,*APT] #f 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,BUT1 P]HAPS1 ! HEI<T ( ,%AKESPE>E'S CONCEPTION ( LIFE IS SU* ?AT1 ?O HE DOES NOT SATISFY ! ES!TIC DEM&S1 HE DISCLOSES TO US A VIEW ( LIFE SO NEW & IMPORTANT = M5 ?AT1 9 CONSID]ATION ( ITS IMPORTANCE1 ALL HIS FAILURES AS AN >TI/ BECOME IMP]CEPTIBLE4 ,SO1 9DE$1 SAY ,%AKESPE>E'S ADMIR]S4 ,G]V9US SAYS DI/9CTLY ?AT BESIDES ,%AKESPE>E'S SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! SPH]E ( DRAMATIC POETRY 9 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIS OP9ION1 ,%AKESPE>E EQUALS 0,HOM] 9 ! SPH]E ( ,EPOS1 ,%AKESPE>E BE+ ! V]Y GREATE/ JUDGE ( ! HUMAN S\L1 REPRES5TS A TEA*] ( MO/ 9DISPUTABLE E?ICAL AU?ORITY & ! MO/ SELECT LEAD] 9 ! WORLD & 9 LIFE40 

,9 :AT1 !N1 CONSI/S ?IS 9DISPUTABLE AU?ORITY ( ! MO/ SELECT LEAD] 9 ! WORLD & 9 LIFE8 ,G]V9US DEVOTES ! CONCLUD+ *APT] ( HIS SECOND VOLUME1 AB\T FIFTY PAGES1 TO AN EXPLANATION ( ?IS4 

,! E?ICAL AU?ORITY ( ?IS SUPREME TEA*] ( LIFE CONSI/S 9 ! FOLL[+3 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ,%AKESPE>E'S CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 IS ?AT MAN IS GIFT$ ) P[]S ( ACTIVITY1 & !RE=E1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US1 ,%AKESPE>E REG>D$ IT AS GOOD & NECESS>Y = MAN ?AT HE %\LD ACT 7AS IF IT W]E POSSIBLE = A MAN NOT TO ACT73 

0,DIE ?ATKRAFTIG5 ,MANN]1 ,=T9BRAS1 ,BOL+BROKE1 ,ALCIBIADES1 ,OCTAVIUS SPIEL5 HI] DIE GEG5SATZLI*5 ,ROLL5 GEG5 DIE V]S*I$55 ?ATLOS52 NI*T IHRE ,*>AKT]E V]DI55 IHN5 ,ALL5 IHR ,GLUCK UND ,G$EIH5 ETWA DUR* E9E GROSSE ,UEB]LEG5HEIT IHR] ,NATUR1 SOND]N TROTZ IHR] G]+]5 ,ANLAGE /ELLT SI* IHRE ,?ATKRAFT AN SI* UB] DIE ,UN?ATIGKEIT D] ,&]5 H9AUS1 GLEI*VIEL AUS WIE S*ON] ,QUELLE DIESE ,PASSIVITAT1 AUS WIE S*LE*T] J5E ,?ATIGKEIT FLIESSE40 

,I4E41 ACTIVE PEOPLE1 LIKE ,=T9BRAS1 ,BOL+BROKE1 ,ALCIBIADES1 ,OCTAVIUS1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 >E PLAC$ 9 CONTRA/1 BY ,%AKESPE>E1 ) V>I\S *>ACT]S :O DO NOT EXHIBIT 5]GETIC ACTIVITY4 ,& HAPP9ESS & SUCCESS1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 >E ATTA9$ BY 9DIVIDUALS POSSESS+ ?IS ACTIVE *>ACT]1 NOT AT ALL [+ TO ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR NATURE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 NOT)/&+ !IR 9F]IOR GIFTS1 ! CAPACITY ( ACTIVITY ITSELF ALWAYS GIVES !M ! ADVANTAGE OV] 9ACTIVITY1 QUITE 9DEP5D5T ( ANY CONSID]ATION :E!R ! 9ACTIVITY ( SOME P]SONS FL[S FROM EXCELL5T IMPULSES & ! ACTIVITY ( O!RS FROM BAD ONES4 0,ACTIVITY IS GOOD1 9ACTIVITY IS EVIL4 ,ACTIVITY TRANS=MS EVIL 9TO GOOD10 SAYS ,%AKESPE>E1 ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US4 ,%AKESPE>E PREF]S ! PR9CIPLE ( ,ALEX&] 7( ,MAC$ONIA7 TO ?AT ( ,DIOG5ES1 SAYS ,G]V9US4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE PREF]S DEA? & MURD] DUE TO AMBITION1 TO AB/95CE & WISDOM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US1 ,%AKESPE>E BELIEVES ?AT HUMANITY NE$ NOT SET UP IDEALS1 BUT ?AT ONLY HEAL?Y ACTIVITY & ! GOLD5 MEAN >E NECESS>Y 9 EV]Y?+4 ,9DE$1 ,%AKESPE>E IS SO P5ETRAT$ BY ?IS CONVICTION ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US'S ASS]TION1 HE ALL[S HIMSELF TO D5Y EV5 ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 :I* MAKES EXAGG]AT$ DEM&S ON HUMAN NATURE4 ,%AKESPE>E1 AS WE READ1 DID NOT APPROVE ( LIMITS ( DUTY EXCE$+ ! 9T5TIONS ( NATURE4 ,HE TEA*ES ! GOLD5 MEAN BETWE5 HEA!N HATR$ TO ONE'S 5EMIES & ,*RI/IAN LOVE T[>D !M 7PP4 #e#f#a1 #e#f#b74 ,H[ F> ,%AKESPE>E WAS P5ETRAT$ ) ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( REASONABLE MOD]ATION1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT HE HAS ! C\RAGE TO EXPRESS HIMSELF EV5 AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IAN RULES :I* PROMPT HUMAN NATURE TO ! EXCESSIVE EX]TION ( ITS P[]S4 ,HE DID NOT ADMIT ?AT ! LIMITS ( DUTIES %\LD EXCE$ ! BIDD+S ( ,NATURE4 ,!RE=E HE PREA*$ A REASONABLE MEAN NATURAL TO MAN1 BETWE5 ,*RI/IAN & HEA!N PRECEPTS1 ( LOVE T[>D ONE'S 5EMIES ON ! ONE H&1 & HATR$ T[>D !M ON ! O!R4 

,?AT ONE MAY DO TOO MU* GOOD 7EXCE$ ! REASONABLE LIMITS ( GOOD7 IS CONV9C+LY PROV$ BY ,%AKESPE>E'S WORDS & EXAMPLES4 ,?US EXCESSIVE G5]OSITY RU9S ,TIMON1 :ILE ,ANTONIO'S MOD]ATE G5]OSITY CONF]S HONOR2 NORMAL AMBITION MAKES ,H5RY ,V4 GREAT1 :]EAS IT RU9S ,P]CY1 9 :OM IT HAS RIS5 TOO HI<2 EXCESSIVE VIRTUE LEADS ,ANGELO TO DE/RUCTION1 & IF1 9 ?OSE :O SURR\ND HIM1 EXCESSIVE SEV]ITY BECOMES H>MFUL & CAN NOT PREV5T CRIME1 ON ! O!R H& ! DIV9E ELEM5T 9 MAN1 EV5 *>ITY1 IF IT BE EXCESSIVE1 CAN CREATE CRIME4 

,%AKESPE>E TAU<T1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 ?AT ONE  
MAY BE TOO GOOD4 

,HE TEA*ES ?AT MORALITY1 LIKE POLITICS1 IS A MATT] 9 :I*1 [+ TO ! COMPLEXITY ( CIRCUM/ANCES & MOTIVES1 ONE CAN NOT E/ABLI% ANY PR9CIPLES 7P4 #e#f#c71 & 9 ?IS HE AGREES ) ,BACON & ,>I/OTLE--!RE >E NO POSITIVE RELIGI\S & MORAL LAWS :I* MAY CREATE PR9CIPLES = CORRECT MORAL CONDUCT SUITABLE = ALL CASES4 

,G]V9US MO/ CLE>LY EXPRESSES ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S MORAL !ORY BY SAY+ ?AT ,%AKESPE>E DOES NOT WRITE = ?OSE CLASSES = :OM DEF9ITE RELIGI\S PR9CIPLES & LAWS >E SUITABLE 7I4E41 = N9E HUNDR$ & N9ETY-N9E ONE-?\S&?S ( M57 BUT = ! $UCAT$3 

0,!RE >E CLASSES ( M5 :OSE MORALITY IS BE/ GU>D$ BY ! POSITIVE PRECEPTS ( RELIGION & /ATE LAW2 TO SU* P]SONS ,%AKESPE>E'S CREATIONS >E 9ACCESSIBLE4 ,!Y >E COMPREH5SIBLE & ACCESSIBLE ONLY TO ! $UCAT$1 FROM :OM ONE CAN EXPECT ?AT !Y %\LD ACQUIRE ! HEAL?Y TACT ( LIFE & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS BY MEANS ( :I* ! 9NATE GUID+ P[]S ( CONSCI5CE & REASON1 UNIT+ ) ! WILL1 LEAD US TO ! DEF9ITE ATTA9M5T ( WOR?Y AIMS 9 LIFE4 ,BUT EV5 = SU* $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 ,%AKESPE>E'S TEA*+ IS NOT ALWAYS )\T DANG]4 ,! CONDITION ON :I* HIS TEA*+ IS QUITE H>MLESS IS ?AT IT %\LD BE ACCEPT$ 9 ALL ITS COMPLET5ESS1 9 ALL ITS P>TS1 )\T ANY OMISSION4 ,!N IT IS NOT ONLY )\T DANG]1 BUT IS ! MO/ CLE> & FAULTLESS & !RE=E ! MO/ WOR?Y ( CONFID5CE ( ALL MORAL TEA*+0 7P4 #e#f#d74 

,9 ORD] ?US TO ACCEPT ALL1 ONE %\LD UND]/& ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO HIS TEA*+1 IT IS /UPID & H>MFUL = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO REVOLT AGA9/1 OR 5DEAVOR TO OV]?R[1 ! LIMITS ( E/ABLI%$ RELIGI\S & /ATE =MS4 0,%AKESPE>E10 SAYS ,G]V9US1 0W\LD ABHOR AN 9DEP5D5T & FREE 9DIVIDUAL :O1 ) A P[]FUL SPIRIT1 %\LD /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL CONV5TION 9 POLITICS & MORALITY & OV]/EP ?AT UNION BETWE5 RELIGION & ! ,/ATE :I* HAS = ?\S&S ( YE>S SUPPORT$ SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS VIEWS1 ! PRACTICAL WISDOM ( M5 C\LD NOT HAVE A HI<] OBJECT ?AN ! 9TRODUCTION 9TO SOCIETY ( ! GREATE/ SPONTANEITY & FRE$OM1 BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS ONE %\LD SAFEGU>D AS SACR$ & IRREFRAGABLE ! NATURAL LAWS ( SOCIETY--ONE %\LD RESPECT ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S &1 CONT9UALLY V]IFY+ IT1 9CULCATE ITS RATIONAL SIDES1 NOT OV]LOOK+ NATURE = ! SAKE ( CULTURE1 OR VISE V]SA0 7P4 #e#f#f74 ,PROP]TY1 ! FAMILY1 ! /ATE1 >E SACR$2 BUT ASPIRATION T[>D ! RECOGNITION ( ! EQUALITY ( M5 IS 9SANITY4 ,ITS REALIZATION W\LD BR+ HUMANITY TO ! GREATE/ CALAMITIES4 ,NO ONE /RUGGL$ MORE ?AN ,%AKESPE>E AGA9/ ! PRIVILEGES ( RANK & POSITION1 BUT C\LD ?IS FREE?9K+ MAN RESIGN HIMSELF TO ! PRIVILEGES ( ! WEAL?Y & $UCAT$ BE+ DE/ROY$ 9 ORD] TO GIVE ROOM TO ! POOR & IGNORANT8 ,H[ C\LD A MAN :O SO ELOQU5TLY ATTRACTS PEOPLE T[>D HONORS1 P]MIT ?AT ! V]Y ASPIRATION T[>D ?AT :I* WAS GREAT BE CRU%$ TOGE!R ) RANK & DI/9CTION = S]VICES1 &1 ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL DEGREES1 0! MOTIVES = ALL HI< UND]TAK+S BE /IFL$08 ,EV5 IF ! ATTRACTION ( HONORS & FALSE P[] TREA*]\SLY OBTA9$ W]E TO CEASE1 C\LD ! POET ADMIT ( ! MO/ DREADFUL ( ALL VIOL5CE1 ?AT ( ! IGNORANT CR[D8 ,HE SAW ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ?IS EQUALITY N[ PREA*$1 EV]Y?+ MAY PASS 9TO VIOL5CE1 & VIOL5CE 9TO >BITR>Y ACTS & !NCE 9TO UN*ECK$ PASSION :I* WILL R5D ! WORLD AS ! WOLF DOES ITS PREY1 & 9 ! 5D ! WORLD WILL SWALL[ ITSELF UP4 ,EV5 IF ?IS DOES NOT HAPP5 ) MANK9D :5 IT ATTA9S EQUALITY--IF ! LOVE ( NATIONS & ET]NAL PEACE PROVE NOT TO BE ?AT IMPOSSIBLE 0NO?+10 AS ,ALONSO EXPRESS$ IT 9 0,! ,TEMPE/0--BUT IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ACTUAL ATTA9M5T ( ASPIRATIONS T[>D EQUALITY IS POSSIBLE1 !N ! POET W\LD DEEM ?AT ! OLD AGE & EXT9CTION ( ! WORLD HAD APPROA*$1 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 = ACTIVE 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS NOT WOR? :ILE TO LIVE 7PP4 #e#g#a1 #e#g#b74 

,SU* IS ,%AKESPE>E'S VIEW ( LIFE AS DEMON/RAT$ BY HIS GREATE/ EXPON5T & ADMIR]4 

,ANO!R ( ! MO/ MOD]N ADMIR]S ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ,GEORGE ,BR&ES1 FUR!R SETS =?3 

0,NO ONE1 ( C\RSE1 CAN CONS]VE HIS LIFE QUITE PURE FROM EVIL1 FROM DECEIT1 & FROM ! 9JURY ( O!RS1 BUT EVIL & DECEIT >E NOT ALWAYS VISES1 & EV5 ! EVIL CAUS$ TO O!RS1 IS NOT NECESS>ILY A VISE3 IT IS (T5 M]ELY A NECESSITY1 A LEGITIMATE WEAPON1 A RI<T4 ,& 9DE$1 ,%AKESPE>E ALWAYS HELD ?AT !RE >E NO UNCONDITIONAL PROHIBITIONS1 NOR UNCONDITIONAL DUTIES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 HE DID NOT D\BT ,HAMLET'S RI<T TO KILL ! ,K+1 NOR EV5 HIS RI<T TO /AB ,POLONIUS TO DEA?1 & YET HE C\LD NOT RE/RA9 HIMSELF FROM AN OV]:ELM+ FEEL+ ( 9DIGNATION & REPULSION :51 LOOK+ >\ND1 HE SAW EV]Y:]E H[ 9CESSANTLY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y MORAL LAWS W]E BE+ 9FR+$4 ,N[1 9 HIS M9D !RE WAS =M$1 AS IT W]E1 A CLOSELY RIVET$ R+ ( ?\<TS CONC]N+ :I* HE HAD ALWAYS VAGUELY FELT3 SU* UNCONDITIONAL COMM&M5TS DO NOT EXI/2 ! QUALITY & SIGNIFICANCE ( AN ACT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( A *>ACT]1 DO NOT DEP5D UPON !IR 5ACTM5T OR 9FR+EM5T2 ! :OLE SUB/ANCE LIES 9 ! CONT5TS ) :I* ! SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL1 AT ! MOM5T ( HIS DECISION & ON HIS [N RESPONSIBILITY1 FILLS UP ! =M ( !SE LAWS40 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ,%AKESPE>E AT LA/ CLE>LY SAW ?AT ! MORAL ( ! AIM IS ! ONLY TRUE & POSSIBLE ONE2 SO ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,BR&ES1 ,%AKESPE>E'S FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE1 = :I* HE EXTOLS HIM1 IS ?AT ! 5D JU/IFIES ! MEANS--ACTION AT ALL CO/S1 ! ABS5CE ( ALL IDEALS1 MOD]ATION 9 EV]Y?+1 ! CONS]VATION ( ! =MS ( LIFE ONCE E/ABLI%$1 & ! 5D JU/IFY+ ! MEANS4 ,IF Y\ ADD TO ?IS A ,*AUV9I/ ,5GLI% PATRIOTISM1 EXPRESS$ 9 ALL ! HI/ORICAL DRAMAS1 A PATRIOTISM ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,5GLI% ?RONE IS SOME?+ SACR$1 ,5GLI%M5 ALWAYS VANQUI%+ ! ,FR5*1 KILL+ ?\S&S & LOS+ ONLY SCORES1 ,JOAN ( ,>C REG>D$ AS A WIT*1 & ! BELIEF ?AT ,HECTOR & ALL ! ,TROJANS1 FROM :OM ! ,5GLI% CAME1 >E H]OES1 :ILE ! ,GREEKS >E C[>DS & TRAITORS1 & SO =?1--SU* IS ! VIEW ( LIFE ( ! WISE/ TEA*] ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO HIS GREATE/ ADMIR]S4 ,& HE :O WILL ATT5TIVELY READ ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS CAN NOT FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! DESCRIPTION ( ?IS ,%AKESPE>IAN VIEW ( LIFE BY HIS ADMIR]S IS QUITE CORRECT4 

,! M]IT ( EV]Y POETIC WORK DEP5DS ON ?REE ?+S3 

7#a7 ,! SUBJECT ( ! WORK3 ! DEEP] ! SUBJECT1 I4E41 ! MORE IMPORTANT IT IS TO ! LIFE ( MANK9D1 ! HI<] IS ! WORK4 

7#b7 ,! EXT]NAL BEAUTY A*IEV$ BY TE*NICAL ME?ODS PROP] TO ! P>TICUL> K9D ( >T4 ,?US1 9 DRAMATIC >T1 ! TE*NICAL ME?OD WILL BE A TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY ( LANGUAGE1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! *>ACT]S1 A NATURAL1 & AT ! SAME TIME T\*+ PLOT1 A CORRECT SC5IC R5D]+ ( ! DEMON/RATION & DEVELOPM5T ( EMOTION1 & ! FEEL+ ( MEASURE 9 ALL ?AT IS REPRES5T$4 

7#c7 ,S9C]ITY1 I4E41 ?AT ! AU?OR %\LD HIMSELF KE5LY FEEL :AT HE EXPRESSES4 ,)\T ?IS CONDITION !RE CAN BE NO WORK ( >T1 AS ! ESS5CE ( >T CONSI/S 9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( ! WORK ( >T BE+ 9FECT$ ) ! AU?OR'S FEEL+4 ,IF ! AU?OR DOES NOT ACTUALLY FEEL :AT HE EXPRESSES1 !N ! RECIPI5T CAN NOT BECOME 9FECT$ ) ! FEEL+ ( ! AU?OR1 DOES NOT EXP]I5CE ANY FEEL+1 & ! PRODUCTION CAN NO LONG] BE CLASSIFI$ AS A WORK ( >T4 

,! SUBJECT ( ,%AKESPE>E'S PIECES1 AS IS SE5 FROM ! DEMON/RATIONS ( HIS GREATE/ ADMIR]S1 IS ! L[E/1 MO/ VULG> VIEW ( LIFE1 :I* REG>DS ! EXT]NAL ELEVATION ( ! LORDS ( ! WORLD AS A G5U9E DI/9CTION1 DESPISES ! CR[D1 I4E41 ! WORK+ CLASSES--REPUDIATES NOT ONLY ALL RELIGI\S1 BUT ALSO ALL HUMANIT>IAN1 /RIV+S DIRECT$ TO ! BETT]M5T ( ! EXI/+ ORD]4 

,! SECOND CONDITION ALSO1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! R5D]+ ( ! SC5ES 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T ( FEEL+S IS EXPRESS$1 IS QUITE ABS5T 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,HE DOES NOT GRASP ! NATURAL *>ACT] ( ! POSITIONS ( HIS P]SONAGES1 NOR ! LANGUAGE ( ! P]SONS REPRES5T$1 NOR ! FEEL+ ( MEASURE )\T :I* NO WORK CAN BE >TI/IC4 

,! ?IRD & MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITION1 S9C]ITY1 IS COMPLETELY ABS5T 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS4 ,9 ALL ( !M ONE SEES 9T5TIONAL >TIFICE2 ONE SEES ?AT HE IS NOT 9 E>NE/1 BUT ?AT HE IS PLAY+ ) WORDS4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,MAY #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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