOMES TRULY DESP]ATE1 CAN TAKE ! EXTREME =M ( MILL5>IAN CULTS & EXPECTATIONS ( ! IMM95T DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD4 

,!RE >E O!R WAYS TO LOOK AT ?IS4 ,MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S & HI/ORIANS HAVE NOT$ ! REM>KABLE BUR/S ( CULTURAL CREATIVITY ?AT SO (T5 OCCUR DUR+ ! FIR/ G5]ATION OR TWO AFT] MANY TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES >E SUDD5LY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A L>G] WORLD ECONOMY4 ,IF ! CONDITIONS >E RI<T--IF ! GR\P MA9TA9S SOME DEGREE ( POLITICAL AUTONOMY & HAPP5S TO BE 9 A RELATIVELY ADVANTAGE\S POSITION 9 RELATION TO ! M>KET-- ! RESULT CAN BE A SPECTACUL> EXPANSION & 5RI*M5T ( EXI/+ CULTURAL =MS3 ( >T1 >*ITECTURE1 DRAMA1 RITUAL1 EX*ANGE4 ,(T5 SU* A RESULT IS REF]R$ TO AS A CULTURAL R5AISSANCE4 ,IT'S NOT ! BE/ POSSIBLE T]M1 P]HAPS1 S9CE ! NOTION ( 0REBIR?0 IMPLIES ?AT SOME?+ WAS PREVI\SLY MORIBUND1 OR DEAD4 ,/ILL1 AN ANALOGY TO1 SAY1 ! ,ITALIAN ,R5AISSANCE IS NOT 5TIRELY 9APPROPRIATE3 ?AT TOO WAS MADE POSSIBLE AT LEA/ P>TIALLY BY ! NEWF\ND WEAL? ( CITIES 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A L>G] WORLD ECONOMY1 MU* ( :I* WAS 9VE/$ 9 FAIRLY SELF-CONSCI\S PROJECTS ( CULTURAL R5EWAL1 BO? 9V5T+ & ELABORAT+ TRADITIONS AS !Y DID4 ,= AN?ROPOLOGICAL P>ALLELS3 ! ,KWAKIUTL R5AISSANCE ( R\<LY #ahge TO #aib IS PROBABLY ! MO/ FAM\S1 ALONG ) ! EFFLORESC5CE ( ,HI<L& ,NEW ,GU9EA EX*ANGE SY/EMS LIKE TE & MOKA DUR+ ! #a#i#eS & '#fS2 OR1 TO TAKE A LESS FAMILI> EXAMPLE1 ( ,MALAGASY MORTU>Y >T & RITUAL >\ND ! SAME TIME4 ,EXAMPLES >E LEGION4 ,:AT !Y ALL SEEM TO HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT DESPITE ! 9T5SE SOCIAL /RUGGLES ?AT SO (T5 GIVE !M =CE1 NEW MEANS >E MA9LY BE+ PUT TO V]Y OLD 5DS2 MORE SPECIFICALLY1 A VA/ FL[ ( NEW RES\RCES IS PUT TO ! TASK ( PURSU+ TRADITIONAL =MS ( VALUE4 

,SU* SITUATIONS R>ELY LA/ MORE ?AN FIFTY YE>S OR SO2 ! BOOT COMES D[N EV5TUALLY1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 

,! K9D ( 0DREAM ECONOMY0 ONE 5C\NT]S 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR!A/ 9 ! #a#fS1 !N1 MI<T BE CONSID]$ A D>K] POSSIBILITY4 ,9 SOME WAYS IT SEEMS ! SOCIOCULTURAL EQUIVAL5T ( A BUBBLE ECONOMY1 9 :I* VA/ =TUNES >E MADE & LO/ OV]NI<T1 BUT ESPECIALLY1 9 ! AT LEA/ IMPLICIT AW>5ESS ?AT BUBBLES ALWAYS BUR/4 ,OR EV5 MORE1 P]HAPS1 ONE MI<T IMAG9E ! W>TIME ECONOMY ( A PROBABLY DOOM$ CITY1 9 :I* VA/ AM\NTS ( WEAL? CAN BE SCAMM$ OR /OL5 ONE DAY1 !N GAMBL$ AWAY ! NEXT4 ,! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS1 AFT] ALL1 A P]IOD ?AT COMB9$ NEWF\ND S\RCES ( WEAL?1 & A NEWF\ND DEP5D5CY1 ) ABSOLUTELY UNPREC$5T$ EPIDEMICS1 FAM9ES1 & G5OCIDAL W>S4 ,MO/ ( ! POPULATION BETWE5 ,P5NSYLVANIA & ,QUEBEC DI$2 DUR+ ! BEAV] W>S ALONE1 ! ,PETUN1 ,NEUTRALS1 ,SUSQUAHANNOCK1 ,MOHICANS1 & ,HURONS1 AMONG O!RS1 W]E DE/ROY$ AS POLITICAL 5TITIES1 !IR POPULATIONS MASSACR$1 SCATT]$1 OR 9CORPORAT$ 9TO RIVAL SOCIETIES4 ,IT W\LD BE SURPRIS+ IF SOME ( ?IS 9SECURITY WAS NOT 9T]NALIZ$ 9 ! LIFE ( ! SOCIETIES !MSELVES4 

,IT DID SO1 ONE MI<T SAY1 9 RA!R ! WAY A !ORI/ ( COMMODITIZATION MI<T PR$ICT3 ?R\< AN EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL SELF-REALIZATION4 ,BUT IT WAS 9DIVIDUAL SELF-REALIZATION 9 PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T CULTURAL T]MS4 

,WAMPUM TOOK ON ITS OV]:ELM+ IMPORTANCE ONLY T[>D ! 5D ( ?IS P]IOD1 & PRIM>ILY AMONG ! ,FIVE ,NATIONS1 AS !Y W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( EI!R DE/ROY+ OR 9CORPORAT+ ALL ! O!RS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 WAMPUM1 AS ! CURR5CY ( ! FUR TRADE1 C\LD BE SE5 AS ! V]Y SYMBOL ( !IR GR[+ DEP5D5CY & ( :AT HAD CAUS$ ! REGION TO COLLAPSE 9TO A /ATE ?AT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ 9CREAS+LY REM9ISC5T ( ! *AOS DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,DEGANAWIDEH EPIC4 ,! NUMB] ( WAMPUM BEADS 9 CIRCULATION BY #afe HAS BE5 E/IMAT$ AS HI< AS ?REE MILLION 7,RI*T] #a#i#i#b3#h#e71 & !Y BECAME ONE ( ! GREAT M$IA = ! ,IROQUOIS' GREAT POLITICAL PROJECT ( ! TIMES1 :AT ,MAT!W ,D5NIS 7#a#i#i#c7 HAS DESCRIB$ AS 0CULTIVAT+ A L&SCAPE ( PEACE0 BY GA!R+ ALL ! REGION'S PEOPLE TOGE!R 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,LEAGUE4 ,DO+ SO ( C\RSE 9VOLV$ ! 5DLESS REPETITION ( ! V]Y PRECISE ETIQUETTE ( CONDOL5CE1 A SPIRIT OBVI\SLY V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( DREAM-GUESS+4 ,BUT BY CONV]T+ ! MONEY ( ! TRADE1 ! V]Y /UFF ( VIOL5CE1 9TO ! POT5TIAL TO CREATE PEACE1 ,LEAGUE (FICE-HOLD]S W]E FOLL[+ AN ANCI5T RITUAL LOGIC4 ,& ! BEADS !MSELVES1 AS !Y MOV$ BACK & =? BETWE5 AB/RACT POT5TIAL & CONCRETE =MS1 ALSO CREAT$ A BRIDGE BETWE5 A COMM]CIAL SY/EM D$ICAT$ TO ! ACCUMULATION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS1 & A SOCIAL SY/EM :OSE GREAT IMP]ATIVE HAD 9CREAS+LY BECOME ! ACCUMULATION ( PEOPLE3 EFFECT$1 MO/ (T51 BY ?R[+ A BELT ( WAMPUM >\ND A CAPTIVES %\LD]S & ?US GIV+ !M A NAME4 

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