,TO ! ,BRO!RS ( ! ,ALLIANCE 9 ,SPA9 
7,MANUSCRIPT3 ,LUC>NO1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,JUNE #a#b-#a#c1 #a#h#g#b7 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

,BRO!RS1 

,I AM AN OLD & CLOSE FRI5D1 ,I CAN SAY ! BRO!R ( ,*RI/OPHE .<,GIUSEPPE ,FANELLI8.>1 ! FRI5D & BRO!R :OM MANY AMONG Y\ C]TA9LY HAVE NOT =GOTT54 ,) HIM1 ,I WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ F\ND]S ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,& IT IS BY ?IS D\BLE TITLE ?AT ,I ADDRESS MYSELF TO Y\1 ,BRO!RS ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 

,SOME UN=TUNATE DISS5SIONS PRODUC$ BY /RUGGLES ( PRIDE BETWE5 BRO!RS :O SEEM TO HAVE SACRIFIC$ \R GREAT PURPOSE1 ! TRIUMPH ( ! UNIV]SAL1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 TO ?AT ( !IR VANITY & !IR P]SONAL AMBITIONS1 HAVE HAD AS LA/ RESULT ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,ALLIANCE 9 ,MADRID4 

,I SET MYSELF UP AS ! JUDGE ( NO ONE1 BUT 9 ! NAME ( \R PR9CIPLES AS WELL AS 9 ?AT ( ALL \R BRO!RS1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ?AT DISSOLUTION1 ?OSE :O HAVE DIVULG$ ! SECRET ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 A SECRET ?AT WE HAVE ALL PROMIS$ ON \R HONOR TO PROTECT1 >E V]Y CULPABLE4444 

,TO BETRAY ! ,ALLIANCE IS TO BETRAY ! REVOLUTION1 = ! ,ALLIANCE HAS NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO S]VE REVOLUTION4 ,WE DO NOT =M A !ORETICAL OR EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMIC 9/ITUTION4 ,! ,ALLIANCE IS NEI!R AN ACADEMY1 NOR A WORK%OP2 IT IS AN ESS5TIALLY MILITANT ASSOCIATION1 SEEK+ ! ORGANIZATION ! P[] ( ! POPUL> MASSES 9 PREP>ATION = DE/RUCTION ( ALL ! ,/ATES & ALL PRES5TLY EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 :E!R RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL1 ) AN EYE TO ! ABSOLUTE EMANCIPATION ( ! 5SLAV$ & EXPLOIT$ LABOR]S ( ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,! AIM ( \R ORGANIZATION IS TO URGE ! MASSES TO MAKE A CLEAN SLATE1 SO ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL POPULATIONS CAN REORGANIZE & F$]ALIZE !MSELVES1 ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES JU/ICE1 EQUALITY1 LIB]TY & SOLID>ITY1 FROM TOP TO BOTTOM1 SPONTANE\SLY1 FREELY1 AP>T FROM ALL (FICIAL TUTELAGE1 :E!R IT BE ( A REACTION OR EV5 A SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y V>IETY4 

,TO ?OSE :O ASK US :AT GOOD IS ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,ALLIANCE :5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL EXI/S1 WE W\LD RESPOND3 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS C]TA9LY A MAGNIFIC5T 9/ITUTION2 IT IS UNQUE/IONABLY ! F9E/1 MO/ USEFUL1 & MO/ B5EFICIAL CREATION ( ! PRES5T C5TURY4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ ! BASIS = ! SOLID>ITY ( ! LABOR]S ( ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,IT HAS GIV5 !M A BEG9N+ ( ORGANIZATION ACROSS ! BORD]S ( ALL ! ,/ATES & \TSIDE ( ! WORLD ( ! EXPLOIT]S & ! PRIVILEG$4 ,IT HAS DONE MORE2 ALREADY TODAY IT CONTA9S ! G]MS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! UNITY TO COME1 & AT ! SAME TIME IT HAS GIV5 TO ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 5TIRE WORLD ! FEEL+ ( ITS [N P[]4 ,C]TA9LY !SE >E IMM5SE S]VICES ?AT IT HAS R5D]$ TO ! GREAT CAUSE ( ! UNIV]SAL1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT IT IS NOT AN 9/ITUTION SUFFICI5T TO ORGANIZE AN DIRECT ?AT REVOLUTION4 

,ALL ! S]I\S REVOLUTION>IES :O HAVE TAK5 AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! LABORS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ANY C\NTRY1 S9CE #a#h#f#d1 ! YE> ( ITS F\NDATION1 MU/ BE CONV9C$ ( ?AT4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL PREP>ES ! ELEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 BUT IT DOES NOT ACCOMPLI% IT4 ,IT PREP>ES !M BY ORGANIZ+ ! PUBLIC1 LEGAL /RUGGLE ( ! LABOR]S JO9$ 9 SOLID>ITY FROM ALL C\NTRIES AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S ( LABOR1 CAPITALI/S1 PROPRIETORS & 5TREPR5EURS ( 9DU/RY1 BUT IT NEV] GOES F>!R4 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT IT DOES BEYOND ! V]Y USEFUL WORK1 IS ! !ORETICAL PROPAG&A ( SOCIALI/S IDEAS AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES1 A WORK EQUALLY USEFUL & NECESS>Y AS ! PREP>ATION ( ! REVOLUTION ( ! MASSES1 BUT ?AT IS /ILL F> FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS1 9 A WORD1 AN IMM5SE MILIEU FAVORABLE & NECESS>Y TO ?AT ORGANIZATION1 BUT IT IS /ILL NOT ?AT ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ACCEPTS )9 IT1 ABSOLUTELY SETT+ ASIDE ALL ! DIFF]5CES ( POLITICAL & RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 ALL HONE/ LABOR]S1 ON ! SOLE CONDITION ?AT !Y ACCEPT1 9 ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES1 ! SOLID>ITY ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! LABOR]S AGA9/ B\RGEOIS CAPITAL1 EXPLOIT] ( LABOR4 ,?AT IS A POSITIVE CONDITION1 SUFFICI5T TO SEP>ATE ! WORLD ( ! LABOR]S ( ! WORLD FROM ! WORLD ( ! PRIVILEG$1 BUT 9SUFFICI5T TO GIVE A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION TO ! =M]4 ,ITS PROGRAM IS SO L>GE ?AT ! MON>*I/S & ,CA?OLICS !MSELVES CAN 5T]4 ,& ?AT BREAD? ( PROGRAM IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 SO ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL CAN EMBRACE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S1 & IT IS ONLY BY C\NT+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( MEMB]S ?AT IT BECOMES A TRUE P[]4 ,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS GIV5 A MORE EXPLICIT & DET]M9$ PROGRAM ) REG>D TO POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S & SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 IF IT RECOGNIZ$ AN OBLIGATORY &1 AS IT W]E1 (FICIAL DOCTR9E1 IF1 = EXAMPLE1 IT MADE ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! PR9CIPLES ( A!ISM 9 RELIGION1 OR COMMUNALISM IS POLITICS A CONDITION = ! 5TRY ( EA* MEMB]1 IT W\LD B>ELY NUMB] A FEW ?\S& MEMB]S1 & IT W\LD EXCLUDE MILLIONS :O LABOR 9 9DU/RY OR ON ! E>?1 :O BY !IR :OLE POSITION1 AS WELL AS BY !IR 9/9CTS1 >E REVOLUTION>IES1 A!I/S1 & SOCIALI/S1 BUT :O HAVE /ILL NOT LO/ ! BAD HABIT ( REACTION>Y ?\<TS4 ,IT W\LD ONLY HAVE =M$ A RA!R SECOND-RATE P>TY1 :I* W\LD H>DLY HAVE C\NT$ A FEW ?\S& MEMB]S 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE4 ,& ?AT P>TY ITSELF W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE FRACTUR$ 9TO MANY DIFF]5T COT]IES4 ,= FROM ! MOM5T ?AT !RE IS AN (FICIAL !ORY1 !RE WILL BE1 )\T FAIL1 DIFF]5T & CONTR>Y !ORIES4 ,!RE W\LD BE B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/S1 PEACEFUL SOCIALI/S1 COOP]ATIVI/S1 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S1 HOP+ = !IR EMANCIPATION FROM ! RE=M ( ! ,/ATE & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S EXPECT+ IT ONLY FROM ! DE/RUCTION DE ! ,/ATE4 

,ALL !SE !ORIES1 ) MANY O!R %ADES1 ALREADY EXI/ TODAY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL2 BUT AS LONG AS NONE ( !M IS PROCLAIM$ AS ! (FICIAL !ORY1 !SE DIFF]5CES ( DOCTR9E & ! PEACEFUL /RUGGLES ?AT FOLL[ FROM !M 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 F> FROM BE+ AN EVIL1 >E 9 MY OP9ION A GREAT GOOD1 9 ?AT ! CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?\<T & ! SPONTANE\S LABOR ( ! 9TELLIG5CE ( EA*2 !Y CANNOT DAMAGE ! SOLID>ITY1 :I* MU/ UNITE ! LABOR]S ( ALL C\NTRIES1 BECAUSE ?AT SOLID>ITY IS NOT ( A !ORETICAL NATURE1 BUT IS 5TIRELY PRACTICAL4--,IT IS1 ,I REPEAT AGA91 ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL1 ) ALL ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ?AT IT BR+S4 ,! WORK]S ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 = EXAMPLE1 :O HAVE A HORROR ( ALL AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION & :O HAVE ADOPT$ = A PROGRAM ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 >E PR(\NDLY SEP>AT$ FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW FROM ! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( :OM SEEM TO ACCEPT ! AU?ORIT>IAN !ORIES ( ,M>X2 & YET LET A /RIKE BREAK \T 9 ,G]MANY1 ! LABOR]S ( ! ,JURA WILL BE ! FIR/ TO SUPPORT IT ) ALL !IR MEANS4 ,I AM NOT C]TA91 BUT ,I HOPE ?AT ! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY WILL DO ! SAME ?+4 ,SO ?AT IS ! TRUE1 ! ONLY SOLID>ITY CREAT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT IS 5TIRELY PRACTICAL1 & IT P]SI/S1 IT REMA9S P[]FUL DESPITE ALL ! !ORETICAL DISSID5CES ?AT C\LD BE RAIS$ BETWE5 DIFF]5T GR\PS ( WORK]S4 

,IT CAN1 H[EV]1 ONLY MA9TA9 ITSELF ON ! SOLE CONDITION ?AT NO !ORY1 :E!R POLITICAL1 SOCIALI/1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL1 CAN EV] BECOME ! (FICIAL1 OBLIGATORY !ORY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AT FIR/1 EA* (FICIAL !ORY IS A GOOD S5SE4 ,9 ORD] TO HAVE ! C\RAGE & ! PRETEXT TO IMPOSE ITSELF1 IT MU/ PROCLAIM ITSELF ABSOLUTE1 & ! TIME ( ! ABSOLUTE HAS PASS$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! CAMP ( ! REVOLUTION-= ! M5 ( LIB]TY & HUMANITY1 ! ABSOLUTE IS ! ABSURD4 ,!N1 AS !RE HAS NEV] BE5 AN EXAMPLE ( IT 9 HI/ORY & AS IT WILL ALWAYS BE IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ANY SPECIFIC !ORY WILL REALLY BE ! PRODUCT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?\<T ( EV]YONE2 AS ALL !ORIES1 9S(> AS !Y >E EXPLICIT1 F9ITE !ORIES1 HAVE BE5 & ALWAYS WILL BE ELABORAT$ BY A SMALL NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ! !ORY ?AT IS CALL$ ABSOLUTE WILL 9 REALITY NEV] REPRES5T ANY?+ BUT ! DESPOTISM EX]T$ BY ! ?\<T ( A FEW ON ! ?\<T ( ALL-A !ORETICAL DESPOTISM ?AT WILL NEV] FAIL TO TURN 9TO PRACTICAL DESPOTISM & EXPLOITATION4 

,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE SEE PRODUC$ TODAY 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,M>XIAN SECT1 ALL-P[]FUL 9 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 PR(IT+ FROM ! MOM5T>Y DIS>RAY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ( ,FRANCE1 :O HAD /OOD UP TO !M UNTIL N[1 BUT :O TODAY MURD]$1 DECIMAT$1 DEPORT$1 EXIL$1 OR =C$ 9TO SIL5CE1 CANNOT MAKE !IR VOICES HE>D1 OBVI\SLY T5DS TO IMPOSE ! POLITICAL & SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E ,M>X1 ?AT ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES BY ! P[] ( ! GREAT C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE1 AS ! (FICIAL DOCTR9E ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ALONGSIDE ?IS AIM & AS ITS NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 IT HAS PURSU$ ANO!R2 ?AT ( TRANS=M+ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ALWAYS DIRECT$ BY ,M>X 9 P]SON1 AS ! GOV]NM5T1 ! (FICIAL DIRECTOR1 AS ! DICTATOR ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4-,& IT WORKS1 IT S*EMES IMM5SELY TODAY1 SPREAD+ ! SL&]S ) BO? H&S1 9 ORD] TO PREP>E A ,CONGRESS ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ PROCLAIM$ ! DOCTR9E & DICTATOR%IP1 NATURALLY CONCEAL$1 ( ,M>X AS OBLIGATORY = ALL ! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 WILL DECL>E AS H]ETICS ALL ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE TO ACCEPT ?AT DOCTR9E1 & AS TRAITORS ALL ?OSE :O DO NOT WANT TO B[ !IR HEADS UND] ?AT DICTATOR%IP4 

,SU* IS ! FATAL EFFECT ( (FICIAL DOCTR9ES4 

,UNLESS IT BETRAYS ITS MISSION1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL MU/ ACCEPT NONE ( !M4 ,BUT !N1 :AT WILL HAPP58 ,IT WILL HAPP5 ?AT1 MORE & MORE $UCAT$ BY ! /RUGGLE & BY ! FREE PROPAG&A ( DIFF]5T IDEAS1 DIRECT$ BY !IR [N 9/9CT & 9CREAS+LY RAIS$ TO REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS BY PRACTICE ITSELF & ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CES ( ! UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ( ! /RUGGLE ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL1 ! MASSES WILL ELABORATE1 SL[LY1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT 9FALLIBLY1 !IR [N ?\<TS1 !ORIES ?AT WILL EM]GE FROM BOTTOM TO TOP1 BUT WILL NO LONG] BE IMPOS$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 

,I HAVE SAID :AT LABOR WILL SL[LY BE & DO4 ,NOT SO SL[LY1 H[EV]1 AS WE MI<T ?9K4 ,?OSE :O HAVE HAD SOME PRACTICE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 KN[ :AT M>VEL\S PROGRESS ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S HAVE MADE 9 A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( YE>S1 ?ANKS TO ! ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ?AT HAS REIGN$ ?US F> 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 LIB]TY 9 PROPAG&A1 AS WELL AS 9 ORGANIZATION444 

,9 MY VIEW1 ?IS PROGRESS IS IMM5SE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT !Y >E 9SUFFICI5T TO GIVE ! ELEM5T>Y P[] ( ! MASSES A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 & AS LONG AS ! MASSES DO NOT HAVE ?IS ORGANIZATION1 %\LD !Y BE EV5 MORE OV]:ELM+ ) REG>D TO NUMB]1 COMP>$ TO ?OSE ( PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 !Y WILL ALWAYS BE CRU%$ BY ! LATT]4 

,I RECOGNIZE ) JOY ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES 9 ALL C\NTRIES HAVE LO/ MU* ( !IR PA/ /R5G?4 ,!Y HAVE ABSOLUTELY LO/ !IR MORAL /R5G?2 !Y NO LONG] HAVE FAI? 9 !IR RI<T2 !Y KN[ ?AT !Y >E WICK$1 DESPICABLE1 & !Y DESPISE !MSELVES4 ,?AT IS A GREAT DEAL4 ,HAV+ LO/ !IR MORAL /R5G?1 !Y CONSPICU\SLY & NECESS>ILY ALSO LOSE ! /R5G? ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,!Y >E MU* MORE LE>N$ ?AN ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT PREV5T !M FROM BECOM+ MORE & MORE /UPID4 ,!Y HAVE LO/ ALL 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL C\RAGE4 ,!Y NO LONG] D>E TO LOOK =W>D & N[ ONLY LOOK BEH9D4 ,ALL ( ?AT UNFAIL+LY CONDEMNS !M TO DEA?4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 :O 9 !IR LIFETIME HAVE 9H]IT$ !IR =M] 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[]1 IS PREP>$ TO =CE !M TODAY FROM !IR LA/ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 5TR5*M5TS4 

,ALL ( ?AT IS TRUE4 ,BUT WE MU/ HAVE NO ILLUSIONS1 ! 5TR5*M5TS >E /ILL V]Y /RONG3 !Y >E CALL$ ! ,/ATE1 ! ,*UR*1 ! /OCK M>KET1 ! POLICE1 ! >MY1 !N ?AT GREAT 9T]NATIONAL & PUBLIC1 LEGAL1 ADMITT$1 ?AT IS CALL$ DIPLOMACY4 

,ALL ?AT IS SKILLFULLY ORGANIZ$ & P[]FUL 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,& 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS =MIDABLE ORGANIZATION1 ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 UNIT$1 GR\P$ & PUT 9 SOLID>ITY 9 & BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 REMA9$ DISORGANIZ$4 ,:AT DO !IR NUMB]S MATT]6 ,EV5 IF ! PEOPLE NUMB] A MILLION1 SEV]AL MILLIONS1 !Y WILL BE HELD 9 *ECK BY A FEW T5S ( ?\S&S ( SOLDI]S1 MA9TA9$ & DISCIPL9$ AT !IR CO/1 AGA9/ !M1 BY B\RGEOIS CO9S PRODUC$ BY !IR [N LABOR4 

,TAKE ! MO/ NUM]\S1 MO/ ADVANC$ & BE/ ORGANIZ$ SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4--,IS IT PREP>$ = ! COMBAT8 ,Y\ KN[ WELL ?AT IT IS NOT4 ,( A ?\S& LABOR]S1 IT W\LD BE A GREAT DEAL IF Y\ C\LD GA!R ONE OR AT MO/ TWO HUNDR$ ON ! DAY ( ! BATTLE4 ,?AT IS BECAUSE 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE A =CE1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO UNITE ! 9T]E/S1 FEEL+S1 & ?\<TS444 ,WE MU/ UNITE WILLS & *>ACT]S4 ,\R 5EMIES ORGANIZE !IR =CES BY ! P[] ( MONEY & ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,WE CANNOT ORGANIZE \R BY CONVICTION & PASSION4 

,WE CANNOT & WE W\LD NOT HAVE ANY >MY EXCEPT ! PEOPLE1 ! MASSES4 ,BUT 9 ORD] = ! MASSES TO RISE UP 5TIRELY & SIMULTANE\SLY --& IT IS ONLY ON ?AT S+LE CONDITION ?AT IT C\LD W9--:AT IS TO BE DONE8 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[ TO SURE ! MASSES1 EV5 ELECTRIFI$ & RIS51 DO NOT CONTRADICT & P>ALYZE !MSELVES BY !IR CONTR>Y MOVEM5TS8 

,!RE IS ONLY ONE S+LE MEANS2 IT IS TO 9SURE ! COOP]ATION ( ALL ! POPUL> LEAD]S4 ,I CALL POPUL> LEAD]S SOME 9DIVIDUALS MO/ (T5 COM+ \T FROM ! PEOPLE1 LIV+ ) !M1 9 !IR LIFE1 :O1 ?ANKS TO !IR 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL SUP]IORITY1 EX]T A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON !M4 ,!RE >E MANY AMONG !M :O ABUSE ?AT & MAKE IT S]VE !IR 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S4 ,!Y >E V]Y DANG]\S M51 :O MU/ BE AVOID$ LIKE ! PLAGUE1 ?AT WE MU/ FI<T & DE/ROY :5 WE CAN4 ,WE MU/ SEEK GOOD LEAD]S1 ?OSE :O SEEK !IR [N 9T]E/ ONLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( EV]YONE4 ,BUT H[ >E WE TO F9D !M & RECOGNIZE !M1 & :]E IS ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TELLIG5T 5\<1 DISC]N+ 5\<1 & P[]FUL 5\<1 TO NOT BE MI/AK5 FIR/ 9 !IR *OICE & !N 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE !M & 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE !M ALL ALONE8 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS CANNOT BE ! WORK ( A S+LE MAN2 ?AT MANY M5 ASSOCIAT$ CAN ALONE UND]TAKE & BR+ TO A GOOD 5D SU* A DIFFICULT 5T]PRISE4 ,BUT = ?AT1 IT IS FIR/ NECESS>Y ?AT !Y UND]/& ONE ANO!R & ?AT !Y JO9 H&S = ?IS COMMON WORK4 ,BUT ?IS WORK HAV+ A PRACTICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y AIM1 ! MUTUAL UND]/&+ ?AT IS ITS NECESS>Y CONDITION CANNOT BE REA*$ 9 PUBLIC2 IF IT IS MADE 9 PUBLIC1 IT WILL ATTRACT ! P]SECUTIONS ( ! :OLE (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL WORLD AGA9/ ! ORIG9ATORS & !Y WILL SEE !MSELVES CRU%$ BE=E !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DO ! LEA/ ?+4 

,SO ?AT UND]/&+ & ?AT ASSOCIATION ?AT MU/ EM]GE FROM IT CAN ONLY BE MADE 9 SECRET1 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% A CONSPIRACY1 A SECRET SOCIETY4 

,SU* IS ALSO ! ?\<T & AIM ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,IT IS A SECRET SOCIETY =M$ 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 9 ORD] TO GIVE TO ! LATT] A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M IT1 & ALL ! POPUL> MASSES :O F9D !MSELVES \TSIDE ( IT1 & A P[] SUFFICI5TLY ORGANIZ$ TO DE/ROY ! POLITICO-CL]ICAL-B\RGEOIS REACTION1 TO DE/ROY ALL ! ECONOMIC1 LEGAL1 RELIGI\S & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,/ATES4 

,! LA/ ,CONF]5CE ( ,LONDON HAS PRON\NC$ ! ANA!MA AGA9/ ANY SECRET SOCIETY ?AT C\LD BE =M$ 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT IS OBVI\SLY A BL[ AGA9/ US4 ,BUT :AT ! ,M>XIAN COT]IE1 :I* DIRECT$ ?AT ,CONF]5CE1 AS IT DIRECT$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL AT ?AT TIME1 :AT IT HAS SO C>EFULLY REFRA9$ FROM SAY+ TO ! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ?AT ,CONF]5CE1 & :AT IT HAS ONLY SAID TO ITS V]Y CLOSE FRI5DS OR TO ITS H5*M51 IS ?AT IT HAS BE5 PU%$ TO =MULATE ?AT CONDEMNATION AGA9/ US 9 ORD] TO PREP>E ! WAY = ITS [N CONSPIRACY1 = ! SECRET SOCIETY ?AT HAS EXI/$ S9CE #ahdh UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,M>X1 F\ND$ BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,WOLFF1 & :I* IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ,G]MANIC SOCIETY ( ! ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNI/S4 

,:AT ,I HAVE SAID !RE IS NOT A SUPPOSITION1 BUT A FACT KN[N BY MANY PEOPLE1 & ?AT MANY TIMES1 9 DIFF]5T POLITICAL TRIALS1 HAS PUBLICLY TRANSPIR$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,SO1 LEAV+ ASIDE ! ODI\S P>T ( P]SONALITIES ?AT HAS BE5 PU%$ TO ! MO/ APPALL+ NA/9ESS1 BY \R V9DICTIVE & ALL TOO REL5TLESS ADV]S>IES1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! 9TE/9E ?AT TODAY /RIKES AT ! HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IS NO?+ BUT ?AT ( TWO SECRET SOCIETIES AS OPPOS$ 9 !IR PR9CIPLES1 AS 9 ! SY/EM ( !IR ORGANIZATION1 & ( :I* ONE1 ?AT ( ! ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNI/S1 AS ,I JU/ SAID1 S9CE #a#h#d#h1 ! O!R ?AT ( ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/SDATES ITS EXI/5CE FROM #a#h#f#d1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT HAS ONLY BEGUN TO E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL S9CE #a#h#f#h4 

,LET US BEG91 FIR/ ( ALL1 BY DO+ JU/ICE TO \R ADV]S>IES1 :]E !Y DES]VE ?AT JU/ICE4 ,M>X IS NOT AN ORD9>Y MAN4 ,HE IS A SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 A MAN ( SCI5CE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ECONOMIC QUE/IONS1 & ALSO A MAN :O1 TO MY KN[L$GE S9CE #a#h#d#e1 ! TIME ( MY FIR/ 5C\NT] ) HIM 9 ,P>IS1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 S9C]ELY1 COMPLETELY DEVOT$ TO ! CAUSE ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A CAUSE TO :I* HE HAS R5D]$ SOME 9DISPUTABLE S]VICES1 :I* HE HAS NEV] WITT+LY BETRAY$1 BUT ?AT HE JEOP>DIZES IMM5SELY TODAY BY HIS =MIDABLE VANITY1 BY HIS HATEFUL1 MALICI\S *>ACT]1 & BY HIS T5D5CIES TO DICTATOR%IP 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! P>TY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S4 ,HIS VANITY1 9 FACT1 HAS NO LIMITS1 A TRULY ,JEWI% VANITY2 & IT IS A GREAT PITY1 IT IS A USELESS LUXURY1 = ! VANITY IS UND]/&ABLE 9 AN EMPTY BE+1 :O BE+ NO?+1 WANTS TO APPE> ALL4 ,M>X HAS SOME QUALITIES & A V]Y POSITIVE1 V]Y GREAT P[] ( ?\<T & ACTION1 ?AT C\LD HAVE SP>$ HIM1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ! TR\BLE ( RESORT+ TO ! MIS]ABLE MEANS ( VANITY4 ,?AT VANITY1 NATURALLY ALREADY V]Y /RONG1 HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLY FATT5$ BY ! ADULATION ( HIS FRI5DS & DISCIPLES4 ,V]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 V]Y JEAL\S1 V]Y S5SITIVE1 & V]Y V9DICTIVE1 LIKE ,JEHOVAH1 ! ,GOD ( HIS PEOPLE1 ,M>X W\LD NOT SUFF] ?AT ANYONE RECOGNIZE ANY ,GOD BUT HIMSELF2 :AT AM ,I SAY+1 ?AT ANYONE EV5 DO JU/ICE TO ANO!R SOCIALI/ WRIT] OR P]SONALITY1 9 HIS PRES5CE4 ,PR\DHON1 :O HAS NEV] BE5 A ,GOD1 BUT :O C]TA9LY WAS A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y ?9K] & :O R5D]$ IMM5SE S]VICES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 HAS BECOME = ?AT SAME REASON ! BETE NOIRE ( ,M>X4 ,TO PRAISE ,PR\DHON 9 HIS PRES5CE1 WAS TO COMMIT A MORTAL (F5SE1 WOR?Y ( ALL ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CES ( HIS 5MITY-& ?OSE CONSEQU5CES >E3 HATR$ FIR/1 !N ! FIL?IE/ SL&]S4 ,M>X NEV] /EPP$ BACK FROM A LIE1 AS ODI\S OR DECEITFUL AS IT MI<T BE1 :5 HE BELIEV$ HE C\LD USE IT )\T TOO GREAT DANG] = HIMSELF AGA9/ ?OSE :O HAD ! MIS=TUNE ( 9CURR+ HIS WRA?4--,I HAVE SAID ?AT ,M>X IS EXCESSIVELY 9DIVIDUAL4 ,H]E IS ONE PRO(3 HE /ILL BELIEV$ 9 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY 9 HIS IDEAS4 ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,LASSALLE1 ! FAM\S AGITATOR & F\ND] ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 9 L>GE P>T A DISCIPLE ( ,M>X1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/ LIKE HIM1 :O LIKE HIM HAD PREA*$ ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES BY ! ,/ATE1--AFT] HIS DEA?1 ,I SAY1 ,M>X PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ & ?US F> ONLY VOLUME ( HIS GREAT BOOK ON 0,CAPITAL04 ,9 ! PREFACE1 HE BITT]LY ACCUS$ ,LASSALLE ( HAV+ /OL5 HIS IDEAS & EV5 ! =M ( ! IDEAS2 A REPROA* ?AT WAS ALREADY SUPREMELY UNJU/ S9CE ,LASSALLE 9 ONE ( HIS WRIT+S1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,S*ULTZ-,DELITS*1 AFT] HAV+ DEVELOP$ C]TA9 IDEAS1 ADD3 0,!SE IDEAS & ! EXPRESSIONS ?AT ,I HAVE US$1 HAVE NOT BE5 9V5T$ BY ME2 ,I HAVE BORR[$ !M FROM A MAGNIFIC5T1 /ILL UNPUBLI%$ WORK ( ,M>X40 ,?AT DECL>ATION WAS NOT 5\< = ,M>X4 ,H]E !N IS ,M>X CAU<T R$-H&$ 9 PROP]T>IANISM1 & ?AT 9 ! SPH]E ( IDEAS1 :I* IS C]TA9LY ! LEA/ PROP] = 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION4 - ,!SE FRI5DS KN[ ?AT MA9 ( !IR MA/] SO WELL ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 ,5GELS1 ALSO A V]Y 9TELLIG5T MAN1 ! CLOSE/ & OLDE/ FRI5D ( ,M>X1 HAV+ PUBLI%$ A V]Y REM>KABLE WORK ON ! RIS+ ( ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS 9 ! #a#f? C5TURY1 WAS V]Y C>EFUL TO SAY 9 ! 9TRODUCTION ?AT ! PR9CIPAL IDEAS ?AT HAD S]V$ AS BASIS = ?AT WORK W]E NOT HIS ONE1 BUT BELONG$ TO ,M>X4 

,N[1 LET US RECOGNIZE ?AT ,M>X IS A V]Y S]I\S1 V]Y PR(\ND ECONOMIC ?9K]4 ,HE HAS ?IS IMM5SE ADVANTAGE OV] ,PR\DHON1 ( BE+ A REALI/1 A MAT]IALI/4 ,PR\DHON1 DESPITE ALL HIS EF=TS TO %AKE (F ! TRADITIONS ( CLASSICAL IDEALISM1 NONE!LESS REMA9$ ALL HIS LIFE AN 9CORRIGIBLE IDEALI/1 9SPIR$1 AS ,I TOLD HIM TWO MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?1 SOMETIMES BY ! ,BIBLE1 SOMETIMES BY ,ROMAN LAW1 & ALWAYS A METAPHYSICIAN TO ! F+]TIPS4 ,HIS GREAT MIS=TUNE IS ?AT HE NEV] /UDI$ ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 & HE NEV] ADOPT$ ITS ME?ODS4 ,HE HAD SOME 9/9CTS ( G5IUS ?AT MADE HIM GLIMPSE ! RI<T PA?1 BUT1 L$ BY ! BAD IDEALI/ HABITS ( HIS M9D1 HE ALWAYS FELL BACK 9TO ! OLD ]RORS3 SO ?AT ,PR\DHON HAS BE5 A P]PETUAL CONTRADICTION1--A VIGOR\S G5IUS1 A REVOLUTION>Y ?9K] ALWAYS /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! PHANTOMS ( IDEALISM1 BUT NEV] MANAG+ TO VANQUI% !M4 

,M>X1 AS A ?9K]1 IS ON ! RI<T TRACK4 ,HE HAS E/ABLI%$ AS A PR9CIPLE ?AT ALL ! POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S & LEGAL EVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY >E NOT CAUSES1 BUT EFFECTS ( ! ECONOMIC EVOLUTIONS4 ,IT IS A GREAT & PRODUCTIVE ?\<T1 ?AT HE HAS NOT ABSOLUTELY 9V5T$3 IT HAS BE5 GLIMPS$1 EXPRESS$ 9 P>T1 BY MANY O!RS ?AN HIM2 BUT F9ALLY1 TO HIM BELONGS ! HONOR ( HAV+ SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$ IT & HAV+ POSIT$ IT AS ! BASIS ( HIS :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,PR\DHON UND]/& & FELT LIB]TY MU* BETT] ?AN HIM--,PR\DHON1 :5 HE DID NOT 5GAGE 9 DOCTR9E & METAPHYSICS1 HAD ! TRUE 9/9CT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y--HE ADOR$ ,SATAN & HE PROCLAIM$ AN->*Y4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ,M>X C\LD RAISE HIMSELF !ORETICALLY TO AN EV5 MORE RATIONAL SY/EM ( LIB]TY ?AN ,PR\DHON--BUT HE LACKS ,PR\DHON'S 9/9CT4 ,AS A ,G]MAN & A ,JEW1 HE IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN FROM HEAD TO TOE4 

,FROM !RE1 ! TWO OPPOS+ SY/EMS3 ! AN>*IC SY/EM ( ,PR\DHON1 EXP&$ BY US1 DEVELOP$ & LIB]AT$ FROM ALL ITS METAPHYSICAL1 IDEALI/1 DOCTR9AIRE ACC\T]M5TS1 & SQU>ELY ACCEPT+ MATT] 9 SCI5CE1 & SOCIAL ECONOMY 9 HI/ORY AS ! BASIS ( ALL ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,& ! SY/EM ( ,M>X1 LEAD] ( ! ,G]MAN S*OOL ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S4 

,H]E >E ! BASES ( ?AT SY/EM4 ,LIKE US1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S WANT ! ABOLITION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,BUT !Y DIFF] FROM US PR9CIPALLY 9 ?AT !Y WANT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS BY ! ,/ATE1 :ILE WE WANT IT BY ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ( ! LEGAL RI<T GU>ANTE$ NECESS>ILY BY ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS1 WE HAVE PROCLAIM$ ! ABOLITION ( ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE1 :ILE !Y HAVE OPPOS$ IT1 SAY+ ?AT ?IS ABOLITION W\LD BECOME USELESS = ! MOM5T ?AT ! ,/ATE BECAME ! SOLE PROPRIETOR4-,! ,/ATE1 !Y SAY1 MU/ BE ! ONLY PROPRIETOR ( ! L&1 & ALSO ! ONLY BANK]4 ,! ,/ATE BANK1 REPLAC+ ! FEUDAL BANKS EXI/+ TODAY1 MU/ ALONE BANKROLL ! NATIONAL LABOR2 SO ?AT 9 FACT ALL ! WORK]S1 9 9DU/RY AS WELL AS ON ! L&1 W\LD BECOME EMPLOYES ( ! ,/ATE4 ! ,5GLI% COMMUNI/S ( ?AT SAME S*OOL1 HAVE DECL>$ AT ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS1 ?AT ! E>? %\LD BE CULTIVAT$ UND] ! DIRECTION ( 5G9E]S ( ! ,/ATE4 

,WE HAVE REJECT$ ?IS SY/EM = TWO REASONS2 FIR/1 BECAUSE 9/EAD ( DIM9I%+ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 IT 9CREASES IT BY CONC5TRAT+ ALL ! P[]S 9 ITS H&4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT HE SAYS ?AT !IR ,/ATE WILL BE ! ,/ATE ( ! PEOPLE1 GOV]N$ BY ,ASSEMBLIES & (FICIALS ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! PEOPLE & SUBJECT TO POPUL> CONTROL4--,IT IS ! REPRES5TATIVE1 P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM1 ?AT ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 CORRECT$ BY ! REF]5DUM & BY DIRECT VOT+ ON ALL ! LAWS BY ! PEOPLE4--,BUT WE KN[ H[ MU* S9C]ITY !RE IS 9 !SE REPRES5TATIONS4 ,:AT IS CLE> IS ?AT ! ,M>XIAN SY/EM LEADS1 LIKE ?AT ( ,MAZZ9I1 TO E/ABLI%M5T ( A V]Y /RONG1 SO-CALL$ POPUL> P[]1 TO ! DOM9ATION ON AN 9TELLIG5T M9ORITY1 ALONE CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ ! COMPLICAT$ QUE/IONS ?AT >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM C5TRALIZATION1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! MASSES & TO !IR EXPLOITATION BY ?AT 9TELLIG5T M9ORITY4 ,IT IS ! SY/EM ( REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES1 ( LIB]TY DIRECT$ FROM ON HI<--IT IS A FLAGRANT LIE4 

,! O!R REASON ?AT HAS MADE US REJECT ?IS SY/EM1 IS ?AT IT LEADS DIRECTLY TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOME NEW1 L>GE1 NATIONAL ,/ATE1 SEP>AT$ & NECESS>ILY COMPET+ & HO/ILE1 TO ! NEGATION ( ,9T]NATIONALITY1 ( HUMANITY4 ,= UNLESS !Y CLAIM TO F\ND A S+LE1 UNIV]SAL ,/ATE-AN ABSURD 5T]PRISE1 CONDEMN$ BY HI/ORY--IT MU/ 9EVITABLY F\ND SOME NATIONAL ,/ATES1 OR ELSE :AT IS /ILL MORE PROBABLE1 SOME L>GE ,/ATES 9 :I*1 ONE RACE1 ! MO/ P[]FUL & MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 WILL 5?RALL$1 OPPRESS & EXPLOIT O!R RACES--SO ?AT )\T ADMITT+ IT1 ! ,M>XIANS FATALLY LEAD TO PAN-,G]MANISM444 .<! MANUSCRIPT 5DS H]E.> 

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