,*APT] #b ,CURR5T ,DIRECTIONS ,9 ,EX*ANGE ,!ORY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,CURR5T ,DIRECTIONS ,9 ,EX*ANGE ,!ORY ,SO F>1 ,I'VE DESCRIB$ H[ ! T]M 0VALUE0 HELD \T ! PROMISE ( RESOLV+ SOME ( ! \T/&+ !ORETICAL PROBLEMS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 NOTABLY ! CLA% BETWE5 FUNCTIONALISM & ECONOMISM1 :I* TOOK ITS CLE>E/ & MO/ VITRIOLIC =M 9 ! >GUM5TS BETWE5 ,=MALI/S & ,SUB/ANTIVI/S 9 ! #a#i#fS4 ,I'VE ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT1 COMMON WISDOM TO ! CONTR>Y1 !SE ISSUES >E NOT REALLY ALL ?AT DEAD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ,DUMONT'S S*OOL HAS BE5 LEAD+ AN EXPLICIT EF=T TO REVIVE SOME?+ ALONG ! L9ES ( ,POLANYI'S SUB/ANTIVISM1 MANY PO/-/RUCTURALI/S--USUALLY MU* LESS EXPLICITLY--HAVE 5D$ UP REPRODUC+ MO/ ( ! SAME ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! WORLD AS ECONOMIC ,=MALISM4 ,A BRIEF SURVEY ( ! CURR5T /ATE ( EX*ANGE !ORIES %\LD HELP MAKE CLE> H[ MU* ! SAME OLD DILEMMAS KEEP SP9N+ 5DLESSLY >\ND4 ,9 ?IS *APT]1 !N1 ,I'M GO+ TO TAKE ?AT HI/ORY UP TO ! PRES5T1 & PROVIDE AT LEA/ A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ! MA9 EXI/+ !ORIES ( VALUE4 ,I'LL />T ) A BRIEF ACC\NT ( ! RISE ( ,M>XISM & CRITICAL !ORY1 !N CONSID] ! RETURN ( ECONOMIZ+ MODELS 7MY MA9 EXAMPLES WILL BE ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU & ,>JUN ,APPADURAI71 &1 AFT] A GLANCE AT ! WORK ( ,M>G>ET ,WE9]1 A MORE DETAIL$ CONSID]ATION ( AN ALT]NATIVE APPROA*1 :I* ,I'LL CALL ,NEO-,MAUSSIAN1 :I* HAS COME TO ITS MO/ BRILLIANT FRUITION 9 ! WORKS ( ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN1 BUT :I* 9 MANY WAYS IS SIMPLY A REVIVAL ( ! ,SAUSSUREAN APPROA*4 ! ,M>XI/ MOM5T & ITS AFT]MA? ,IF 9 ! #a#i#fS ! MO/ SPECTACUL> >GUM5TS W]E BETWE5 ,=MALI/S & ,SUB/ANTIVI/S1 BY ! '#gS1 ! GREAT DEBATE WAS BETWE5 ,/RUCTURALI/S & ,M>XI/S4 ,S9CE BO? SIDES 9TRODUC$ SOME RADICALLY DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES 9TO AN?ROPOLOGY1 IT IS P]HAPS NOT ALL ?AT SURPRIS+ ?AT BO? SIDES ASSUM$ OLD] DEBATES W]E SIMPLY IRRELEVANT4 ,= MO/ ( ?IS C5TURY1 !RE WAS NO SU* ?+ AS ,M>XI/ AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE IF ONE WANT$ TO BE AN OR?ODOX ,M>XI/1 ONE HAD TO /ICK TO ! EVOLUTION>Y S*EME DEVELOP$ BY ,MORGAN & ,5GELS 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :I* HELD ?AT ALL SOCIETIES MU/ PASS ?R\< A FIX$ S]IES ( /AGES3 FROM PRIMITIVE MATRI>*Y TO PATRI>*Y1 SLAV]Y1 FEUDALISM1 & SO ON1 9 /RICT ORD] ( SUCCESSION4 ,S9CE IT SOON BECAME APP>5T ?AT ?IS WAS NOT TRUE1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S ) ,M>XI/ SYMPA?IES W]E LEFT ) ! *OICE ( EI!R VIOLAT+ ! P>TY L9E1 OR WRIT+ NONS5SE4 ,MO/ AVOID$ 9TRODUC+ ,M>XI/ !ORY 9TO !IR WORK AT ALL 7USUALLY A GOOD IDEA ANYWAY 9 PRE-W> ,WE/]N UNIV]SITIES1 :]E ,M>XI/S W]E (T5 P]SECUT$74 ,! REAL BREAK ONLY CAME 9 ! #a#i#fS1 :5 ,L\IS ,AL?USS]1 9 ,FRANCE1 DEVELOP$--& EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 MANAG$ TO LEGITIMATE--A MORE FLEXIBLE SET ( T]MS1 C5T]+ ON ! IDEA ( A 0MODE ( PRODUCTION10 ,M>XI/ AN?ROPOLOGY SUDD5LY BECAME POSSIBLE4.<#a#i.> ,! GR\NDWORK WAS LAID BY ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,CLAUDE ,MEILLAIS\X & ,MAURICE ,GODELI]1 BUT !IR IDEAS SOON SPREAD TO ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA AS WELL4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ ,M>XI/ APPROA*ES 9TRODUC$ WAS A FOCUS ON PRODUCTION4 ,FROM A ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE1 BO? ,=MALI/S & ,SUB/ANTIVI/S HAD 5TIRELY MISS$ ! PO9T1 BECAUSE ALL !IR DEBATES HAD BE5 AB\T DI/RIBUTION & EX*ANGE4 ,TO UND]/& A SOCIETY1 !Y >GU$1 ONE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL UND]/& H[ IT CONT9UES TO EXI/--OR1 AS !Y PUT IT1 0REPRODUCES0 ITSELF--BY 5DLESS CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,?IS WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM FUNCTIONALISM4 ,FUNCTIONALI/S BEG9 ) A NOTION ( 0SOCIETY10 !N ASK H[ ?AT SOCIETY MANAGES TO HOLD ITSELF TOGE!R4 ,M>XI/S />T BY ASK+ H[ :AT WE CALL 0SOCIETY0 IS CONT9UALLY BE+ RE-CREAT$ ?R\< V>I\S SORTS ( PRODUCTIVE ACTION1 & H[ A SOCIETY'S MO/ BASIC =MS ( EXPLOITATION & 9EQUALITY >E ?US ROOT$ 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< :I* PEOPLE DO SO4 ,?IS HAS OBVI\S ADVANTAGES4 ,! PROBLEM ) ! :OLE 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 APPROA*1 ?\<1 WAS ?AT IT WAS DEVELOP$ TO ANALYZE SOCIETIES ) A /ATE3 ?AT IS1 9 :I* !RE IS A RUL+ CLASS ?AT MA9TA9S AN APP>ATUS ( CO]CION TO EXTRACT A SURPLUS FROM ! PEOPLE :O DO MO/ ( ! PRODUCTIVE WORK4 ,MO/ ( ! REAL TRIUMPHS ( ! ,MO,P APPROA*--,I AM ?9K+1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ,P]RY ,&]SON'S MAGI/]IAL 0,PASSAGES FROM ,ANTIQUITY TO ,FEUDALISM0 7#a#i#g#dA7 & 0,L9EAGES ( ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE0 7#a#i#g#dB7--DEAL ) \TL9+ ! HI/ORY ( DIFF]5T MODES ( PRODUCTION1 MANY ( :I* CAN COEXI/ 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY2 ! WAY 9 :I* ! DOM9ANT ONE PROVIDES ! BASIS = A RUL+ CLASS :OSE 9T]E/S >E PROTECT$ BY ! /ATE2 ! WAY ?AT MODES ( PRODUCTION CONTA9 FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ?AT WILL1 AT LEA/ 9 MO/ CASES1 ULTIMATELY DRIVE !M TO TURN 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,ONCE ONE TURNS TO SOCIETIES )\T A /ATE1 IT'S NOT CLE> H[ ANY ( !SE CONCEPTS >E TO BE APPLI$4 ,ONE ?+ ,M>XISM DID 9TRODUCE WAS A S]IES ( P[]FUL ANALYTICAL T]MS--EXPLOITATION1 FETI%ISM1 APPROPRIATION1 REPRODUCTION444 --?AT EV]YONE AGRE$ ,M>X HIMSELF HAD US$ BRILLIANTLY 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ,CAPITALISM1 BUT ?AT NO ONE WAS QUITE SURE H[ TO APPLY \TSIDE IT4 ,DIFF]5T S*OL>S W\LD USE !SE T]MS 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS & !N W\LD (T5 5D UP QU>REL+1 QUOT+ CANONICAL TEXTS AT EA* O!R1 >GU+ OV] :AT ,M>X HAD 0REALLY MEANT0 9 !M4 ,?IS T5D5CY 7& ! SPECIALIZ$ J>GON ITSELF 7 QUICKLY GAVE ,M>XISM A SOME:AT H]METIC QUALITY ?AT PLAY$ A L>GE P>T 9 LIMIT+ ITS APPEAL TO \TSID]S4 ,AFT] A FAIRLY BRIEF SPURT ( 9T]E/ 9 ! '#gS1 ,M>XISM 9 AN?ROPOLOGY--AT LEA/ 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD.<#b.>--SOON F\ND ITS PLACE MA9LY AS A TE*NIQUE = UND]/&+ CAPITALISM ITSELF & ! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* 9DIG5\S PEOPLE HAVE COME 9TO RELATION ) IT4 ,ALL ?IS MIXISM HAS NOT HAD AN 5ORM\S IMPACT ON AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,BUT ?IS IS TRUE ONLY 9 ! MO/ SUP]FICIAL1 9/ITUTIONAL S5SE4 ,9 A DEEP] ONE1 ITS 9FLU5CE WAS OV]:ELM+4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ,M>XISM 9 MANY WAYS BECAME ! 9SPIRATION = A :OLE S]IES ( NEW APPROA*ES--,I'LL REF] TO !M1 = %OR?& PURPOSES1 AS 0CRITICAL !ORY0-- ?AT BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#fS TRANS=M$ MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S' IDEAS AB\T :AT !IR DISCIPL9E WAS ULTIMATELY AB\T4 ,= MO/ ( ?IS C5TURY1 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS BE5 DET]M9$LY RELATIVI/IC4 ,S9CE ! TIME ( ,BOAS1 IT HAD BECOME ALMO/ AN ITEM ( FAI? ?AT MORAL JUDGM5TS HAD NO PLACE 9 IT3 S9CE CULTURAL /&>DS W]E ULTIMATELY >BITR>Y1 :O W]E WE TO APPLY ,WE/]N /&>DS TO PEOPLE :O DID NOT %>E !M8 ,M>XISM WAS OBVI\SLY NO?+ IF NOT CRITICAL2 BUT IT ALSO TOOK ?OSE V]Y ,WE/]N CULTURAL /&>DS AS ! GR\ND ( EV]Y?+ IT WI%$ TO CRITICIZE4 ,IT HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ AS A TE*NIQUE = EXPOS+ ! WORK+S ( A SY/EM ( 9EQUALITY & 9JU/ICE )9 ! ANALY/'S [N SOCIETY1 SO AS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ?AT SOCIETY1 & ! CREATION ( A RADICALLY DIFF]5T ONE4 ,IF A ,M>XI/ CRITICIZ$ NON-,WE/]N SOCIAL ORD]S1 IT WAS NOT BECAUSE IT WAS DIFF]5T FROM HIS OR H] [N1 BUT L>GELY TO ! DEGREE IT WAS SIMIL>4.<#b#a.> ,SO TOO ) ! O!R CRITICAL APPROA*ES ?AT EM]G$ AT ! SAME TIME3 ! MO/ IMPORTANT BE+ FEM9ISM1 :OSE IMPACT ON AN?ROPOLOGY & ON 9TELLECTUAL LIFE 9 G5]AL IS LIKELY TO BE EV5 MORE 5DUR+ ?AN ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,SO TOO ) O!R DISCIPL9ES LIKE SEMIOTICS & CULTURAL /UDIES4 ,ALL W]E P>T ( A BROAD LEFT TURN 9 ACADEMIC LIFE ?AT PROBABLY PEAK$ 9 ! LATE '#gS 7JU/ BE=E POLITICS EV]Y:]E />T$ VE]+ TO ! RIX HIMSELF DID DEVELOP A !ORY ( VALUE4 ,9 ,CAPITAL1 & ELSE:]E1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES IS D]IV$ FROM ! HUMAN LABOR ?AT W5T 9TO PRODUC+ !M1 BUT ?AT ?IS FACT T5DS TO BE =GOTT5 :5 ! OBJECT IS B\KET1 SO ?AT IT SEEMS ?AT ITS VALUE SOMEH[ >ISES NATURALLY FROM ! QUALITIES ( ! OBJECT ITSELF4 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE A V]Y FAM\S >GUM5T ?AT HAS G5]AT$ A VA/ LIT]ATURE4 ,BUT !RE W]E FEW EXPLICIT ATTEMPTS TO SEE H[ IT MI ,COMMON WISDOM HAS IT ?AT :]E '#fS DEBATES W]E MA9LY AB\T EX*ANGE & '#gS ONES AB\T PRODUCTION2 9 ! '#hS ! FOCUS %IFT$ TO CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS IS NOT 5TIRELY UNTRUE4 ,:ILE ! 9T]E/ 9 ! CULTURAL MEAN+S ( CONSUMPTION GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ! WORK ( ,BAUDRILL>D 7#a#i#f#h1 #a#i#g#b1 #a#i#g#f71 !RE HAS S9CE ! '#hS BE5 A BLOSSOM+ ( !ORY ?AT PRES5TS CONSUMPTION AS A =M ( CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,ITS MO/ 9SI/5T ADVOCATE IS ! ,BRITI% AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,DANIEL ,MILL] 7#a#i#h#g1 #a#i#i#e74 ,ACTUALLY1 ,SAHL9S' WORK ON COMMODITIES /&S AT ! BEG9N+S ( ! SAME TRADITION1 & 9S(> AS SU* PEOPLE DEAL ) 0VALUE0 AS AN ISSUE !Y DO SO L>GELY 9 ! SAME S5SE ( A ,SAUSSUREAN CODE4 ,BUT ?IS SAME P]IOD HAS ALSO SE5 ! EM]G5CE ( AT LEA/ TWO APPROA*ES TO EX*ANGE1 BO?1 9 !IR [N WAYS1 RIS+ 9 REACTION TO ,M>XISM4 ,ONE--! ONE ?AT G5]ALLY ACCOMPANIES ! 0CREATIVE CONSUMPTION0 LIT]ATURE--IS A K9D ( CURI\S REVIVAL ( ECONOMIC =MALISM1 ?\< N[1 ) PRET5SIONS TO SCI5CE L>GELY /RIPP$ AWAY4 ,! O!R--:I* ,I'VE LABEL$ 0,NEO-,MAUSSIAN0--IS P]HAPS MORE 9T]E/+4 ,BUT FIR/ ?+S FIR/4 ,I3 ! RETURN ( ECONOMIC MAN ,?IS IS H>DLY ! PLACE TO LAUN* 9TO A HI/ORY ( PO//RUCTURALISM1 BUT !RE >E A FEW PO9TS ?AT ,I %\LD PROBABLY HAVE TO COV] 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT :AT FOLL[S MAKES ANY SORT ( S5SE4 ,IT'S ACTUALLY RA!R DIFFICULT TO PICK \T ANY S+LE !ME UNIT+ ! WORKS ( ! V>I\S AU?ORS 7,F\CAULT1 ,D]RIDA1 ,B\RDIEU1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I1 ,LYOT>D 4447 NORMALLY BR\*+ /RUCTURE OR HI]>*Y4 ,RA!R ?AN CONTEXTS 5COMPASS+ ONE ANO!R1 AS 9 ,DUMONT1 ONE HAS A MOSAIC ( BROK5 SURFACES1 & ON EA* SURFACE1 A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T GAME PLAY$ BY A DIFF]5T SET ( RULES4 ,MOREOV]1 PO//RUCTURALI/S USUALLY 9SI/ ?AT ONE CANNOT EV5 TALK AB\T 9DIVIDUALS MOV+ BACK & =? BETWE5 !SE SURFACES2 RA!R1 ! PLAY]S 7OR 0SUBJECTS07 >E CON/RUCTS ( ! GAME ITSELF2 EFFECTS ( DISC\RSE1 & \R S5SE ?AT WE HAVE A CONSI/5T SELF1 L>GELY AN ILLUSION4 ,ULTIMATELY1 LANGUAGE SPEAKS US4 ,:]E PREVI\S DEBATES ASK$ :E!R ONE %\LD BEG9 ) SOCIETY OR ! 9DIVIDUAL1 H]E BO? SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL %ATT] 9TO FRAGM5TS4 ,WE SEEM TO HAVE LEFT SU* DEBATES AS ,=MALISM V]SUS ,SUB/ANTIVISM ALTOGE!R 9 ! DU/4 ,BUT H]E APPE>ANCES TURN \T TO BE A BIT DECEPTIVE4 ,)9 EA* PLANE1 OR GAME1 OR FIELD1 ! PICTURE USUALLY LOOKS /RIK+LY FAMILI>4 ,!RE >E A BUN* ( 9DIVIDUAL PLAY]S 7OR1 OCCASIONALLY1 COLLECTIVE ONES7 COMPET+ ) OR O!RWISE ATTEMPT+ TO DOM9ATE OR IMPOSE !IR WILL ON ! O!RS4 ,!RE'S NO ROOM H]E TO GO CASE BY CASE1 BUT IT MIT ) AN EXAMPLE FROM ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU4 ,?IS IS = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE ,B\RDIEU IS ! !ORI/ CONSID]$ TO HAVE GONE ! FUR!/ 9 ACTUALLY RECONCIL+ /RUCTURALISM & !ORIES ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,HIS NOTION ( HABITUS1 ( SYMBOLIC SY/EMS ?AT CAN BE ABSORB$ & 5DLESSLY REPRODUC$ )\T ! ACTOR EV] BE+ AW>E %E IS DO+ SO1 IS JU/LY FAM\S4 ,SECOND1 BECAUSE HIS APPROA* TO ECONOMIC ACTION IS SO EXPLICITLY =MALI/4 ,CONSID] HIS RE9T]PRETATION ( ,MAUSS' ESSAY ON ! GIFT4 ,ON ! FIR/ PAGE ( ?IS ESSAY1 ,MAUSS DEF9ES GIFTS AS 0PRE/ATIONS :I* >E 9 !ORY VOLUNT>Y1 DIS9T]E/$ & SPONTANE\S1 BUT >E 9 FACT OBLIGATORY & 9T]E/$0 7#a#i#b#g3#a74 ,JU/ AS 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 !RE IS (T5 A PRET5SE ( PURE G5]OSITY :5 ONE FIR/ GIVES A GIFT1 ?\< 9 REALITY ! RECEIV] IS EXPECT$ TO RETURN SOME?+ ( EQUAL OR GREAT] VALUE LAT] ON4 ,H5CE A GIFT CAN (T5 BE A *ALL5GE1 & ! RECIPI5T1 PR(\NDLY HUMILIAT$ IF HE CANNOT PRODUCE A SUITABLY G5]\S RESPONSE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ,MAUSS' ULTIMATE PO9T IS ?AT ! 09T]E/0 9VOLV$ NE$ HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) MAK+ A PR(IT--OR EV5 SCOR+ A MORAL VICTORY--AT ANYONE'S EXP5SE4 ,GIFTS ACT AS A WAY ( CREAT+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!Y CREATE ALLIANCES & OBLIGATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS :O MI ,IF ANY?+1 ?IS HELD EV5 MORE = ,/RUCTURALI/S3 ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#d#i7 EXT5D$ ! >GUM5T FUR!R BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( M>RIAGE1 9 ANY SOCIETY1 %\LD BE CONSID]$ ! EX*ANGE ( WOM5 BETWE5 GR\PS ( M51 :I* AGA9 FUNCTION$ TO CREATE A NETWORK ( ALLIANCES4 ,B\RDIEU1 9 HIS E?NOGRAPHIC /UDY ( ! ,KABYLE ( ,ALG]IA 7#a#i#g#g71 MANAGES TO TAKE A RADICALLY DIFF]5T TURN ON ! GIFT BY RETURN+ TO ! PRET5SE ( G5]OSITY4 ,(T51 HE NOTES1 ALL ?AT MAKES GIFT EX*ANGE DIFF]5T FROM SIMPLE B>T] IS ! LAPSE ( TIME BETWE5 GIFT & C\NT]-GIFT4 ,IT'S ?IS DELAY ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO PRET5D EA* IS SIMPLY AN ACT ( G5]OSITY1 ( D5Y+ ANY ELEM5T ( SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION4 ,?IS SORT ( SUBT]FUGE1 HE SUGGE/S1 IS TYPICAL ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 :I* UNLIKE \RS DO NOT RECOGNIZE AN EXPLICIT FIELD ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 ,A RATIONAL CONTRACT W\LD TELESCOPE 9TO AN 9/ANT A TRANSACTION :I* GIFT EX*ANGE DISGUISES1 BY /RET*+ IT \T 9 TIME2 & BECAUSE ( ?IS1 GIFT EX*ANGE IS1 IF NOT ! ONLY MODE ( COMMODITY CIRCULATION PRACTIC$1 AT LEA/ ! ONLY MODE TO BE FULLY RECOGNIZ$1 9 SOCIETIES :I*1 BECAUSE !Y D5Y '! TRUE SOIL ( !IR [N LIFE1' AS ,LUKACS PUTS IT1 HAVE AN ECONOMY 9 ITSELF & NOT = ITSELF4 ,EV]Y?+ TAKES PLACE AS IF ! ESS5CE ( ! 0>*AIC0 ECONOMY LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY CANNOT EXPLICITLY ACKN[L$GE ! ECONOMIC 5DS 9 RELATION TO :I* IT IS OBJECTIVELY ORI5T$3 ! 0IDOLATRY ( NATURE0 :I* MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ?9K ( NATURE AS A RAW MAT]IAL OR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TO SEE HUMAN ACTIVITY AS LABOR1 I4E41 AS MAN'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ NATURE1 T5DS1 TOGE!R ) ! SY/EMATIC EMPHASIS ON ! SYMBOLIC ASPECT ( ! ACTIVITIES & RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 TO PREV5T ! ECONOMY FROM BE+ GRASP$ AS AN ECONOMY1 I4E41 AS A SY/EM GOV]N$ BY ! LAWS ( 9T]E/$ CALCULATION1 COMPETITION1 OR EXPLOITATION 7,B\RDIEU #a#i#g#g3#a#g#a-#g#b74 ,NOTICE :AT IS HAPP5+ H]E4 ,B\RDIEU />TS ) AN >GUM5T REM9ISC5T ( ,K>L ,POLANYI4 ,9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,KABYLE1 ! ECONOMY IS NOT A SPH]E UNTO ITSELF2 RA!R1 IT IS EMB$D$ 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4.<#b#d.> ,BUT :]E ,POLANYI'S 0ECONOMY0 WAS JU/ A SOCIETY'S WAY ( PROVID+ ITSELF ) FOOD & O!R NECESSITIES1 ,B\RDIEU'S DEF9ITION IS /RICTLY ,=MALI/3 IT IS A MATT] ( SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION1 MAK+ RATIONAL DECISIONS AB\T ! ALLOCATION ( SC>CE RES\RCES ) ! AIM ( GETT+ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE = ONESELF4 ,9 REAL1 0OBJECTIVE0 T]MS1 HE >GUES1 ECONOMIZ+--OR SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE IT--IS ALWAYS GO+ ON4 ,IT'S JU/ ?AT :]E !RE IS NO M>KET1 EV]YONE GOES TO 5ORM\S L5G?S TO DISGUISE ?IS FACT4 ,?IS 5DLESS LABOR ( CAM\FLAGE IS SU* A BURD5--(T5 IT TAKES UP AS MU* TIME AS ?AT 9VE/$ 9 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ITSELF--?AT IT T5DS TO DISSOLVE AWAY IMM$IATELY AS SOON AS A M>KET ECONOMY IS 9TRODUC$1 :]EON ! HIDD5 REALITY ( CALCULAT$ SELF-9T]E/ IS OP5LY REVEAL$4 ,:AT ONE HAS1 !N1 9 A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY1 IS ONE ?AT IS DOM9AT$ BY AN OV]T MORALITY :I* CAN NEV] REALLY BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE3 PEOPLE >E AW>E ( ! EXI/5CE ( SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION1 !Y UNI=MLY DISAPPROVE ( IT 9 PR9CIPLE1 YET IT IS NONE!LESS ! BASIS ( EV]Y?+ !Y DO4 ,! RESULT IS A SORT ( ACROSS-!-BO>D PR9CIPLE ( ,S>TREAN BAD FAI?4.<#b#e.> ,B\RDIEU 5DS UP REHE>S+ ALL ! USUAL ECONOMIZ+ >GUM5TS4 ,:5 PEOPLE ACT 9 WAYS ?AT SEEM ECONOMICALLY IRRATIONAL1 ?IS IS ONLY BECAUSE ! VALUES !Y >E MAXIMIZ+ >E NOT MAT]IAL4 0,PRACTICE NEV] CEASES TO CON=M TO ECONOMIC CALCULATION EV5 :5 IT GIVES EV]Y APPE>ANCE ( DIS9T]E/$NESS BY DEP>T+ FROM ! LOGIC ( 9T]E/$ CALCULATION 79 ! N>R[ S5SE7 & PLAY+ = /AKES ?AT >E NON-MAT]IAL & NOT EASILY QUANTIFI$0 7#a#i#g#g3#a#g#g7 ,!RE=E WE MU/ EXT5D ECONOMIC CALCULATION TO ALL ! GOODS1 MAT]IAL & SYMBOLIC1 )\T DI/9CTION1 ?AT PRES5T !MSELVES AS R>E & WOR?Y ( BE+ S\TICUL> SOCIAL =MATION--:I* MAY BE 'FAIR WORDS' OR SMILES1 H&%AKES OR %RUGS1 COMPLEM5TS OR ATT5TION1 *ALL5GES OR 9SULTS1 HONOR OR HONORS1 P[]S OR PLEASURES1 GOSSIP OR SCI5TIFIC 9=MATION1 DI/9CTION OR DI/9CTIONS1 ETC4 7#a#i#g#g3#a#g#h74.<#b#f.> ,9 ,KABYLE SOCIETY1 ?\<1 !SE ULTIMATELY BOIL D[N TO TWO =MS ( 0CAPITAL10 AS ,B\RDIEU CALLS IT3 ECONOMIC CAPITAL 7L&1 DOME/IC ANIMALS 4447 & 0SYMBOLIC CAPITAL0 7FAMILY HONOR & PRE/IGE74 ,9 A SOCIETY )\T A SELFREGULAT+ M>KET1 IT'S ! LATT] ?AT'S MORE G5]ALLY USEFUL1 BECAUSE ONE CAN USE HONOR TO GET WEAL? MU* MORE EASILY ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,ON SOME LEVEL1 :AT ,B\RDIEU IS SAY+ IS UND5IABLY TRUE4 ,!RE IS NO >EA ( HUMAN LIFE1 ANY:]E1 :]E ONE CANNOT F9D SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION4 ,BUT NEI!R IS !RE ANY:]E ONE CANNOT F9D K9DNESS OR ADH]5CE TO IDEALI/IC PR9CIPLES3 ! PO9T IS :Y ONE1 & NOT ! O!R1 IS POS$ AS 0OBJECTIVE0 REALITY4 ,?IS IS :]E ,B\RDIEU IS AT HIS MO/ PO//RUCTURALI/4 ,EV]Y FIELD ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR1 HE >GUES1 IS DEF9$ BY A SET ( COMPETITIVE /RATEGIES4 ,IF IT IS CU/OM>Y TO GIVE GIFTS1 !N GIFT-GIV+ WILL BE P>T ( ?OSE /RATEGIES4 ,!RE=E1 ! MOTIVES ( ! GIV] >E UNIMPORTANT4 ,Y\ MIE ALWAYS P>T ( A GAME ( DOM9ANCE1 AN ATTEMPT TO ACCUMULATE SYMBOLIC CAPITAL & GA9 AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! O!R P>TY2 ?IS IS H[ EV]YONE ELSE WILL P]CEIVE Y\R ACTIONS1 & ?IS WILL BE !IR REAL MEAN+4 7,TO SUGGE/ O!RWISE W\LD BE TO FALL 9TO ! TRAP ( 0SUBJECTIVISM407 ,NOTE H[ CLOSELY ?IS POSITION E*OES ?AT ( ECONOMICS4 ,!RE1 TOO1 ! ASSUMPTION IS ?AT 0OBJECTIVE0 OR 0SCI5TIFIC0 ANALYSIS MEANS TRY+ TO CUT ?R\< TO ! LEVEL ON :I* Y\ CAN SAY PEOPLE >E BE+ SELFI%1 & ?AT :5 ONE HAS DISCOV]$ ?IS1 ONE'S JOB IS DONE4 ,N[1 IT'S ONE ?+ TO F9D ?IS ATTITUDE AMONG CONS]VATIVE ECONOMI/S2 QUITE ANO!R TO F9D IT AT ! HE>T ( CRITICAL !ORY4 ,EV5 MORE 9 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU1 A SOCIAL !ORI/ :O HAS1 MORE ?AN ANY ,I CAN ?9K (1 D$ICAT$ HIMSELF TO EXPOS+ /RUCTURES ( PRIVILEGE & EXPLOITATION EV5 )9 ! ACADEMIC WORLD 7AT NO LITTLE P]SONAL CO/74 ,NO ONE C\LD D\BT HIS [N 9TEGRITY & GOOD 9T5TIONS4 ,:Y1 !N1 HIS 9SI/5CE ON DISC\NT+ ! IMPORTANCE ( 9TEGRITY & GOOD 9T5TIONS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS8 ,I SUSPECT IT EM]GES FROM A FLAW 9 ! V]Y PROJECT ( CRITICAL !ORY4 ,:5 ,M>XISM1 SEMIOTICS & ! RE/ BUR/ ON ! ACADEMIC SC5E 9 ! #a#i#fS & '#gS1 !Y W]E SE5 ABOVE ALL AS WAYS TO PROBE B5EA? ! SURFACE ( REALITY4 ,! IDEA WAS ALWAYS TO UNMASK ! HIDD5 /RUCTURES ( P[]1 DOM9ANCE1 & EXPLOITATION ?AT LAY BEL[ EV5 ! MO/ MUNDANE & ORD9>Y ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE4 ,C]TA9LY SU* ?+S >E !RE TO BE F\ND4 ,BUT IF ?IS IS ALL ONE IS LOOK+ =1 ONE SOON 5DS UP ) A RA!R JAUNDIC$ PICTURE ( SOCIAL REALITY4 ,! OV]ALL EFFECT ( READ+ ?R\< ?IS LIT]ATURE IS REM>KABLY BLEAK2 ONE IS LEFT ) ! ALMO/ ,GNO/IC FEEL+ ( A FALL5 WORLD1 9 :I* EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN LIFE IS ?READ$ ) VIOL5CE & DOM9ATION4.<#b#g.> ,CRITICAL !ORY ?US 5D$ UP SABOTAG+ HIS [N BE/ 9T5TIONS1 MAK+ P[] & DOM9ATION SO FUNDAM5TAL TO ! V]Y NATURE ( SOCIAL REALITY ?AT IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E A WORLD )\T IT4 ,BECAUSE IF ONE CAN'T1 !N CRITICISM RA!R LOSES ITS PO9T4 ,BE=E LONG1 ONE HAD FIGURES LIKE ,F\CAULT OR ,BAUDRILL>D >GU+ ?AT RESI/ANCE IS FUTILE 7OR AT LEA/1 ?AT ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL RESI/ANCE IS FUTILE71 ?AT P[] IS SIMPLY ! BASIC CON/ITU5T ( EV]Y?+1 & (T5 5\<1 ?AT !RE IS NO WAY \T ( A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM1 & ?AT WE %\LD JU/ LE>N TO ACCEPT IT ) A C]TA9 IRONIC DETA*M5T4 ,& IF EV]Y?+ IS EQUALLY CORRUPT1 !N PRETTY MU* ANY?+ C\LD BE OP5 = R$EMPTION4.<#b#h.> ,:Y NOT1 SAY1 ?OSE CREATIVE & SLILY '#hS1 & ! GLOBAL RISE ( NEOLIB]AL IDEOLOGIES4 ,NOT ?AT ?IS EXI/$ 9 ISOLATION FROM 9TELLECTUAL TR5DS EI!R--ONE MIGUE ?AT ! RISE ( NEOLIB]ALISM 7ESS5TIALLY1 ! EXACT ?+ ,POLANYI WAS >GU+ AGA9/ FIFTY YE>S AGO7 HAS BE5 MADE POSSIBLE BY ! FAILURE ( ! LEFT TO COME UP ) PLAUSIBLE ALT]NATIVES--BUT ?IS W\LD TAKE ! >GUM5T WAY BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS BOOK4 ,= N[1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT PO/-/RUCTURALISM OP5$ UP YET ANO!R SPACE 9TO :I* ! MAXIMIZ+ 9DIVIDUAL C\LD CRAWL4 ,F9ALLY1 N[1 WE CAN RETURN TO VALUE4 ,APPADURAI'S 0POLITICS ( VALUE0 ,IF !RE IS ONE ESSAY ?AT HAS ! MO/ 9FLU5CE ON ! WAY AN?ROPOLOGI/S N[ADAYS TALK AB\T VALUE1 IT IS C]TA9LY ,>JUN ,APPADURAI'S 0,COMMODITIES & ! ,POLITICS ( ,VALUE0 7#a#i#h#f71 ! 9TRODUCTION TO A VOLUME CALL$ ,! ,SOCIAL ,LIFE ( ,?+S4 ,PHRASES FROM ?IS ESSAY--0REGIMES ( VALUE10 0T\RNAM5TS ( VALUE10 0! POLITICS ( VALUE0 ITSELF--HAVE BE5 CIT$ & REPEAT$ 5DLESSLY EV] S9CE4 ,?IS MAKES IT ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT TO ASK EXACTLY :AT SORT ( VALUE ,APPADURAI WAS TALK+ AB\T4 ,! ESSAY IS WELL WOR? A SECOND LOOK4 ,APPADURAI BEG9S BY TALK+ AB\T ! T]M 0COMMODITY10 :I* ,M>X1 AMONG O!RS1 APPLI$ TO OBJECTS PRODUC$ 9 ORD] TO BE SOLD ON A COMM]CIAL M>KET4 ,?IS EMPHASIS ON PRODUCTION1 HE NOTES1 >ISES FROM ,M>X'S BELIEF ?AT VALUE >ISES FROM HUMAN LABOR2 ! PROBLEM ) ?IS =MULATION1 ?\<1 IS ?AT IT MAKES COMMODITIES ESS5TIALLY A CAPITALI/ PH5OM5A1 TYPICAL ( SOME SOCIETIES & NOT O!RS4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S W\LD DO BETT]1 HE SUGGE/S1 TO =GET ,M>X'S APPROA* 5TIRELY & LOOK 9/EAD TO ?OSE DEVELOP$ BY ,GEORG ,SIMMEL 9 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,MONEY 7#a#i#g74 ,VALUE1 ACCORD+ TO ,SIMMEL1 IS NOT ROOT$ 9 HUMAN LABOR1 NOR DOES ITS EXI/5CE DEP5D ON ANY L>G] SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,IT >ISES FROM EX*ANGE4 ,H5CE1 IT IS PURELY AN EFFECT ( 9DIVIDUAL DESIRE4 ,! VALUE ( AN OBJECT IS ! DEGREE TO :I* A BUY] WANTS IT4 ,IT IS MEASUR$ BY H[ MU* ?AT P]SON IS WILL+ TO GIVE UP 9 ORD] TO GET IT4 ,LIKE ,M>X1 ,SIMMEL WAS ?9K+ MA9LY ( H[ ?+S WORK 9 A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,BUT ,APPADURAI 9SI/S ?AT1 UNLIKE ,M>X'S1 HIS MODEL CAN BE EASILY BE APPLI$ EV5 :]E =MAL M>KETS DON'T EXI/4 ,9 EV]Y SOCIETY1 !RE IS AT LEA/ SOME =M ( EX*ANGE4 ,!RE=E !RE'S NO REASON TO ?9K ( 0COMMODITIZATION0 AS A PURELY CAPITALI/ PH5OM5A4 ,ANY OBJECT BECOMES A COMMODITY :5 ONE ?9KS ( IT PRIM>ILY AS SOME?+ ONE C\LD ACQUIRE 9 EX*ANGE = SOME?+ ELSE1 OR ?AT ONE W\LD BE WILL+ TO GIVE UP 9 ORD] TO GET SOME?+ ONE DESIRES MORE4 ,?IS MEANS LOOK+ AT ! COMMODITY POT5TIAL ( ALL ?+S RA!R ?AN SE>*+ FRUITLESSLY = ! MAGIC DI/9CTION BETWE5 COMMODITIES & O!R SORTS ( ?+S4 ,IT ALSO MEANS BREAK+ SIGNIFICANTLY ) ! PRODUCTION-DOM9AT$ ,M>XIAN VIEW ( ! COMMODITY & FOCUS+ ON ! TOTAL TRAJECTORY FROM PRODUCTION1 ?R\< EX*ANGE_/DI/RIBUTION1 TO CONSUMPTION 7#a#i#h#f3#a#c74 ,N[1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS APPROA* DOES HAVE ITS ADVANTAGES4 ,!SE >E ! USUAL ADVANTAGES ( A =MALI/ APPROA*4 ,IT ALL[S ! ANALY/ TO SKIP PA/ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL TOTALITIES1 /RUCTURES ( MEAN+1 & ! LIKE & FOCUS ON 9DIVIDUAL ACTORS & !IR MOTIVATIONS4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 AS ,APPADURAI SUGGE/$1 WE C\LD LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( AN 9DIVIDUAL OBJECT3 TO FOLL[ ITS 0LIFE HI/ORY0 AS IT MOVES BACK & =? BETWE5 DIFF]5T 0REGIMES ( VALUE0 7#a#i#h#f3#e1 #a#d-#a#e74 ,?IS LATT] WAS ONE ( ! MO/ BOLD & EXCIT+ PROPOSALS 9 ! ESSAY1 & IT HAS BE5 5DLESSLY CIT$ EV] S9CE1 AS HAS ! PHRASE 0REGIMES ( VALUE0 ITSELF4 ,! LATT] IS C]TA9LY EVOCATIVE4 ,BUT GIV5 ,APPADURAI'S 5DORSEM5T ( ,SIMMEL1 IT IS H>D TO SEE :AT HE C\LD ACTUALLY MEAN BY IT4 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY AN OBJECT PASSES BACK & =? BETWE5 0REGIMES ( VALUE80 ,C\LD WE BE TALK+ AB\T ! WAY ! SAME OBJECT--SAY1 A ROCK+ *AIR--MIS1 5D UP = SALE ONCE AGA98 ,APP>5TLY NOT4 ,IF 0VALUE0 IS SIMPLY ! MEASURE ( SOMEONE ELSE'S DESIRE TO ACQUIRE ! *AIR1 0S5TIM5TAL VALUE0 IS RUL$ \T4 ,IT'S TRUE ?AT1 9 A COMPANION ESSAY1 ,IGOR ,KOPYT(F 7#a#i#h#f1 CF4 ,BLO* & ,P>RY #a#i#h#i3#a#b-#a#f7 DOES >GUE ?AT !RE >E TWO SORTS ( VALUE3 OBJECTS CAN BE VALU$ EI!R AS COMMODITIES1 :I* CAN BE COMP>$ TO O!R OBJECTS1 OR AS 0UNIQUE0 OBJECTS ?AT CANNOT4 ,?IS W\LD SEEM TO 9CLUDE UNIQUE HEIRLOOMS1 BUT IT'S H>D TO SEE H[ A 0REGIME0 ( VALUE C\LD >ISE \T ( A SY/EM ?AT DOES NOT ALL[ COMP>ISON ( ANY K9D4 ,:AT1 !N8 ,P]HAPS ONE MIGUES IT IS WRONG TO MAKE ANY /RICT DI/9CTION BETWE5 GIFTS & O!R SORTS ( COMMODITY4 ,H]E1 HE REF]S TO ,B\RDIEU'S ANALYSIS1 NOT+ ?AT :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE REF]R$ TO AS 0GIFT EX*ANGE0 IS NOT SIMPLY G5]OSITY BUT1 LIKE COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 A MATT] ( SELF-9T]E/$ CALCULATION 7#a#i#h#f3#a#b2 C4F4 ALSO ,C>RI] #a#i#i1 #a#i#i#a74 ,ACTUALLY1 ,APPADURAI TAKES ! >GUM5T MU* FUR!R ?AN ,B\RDIEU EV] DID4 ,! CLASSIC DI/9CTION BETWE5 COMMODITIES & GIFTS IS ?AT :ILE COMMODITY EX*ANGE IS CONC]N$ ) E/ABLI%+ EQUIVAL5CIES BETWE5 ! VALUE ( OBJECTS1 0GIFTS0 >E PRIM>ILY AB\T RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,B\RDIEU1 DESPITE ONE REF]5CE TO GIFT-GIV+ AS A 0MODE ( COMMODITY CIRCULATION10 NEV] REALLY CONTRADICTS ?IS4 ,:5 HE WRITES AB\T ! EX*ANGE ( GIFTS BETWE5 ,ALG]IAN PEASANTS1 HE TREATS IT NOT PRIM>ILY AS A WAY ( ACQUIR+ ?+S BUT AS A WAY ( ACCUMULAT+ 0SYMBOLIC CAPITAL03 ( E/ABLI%+ ONE'S HONOR1 OR G5]OSITY1 OR ( PUTT+ A RIVAL TO %AME4 ,APPADURAI1 ON ! O!R H&1 5DS UP WRIT+ AS IF ALL EX*ANGES >E SIMPLY AB\T ?+S & HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) MAK+1 MA9TA9+1 OR SEV]+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4.<#b#i.> ,9S(> AS GOODS AFFECT RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE--9S(> AS SOCIETY & CULTURE COME 9 AT ALL--HE IS LEFT ONLY ) ! DOMA9 ( CONSUMPTION3 & 9DE$ MU* ( ! ESSAY IS CONC]N$ ) H[ CONSUM+ ( GOODS 9VOLVES S5D+ & RECEIV+ SOCIAL MESSAGES4 ,H5CE1 ,APPADURAI'S 0POLITICS ( VALUE0 L>GELY COMES D[N TO ! /ORY ( H[ V>I\S ELITES TRY TO CONTROL & LIMIT EX*ANGE & CONSUMPTION1 :ILE O!RS 7ALMO/ ALWAYS POPUL> =CES7 TRY TO EXP& IT1 & ) ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES ?AT RESULT4 0,REGIMES ( VALUE10 9 TURN1 >E ! \TCOME ( SU* /RUGGLES3 ! DEGREE TO :I* !SE ELITES HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 *ANNEL+ ! FREE FL[ ( EX*ANGE1 OR1 ALT]NATELY1 TO :I* EXI/+ CULTURAL /&>DS LIMIT ! POSSIBILITIES ( :AT CAN BE EX*ANG$ = :AT4 ,! REJECTION ( ,M>X1 ! EMPHASIS ON SELF-9T]E/$ /RATEGIES1 ! GLORIFICATION ( CONSUMPTION AS CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION--ALL ?IS WAS 5TIRELY 9 KEEP+ ) ! 9TELLECTUAL TR5DS ( ! MID '#hS4 ,BUT IT ALSO S]VES AS AN OBJECT LESSON AB\T :Y1 :5 ONE CAT*ES A WAVE1 ONE MIL+ ( MOD]N-DAY FREE M>KET ,NEOLIB]ALS4 ,APPADURAI LEAVES ONE ) AN IMAGE ( COMM]CE 7SELF-9T]E/$1 ACQUISITIVE CALCULATION7 AS A UNIV]SAL HUMAN URGE1 ALMO/ A LIBID9AL1 DEMOCRATIC =CE1 ALWAYS TRY+ TO SUBV]T ! P[]S ( ! /ATE1 >I/OCRATIC HI]>*IES1 OR CULTURAL ELITES :OSE ROLE ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE TO TRY TO 9HIBIT1 *ANNEL1 OR CONTROL IT4.<#c.> ,IT ALL RA!R MAKES ONE WI% ONE /ILL HAD ,K>L ,POLANYI 7#a#i#d#d7 >\ND TO REM9D US H[ MU* /ATE P[] HAS CREAT$ ! V]Y T]MS ( :AT IS N[ CONSID]$ NORMAL COMM]CIAL LIFE4 ,ONE C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 >GUE ?AT ALL ?IS IS BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,! REAL IMPORTANCE ( ,APPADURAI'S ESSAY WAS ! LIB]AT+ EFFECT IT HAD ON O!R S*OL>S 7,?OMAS #a#i#i#a3#b#h73 PROVID+ A *>T]1 AS IT W]E1 TO EXAM9E H[ OBJECTS CAN MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 DIFF]5T CULTURAL WORLDS & ?US TO ASK A :OLE NEW S]IES ( QUE/IONS AB\T COLONIALISM1 T\RISM1 COLLECT+1 TRADE1 & SO ON4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY SOME?+ TO ?IS4 ,MANY--P]HAPS MO/--( ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O HAVE BORR[$ ,APPADURAI'S T]M9OLOGY DROP ! BLATANTLY ECONOMI/IC ELEM5TS ANYWAY3 :5 SOMEONE LIKE ,BRAD ,WEISS 7#a#i#i#f7 REF]S TO 0REGIMES ( VALUE10 HE OBVI\SLY MEANS SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T ?AN ,APPADURAI HIMSELF4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ,APPADURAI CLE>LY HAS DONE US ALL A S]VICE4 ,BUT !ORY DOES MAKE A DIFF]5CE4 ,LET ME TAKE ONE EXAMPLE4 ,BO? ,APPADURAI'S ESSAY & ,KOPYT(F 'S EMPHASIZE ! POSSIBILITY ( WRIT+ ! 0SOCIAL BIOGRAPHY ( A ?+02 BUT BO? ALSO DEF9E !IR T]MS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSID] ?AT AN OBJECT'S BIOGRAPHY C\LD ITSELF CONTRIBUTE TO ITS VALUE4.<#c#a.> ,! RESULT IS A PURELY ME?ODOLOGICAL SUGGE/ION1 & :ILE !RE'S UND\BT$LY A C]TA9 *>M TO ! FANTASY ?AT ONE C\LD RECON/RUCT1 SAY1 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( A WELL-TRAVEL$ CASSETTE OR H&GUN OR PAIR ( TWEEZ]S1 IT W\LD BE A LITTLE LIKE PRODUC+ A LI/ ( EV]YONE :O'S EV] SAT ON A C]TA9 P>K B5*3 9 ! 5D1 Y\ HAVE TO WOND] :AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! PO9T4 ,?IS IS WOR? CONSID]+1 BECAUSE ! O!R MAJOR NEW APPROA* TO VALUE ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS ?AT CAME \T >\ND ! SAME TIME--,ANNETTE ,WE9]'S WRIT+S ON 09ALI5ABLE POSSESSIONS0 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i#b1 #a#i#i#d7--TAKES EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 P>5!TICAL NOTE3 ,ANNETTE ,WE9] ON 9ALI5ABLE OBJECTS ,! T]M 09ALI5ABLE0 IS D]IV$ FROM ,MAUSS' ESSAY ON ! GIFT3 9 IT1 ,MAUSS SUGGE/$ ?AT GIFTS >E 9 A C]TA9 S5SE 09ALI5ABLE0 7IMMEUBLE71 BECAUSE EV5 AFT] !Y HAVE BE5 GIV5 AWAY1 !Y >E /ILL FELT 9 SOME S5SE TO BELONG TO ! GIV]4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 !Y CONT9UE TO C>RY ) !M SOME?+ ( HIS OR H] P]SONALITY4 ,:AT1 ,WE9] ASKS1 W\LD A !ORY ( VALUE LOOK LIKE IF IT W]E TO TAKE ?IS PH5OM5ON AS ITS />T+ PO9T8 ,IT W\LD C]TA9LY LOOK V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! ONE F\ND 9 ,APPADURAI & ,KOPYT(F4 ,HEIRLOOMS1 = 9/ANCE1 W\LD NOT BE VALUABLE JU/ BECAUSE 7AS ,KOPYT(F W\LD HAVE IT7 !Y >E 0UNIQUE10 BUT RA!R1 BECAUSE ( !IR SPECIFIC HI/ORIES4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ?IS 9 TURN C\LD HELP RESOLVE SOME ( ! MORE CONFUS+ ASPECTS ( ,KOPYT(F 'S ESSAY3 = EXAMPLE1 ! WAY HE SUGGE/S ?AT 9 MANY TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 V>IETIES ( GOODS >E RANK$ BY !IR 0DEGREE ( S+UL>ITY10 RA!R AS IF SOME OBJECTS C\LD BE MORE UNIQUE ?AN O!RS4 ,REALLY1 :AT ONE IS TALK+ IS ! OBJECT'S CAPACITY TO ACCUMULATE A HI/ORY3 H5CE1 9 \R SOCIETY AT LEA/1 !RE >E >TIFACTS ?AT >E TRULY UNIQUE 7! ,HOPE DIAMOND1 ,MONET'S WAT] LILIES1 ! ,BROOKLYN ,BRIDGE71 & !N1 JU/ BEL[ !M 9 VALUE1 A CLASS ( 0COLLECTOR'S ITEMS0 7ANCI5T ,GREEK CO9S1 ,MIRO PR9TS1 FIR/-$ITION ,SILV] ,SURF] COMIC BOOKS74 ,!SE >E NOT QUITE UNIQUE1 BUT !Y HAVE A R>ITY ?AT D]IVES FROM !IR HI/ORICAL ORIG9S2 :AT'S MORE1 :5 !Y CIRCULATE1 !Y ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ACCUMULATE A FUR!R HI/ORY 9 ! =M ( A P$IGREE ( =M] [N]S--:I* !N 9 TURN T5DS TO FUR!R 5HANCE !IR VALUE4 ,9 ANY SOCIETY1 ONE %\LD PROBABLY BE ABLE TO MAP \T AT LEA/ A R\< CONT9UUM ( TYPES ( OBJECTS1 RANK$ ACCORD+ !IR CAPACITY TO ACCUMULATE HI/ORY3 FROM ! CR[N JEWELS AT ! TOP1 TO1 AT ! BOTTOM1 SU* ?+S AS A GALLON ( MOTOR OIL1 OR TWO EGGS OV] EASY4 ,WE9] NOTES ?AT 9 MANY ( ! SOCIETIES DISCUSS$ BY ,MAUSS 7! ,MAORI1 ! ,KWAKIUTL1 ! ,TROBRI& ,ISL&]S71 ! MO/ FAM\S HEIRLOOMS DO 9DE$ HAVE !IR [N NAMES & 0BIOGRAPHIES10 :I* 9CLUDES !IR ORIG9S1 PA/ [N]S1 PEOPLE :O HAD TRI$ OR SUCCE$$ TO W9 OR RECOV] !M4 ,IT W\LD SEEM1 !N1 ?AT CIRCULATION CAN ACTUALLY 5HANCE AN OBJECT'S VALUE4 ,BUT BY FIX+ ON ! NOTION ( 09ALI5ABILITY0 ,WE9] 5DS UP PULL+ ?+S 9 EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,IF AN OBJECT'S ID5TITY IS P]MAN5TLY ATTA*$ TO ?AT ( ONE1 ORIG9AL [N]1 CIRCULATION CANNOT DO ?IS 7SEE ,WE9] #a#i#g#f3#a#h-#h#c74 ,H5CE1 ! MA9 ?RU/ ( ,9ALI5ABLE ,POSSESSIONS IS TO PROPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( SOME?+ ,WE9] CALLS 0TRANSC5D5T0 OR 0ABSOLUTE0 VALUE4 ,WE9] IS ?9K+ MO/ ( ALL ( ANCI5T TREASURES1 H]E1 :I* >E (T5 ALSO BADGES ( (FICE ?AT NOT ONLY E/ABLI% A HOLD]'S NAME & POSITION BUT GR\ND IT 9 ! DO+S ( GODS OR ANCE/ORS FROM ! BEG9N+S ( ! WORLD4 ,! OBJECTS ?AT MO/ EMBODY TRANSC5D5T VALUE--SAY1 ,AU/RALIAN TJUR+AS1 ! CR[N JEWELS ( ,5GL&--NO ONE W\LD EV] GIVE AWAY4 ,/ILL1 !Y CAN BE LO/1 /OL51 =GOTT51 OR DE/ROY$4 ,PRES]V+ !M IS ?US AN A*IEVEM5T1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( AN IMAGE ( ET]NITY 7#a#i#i#b3#h-#a#b74 ,!IR VALUE1 !N1 IS MEASUR$ 9 ! FE> ( LOSS4 ,9 MANY SOCIETIES1 !RE IS A COMPLEX GAME ( /RATEGIES GO+ ON 9 :I* O!RS >E CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO GET HOLD ( ! HEIRLOOMS ?AT ULTIMATELY GU>ANTEE ANO!R'S HI/ORICAL ID5TITY & ?US ! AU!NTICATION ( !IR CLAIMS TO /ATUS & AU?ORITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 EV]YONE IS ACTUALLY TRY+ TO 5SURE !IR MO/ VALUABLE HEIRLOOMS DO NOT CIRCULATE4 ,?IS MI AS ONE CAN GO FROM ,SIMMEL'S POSITION1 ?AT VALUE IS A PRODUCT ( EX*ANGE4 ,BUT 9 MANY WAYS1 WE >E SIMPLY DEAL+ ) A MIRROR IMAGE4 ,RA!R ?AN VALUE BE+ ! MEASURE ( H[ MU* ONE W\LD LIKE TO ACQUIRE SOME?+ ONE DOES NOT POSSESS1 9 ,WE9]1 IT BECOMES ! MEASURE ( H[ LITTLE ONE W\LD WI% TO GIVE UP ! ?+S ONE DOES4 ,OBJECTS ( TRANSC5D5T VALUE >E SIMPLY ! V]Y LA/ ?+S ONE W\LD BE WILL+ TO P>T )4.<#c#b.> ,SO F>1 !N1 IT'S H>D TO SEE H[ WE HAVE MADE A :OLE LOT ( PROGRESS S9CE ! '#fS4 ,WE9]'S WORK PO9TS 9 ALL SORTS ( 9T]E/+ DIRECTIONS1 BUT %E (T5 SEEMS TRAPP$ BETWE5 CREAT+ A M]E MIRROR-IMAGE ( ECONOMISM1 OR ALT]NATELY 7AS 9 H] NOTION ( 0REPRODUCTION03 ,WE9] #a#i#g#h1 #a#i#h1 #a#i#h#b7 SW++ T[>DS SOME?+ MU* MORE LIKE ,DUMONT'S POSITION4 ,BETWE5 =MALISM & SUB/ANTIVISM1 !N1 !RE /ILL DOES NOT SEEM TO BE MU* MIDDLE GR\ND4 ,I,I3 ,/RA!RN'S NEO-,MAUSSIAN APPROA* ,!RE IS ONE MAJOR !ORETICAL ALT]NATIVE1 IF ONE SO F> L>GELY LIMIT$ TO ,MELANESIA4 ,I'LL CALL IT 0,NEO-,MAUSSIAN10 S9CE ITS G5EALOGY CAN BE TRAC$ FROM ,MAUSS ?R\< ! WORK ( ,*RI/OPH] ,GREGORY 7#a#i#h1 #a#i#h#b7 TO ?AT ( ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN 7#a#i#h#a1 #a#i#h#dA1 #a#i#h#dB1 #a#i#h#g1 #a#i#h#h1 #a#i#i#b74 ,/RA!RN'S WORK IS ALSO CONSID]$ ! !ORETICAL CULM9ATION ( :AT IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS ! 0,NEW ,MELANESIAN ,E?NOGRAPHY40.<#c#c.> ,NO ONE C\LD POSSIBLY D5Y ITS BRILLIANCE4 ,SOME ( H] KEY NOTIONS1 LIKE ?AT ( ! 0P>TIBLE P]SON10 HAVE ALREADY HAD A GREAT DEAL ( 9FLU5CE EV5 \TSIDE ,MELANESIA1 9 FACT1 EV5 \TSIDE AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,P]HAPS ! MA9 ?+ ?AT HAS LIMIT$ H] WORK'S APPEAL IS ?AT MO/ ( IT IS WRITT5 9 AN 9CR$IBLY DIFFICULT LANGUAGE1 L>GELY ( H] [N 9V5TION--ONE :I* SEEMS TO HAVE AN 5DLESS CAPACITY TO SLIP AWAY ALMO/ AS SOON AS A READ] ?9KS %E'S GRASP$ IT4 ,IT CAN BE V]Y FRU/RAT+ TO READ4 ,I'LL BEG9 ) ,MAUSS4 ,! MA9 QUE/ION ASK$ 9 HIS 0,ESSAY ON ! ,GIFT0 IS3 :AT IS IT AB\T GIV+ A GIFT ?AT MAKES ! RECIPI5T FEEL COMPELL$ TO RETURN A C\NT]GIFT ( R\KS BACK TO ,EM]SON 7#a#h#d#d7--IS ?AT A GIFT IS ALWAYS SE5 TO CONTA9 SOME?+ ( ! GIV]4 ,H5CE1 ,MAUSS NOTES1 OBJECTS GIV5 AS GIFTS (T5 TAKE ON HUMAN QUALITIES4 ,ACTUALLY1 HIS DESCRIPTIONS ( 0GIFT ECONOMIES0 LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ EMPHASIZE ! WAY 9 :I* EV]Y?+--NOT ONLY AS GIFTS BUT H\SES1 CANOES1 MASKS & S]V+ DI%ES--WAS TREAT$ AS IF IT HAD ITS [N P]SONALITY1 LIKES & DISLIKES1 9T5TIONS & DESIRES4 ,9 A BOOK CALL$ ,GIFTS & ,COMMODITIES 7#a#i#h#b71 ,*RI/OPH] ,GREGORY--AN ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGI/ WORK+ 9 ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA--SUGGE/S ?IS IS A G5]AL T5D5CY4 ,GIFT ECONOMIES T5D TO P]SONIFY OBJECTS4 ,COMMODITY ECONOMIES1 LIKE \R [N1 DO ! OPPOSITE3 !Y T5D TO TREAT HUMAN BE+S1 OR AT LEA/1 ASPECTS ( HUMAN BE+S1 LIKE OBJECTS4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE IS HUMAN LABOR3 9 MOD]N ECONOMICS WE TALK ( 0GOODS & S]VICES0 AS IF HUMAN ACTIVITY ITSELF W]E SOME?+ ANALOG\S TO AN OBJECT1 :I* CAN BE B\E TRANSACTIONS ?AT >E MEANT TO CREATE OR EFFECT 0QUALITATIVE0 RELATIONS BETWE5 P]SONS2 !Y TAKE PLACE )9 A PREEXI/+ WEB ( P]SONAL RELATIONS2 !RE=E1 EV5 ! OBJECTS 9VOLV$ HAVE A T5D5CY TO TAKE ON ! QUALITIES ( PEOPLE4 ,COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS MEANT TO E/ABLI% A 0QUANTITATIVE0 EQUIVAL5CE ( VALUE BETWE5 OBJECTS2 IT %\LD IDEALLY BE DONE QUITE IMP]SONALLY2 !RE=E1 !RE IS A T5D5CY TO TREAT EV5 ! HUMAN BE+S 9VOLV$ LIKE ?+S4 ,GIV+ SOMEONE A GIFT USUALLY PUTS ?AT P]SON 9 Y\R DEBT2 H5CE1 SUCCESS 9 GIFT EX*ANGE BECOMES A MATT] ( GIV+ AWAY AS MU* WEAL? AS POSSIBLE1 SO AS TO GA9 A SOCIAL ADVANTAGE4 ,9 A COMMODITY SY/EM1 IT'S ! ?+S ?AT >E IMPORTANT2 !RE=E1 PEOPLE TRY TO ACCUMULATE AS MU* WEAL? AS !Y CAN4 ,OBVI\SLY1 A SY/EM AS TIDY AS ?IS HAS GOT TO BE A BIT ( AN AB/RACTION4 ,NO PURE GIFT1 OR PURE COMMODITY1 ECONOMY ACTUALLY EXI/S4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,GREGORY HIMSELF WAS SUGGE/+ NO?+ ( ! SORT3 AS HE HAS NOT$ REC5TLY 7#a#i#i#h7 HE CREAT$ ! DI/9CTION 9 ORD] TO UND]/& H[ CONTEMPOR>Y ,PAPUANS MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 ONE & ! O!R4 ,NONE!LESS1 SU* AB/RACTIONS CAN BE USEFUL4 ,MO/ ( ALL1 !Y CAN BE US$ AS ! BASIS ( MAK+ FUR!R G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,IF ! LOGIC ( A 'GIFT ECONOMY' REALLY IS SO DIFF]5T FROM \R [N1 = 9/ANCE1 MIISON ( 0,MELANESIAN0 & 0,WE/]N0 SOCIAL !ORIES4 ,/RA!RN HAS COME 9TO A GREAT DEAL ( CRITICISM = 0ESS5TIALIZ+0 DIFF]5CE4 ,I DON'T ?9K SU* CRITICISMS >E 5TIRELY FAIR1 BECAUSE ,/RA!RN NEV] CLAIMS ?AT ALL ,MELANESIANS ?9K ONE WAY1 OR ALL ,WE/]N]S ANO!R4 ,RA!R1 IT SEEMS TO ME H] WORK IS MEANT AS A K9D ( ?\E ALL UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!ORY !RE=E ALSO T5DS TO />T ) 9DIVIDUALS & TRIES TO UND]/& H[ !Y =M RELATIONS ) ONE ANO!R 7?US PRODUC+ SOME?+ WE CALL 0SOCIETY074 ,PEOPLE 9 ,M\NT ,HAG5 DID NOT %>E !SE ASSUMPTIONS4 ,) NO CONCEPT ( EI!R 0SOCIETY0 OR UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y ASSUM$ ! RELATION%IPS CAME FIR/4 ,:AT1 !N1 W\LD A SOCIAL !ORY BE LIKE ?AT WAS F\ND$ ON ,MELPA COMMON S5SE8 ,IT'S AT ?IS PO9T %E BR+S 9 ,GREGORY'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 GIFT ECONOMIES & COMMODITY ECONOMIES1 & ! O!R E?NOGRAPH]S ELSE:]E 9 ,MELANESIA :O MI ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE1 ,MAUSSIAN REJO9D] ,:AT ,/RA!RN IS PROBABLY MO/ FAM\S =1 H[EV]1 IS H] ONGO+ DIALOGUE ) CRITICAL--& ESPECIALLY FEM9I/--!ORY4 ,H] BE/ KN[N BOOK1 ,! ,G5D] ( ! ,GIFT 7#a#i#h#h71 CONSI/S L>GELY ( A S]IES ( REJO9D]S TO FEM9I/1 OR FEM9I/-9SPIR$1 ANALYZES ( ONE OR ANO!R ASPECT ( ,MELANESIAN SOCIETY4 ,N[1 CONSID]+ ?IS IS A P>T ( ! WORLD NOTORI\S = EXTREME 9EQUALITY ( ! SEXES1 ?IS MAKES READ+ ! BOOK A RA!R SURREALI/IC EXP]I5CE3 ,/RA!RN IS AN AV[$ FEM9I/1 BUT %E SP5DS ! BOOK SY/EMATICALLY KNOCK+ D[N ALMO/ EV]Y >GUM5T EV] MADE ?AT MIE OPPRESS$4 ,IT IS NOT1 ACTUALLY1 ?AT ,/RA!RN MEANS TO D5Y ?AT ,MELANESIAN M5 DOM9ATE WOM5 7%E DOES 9 FACT1 ACKN[L$GE !Y DO74.<#c#e.> ,RA!R1 %E WANTS TO EXPOSE ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS UND]LY+ ! WAYS MO/ SU* >GUM5TS >E FRAM$4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 H] REPLY TO ,LIZETTE ,JOSEPHIDES' ANALYSIS ( ,MELANESIAN EX*ANGE SY/EMS 7,/RA!RN #a#i#h#h3#a#d#d-#e#i74 ,JOSEPHIDES PROVIDES :AT HAS ACTUALLY BECOME ! CLASSIC ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ! ,MAUSSIAN TRADITION 7#a#i#h#b1 SEE ALSO #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#h#e1 ,BLO* #a#i#i#a3#a#g#b74 ,IT RUNS LIKE ?IS3 BY FOCUS+ ON 0! GIFT10 ! MOM5T :5 OBJECTS *ANGE H&S1 ONE IS LOOK+ ONLY AT ! MOM5T ! SOCIETY ITSELF PLACES UND] ITS SPOTLIDS47 ,RA!R ?AN BE S$UC$ BY ! SPOTLIE LAVI% FEA/S1 DANCES1 SPEE*ES1 & GORGE\S CO/UMES4 ,HUGE HEAPS ( FOOD >E PIL$ UP & PRES5T$ TO REPAY PREVI\S GIFTS ( FOOD4 ,IMPORTANT M5 GIVE EA* O!R PIGS1 :I* >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT GIFT ( ALL4 ,HAG5]S RAISE PIGS ESPECIALLY TO BE EX*ANG$2 AT ANY MOM5T1 A FAMILY WILL PROBABLY HAVE A NUMB] 9 !IR Y>D1 MO/ ( !M CONSID]$ AS ! PRODUCT ( ONE OR ANO!R ( !SE EX*ANGES4 ,BUT :O DOES ! G>D5+1 & :O ACTUALLY RAISES !SE PIGS8 ,MA9LY WOM54 ,M>RI$ C\PLES COOP]ATE TO RAISE PIGS2 ! WIFE CONTRIBUTES ! L>GE/ %>E ( LABOR2 NONE!LESS1 ONLY ! HUSB&S CAN EX*ANGE !M 9 PUBLIC1 ?US ACQUIR+ A 0NAME40 ,ONLY M5 CAN TRANSLATE PIGS 9TO FAME & POLITICAL REPUTATION4 ,! :OLE PROCESS1 ,JOSEPHIDES SUGGE/S1 CAN BE ?\E PRODUC$ BY ACTS ( EX*ANGE RA!R ?AN BY ! HUMAN LABOR ?AT W5T 9TO T5D+ !M1 FATT5+ !M1 & GR[+ CROPS ) :I* TO DO SO--JU/ AS SOMEONE LIKE ,SIMMEL W\LD SAY ?AT ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES COMES FROM ! FACT ?AT SOMEONE IS WILL+ TO BUY !M RA!R ?AN FROM ! ?\GUM5T ONE IS ALREADY ASSUM+ ?AT A P]SON HAS SOME K9D ( RIE BAS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT 9DIVIDUALS [N !MSELVES4 ,H5CE1 !Y HAVE ! RIXI/S SIMPLY GO FUR!R BY >GU+ ?AT ?IS 9CLUDES !IR P[]S ( CREATIVITY1 & !RE=E1 ?AT 9DIVIDUALS HAVE A RIGUM5T MIE ,HAG5 SOCIETY FUNDAM5TALLY UNJU/3 BUT C]TA9LY WE CANNOT GO ON TO SAY ?AT EX*ANGE S]VES AS A WAY ( DISGUIS+ ?IS REALITY UNLESS WE HAVE SOME REASON TO BELIEVE ,HAG5]S W\LD HAVE REASON TO SEE IT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,?US F> ! >GUM5T IS /RAID 5\<4 ,/RA!RN CONT9UES3 ,A VOCABUL>Y1 :I* TURNS ON ! DEPRIVATION ( 'RIE REM>KABLE 5\<--APP>5TLY1 !RE >E NO RIE ALSO TALK+ AB\T ! RIGUM5T IS HEAD+4 ,IT IS WE :O ASSUME ! PRODUC] %\LD ALWAYS HAVE ?IS RIE WRONG TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS UNIV]SAL4 ,! ,M>XI/ NOTION ( ALI5ATION1 %E WRITES1 ASSUMES ?AT WORK HAS A VALUE 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE = ! SELF444 ,IT IS ! P]SON'S [N APPROPRIATION ( HIS OR H] ACTIVITY ?AT GIVES IT VALUE1 9 SO F> AS ! P]SON IS A MICROCOSM ( ! 'SOCIAL' PROCESS BY :I* EXOG5\S APPROPRIATION BY O!RS1 BY '! SY/EM1' ALSO GIVES IT VALUE 7#a#i#h#h3#a#d#b-#d#c74 ,?IS IS A DIFFICULT PASSAGE1 & IT TURNS ON A RA!R P>TICUL> USE ( ! T]M 0APPROPRIATION40 ,BUT IT IS DECIPH]ABLE4 ,ORD9>Y ,WE/]N COMMON S5SE TAKES IT = GRANT$ ?AT OBJECTS--LIKE 9DIVIDUALS--ALREADY EXI/ 9 NATURE 7?AT ! ULTIMATE CON/ITU5TS ( ! WORLD1 AS ,GILB]T ,RYLE US$ TO PUT IT1 >E 0BLOKES & ?+S407 ,HUMAN ACTION IS !RE=E ?\G] SY/EM ( CATEGORIES4 ,BY 0! SY/EM10 ,/RA!RN SEEMS TO HAVE 9 M9D SOME SORT ( ,SAUSSUREAN CODE1 OR ALT]NATELY1 A SY/EM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* SIMIL>LY DIVIDES ?+S UP4 ,IT IS ?IS MEAN+ ?AT ,/RA!RN SEEMS TO BE REF]R+ TO :5 %E SPEAKS ( VALUE4 0,VALUE10 !N1 IS ! MEAN+ OR IMPORTANCE SOCIETY ASCRIBES TO AN OBJECT4 ,M>XI/S IMPLY ?AT 9DIVIDUALS :O PRODUCE OBJECTS %\LD HAVE ! RIGUM5T4 ,LIKE ,DUMONT1 %E VIEWS ,WE/]N IDEOLOGY AS DEF9$ ABOVE ALL BY ITS 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,WE ASSUME EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAS A K9D ( C5TRAL1 UNIQUE CORE ?AT MAKES !M :O !Y >E4 ,CALL IT A SELF1 A S\L1 A P]SONALITY--:ATEV] Y\ CALL IT1 ! ASSUMPTION IS ALWAYS ?AT NO TWO >E EXACTLY ! SAME1 & ?IS IS :AT IS REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T A P]SON4 ,IT'S ?US WE CAN TALK AB\T CREATIVITY AS 0SELF-EXPRESSION10 ( 0F9D+ ONESELF10 OR ( CONTEXTS 9 :I* ONE IS MORE 0ONESELF 0 ?AN O!RS4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT O!R PEOPLE'S P]CEPTIONS ( US >E LIKELY TO BE SUP]FICIAL & LIMIT$4 ,MO/ PEOPLE DO NOT KN[ :O WE REALLY >E4 ,BUT :AT IF ONE DID NOT MAKE ?IS SET ( ASSUMPTIONS8 ,MELANESIANS1 ACCORD+ TO ,/RA!RN1 EI!R DO NOT RECOGNIZE SU* A UNIQUE CORE1 OR IF !Y DO1 DO NOT ATTA* MU* IMPORTANCE TO IT4.<#c#f.> ,!RE=E !Y ASSUME ?AT WE >E1 BE=E WE >E ANY?+ ELSE1 :AT WE >E P]CEIV$ TO BE BY O!RS4 ,ONE MIE MANY DIFF]5T ?+S1 S9CE DIFF]5T PEOPLE >E LIKELY TO HAVE V]Y DIFF]5T IMPRESSIONS ( US1 OR SEE US DIFF]5TLY 9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS4 ,BUT ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT ,/RA!RN IS >GU+4 ,H] MO/ FAM\S CONCEPT1 9 FACT1 IS ! 0P>TIBLE0 OR 0MULTIPLE0 P]SON4 ,PEOPLE HAVE ALL SORTS ( POT5TIAL ID5TITIES1 :I* MO/ ( ! TIME EXI/ ONLY AS A SET ( HIDD5 POSSIBILITIES4 ,:AT HAPP5S 9 ANY GIV5 SOCIAL SITUATION IS ?AT ANO!R P]SON FIXES ON ONE ( !SE & ?US 0MAKES IT VISIBLE40 ,ONE LOOKS AT A MAN1 SAY1 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( HIS CLAN1 OR AS ONE'S SI/]'S HUSB&1 OR AS ! [N] ( A PIG4 ,O!R POSSIBILITIES1 = ! MOM5T1 REMA9 9VISIBLE4 ,IT IS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT A !ORY ( VALUE COMES 93 BECAUSE ,/RA!RN USES ! PHRASE 0MAK+ VISIBLE0 & 0GIV+ VALUE0 MORE OR LESS 9T]*ANGEABLY4.<#c#g.> ,SO H]E TOO1 VALUE IS SIMPLY MEAN+3 GIV+ VALUE TO SOME?+ IS A MATT] ( DEF9+ IT BY PLAC+ 9 SOME BROAD] SET ( CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT IT W\LD NEV] OCCUR TO A ,MELANESIAN ?AT ANYONE W\LD HAVE ! RIE BR++ \T IS ALWAYS ITSELF SE5 AS ! PRODUCT ( SOME SOCIAL RELATION%IP ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! PA/4 ,GIV5 ! />T+ ASSUMPTION 7?AT P]SONS >E BR\RIAGE RELATION BETWE5 ! MAN & HIS WIFE1 :O RAIS$ IT1 OR ELSE ! EX*ANGE RELATION BETWE5 ?AT MAN & SOME O!R MAN1 :O GAVE IT TO HIM4 ,?US PEOPLE & OBJECTS >E ALL SE5 TO HAVE 0MULTIPLE AU?ORS10 OR1 9 ! ,MELPA IDIOM1 0S\RCES0 OR 0ORIG9S40 ,AT ?IS PO9T ONE CAN F9ALLY UND]/& ,MELPA CONCEPTS ( EX*ANGE4 ,MAUSS ( C\RSE HAD 9SI/$ ?AT 9 GIV+ A GIFT ONE IS GIV+ A PORTION ( ONE'S SELF4 ,QUITE SO H]E3 ! PIG CAN 9DE$ EMBODY ONE ASPECT ( ITS [N]'S ID5TITY4 ,H[EV]1 WE >E ALSO US$ TO ?9K+ ( ! GIV] AS ! ACTIVE P>TY4 ,HAG5]S--& 9DE$1 ,MELANESIANS 9 G5]AL1 ,/RA!RN >GUES--DO NOT SEE IT ?AT WAY4 ,9/EAD1 !Y SEE EX*ANGE L>GELY AS A MATT] ( EXTRACTION4 ,ACTUALLY ?IS IS P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) :AT ALREADY BE5 SET \T3 ?AT ONE'S POSSESSIONS TAKE ON VALUE 7I4E41 MEAN+7 ONLY 9 ANO!R P]SON'S EYES4 ,9 EX*ANGE1 ?AT O!R P]SON DEF9ES ! OBJECT NOT ONLY AS ! PRODUCT ( PA/ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 BUT ALSO AS SOME?+ 0DETA*ABLE0 FROM !M4 ,AGA91 TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( A PIG4 ,IF ,I CONV9CE ! PIG'S [N] TO GIVE ?AT PIG TO ME1 ITS VALUE IS 7A7 ?AT ( ITS 0ORIG910 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT BR\ ,IF ,I MANAGE TO CONV9CE ! [N] TO GIVE ME HIS PIG1 ,I ?US DISPLACE ! VALUE ( ONE RELATION%IP ONTO ! O!R4 ,& ! OBJECT N[ COMES TO EMBODY MY [N ABILITY TO DO ?IS1 MY P[] TO CREATE NEW RELATION%IPS4 ,IF ALL ?IS IS TRUE1 WE >E 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WORLD ?AN ?AT ASSUM$ BY ,M>XI/ IDEAS ( ALI5ATION4 ,= A ,M>XI/1 LABOR IS1 OR %\LD BE1 A MATT] ( SELF-EXPRESSION3 ! IDEAL IS ?AT ( A F9E CRAFTSMAN1 OR EV5 MORE1 AN >TI/1 :OSE WORK IS BO? AN EXPRESSION ( H] 9N] BE+1 & A CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,MELANESIANS SEE WORK AS AN EXPRESSION ( ONE'S COMMITM5T TO A SPECIFIC RELATION%IP4 ,WIVES1 LIKE HUSB&S1 HELP RAISE PIGS TO %[ !IR COMMITM5T TO !IR M>RIAGE4.<#c#i.> ,! PIG IS AN EMBODIM5T ( ?AT RELATION UNTIL IT LEAVES ! DOME/IC SPH]E & 5T]S ! PUBLIC SPH]E ( MALE C]EMONIAL EX*ANGE1 :]E ITS VALUE %IFTS1 & IT COMES TO EMBODY ! IMPORTANCE ( RELATIONS BETWE5 M54 ,ACTUALLY1 S9CE ! ULTIMATE EFFECT IS SO SIMIL> 7& S9CE ,/RA!RN ADMITS ?AT ! NOTION ( ! EXPLOITATION ( FEMALE LABOR MIXI/ C\LD SIMPLY SAY1 0,ALL RIGUE ?AT NO ,MELANESIAN C\LD EV]1 UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 IMAG9E A WORLD 9 :I* !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO *OOSE FREELY :O OR :AT !Y WORK$ =4 T[>D A SYN!SIS8 ,\R MA9 9T]E/ H]E1 H[EV]1 IS CLE>LY ) ,/RA!RN'S NOTION ( VALUE4 ,I'VE ALREADY SAID ?AT IT SEEMS1 9 ESS5CE1 ,SAUSSUREAN3 ! VALUE ( AN OBJECT1 OR A P]SON1 IS ! MEAN+ !Y TAKE ON BY BE+ ASSIGN$ A PLACE 9 SOME L>G] SY/EM ( CATEGORIES4 ,IT'S 9T]E/+ ?AT ?IS IS ONE ( ! FEW PO9TS :]E ,/RA!RN DECISIVELY BREAKS ) ,GREGORY4 ,GREGORY 7#a#i#h#b3#d#g-#e#a7 PREF]R$ TO LIMIT ! T]M 0VALUE0 TO 0EX*ANGE VALUE10 9 ! S5SE US$ BY ECONOMI/S4 ,!RE=E1 HE CONCLUD$1 9 A GIFT ECONOMY ONE CANNOT TALK AB\T VALUE AT ALL4 ,OBJECTS ( GIFT EX*ANGE >E1 9/EAD1 RANK$4 ,AMONG ! ,MAE-,5GA = EXAMPLE 7,MEGGIT #a#i#g#a71 !RE >E SIX DIFF]5T RANKS ( OBJECTS4 ,! MO/ EXALT$ CATEGORY 9CLUDES ONLY TWO SORTS ( ?+S3 LIVE PIGS & CASS[>Y BIRDS4 ,ONE CAN EX*ANGE A PIG = A CASS[>Y1 OR TWO PIGS1 OR TWO CASS[>IES = EA* O!R2 BUT ONE CANNOT EX*ANGE A PIG OR CASS[>Y = OBJECTS ( ANY O!R CATEGORY4 ,! NEXT CATEGORY 9CLUDES PE>L-%ELL P5DANTS1 PLUME HEADDRESSES1 & /ONE AXES1 :I* AGA9 CAN ONLY BE EX*ANG$ = EA* O!R1 & NOT = ANY?+ HI<] OR L[]--& SO ON1 D[N TO ! L[E/ SPH]E1 :I* CONSI/S ( ORD9>Y FOOD/UFFS4 ,?US1 :ILE ONE C\LD P]HAPS SAY 9 ! AB/RACT ?AT PIGS >E WOR? MORE ?AN AXES1 ?IS IS ALL ONE CAN SAY4 ,TO SPEAK ( VALUE1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE ABLE TO SAY H[ MU* MORE3 TO E/ABLI% JU/ H[ MANY AXES IT W\LD TAKE TO REA* ! VALUE ( ONE PIG2 & 9 ! ABS5CE ( EX*ANGE1 SU* COMP>ISONS SIMPLY DO NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,N[1 ?IS CLE>LY HAS A BE>+ ON SOME ( ! ISSUES DISCUSS$ E>LI] 9 ! *APT]3 P>TICUL>LY ! WAY ?AT OBJECTS CAN BE >RANG$ ALONG A CONT9UUM FROM RELATIVELY DURABLE1 P>TICUL> ITEMS TO RELATIVE P]I%ABLE & G5]IC ONES1 & !RE=E1 BY !IR CAPACITY TO RETA9 A HI/ORY4 ,! K9D ( RANK ORD] ,GREGORY IS TALK+ AB\T IS CLE>LY A SIMIL> PR9CIPLE3 9DE$1 ONE CAN NORMALLY EXPECT ?AT AT ! V]Y LEA/1 :ATEV] UNIQUE HEIRLOOMS A SOCIETY HAS WILL BE EX*ANG$ 7IF AT ALL7 9 ! MO/ EXALT$ SPH]E & ?AT ! MO/ EPHEM]AL PRODUCTS LIKE /APLE FOODS WILL BE AT ! BOTTOM4 ,& ?IS IS ALMO/ ALWAYS :AT DOES SEEM TO HAPP54 ,BUT !RE IS AN 9TR9SIC PROBLEM H]E4 ,!RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CAPACITY TO CONVEY HI/ORY 7:I* CAN AT LEA/ BE R\E IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE1 = EXAMPLE1 A P>TICUL> PIG WILL BE ONE DAY OLD] & H5CE A DIFF]5T PIG0 7#a#i#h#b3#e74 ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN'S NOTION ( VALUE SEEMS 9T5D$ TO BR+ JU/ SU* HI/ORICAL P>TICUL>S BACK ON BO>D--%E SPECIFICALLY PO9TS \T ?AT EV5 :5 WOM5 9 A ,NEW ,GU9EA M>KET >E B>T]+ LUMPS ( FI% = T>O1 TWO APP>5TLY ID5TICAL BAT*ES ( FI% WILL NOT BE CONSID]$ ! SAME BECAUSE ( !IR DIFF]5T ORIG9S 7,/RA!RN #a#i#i#bA2 ,GEW]TZ #a#i#h#c74 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO DO SO %E HAS TO R$EF9E RADICALLY :AT %E MEANS BY 0VALUE40 ,:]E ,GREGORY TAKES ! MO/ RE/RICT$ DEF9ITION ( ! T]M POSSIBLE1 ,/RA!RN DOES ! OPPOSITE3 ,AN 9ITIAL DEF9ITION IS 9 ORD]4 ,AS ,GREGORY 7#a#i#h#b7 NOTES1 ! ECONOMIC CONCEPT ( VALUE IMPLIES A COMP>ISON ( 5TITIES1 EI!R AS A RATIO 7! ONE EXPRESS$ AS A PROPORTION ( ! O!R7 OR 9 T]MS ( RANK EQUIVAL5CE4.<#d.> ,BO? LIKE & UNLIKE T]MS MAY BE SO COMP>$4 ,9 ADDITION1 H[EV]1 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD 7! ,S\?WE/]N ,PACIFIC7 IS DOM9AT$ BY A ?IRD RELATION ( COMP>ISON3 BETWE5 AN 5TITY & ITS S\RCE ( ORIG94 ,VALUE IS ?US CON/RUCT$ 9 ! ID5TITY ( A ?+ OR P]SON ) V>I\S SETS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 :I* IT IS EMB$D$1 & ITS SIMULTANE\S DETA*ABILITY FROM !M4 ,H]E LIES MU* ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( GIFT EX*ANGE 7#a#i#h#g3#b#h#f74 ,LET ME TAKE ! >GUM5T /EP BY /EP4 ,VALUE IMPLIES COMP>ISON4 ,ONE CAN COMP>E ! VALUE ( TWO COMMODITIES 9 T]MS ( !IR WOR? 9 MONEY2 H]E1 ONE CAN E/ABLI% PROPORTIONS3 I4E41 FIVE LOAVES ( BREAD >E WOR? ! SAME AS ONE /EAK-FRITES4 ,OR1 ONE CAN COMP>E TWO VALUABLES 9 ,GREGORY'S GIFT ECONOMIES 9 T]MS ( !IR RANK4 ,BUT ,GREGORY'S =MULA DOES NOT REALLY EXPLA9 ! WORK+S ( GIFT ECONOMIES4 ,AT LEA/ 9 ,MELANESIA1 %E SAYS1 ! CRITICAL COMP>ISON IS 0BETWE5 AN 5TITY & ITS S\RCE ( ORIG940 ,N[1 ,I DO BELIEVE ONE %\LD BE AS G5]\S AS POSSIBLE 9 READ+ ANO!R S*OL>'S WORK1 BUT ! CLOS] ONE EXAM9ES ?IS PASSAGE1 ! LESS S5SE IT MAKES4 ,! FIR/ TWO SORTS ( 0COMP>ISON0 >E NOT JU/ MEANT TO E/ABLI% ?AT TWO 5TITIES >E 0LIKE OR UNLIKE0 9 SOME WAY4 ,!Y 9VOLVE EVALUATION4 ,?AT IS1 !Y >E MEANT TO E/ABLI% :E!R ONE 5TITY IS BETT]1 OR MORE IMPORTANT1 OR MORE DESIRABLE1 ?AN ! O!R4 ,CLE>LY1 COMP>+ 0AN 5TITY & ITS S\RCE ( ORIG90 DOES NOT DO ?IS4 ,ONE IS NOT SAY+ AN 5TITY IS BETT] ?AN OR PREF]ABLE TO ITS S\RCE ( ORIG94 ,ONE IS SIMPLY OBS]V+ ?AT ! TWO >E SIMIL> 9 SOME WAYS & DIFF]5T 9 O!RS4.<#d#a.> ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$1 ,/RA!RN'S DEF9ITION ( VALUE IS ,SAUSSUREAN3 VALUE IS SIMPLY MEAN+FUL DIFF]5CE1 A MATT] ( PLAC+ SOME?+ 9 A SET ( CATEGORIES4 ,9 FACT1 ! PASSAGE ABOVE BE>S A REM>KABLE RESEMBLANCE TO ,SAHL9S' 9VOCATION ( ,SAUSSURE CIT$ 9 *APT] #a4 ,IT ALSO SUFF]S FROM ALL ! SAME PROBLEMS3 IF ONE DEF9ES VALUE SIMPLY AS 0DIFF]5CE10 !N ! CONCEPT LOSES MO/ ( ! EXPLANATORY P[] ?AT HAS MADE IT ATTRACTIVE TO BEG9 )4 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT WOM5 AT A M>KET 9 ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA >E LIKELY TO SEE TWO LUMPS ( APP>5TLY ID5TICAL FI% AS DIFF]5T4 ,IT'S QUITE ANO!R TO SAY :Y1 AS A RESULT1 A GIV5 WOMAN WILL WANT ONE & NOT ! O!R4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?AT1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO REALIZE ?AT ACTORS >E NOT JU/ 0COMP>+0 5TITIES ) !IR ORIG9S BUT COMP>+ ! ORIG9S ( DIFF]5T 5TITIES TO EA* O!R4 ,& IT IS ?IS PROCESS ( COMP>+ UNIQUE HI/ORIES ON :I*1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO GET A !ORETICAL H&LE4.<#d#b.> ,ALL ( ?IS IS NOT MEANT TO DISC\NT ,/RA!RN'S CONTRIBUTION4 ,MA9LY IT IS MEANT TO ILLU/RATE :Y IT CAN BE SO FRU/RAT+ TO TRY TO APPLY IT \TSIDE ! RA!R SPECIFIC 7USUALLY POLEMICAL7 CONTEXTS = :I* IT WAS DEVELOP$4 ,:5 READ+ H] DESCRIPTION ( GIFT RELATIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 IT'S H>D TO RESI/ LOOK+ = P>ALLELS 9 \R [N SOCIETY4 ,BUT H]S IS EXPLICITLY NOT MEANT TO BE ! BASIS ( A G5]AL !ORY ( GIFTS4 ,IT'S NOT EV5 MEANT TO BE A G5]AL !ORY ( GIFT ECONOMIES1 S9CE ,/RA!RN NEV] MAKES CLE> H[ WE W\LD DIS5TANGLE ONE FROM ! SPECIFICALLY ,MELANESIAN--OR EV5 SPECIFICALLY ,MELPA--ELEM5TS 9 H] ACC\NT4 ,AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE3 H] 9SI/5CE ?AT GIFT-EX*ANGE BE SE5 AS A PROCESS ( EXTRACTION W\LD H>DLY MAKE S5SE 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN TRADITION ( 0AGONI/IC EX*ANGE0 :I* ,TOM ,BEIDELMAN 7#a#i#h#h7 EXAM9$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE1 OR ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,ALG]IA4.<#d#c.> ,!RE ! PO9T ( GIV+ GIFTS IS (T5 TO CRU% & HUMILIATE A POLITICAL ADV]S>Y ) AN ACT ( G5]OSITY SO LAVI% & SO MAGNIFIC5T ?AT IT C\LD NEV] BE RECIPROCAT$4 ,DOES ?IS MEAN ONE W\LD NE$ A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T !ORY = ,M$IT]RANEAN 0GIFT ECONOMIES08 ,:AT W\LD IT BE LIKE8 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( QUE/ION :I* ,/RA!RN SEEMS TO RESI/1 LEAV+ IT TO O!RS TO DET]M9E H] WORK'S BROAD] IMPLICATIONS4 ,MUNN3 ! VALUE ( ACTIONS ,SO F>1 !N1 IT'S H>D TO SAY :E!R EX*ANGE !ORY HAS ADVANC$ MU* OR NOT S9CE ! #a#i#fS4 ,OR TO BE MORE PRECISE1 !RE HAVE CLE>LY BE5 ADVANCES 9 MANY >EAS2 BUT IT'S SPECIFICALLY >\ND ! QUE/ION ( VALUE ?AT ! SAME CONUNDRUMS %[ UP AGA9 & AGA94 ,IT IS /ILL1 BASICALLY1 A *OICE BETWE5 ! K9D ( VALUE PROPOS$ BY ECONOMI/S & A ,SAUSSUREAN NOTION ( MEAN+FUL DIFF]5CE4 ,O!R APPROA*ES1 H[EV]1 HAVE BE5 PROPOS$4 ,IT MIE ,/RA!RN'S P]SPECTIVE ) ?AT ( ANO!R AN?ROPOLOGI/ ( ,MELANESIA3 ,NANCY ,MUNN 7#a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#c1 #a#i#h#f74 ,MUNN'S WORK CONC]NS ! ISL& ( ,GAWA1 9 ! ,MASSIM REGION (F ! S\!A/]N COA/ ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 :I*1 LIKE ! ,TROBRI&S 7TO :I* IT IS CLOSELY CULTURALLY RELAT$7 IS P>T ( ! FAM\S KULA *A94 ,! *A9 ITSELF IS DEF9$ BY ! EX*ANGE ( IMM5SELY VALUABLE >M%ELLS & NECKLACES1 =MS ( ADORNM5T ?AT >E R>ELY WORN1 BUT RA!R1 EX*ANG$ AS GIFTS BETWE5 KULA P>TN]S4 ,MU* ( ! DRAMA ( ,TROBRI& LIFE REVOLVE >\ND KULA EXP$ITIONS2 IMPORTANT M5 & !IR FOLL[]S DESC5D ON DI/ANT VILLAGES 9 O!R ISL&S TO WOO *OICE HEIRLOOMS FROM !IR KULA P>TN]S4 ,S9CE AN >M%ELL CAN BE EX*ANG$ ONLY = A NECKLACE1 & VICE V]SA1 !SE HEIRLOOMS >E CON/ANTLY MOV+ AGA9/ EA* O!R1 ! >M%ELLS CIRCL+ ! ISL&S 9 A CLOCKWISE DIRECTION1 ! NECKLACES C\NT]CLOCKWISE4 ,9 ,GAWA OR ! ,TROBRI&S1 !RE IS V]Y CLE>LY A RANK HI]>*Y ( TYPES ( GOODS1 & IT DOES 9DE$ CORRESPOND TO AN ITEM'S CAPACITY TO RETA9 HI/ORY3 P]I%ABLE & G5]IC SUB/ANCES LIKE FOOD >E AT ! BOTTOM1 & UNIQUE IMP]I%ABLE VALUABLES AT ! TOP4 ,EV5 AMONG KULA %ELLS1 !RE IS AN ELABORATE RANK+ SY/EM1 ) EV]YONE TRY+ TO GET !IR H&S1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 ON ! V]Y MO/ FAM\S HEIRLOOMS1 :OSE NAMES >E RECOGNIZ$ BY EV]YONE 9 ! KULA R+4 ,PREVI\S ANALY/S HAVE T5D$ TO LOOK AT SU* PH5OM5A 9 T]MS ( 0SPH]ES ( EX*ANGE10 9 :I* DIFF]5T SORTS ( VALUABLE CAN CIRCULATE ONLY AMONG O!RS ( ! SAME SORT4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IMPLIES ONE IS LOOK+ = VALUE PRIM>ILY 9 OBJECTS4 ,MUNN 9/EAD REF]S TO :AT O!RS MIE4 ,!Y CONSI/ ( HUMAN ACTIONS4 ,:]E ,/RA!RN />TS H] ANALYSIS FROM A WEB ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 !N1 ,MUNN />TS FROM A NOTION ( ACTIVITY4 ,VALUE.<#d#d.> EM]GES 9 ACTION2 IT IS ! PROCESS BY :I* A P]SON'S 9VISIBLE 0POT5CY0--!IR CAPACITY TO ACT-- IS TRANS=M$ 9TO CONCRETE1 P]CEPTIBLE =MS4 ,IF ONE GIVES ANO!R P]SON FOOD & RECEIVES A %ELL 9 RETURN1 IT IS NOT ! VALUE ( ! FOOD ?AT RETURNS TO ONE 9 ! =M ( ! %ELL1 BUT RA!R ! VALUE ( ! ACT ( GIV+ IT4 ,! FOOD IS SIMPLY ! M$IUM4 ,VALUE1 !N1 IS ! WAY PEOPLE REPRES5T ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR [N ACTIONS TO !MSELVES--?\< ,MUNN ALSO NOTES ?AT IT WE >E NOT TALK+ AB\T SOME?+ ?AT C\LD OCCUR 9 ISOLATION3 9 KULA EX*ANGE1 AT LEA/ 7& BY EXT5SION1 9 ANY SOCIAL =M ( VALUE71 IT CAN ONLY HAPP5 ?R\< ?AT IMPORTANCE BE+ RECOGNIZ$ BY SOMEONE ELSE4 ,! HI\ND1 EX*ANG$1 CONSUM$ 44471 SOCIAL RELATIONS HAVE TO BE CREAT$ & MA9TA9$2 ALL ( ?IS REQUIRES AN 9VE/M5T ( HUMAN TIME & 5]GY1 9TELLIG5CE1 CONC]N4 ,IF ONE SEES VALUE AS A MATT] ( ! RELATIVE DI/RIBUTION ( ?AT1 !N ONE HAS A COMMON D5OM9ATOR4 ,ONE 9VE/S ONE'S 5]GIES 9 ?OSE ?+S ONE CONSID]S MO/ IMPORTANT1 OR MO/ MEAN+FUL4 ,ONE C\LD EV5 REWORK ,ANNETTE ,WE9]'S >GUM5T ALONG ! SAME L9ES3 ! VALUE ( OBJECTS ( 0TRANSC5D5T VALUE0 W\LD SIMPLY BE AN EFFECT ( ALL ! EF=TS PEOPLE HAVE MADE TO MA9TA91 PROTECT1 & PRES]VE !M4 ,EV5 IF1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ACTORS1 ! SEQU5CE SEEMS AS IF IT'S PRECISELY ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,FRAM+ ?+S ?IS WAY ( C\RSE EVOKES ! SPECT] ( ,M>X--! V]Y ONE ?AT MO/ ( ! O!R AU?ORS COV]$ 9 ?IS *APT] PREF]R$ TO BANI%4 ,WE >E CLE>LY DEAL+ ) SOME?+ ALONG ! L9ES ( A LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,BUT ONLY IF WE DEF9E 0LABOR0 MU* MORE BROADLY ?AN ALMO/ ANYONE WORK+ 9 ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION EV] HAS4 ,BY LIMIT+ !MSELVES TO TALK ( 0WORK0 OR 0LABOR0--NOTIONS ?AT >E BY NO MEANS CULTURAL UNIV]SALS-- MO/ ,M>XI/S DO LAY !MSELVES OP5 TO ! SORT ( CRITIQUE ,/RA!RN LEVELS AGA9/ !M4 ,BUT C]TA9LY1 CREATIVE ACTION EXI/S EV]Y:]E1 & ONE W\LD BE JU/IFI$ 9 BE+ HILY NO WAY TO MAKE ANY EXACT C\NT ( H[ MU* ( IT HAS BE5 9VE/$ 9 ANY GIV5 OBJECT OR RELATION4.<#d#e.> ,EV5 ! \TSIDE ANALY/ CAN AT BE/ MAKE AN EXTREMELY R\< E/IMATE4 ,)9 ! SOCIETY 9 QUE/ION1 !RE >E ( C\RSE ALL SORTS ( WAYS ( E/IMAT+ VALUE1 BUT ! ONE ?+ ONE CAN BE SURE ( IS ?AT MO/ ( ?IS HI/ORY--SOMETIMES ALL ( IT--WILL BE EFFAC$ 9 PEOPLE'S EYES4 CONCLUSIONS 7:Y SO LITTLE ACTION87 ,MUNN'S WORK1 & P>TICUL>LY H] !ORY ( VALUE1 HAS BE5 LITTLE TAK5 UP BY O!R S*OL>S2.<#d#f.> UND]/&ABLY1 P]HAPS1 CONSID]+ IT PO9TS 9 SU* A RADICALLY DIFF]5T DIRECTION ?AN DOES MO/ EXI/+ S*OL>%IP4 ,I HAVE BE5 >GU+ OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS *APT] ?AT !ORIES ( VALUE HAVE 7AT LEA/ S9CE ! '#fS7 BE5 SW++ BACK BETWE5 TWO EQUALLY UNSATISFACTORY POLES3 ON ! ONE H&1 A W>M$-OV] ECONOMISM ?AT MAKES 0VALUE0 SIMPLY ! MEASURE ( 9DIVIDUAL DESIRE2 ON ! O!R1 SOME V>IANT ( ,SAUSSUREAN 0MEAN+FUL DIFF]5CE40 ,COMP>+ !M TO ,MUNN'S APPROA* MAKES IT EASI] TO SEE ONE FEATURE BO? APPROA*ES HAVE 9 COMMON4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 :AT'S BE+ EVALUAT$ IS ESS5TIALLY /ATIC4 ,ECONOMISM T5DS TO REIFY EV]Y?+ 9 SIG] CODE ( MEAN+4 ,BUT ,SAUSSURE HIMSELF 9SI/$ QUITE EXPLICITLY ?AT ?IS CODE HAD TO BE TREAT$ AS IF IT EXI/$ \TSIDE ( ACTION1 *ANGE1 & TIME4 ,L+UI/ICS1 HE >GU$1 DRAWS ITS MAT]IAL FROM P>TICUL> ACTS ( SPEE*1 BUT ITS ACTUAL OBJECT ( /UDY IS NOT SPEE* BUT LANGUAGE1 ! RULES ( GRAMM>1 CODES ( MEAN+1 & SO ON ?AT MAKE SPEE* COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,:ILE SPEE* 7P>OLE7 EXI/S 9 TIME & IS ALWAYS *ANG+1 LANGUAGE 7LANGUE7-- 0! CODE0--HAS TO BE TREAT$ AS 0SYN*RONIC10 AS IF IT EXI/$ 9 A K9D ( TRANSC5D5T MOM5T \TSIDE IT4 ,BO? APPROA*ES1 !N1 5D UP HAV+ A DIFFICULT TIME ACC\NT+ = ONGO+ PROCESSES ( *ANGE & TRANS=MATION4 ,ECONOMISM T5DS TO R$UCE ALL ACTION TO EX*ANGE2 ,SAUSSUREANS HAVE TR\BLE DEAL+ ) ACTION ( ANY SORT4 ,/>T+ FROM HIDD51 G5]ATIVE P[]S ( ACTION CREATES AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PROBLEMATIC4 ,VALUE BECOMES1 AS ,I'VE SAID1 ! WAY PEOPLE REPRES5T ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR [N ACTIONS TO !MSELVES3 NORMALLY1 AS REFLECT$ 9 ONE OR ANO!R SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ =M4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! =MS !MSELVES ?AT >E ! S\RCE ( VALUE4 ,COMP>E1 AGA91 ,/RA!RN4 ,BECAUSE ( H] ,SAUSSUREAN />T+ PO9T1 %E SEES VALUE AS A MATT] ( 0MAK+ VISIBLE03 SOCIAL RELATIONS TAKE ON VALUE 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ RECOGNIZ$ BY SOMEONE ELSE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MUNN'S APPROA*1 ! VALUE 9 QUE/ION IS ULTIMATELY ! P[] TO CREATE SOCIAL RELATIONS2 ! 0MAK+ VISIBLE0 IS SIMPLY AN ACT ( RECOGNITION ( A VALUE ?AT ALREADY EXI/S 9 POT5TIA4 ,H5CE :]E ,/RA!RN /RESSES VISIBILITY1 ,MUNN'S LANGUAGE IS ALL AB\T 0POT5CIES10 0TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL10 HUMAN CAPACITIES ?AT >E ULTIMATELY G5]IC & 9VISIBLE4 ,RA!R ?AN VALUE BE+ ! PROCESS ( PUBLIC RECOGNITION ITSELF1 ALREADY SUSP5D$ 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IT IS ! WAY PEOPLE :O C\LD DO ALMO/ ANY?+ 79CLUD+1 9 ! RIE DO+ IT4 ,?IS IS NECESS>ILY A SOCIAL PROCESS2 BUT IT IS ALWAYS ROOT$ 9 G5]IC HUMAN CAPACITIES4 ,?IS LEADS 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T DIRECTION ?AN ?AT ASSUM$ BY ALMO/ ANY ( ! !ORIES ?AT WE'VE CONSID]$ UP TO N[4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/