,*APT] #a 
,! #b#a/ C5TURY CONTEXT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

#a3 ,! #b#a/ C5TURY CONTEXT 

,FROM CLASS /RUGGLE TO ID5TITY POLITICS 

,IT'S NOT ?AT WE'VE =GOTT5 ! MEAN+ ( REVOLUTION2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT'S ! REFUSAL TO LET GO ( ! OLD MEAN+ ?AT'S HOLD+ US BACK4 ,) EV]Y PASS+ MOM5T1 ! /ATE ( ! WORLD *ANGES IRREV]SIBLY4 ,P]SPECTIVES ?AT ONCE COMM&$ UTMO/ D$ICATION BEG9 TO /AGNATE1 LOS+ T\* ) ! TIDES ( A REALITY ?AT SWIRLS 9 CON/ANT MOTION4 ,EV5 ! BRI<TE/ IDEAS >E B\ND TO ACCUMULATE DU/4 ,& SO TOO ?OSE (F]$ 9 RESPONSE4 

,TO ?IS DAY1 MO/ DREAMS ( REVOLUTION COME GR\ND$ 9 SOME V>IANT ( ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT1 CLASS IS ! C5TRAL PR9CIPLE1 BO? = UND]/&+ OPPRESSION AS WELL AS RESI/+ IT4 ,HI/ORY IS TAK5 TO CONSI/ PRIM>ILY 9 ! DRAMA ( CLASS /RUGGLE2 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL PHASES1 MEAN:ILE1 >E DEF9$ BY ! MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT SETS ! /AGE4 ,! CURR5T PHASE IS CAPITALISM1 9 :I* ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION - FACTORIES1 NATURAL RES\RCES1 & SO ON - >E [N$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS 7! B\RGEOISIE7 & WORK$ = WAGES BY ! WORK+ CLASS 7! PROLET>IAT74 ,ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS SPLIT FUNDAM5TALLY BETWE5 ONE ( !SE TWO MOL> HEAPS - BOSSES OR WORK]S1 EXPLOIT]S OR EXPLOIT$4 ,:IL/ ! BASIC SOLUTION1 AS ,M>XI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TRADITIONALLY SEE IT1 IS ! APPLICATION ( WORKPLACE ORGANIZATION T[>DS ! REVOLUTION>Y DE/RUCTION ( CLASS-DIVID$ SOCIETY4 ,9 CONCRETE T]MS1 ?AT MEANS ! PROLET>IAT RIS+ UP & SEIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 REPLAC+ CAPITALISM ) ! F9AL PHASE ( HI/ORY3 COMMUNISM - A CLASSLESS1 /ATELESS1 MONEYLESS SOCIETY4 

,HAV+ RIS5 TO PR$OM9ANCE 9 ! ,WE/ >\ND ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ?IS CURR5T ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE APPROA*$ ITS CLIMAX T[>DS ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b?4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! MUT9IES ?AT CLOS$ D[N ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> AVALAN*$ 9TO A WAVE ( PROLET>IAN UPRIS+S ?AT %OOK ,EUROPE TO ITS CORE4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#a#g1 ! REV]B]ATIONS SOON CATALYZ$ MAJOR 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,ITALY4 ,TWO DECADES LAT]1 ?IS UNMAT*$ P]IOD ( HEI<T5$ CLASS /RUGGLE CULM9AT$ 9 ! #aicf ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 >GUABLY ! S+LE GREATE/ FEAT ( WORK]S' SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 HI/ORY4 ,C5T]$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 MILLIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS PUT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION UND] DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC CONTROL1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,B>CELONA - AMONG ! MO/ 9DU/RIALLY DEVELOP$ CITIES 9 ! WORLD4 ,YET ! GLORY DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT W]E 9 MANY WAYS ALSO ITS LA/ /&2 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 ! FASCI/ REGIMES ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL] ALREADY REIGN$ SUPREME4 ,9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 MEAN:ILE1 ! 9ITIAL PROMISE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD LONG S9CE DEG5]AT$ 9TO ,BOL%EVISM1 DIV]T+ MO/ ( ! 5]GY ASSOCIAT$ ) SOCIALISM T[>DS AU?ORIT>IAN 5DS4 ,APP>5TLY BO? FASCISM & ,BOL%EVISM SUCCE$$ 9 ANNIHILAT+ ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK]S' CONTROL ALL ! MORE EFFECTIVELY BY SIMULTANE\SLY VALORIZ+ IT4 ,NEV] AGA9 W\LD ORGANIZ$ LABOR COME CLOSE TO REGA9+ ITS =M] REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 

,:AT FOLL[$ WAS A P]IOD ( RELATIVE SLUMB] AMONG ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! ,WE/4 ,?IS WAS EV5TUALLY UNDONE BY A WAVE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ?AT BROKE \T DUR+ ! #a#i#fS1 :I* 9 MANY PLACES PUT ! PROSPECT ( REVOLUTION BACK ON ! TABLE4 ,BUT SOME?+ AB\T ?IS NEW ]A ( REVOLT WAS M>K$LY DIFF]5T3 BESIDES ITS V>I\S LABOR MOVEM5TS1 H]E WE SEE ! LIKES ( SECOND-WAVE FEM9ISM1 BLACK LIB]ATION1 & QUE] /RUGGLE BEG9 TO OCCUPY ! =EGR\ND4 ,NO LONG] WAS CLASS /RUGGLE REG>D$ AS ONE & ! SAME ) ! OV]ALL PROJECT ( HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,& ?AT BEGAN TO PR(\NDLY UND]M9E ! NEAT OLD PICTURE Y\ GET ) ,M>XIAN CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,MAYBE !RE'S NO PRIM>Y DIVISION SPLITT+ SOCIETY ANY MORE1 NO S+LE FAULT L9E UPON :I* TO BASE ! TOTALITY ( \R RESI/ANCE8 ,! SITUATION HAS 9/EAD BE5 REVEAL$ AS MU* MESSI]1 EXCE$+ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 IF NOT CAPITALISM ALTOGE!R4 

,?AT SAID1 SOME?+ VITAL Y\ /ILL GET ) ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS1 EV5 C5TURIES AFT] IT WAS FIR/ =MULAT$1 IS ITS TIMELESS EMPHASIS ON ! MAT]IAL FEATURES ( OPPRESSION4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT'S NOT AS IF ! CLASSICAL CONC]NS ( REVOLUTION>IES - 9 P>TICUL>1 ! /ATE & CAPITAL - HAVE S9CE JU/ MELT$ AWAY4 ,ONE ( ! BIGGE/ PROBLEMS ) MANY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL /RUGGLES IS !IR READ9ESS TO TURN A BL9D EYE TO !SE /RUCTURES1 =GETT+ ! KEY 9SI<T WOR? SALVAG+ FROM ,M>X3 G5U9E LIB]ATION IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T SECUR+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( AUTONOMY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?\<1 CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>IES T5D TO EMPHASIZE !SE CONC]NS ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( NEGLECT+ ?OSE :I* >E 9 A S5SE MORE PSY*OLOGICAL1 DEF9$ BY MATT]S ( ID5TITY RA!R ?AN ONE'S RELATION%IP TO PROP]TY4 ,!RE'S SOME?+ REASSUR+ 9 ?AT1 GIV5 ?AT TREAT+ CLASS AS PRIM>Y ALL[S Y\ TO TAKE ! 5TIRETY ( PROBLEMS WE FACE - SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 ECOLOGICAL - & COND5SE !M 9TO ONE4 ,BUT SU* AN APPROA* HAS LITTLE *ANCE ( REFLECT+ ! COMPLEXITY ( P[] 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY1 ) ALL DIVISIONS ASIDE FROM CLASS SOON BE+ NEGLECT$4 

,TO NOTE1 !RE >E CONCEIVABLE RESPONSES H]E3 SOME HAVE MADE A PO9T ( EXT5D+ ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS BEYOND AN EXCLUSIVE FOCUS ON CLASS4 ,( ! >GUM5TS (F]$1 P]HAPS ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL CONT5DS ?AT /RUCTURES SU* AS :ITE SUPREMACY & PATRI>*Y1 HOMOPHOBIA & TRANSPHOBIA1 >E /R5G!N$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS 9 ORD] TO DIVIDE & RULE ! WORK+ CLASS2 !RE=E1 ANY PRUD5T TAKE ON CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ TAKE C>E TO SIMULTANE\SLY OPPOSE !M ALL1 OR ELSE FAIL TO BUILD ! UNITY NECESS>Y = OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM4 ,SU* IS EXACTLY ! K9D ( DISC\RSE US$ TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS IS EQUALLY CONC]N$ ) ALL OPPRESSIONS4 ,GRANT$1 ?IS APPROA* IS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN CLAIM+ ANY DEVIATIONS FROM ! CLASS L9E >E M]E DI/RACTIONS1 AS SOME DO EV5 TODAY4 ,BUT /ILL1 Y\ %\LDN'T BE CONV9C$ TOO EASILY3 LURK+ B5EA? ! SLOGANE]+ H]E IS ! BASIC ASSUMPTION ?AT1 EV5 IF CLASS ISN'T ! ONLY =M ( OPPRESSION1 IT REMA9S ! C5TRAL ONE1 UND]P9N+ ! RELEVANCE ( ALL ! RE/4 ,O!R OPPRESSIONS >E IMPORTANT TO OPPOSE1 YET H>DLY ON !IR [N T]MS2 !IR IMPORTANCE REMA9S SECOND>Y1 PRAGMATIC1 W>RANT+ RECOGNITION ONLY 9S(> AS !Y S]VE AS A MEANS )9 ! BROAD] CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS %ORTCOM+ HAS LONG S9CE BE5 A CALL = NEW =MS ( /RUGGLE TO EM]GE4 ,ONES :I* RECOGNIZE ?AT CLASS ISN'T ! ONLY OPPRESSION WOR?Y ( 9TR9SIC CONC]N4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! FAD+ ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT1 ALONG ) ITS FIXATION ) ,M>XISM & CLASS /RUGGLE1 SOON GAVE RISE TO A 0,NEW ,LEFT0 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,AMONG O!R FACTORS1 ?IS TRANSITION HAS BE5 DEF9$ BY ! GR[+ PR$OM9ANCE ( ID5TITY POLITICS OV] CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ID5TITY POLITICS FOLL[S FROM ! PRESUM$ USEFULNESS ( COM+ TOGE!R >\ND V>I\S %>$ ID5TITIES - SAY1 BE+ BLACK1 A WOMAN1 GAY1 TRANSG5D]1 OR DISABL$ - AS A MEANS = UND]/&+ & RESI/+ OPPRESSION4 ,?IS EAG]NESS TO TREAT ALL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES DID AWAY ) ! PRIMACY ( CLASS2 RA!R1 EF=TS W]E SPLIT MORE EV5LY BETWE5 DIFF]5T M9ORITY GR\PS1 ADD+ DEP? TO PREVI\SLY NEGLECT$ CONC]NS4 

,AT FIR/1 ?IS TR5D (F]$ A FAIR DEGREE ( REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY1 = EXAMPLE1 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT BLACK P[] WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM A*IEV+ COMMUNITY AUTONOMY 9 FULLY TANGIBLE WAYS1 AS WAS MANIFE/ 9 A RANGE ( ACTIVITY ?AT 9CLUD$ EV]Y?+ FROM >M$ SELF-DEF5SE TO FOOD DI/RIBUTION1 DRUG REHABILITATION1 & ELD]LY C>E4 ,ALSO 9 ! ,U,S1 ! ,COMBAHEE ,RIV] ,COLLECTIVE - :O 9TRODUC$ ! MOD]N USAGE ( ! T]M 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 9 #aigg - SAW !IR [N LIB]ATION AS QUE] BLACK WOM5 M]ELY AS A S+LE COMPON5T ( A MU* L>G] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL OPPRESSIONS1 CLASS 9CLUD$4 ,EV5 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+1 CURR5TLY A FAVORITE AMONG PACIFI/ RE=M]S1 EMPHASIZ$ NOT LONG BE=E HIS DEA? ?AT ANTI-RACISM WAS MEAN+LESS :5 SEP>AT$ FROM A BROAD] OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM4 

,AS TIME PASS$1 H[EV]1 ID5TITY POLITICS DRIFT$ IRRETRIEVABLY FROM ITS ANTAGONI/IC ORIG9S1 EV5TUALLY COM+ TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! SEP>ATION ( ISSUES ( ID5TITY FROM CLASS /RUGGLE ALTOGE!R4 ,BROADLY 9S5SITIVE TO ! MAT]IAL FEATURES ( LIB]ATION1 ! T]M N[ADAYS SUGGE/S POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T ?AT'S HEAVILY FOCUS$ >\ND MORALI/IC DISPLAYS & ! POLIC+ ( LANGUAGE - SOME?+ ?AT1 QUITE 9ADV]T5TLY1 CAN EASILY 5D UP EXCLUD+ ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE LACK+ AN ACADEMIC GR\ND+4 ,ANY L>G] POLITICAL /RATEGIES1 MEAN:ILE1 >E TYPICALLY FOCUS$ NOT ON DISSOLV+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICS1 BUS9ESS1 & LAW 5=CEM5T1 BUT 9/EAD ON MAK+ !M MORE ACCOMMODAT+ TO M>G9ALIZ$ GR\PS1 !REBY CONC$+ ! OV]ALL LEGITIMACY ( CLASS-DIVID$ SOCIETY4 ,IT'S NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ?IS RE=MI/1 ESS5TIALLY LIB]AL APPROA* TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ONLY TOOK (F 9 T&EM ) ?AT UNSPOK5 ASSUMPTION1 CEM5T$ S9CE ! '#hS1 REG>D+ \R *ANCES ( A REVOLUTION ACTUALLY HAPP5+ ANY MORE4 ,9 %ORT1 ID5TITY POLITICS HAS BE5 CONTA9$ )9 A FUNDAM5TAL POSITION ( COMPROMISE ) P[]1 TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ! /ATE & CAPITAL >E H]E TO /AY4 

,P]HAPS ! C5TRAL PROBLEM ) ID5TITY POLITICS TODAY IS ?AT1 HAV+ HAD ! GOOD S5SE TO AB&ON ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS1 IT LOSES ! ABILITY TO ACC\NT = :AT'S COMMON TO ! PLE?ORA ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS WE FACE4 ,IF OPPRESSIVE RELATIONS CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO CLASS1 !N :AT'S ! UND]LY+ /RUCTURE ?AT B9DS !M ALL TOGE!R8 ,! ONLY ALT]NATIVE IS TO TREAT DIFF]5T OPPRESSIONS AS DISCONNECT$ & REMOTE - PROBLEMS ?AT CAN1 9 !IR V>I\S =MS1 BE OV]COME )\T *ALL5G+ ! SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,ID5TITY POLITICS ?US LACKS ! CONCEPTUAL BRIDGE NE$$ TO DRAW DIFF]5T SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9TO A HOLI/IC REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS MO/ VULG> =MS1 LIB]ATION /RUGGLES >E TREAT$ AS ISOLAT$ OR EV5 COMPETITIVE CONC]NS1 9VIT+ ! REPRODUCTION ( OPPRESSIVE RELATIONS AMONG ?OSE SUPPOS$ TO BE FI<T+ !M4 

,HAV+ SAID ?AT1 AN EXPLICIT RESPONSE TO !SE LIMITATIONS WAS (F]$ BY 9T]SECTIONALITY1 :I* BEGAN GA9+ TRACTION 9 ! '#hS4 ,! PO9T ( ?IS !ORY IS TO DEMON/RATE H[ DIFF]5T AXES ( DOM9ATION OV]LAP1 COMP\ND+ ! DISADVANTAGES RECEIV$ BY ?OSE EXPOS$ TO MORE ?AN ONE OPPRESSIVE ID5TITY4 ,BY FOCUS+ ONLY ON G5D]1 = EXAMPLE1 FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS T5D TO PRIORITIZE ! EXP]I5CES ( !IR MO/ PRIVILEG$ P>TICIPANTS - TYPICALLY :ITE1 WEAL?Y WOM54 ,9 ORD] TO UND]M9E PATRI>*Y EFFECTIVELY1 !RE=E1 FEM9ISM MU/ EMBRACE A MU* L>G] SPECTRUM ( CONC]N1 9VIT+ ! N>RATIVES ( M>G9ALIZ$ WOM5 TO ! =EFRONT4 ,A KEY VIRTUE ( 9T]SECTIONALITY HAS ?US BE5 ITS EMPHASIS ON ! 9T]CONNECT$ NATURE ( P[]1 PR$ICAT+ ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( DIFF]5T LIB]ATION /RUGGLES ON !IR ABILITY TO SUPPORT ONE ANO!R4 ,UNLIKE ) ,M>XIAN CLASS ANALYSIS1 MOREOV]1 IT DOES SO )\T POSIT+ ?AT ANY S+LE AXIS ( DOM9ATION IS SOMEH[ PRIM>Y1 :I* (F]S A VITAL CONTRIBUTION = GO+ =W>D4 

,DESPITE ITS UTILITY = REVOLUTION>IES1 H[EV]1 9T]SECTIONALITY HAS G5]ALLY FAIL$ TO AVOID CO-OPTATION BY NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,HILL>Y ,CL9TON'S #baf PRESID5TIAL CAMPAIGN1 ) ITS NUM]\S REF]5CES TO ! LIKES ( ! 0COMB9$ EFFECTS ( 9T]SECT+ ISSUES ?AT IMPACT COMMUNITIES ( COLOR10 IS BUT ONE EXAMPLE4 ,OR ELSE LOOK AT ITS SEAMLESS APPLICATION BY ! MEGA-CORPORATIONS N[ADAYS1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,SONY ,PICTURES EV5 HAS ITS [N ,DIRECTOR ( ,9T]SECTIONAL ,M>KET+1 A ROLE DESIGN$ TO 5SURE ?AT 0M>KET+ CAMPAIGNS A*IEVE MAXIMUM \TREA* TO T>GET$ MULTICULTURAL & ,L,G,B,T DEMOGRAPHICS40 ,H[ HAS A SEEM+LY RADICAL !ORY BE5 DIV]T$ T[>DS BLATANT REACTION>Y 5DS8 ,A FIR/ PROBLEM ) 9T]SECTIONALITY1 AS ) ID5TITY POLITICS MORE G5]ALLY1 IS ITS AB&ONM5T ( CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y CONC]NS4 ,AT BE/1 CLASS IS DISCUSS$ M]ELY 9 T]MS ( 0CLASSISM10 NAMELY1 AN 9DIVIDUAL PREJUDICE ?AT CAN BE UNDONE SIMPLY BY *ANG+ OP9IONS1 RA!R ?AN ABOLI%+ CLASS-DIVID$ SOCIETY OV]ALL4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! /ATE - A CONCRETE 9/ITUTION1 NOT AN ID5TITY CATEGORY SU* AS RACE1 G5D]1 OR CLASS - IS TYPICALLY IGNOR$ ALTOGE!R1 9EVITABLY RESULT+ 9 TOO?LESS POLITICAL PROGRAMS4 

,MOREOV]1 ?IS DI/9CT LACK ( MAT]IAL ANALYSIS LEADS TO A SECOND PROBLEM1 APP>5TLY ! 9H]5T DEFECT ( ANY TAKE ON ID5TITY POLITICS3 ! 9ABILITY TO LOCATE A COMMON ?READ TO ! CON/ITUTION ( OPPRESSION AS SU*4 ,BY SETT+ \T EV] MORE SUBCATEGORIES ( OPPRESS$ ID5TITIES - NOT JU/ BE+ A BLACK WOMAN1 = 9/ANCE1 BUT ALSO A BLACK TRANS-WOMAN1 A BLACK DISABL$ TRANS-WOMAN1 & SO ON - ! CONSEQU5CE IS AN 5DLESS PROCESS ( COMP>TM5TALIZATION4 ,?IS EMPHASIS ON COMPLEXITY C\LD EASILY BE A S\RCE ( /R5G?1 OP5+ UP MULTIPLE FRONTS ( DIFFUSE 5GAGEM5T1 9VIT+ GREAT] NUMB]S TO P>TICIPATE )\T HAV+ TO ASSUME A SECOND>Y ROLE4 ,YET BY FOCUS+ ONLY ON P>TICUL>ITIES1 ANY NOTION ( A COMMON 5EMY AGA9/ :I* TO G5]ALIZE REVOLT SOON VANI%ES4 ,ONLY :5 COMB9$ ) A BROAD]1 CONCRETELY REVOLUTION>Y VOCABUL>Y CAN 9T]SECTIONALITY BE US$ TO PROMOTE DIV]SITY RA!R ?AN FRAGM5TATION1 UND]M9+ P[] AS A TOTALITY4 

,( C\RSE1 NONE ( ! FAILURES ( ID5TITY POLITICS %\LD DETRACT FROM ! GA9S H>D-WON OV] ! YE>S4 ,EV5 IF TRANSPHOBIA CONT9UES TO LAG BEH9D1 OV]T RACISM1 SEXISM1 & HOMOPHOBIA >E R>ELY TOL]AT$ BY MA9/REAM POLITICS 9 MU* ( ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR? - SOME?+ UN?9KABLE JU/ A FEW DECADES AGO4 ,! UNCOM=TABLE FACT1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT CAPITALISM HAS BE5 QUITE HAPPY TO ADAPT TO !SE *ANGES1 TAK+ ON ?IS OR ?AT SUP]FICIAL T>NI%1 YET REMA9+ :OLLY ! SAME 9 T]MS ( ITS CORE OP]ATIONS4 ,WOM5 HAVE FL[$ 9TO ! WORK=CE1 JU/ AS ! NUCLE> FAMILY CONT9UES TO DIS9TEGRATE2 NONE!LESS1 HUMAN EXI/5CE REMA9S DOM9AT$ BY WAGE LABOR1 PROP]TY RELATIONS1 & VALUE ACCUMULATION4 ,AMID ALL ! PR(\ND HI/ORICAL %IFTS1 ! MIS]Y ( EMPLOYM5T REMA9S CON/ANT3 WORK]S 9 ,AMAZON'S W>EH\SES - AS CONTEMPOR>Y A WORKPLACE AS Y\ C\LD IMAG9E - >E SUBJECT TO 9T5SE SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL1 ) MANY TOO FE>FUL ( !IR PRODUCTIVITY QUOTAS TO EV5 USE ! BA?ROOM4 ,NO JOKE3 ONLY REC5TLY1 V>I\S COMPANIES HAVE BEGUN MICRO*IPP+ !IR WORK]S TO KEEP TRACK ( !M BETT]4 ,! OPPORTUNITY TO VOTE = A BLACK OR FEMALE HEAD ( /ATE1 OR = QUE]S TO M>RY OR JO9 ! MILIT>Y1 POSES LITTLE ?REAT TO ! OP]ATION ( BUS9ESS AS USUAL4 ,IF ANY?+1 IT ONLY /R5G!NS ! LIB]AL P>ADIGM1 ALL[+ PEOPLE TO CONV9CE !MSELVES - DESPITE ! GAP BETWE5 RI* & POOR GR[+ CONSI/5TLY WORLDWIDE1 AS WELL AS EA* NEW DAY DRAGG+ US CLOS] TO ! BR9K ( ECOLOGICAL MELTD[N - ?AT SOMEH[ ?+S >E ACTUALLY GETT+ BETT]4 ,DECADES ( ALLEG$ IDEOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 ONLY TO BE MET ) ! TURN+ ( A CIRCLE3 ! BASIC FEATURES ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 AT LEA/ AS /RONG AS !Y W]E A C5TURY AGO4 

,SU* IS ! IMPASSE WE'RE FAC$ )4 ,TAK5 BY ITSELF1 CLASS /RUGGLE FAILS TO ACC\NT = ! COMPLEXITY ( OPPRESSION1 ATTEMPT+ TO SUBSUME EA* ( ITS =MS 9TO ! MONOLI?IC CATEGORY ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,ID5TITY POLITICS1 ON ! O!R H&1 BREAKS \T ( ?IS =MULA1 YET ONLY BY AB&ON+ ANY SEMBLANCE ( A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 ,RA!R ?AN COLLABORAT+ TO PRODUCE A TANGIBLE ?REAT TO ! EXI/5T1 !RE=E1 ALL ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE & ID5TITY POLITICS DID WAS SWAP !IR PROBLEMS4 ,BO? TR5DS (F] !IR [N VITAL 9SI<TS1 BUT NEI!R *>TS ! POSSIBILITY ( NEW WORLDS ALTOGE!R - NOT EV5 CLOSE4 

,! PRISM ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y 

,AMID !SE BROAD HI/ORICAL %IFTS1 ! LA/ DECADES ( /RUGGLE HAVE ALSO SE5 A CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY 9FLU5TIAL1 P>TICUL>LY )9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES4 ,WRIT]S LIKE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DESCRIB$ HI]>*IES AS 9CLUD+ ANY SOCIAL RELATION ?AT ALL[S ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P TO WIELD P[] OV] ANO!R4 ,9 HIS WORDS3 

,BY HI]>*Y1 ,I MEAN ! CULTURAL1 TRADITIONAL & PSY*OLOGICAL SY/EMS ( OB$I5CE & COMM&1 NOT M]ELY ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EMS TO :I* ! T]MS CLASS & ,/ATE MO/ APPROPRIATELY REF]4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION C\LD EASILY CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 A 0CLASSLESS0 OR 0,/ATELESS0 SOCIETY4 7,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#h#b7 

,:AT ,BOOK*9 (F]S H]E IS A L5S = UND]/&+ SOCIETY ?AT EXPLICITLY EXCE$S ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ OR?ODOXIES1 ESPECIALLY ! CLASS R$UCTIONISM4 ,?IS ISN'T A MATT] ( DO+ AWAY ) ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE & CAPITAL1 GIV5 ?AT BO? 9/ITUTIONS >E AS HI]>*ICAL AS ANY4 ,RA!R1 ! PO9T IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ADDITIONAL HI]>*IES - ?OSE BAS$1 = EXAMPLE1 ON RELATIONS ( RACE1 G5D]1 SEXUALITY1 AGE1 ABILITY1 & SPECIES - CANNOT BE 5TIRELY CONTA9$ )9 ! N>R[ CATEGORIES EI!R ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OR POLITICAL CO]CION4 ,V>I\S HI]>*IES EXI/$ BE=E ! ADV5T ( BO? CLASS & ! /ATE1 BE IT ! HI]>*Y ( M5 OV] WOM51 ! OLD OV] ! Y\NG1 OR HUMANS OV] O!R ANIMALS4 ,& !Y WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 ! FUTURE1 TOO1 EV5 )9 O/5SIBLY RADICAL CIRCLES1 UNLESS WE MAKE A CONC]T$ EF=T TO UND]M9E !M 9 ! N[4 ,:AT WE NE$ IS A BROAD] FOCUS = \R RESI/ANCE1 ONE ?AT 9CLUDES A DEEP CONC]N = ! OLD T>GETS )\T BE+ LIMIT$ BY !M4 ,A SOCIAL CRITIQUE BAS$ ON HI]>*Y (F]S ?IS DI/9CTLY HORIZONTAL \TLOOK1 COMB9+ AN APPRECIATION ( ! HOLISM ( DOM9ATION ) ! REFUSAL TO S+LE \T ANY ONE ( ITS AXES AS PRIM>Y4 

,?IS IS NO CALL TO DO AWAY ) CLASS ANALYSIS ALTOGE!R4 ,! BROAD1 MAT]IALLY FOCUS$ ANALYZES ( !ORI/S LIKE ,M>X REMA9 USEFUL = EXPLA9+ H[ ECONOMIC FACTORS MOTIVAT$ MU* ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( OPPRESSIVE RELATIONS4 ,NOR CAN WE =GET ?AT1 W]E IT NOT = ! 9V5TION ( ! /ATE1 ! NORMALIZATION ( !SE RELATIONS TO SU* A /AGG]+ EXT5T W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT WE NE$ TO APPRECIATE !SE 9SI<TS )\T GO+ OV]BO>D1 MI/AK5LY TAK+ EI!R CLASS OR ! /ATE TO BE ! CRUX ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 ,TREAT+ ANY S+LE =M ( OPPRESSION AS PRIM>Y 7ALMO/ ALWAYS ! ONE WE JU/ HAPP5 TO FEEL CLOSE/ TO7 IS ALL TOO (T5 A *EAP EXCUSE = SIDEL9+ ! O!RS4 ,& ?IS PROBLEM ISN'T SOMEH[ AB/RACT OR P]IPH]AL1 EI!R1 BUT D5OTES ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS MANY RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS SEEM 9CAPABLE ( RELAT+ TO BROAD] SECTIONS ( SOCIETY N[ADAYS4 ,ONLY BY GRANT+ EQUAL CONSID]ATION TO ALL OPPRESSIONS CAN ! /RUGGLE BEG9 TO MAXIMIZE ITS 9CLUSIVITY1 ACCOMMODAT+ ?OSE PEOPLE - 9 FACT1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE - :OSE EXP]I5CES & WELLBE+ HAVE ALREADY BE5 M>G9ALIZ$ EV]Y:]E ELSE4 

,UNLIKE ID5TITY POLITICS1 H[EV]1 :AT KEEPS ! CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y FROM TRAIL+ (F 9TO RE=MISM IS ?AT IT NONE!LESS LOCATES ALL OPPRESSIONS )9 A S+LE P[] /RUCTURE4 ,ONLY ?IS TIME IT'S HI]>*Y1 NOT CLASS1 ?AT FRAMES ! DISCUSSION AS SU*4 ,Y\ CAN EXPLA9 PATRI>*Y1 = EXAMPLE1 NOT ONLY AS A SPECIFIC =M ( OPPRESSION1 BUT ALSO AS SOME?+ ?AT >ISES FROM A SET ( RELATIONS ?AT 9CLUDES G5D] :IL/ VA/LY EXCE$+ IT4 ,BECAUSE !RE'S SOME?+ 9H]5T 9 PATRI>*Y ?AT P]MEATES ALL O!R 9/ANCES ( OPPRESSION1 & ?AT ?+ IS ITS CORE /RUCTURE - SPECIFICALLY1 ITS HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE4 ,PATRI>*Y CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ SIMPLY AS G5D] HI]>*Y2 :ITE SUPREMACY1 MEAN:ILE1 IS A SPECIFIC K9D ( RACIAL HI]>*Y2 ! /ATE IS ! HI]>*Y ( GOV]NM5T OV] ! G5]AL POPULATION2 CAPITALISM IS ! HI]>*Y ( ! RUL+ CLASS OV] ! WORK+ CLASS2 & SO ON4 ,IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E AN 9/ANCE ( OPPRESSION ?AT ISN'T GR\ND$ 9 EXACTLY ?IS K9D ( SETUP1 NAMELY1 AN 9/ITUTION ?AT GRANTS ONE SECTION ( SOCIETY >BITR>Y CONTROL OV] ANO!R4 ,:I* IS TO SAY ?AT ALL OPPRESSIONS1 NO MATT] H[ DIV]SE1 PRESUPPOSE ! V]Y SAME ASYMMETRICAL P[] RELATIONS1 EA* ( !M SUBORD9AT+ ! NE$S ( ONE GR\P TO ! :IMS ( ANO!R4 ,EV]Y?+ FROM HOMELESSNESS1 TO POLLUTION1 TO TRANSG5D] SUICIDES CAN ?US BE REVEAL$ NOT AS ISOLAT$ ISSUES1 BUT 9/EAD AS FL[+ FROM A COMMON S\RCE4 ,:AT WE'RE DEAL+ )1 BASICALLY1 IS A S+LE PROBLEM3 SOCIAL HI]>*Y IS A HYDRA ) MANY HEADS1 BUT ONLY ONE BODY4 

,SOME MI<T APPROA* ?IS DESCRIPTION ) CAUTION1 AS IF IT W]E JU/ ANO!R ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ALL OPPRESSIONS TO ONE4 ,BUT ! CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y ISN'T R$UCTIONI/ 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE3 RA!R ?AN S+L+ \T ANY ONE =M ( OPPRESSION AS MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ! O!RS1 IT M]ELY EMPHASIZES ! /RUCTURE !Y ALL ASSUME4 ,?IS K9D ( BIGG]-PICTURE ?9K+ H>DLY MEANS FAIL+ TO REALIZE :AT'S UNIQUE TO EV]Y LIB]ATION /RUGGLE1 AS IF TO SUBSUME !M 9TO SOME AMORPH\S :OLE2 ! PO9T IS ONLY TO EMPHASIZE P>TICUL>ITIES )\T GETT+ BOGG$ D[N 9 !M4 ,?AT MEANS COMB9+ AN 9TIMATE KN[L$GE ( DIFF]5T OPPRESSIONS ) A BROAD] UND]/&+ ( ?OSE FEATURES !Y ALL HOLD 9 COMMON1 9CLUD+ ! V]Y REAL PA91 EXCLUSION1 & DE/RUCTION ( POT5TIAL EA* 5TAILS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 EV]Y =M ( OPPRESSION1 ASIDE FROM BE+ A PROBLEM 9 ITSELF1 MU/ ALSO S]VE AS A GATEWAY = 5T]+ ! CLA% ) SOCIAL HI]>*Y AS A :OLE4 

,IT CAN BE EASY TO FEEL OV]:ELM$ BY ! %E] BREAD? ( ISSUES WE'RE FAC+ - ?AT IS1 IF WE'RE GO+ TO APPROA* !M ONE BY ONE4 ,BUT ?IS ISN'T ! ONLY OPTION OP5 TO US4 ,FRAM+ ! DISCUSSION 9 T]MS ( HI]>*Y 7ALREADY COMMON S5SE = MANY7 (F]S ?AT BROAD1 REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE WE'VE LO/ SI<T (1 LOCAT+ ALL OPPRESSIONS )9 A S+LE P[] /RUCTURE4 ,YET IT DOES SO 9 A WAY ?AT REFUSES TO PRIORITIZE ANY P>TICUL> ASPECTS ( ?AT /RUCTURE1 !REBY BALANC+ ! KEY VIRTUES ( CLASS /RUGGLE & ID5TITY POLITICS4 

,REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY CALLS \T TO A NEW HORIZON4 ,IT'S TIME TO /RIVE BEYOND M]E ECONOMIC DE/9ATIONS SU* AS SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM1 JU/ AS ! ABS5CE ( =MAL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! /ATE WILL NEV] BE 5\<4 ,RA!R1 :AT MATT]S H]E IS BR++ AB\T AN>*Y - ! ABS5CE ( MA/]Y ( ANY K9D - 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,! AN>*I/ PROJECT MU/ !REBY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! ANTIQUAT$ GOALS ( ,M>XI/S1 AS WELL AS ! ,LEFT MORE G5]ALLY3 ! PO9T IS TO DISMANTLE OPPRESSION 9 ALL POSSIBLE =MS1 & IT MEANS TAK+ ! MAXIM S]I\SLY1 TOO1 9/EAD ( CA%+ IT \T AS JU/ ANO!R EMPTY SLOGAN4 ,BE W>Y1 COMRADES4 ,:O KN[S :AT ADV5TURES C\LD RESULT FROM SU* AN AUDACI\S PROPOSAL8 

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