,*APT] #ba 
,( ,A/RONOMY 

#ahcaahca 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM3 ,?\<TS ON ,MAN1 ,HIS ,NATURE1 ,PRODUCTIONS & ,DISCOV]IES ,9T]SP]S$ ) SOME ,P>TICUL>ES ,RESPECT+ ! ,AU?OR BY ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

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,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I 

,G,O ,T,O ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I 

,IT CAN SC>CELY BE IMPUT$ TO ME AS PR(ANE1 IF ,I V5TURE TO PUT D[N A FEW SKEPTICAL D\BTS ON ! SCI5CE ( A/RONOMY4 ,ALL BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE >E TO BE CONSID]$ AS FAIR SUBJECTS ( 9QUIRY3 & HE ?AT HAS NEV] D\BT$1 MAY BE SAID1 9 ! HI<E/ & /RICTE/ S5SE ( ! WORD1 NEV] TO HAVE BELIEV$4 

,! FIR/ VOLUME ?AT FURNI%$ TO ME ! GR\NDWORK ( ! FOLL[+ D\BTS1 WAS ! BOOK COMMONLY KN[N BY ! NAME ( ,GU?RIE'S ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,GRAMM>1 MANY P>TS & PASSAGES ( :I* 5GAG$ MY ATT5TION 9 MY [N /UDY1 9 ! H\SE ( A RURAL S*OOLMA/]1 9 ! YE> #a#g#g#b4 ,I CANNOT !RE=E PROCE$ MORE FAIRLY ?AN BY GIV+ H]E AN EXTRACT ( C]TA9 PASSAGES 9 ?AT BOOK1 :I* HAVE RELATION TO ! PRES5T SUBJECT4 ,I KN[ NOT H[ F> !Y HAVE BE5 ALT]$ 9 ! $ITION ( ,GU?RIE :I* N[ LIES BE=E ME1 FROM ! LANGUAGE ( ! BOOK !N 9 MY POSSESSION2 BUT ,I FEEL CONFID5T ?AT 9 ! MA9 P>TICUL>S !Y CONT9UE ! SAME#a4 

0,9 PASS+ RAPIDLY OV] ! HEAV5S ) HIS NEW TELESCOPE1 ! UNIV]SE 9CREAS$ UND] ! EYE ( ,H]S*EL2 #d#d1 />S1 SE5 9 ! SPACE ( A FEW DEGREES1 SEEM$ TO 9DICATE ?AT !RE W]E SEV5TY-FIVE MILLIONS 9 ! HEAV5S4 ,BUT :AT >E ALL !SE1 :5 COMP>$ ) ?OSE ?AT FILL ! :OLE EXPANSE1 ! B\NDLESS FIELD ( E!R8 

0,! IMM5SE DI/ANCE ( ! FIX$ />S FROM \R E>?1 & FROM EA* O!R1 IS ( ALL CONSID]ATIONS ! MO/ PROP] = RAIS+ \R IDEAS ( ! WORKS ( ,GOD4 ,MOD]N DISCOV]IES MAKE IT PROBABLE ?AT EA* ( !SE />S IS A SUN1 HAV+ PLANETS & COMETS REVOLV+ R\ND IT1 AS \R SUN HAS ! E>? & O!R PLANETS REVOLV+ R\ND HIM4--,A RAY ( LI<T1 ?\< ITS MOTION IS SO QUICK AS TO BE COMMONLY ?\<T 9/ANTANE\S1 TAKES UP MORE TIME 9 TRAVEL+ FROM ! />S TO US1 ?AN WE DO 9 MAK+ A ,WE/-,9DIA VOYAGE4 ,A S\ND1 :I*1 NEXT TO LI<T1 IS CONSID]$ AS ! QUICKE/ BODY WE >E ACQUA9T$ )1 W\LD NOT >RIVE TO US FROM !NCE 9 #e1 YE>S4 ,& A CANNON-BALL1 FLY+ AT ! RATE ( #dh MILES AN H\R1 W\LD NOT REA* US 9 #g1 YE>S4 

0,FROM :AT WE KN[ ( \R [N SY/EM1 IT MAY BE REASONABLY CONCLUD$1 ?AT ALL ! RE/ >E ) EQUAL WISDOM CONTRIV$1 SITUAT$1 & PROVID$ ) ACCOMMODATIONS = RATIONAL 9HABITANTS4 

0,:AT A SUBLIME IDEA DOES ?IS SUGGE/ TO ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION1 LIMIT$ AS >E ITS P[]S1 ( ! WORKS ( ! ,CREATOR6 ,?\S&S & ?\S&S ( SUNS1 MULTIPLI$ )\T 5D1 & RANG$ ALL >\ND US1 AT IMM5SE DI/ANCES FROM EA* O!R1 ATT5D$ BY T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S& WORLDS1 ALL 9 RAPID MOTION1 YET CALM1 REGUL> & H>MONI\S1 9V>IABLY KEEP+ ! PA?S PRESCRIB$ !M3 & !SE WORLDS PEOPL$ ) MYRIADS ( 9TELLIG5T BE+S1 =M$ = 5DLESS PROGRESSION 9 P]FECTION & FELICITY60 

,! ?\<T ?AT W\LD IMM$IATELY OCCUR TO A DISPASSIONATE MAN 9 LI/5+ TO ?IS /ATEM5T1 W\LD BE1 ,:AT A VA/ DEAL AM ,I H]E CALL$ ON TO BELIEVE6 

,N[ ! FIR/ RULE ( S\ND & SOB] JUDGM5T1 9 5C\NT]+ ANY /ORY1 IS ?AT1 9 PROPORTION TO ! MAGNITUDE & SEEM+LY 9CR$IBLE NATURE ( ! PROPOSITIONS T5D]$ TO \R BELIEF1 %\LD BE ! /R5G? & IMPREGNABLE NATURE ( ! EVID5CE BY :I* ?OSE PROPOSITIONS >E SUPPORT$4 

,IT IS NOT H]E1 AS 9 MATT]S ( RELIGION1 ?AT WE >E CALL$ UPON BY AU?ORITY FROM ON HI< TO BELIEVE 9 MY/]IES1 9 ?+S ABOVE \R REASON1 OR1 AS IT MAY BE1 CONTR>Y TO \R REASON4 ,NO MAN PRET5DS TO A REVELATION FROM HEAV5 ( ! TRU?S ( A/RONOMY4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO LI<T BY ! FACULTIES ( ! HUMAN M9D1 EX]CIS$ UPON SU* FACTS & CIRCUM/ANCES AS \R 9DU/RY HAS SET BE=E US4 

,TO P]SONS NOT 9ITIAT$ 9 ! RUDIM5TS ( A/RONOMICAL SCI5CE1 !Y RE/ UPON ! GREAT & HI<-S\ND+ NAMES ( ,GALILEO1 ,KEPL]1 ,HALLEY & ,NEWTON4 ,BUT1 ?\< !SE M5 >E EM95TLY 5TITL$ TO HONOR & GRATITUDE FROM !IR FELL[-MORTALS1 !Y DO NOT /& ALTOGE!R ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS ,MAT!W1 ,M>K1 ,LUKE & ,JOHN1 BY :OSE P5S HAS BE5 RECORD$ 0EV]Y WORD ?AT PROCE$E? \T ( ! M\? ( ,GOD40 

,! MODE/ 5QUIR] !RE=E1 )\T PRET5D+ TO PUT HIMSELF ON AN EQUALITY ) !SE ILLU/RI\S M51 MAY BE =GIV51 :5 HE P]MITS HIMSELF TO SUGGE/ A FEW D\BTS1 & PRESUMES TO EXAM9E ! GR\NDS UPON :I* HE IS CALL$ UPON TO BELIEVE ALL ?AT IS CONTA9$ 9 ! ABOVE PASSAGES4 

,N[ ! F\NDATIONS UPON :I* A/RONOMY1 AS H]E DELIV]$1 IS BUILT1 >E1 FIR/1 ! EVID5CE ( \R S5SES1 SECONDLY1 ! CALCULATIONS ( ! MA!MATICIAN1 &1 9 ! ?IRD PLACE1 MORAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,!SE HAVE BE5 D5OM9AT$ RESPECTIVELY1 PRACTICAL A/RONOMY1 SCI5TIFIC1 & !ORETICAL4 

,AS TO ! FIR/ ( !SE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = US ON ?IS OCCASION NOT TO RECOLLECT :AT HAS SO (T5 OCCURR$ AS TO HAVE GR[N 9TO AN EV]YDAY OBS]VATION1 ( ! FALLIBILITY ( \R S5SES4 

,IT MAY BE D\BT$ H[EV] :E!R ?IS IS A JU/ /ATEM5T4 ,WE >E NOT DECEIV$ BY \R S5SES1 BUT DECEIV$ 9 ! 9F]5CE WE MAKE FROM \R S5SATIONS4 ,\R S5SATIONS RESPECT+ :AT WE CALL ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 >E *IEFLY ?OSE ( L5G?1 BREAD? & SOLIDITY1 H>DNESS & S(TNESS1 HEAT & COLD1 COLOR1 SMELL1 S\ND & TA/E4 ,! 9F]5CE :I* ! G5]ALITY ( MANK9D MAKE 9 RELATION TO !SE S5SATIONS IS1 ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ \T ( \RSELVES CORRESPOND+ TO ! IMPRESSIONS WE RECEIVE2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! CAUSES ( \R S5SATIONS >E LIKE TO ! S5SATIONS !MSELVES4 ,BUT ?IS IS1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 AN 9F]5CE2 &1 IF ! CAUSE ( A S5SATION IS NOT LIKE ! S5SATION1 IT CANNOT PRECISELY BE AFFIRM$ ?AT \R S5SES DECEIVE US4 ,WE KN[ :AT PASSES 9 ! !AT] ( ! M9D2 BUT WE CANNOT BE SAID ABSOLUTELY TO KN[ ANY ?+1 MORE4 

,MOD]N PHILOSOPHY HAS TAU<T US1 9 C]TA9 CASES1 TO CONTROV]T ! POSITION1 ?AT ! CAUSES ( \R S5SATIONS >E LIKE TO ! S5SATIONS !MSELVES4 ,LOCKE 9 P>TICUL> HAS CALL$ ! ATT5TION ( ! REASON+ P>T ( MANK9D TO ! CONSID]ATION1 ?AT HEAT & COLD1 SWEET & BITT]1 & ODOR (F5SIVE OR O!RWISE1 >E P]CEPTIONS1 :I* IMPLY A P]CIPI5T BE+1 & CANNOT EXI/ 9 9ANIMATE SUB/ANCES4 ,WE MI<T ) EQUAL PROPRIETY ASCRIBE PA9 TO ! :IP ?AT BEATS US1 OR PLEASURE TO ! SLI<T ALT]NATION ( CONTACT 9 ! P]SON OR ?+ ?AT TICKLES US1 AS SUPPOSE ?AT HEAT & COLD1 OR TA/E1 OR SMELL >E ANY ?+ BUT S5SATIONS4 

,! SAME PHILOSOPH]S :O HAVE CALL$ \R ATT5TION TO !SE REM>KS1 HAVE PROCE$$ TO %EW ?AT ! CAUSES ( \R S5SATIONS ( S\ND & COLOR HAVE NO PRECISE CORRESPOND5CE1 DO NOT TALLY ) ! S5SATIONS WE RECEIVE4 ,S\ND IS ! RESULT ( A P]CUSSION ( ! AIR4 ,COLOR IS PRODUC$ BY ! REFLECTION ( ! RAYS ( LI<T2 SO ?AT ! SAME OBJECT1 PLAC$ 9 A POSITION1 DIFF]5T AS TO ! SPECTATOR1 BUT 9 ITSELF REMA9+ UNALT]$1 WILL PRODUCE 9 HIM A S5SATION ( DIFF]5T COLORS1 OR %ADES ( COLOR1 N[ BLUE1 N[ GRE51 N[ BR[N1 N[ BLACK1 & SO ON4 ,?IS IS ! DOCTR9E ( ,NEWTON1 AS WELL AS ( ,LOCKE4 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT1 IF !RE W]E NO P]CIPI5T BE+ TO RECEIVE !SE S5SATIONS1 !RE W\LD BE NO HEAT OR COLD1 NO TA/E1 NO SMELL1 NO S\ND1 & NO COLOR4 

,AW>E ( ?IS DIFF]5CE BETWE5 \R S5SATIONS 9 C]TA9 CASES & ! CAUSES ( !SE S5SATIONS1 ,LOCKE HAS DIVID$ ! QUALITIES ( SUB/ANCES 9 ! MAT]IAL UNIV]SE 9TO PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y1 ! S5SATIONS WE RECEIVE ( ! PRIM>Y REPRES5T+ ! ACTUAL QUALITIES ( MAT]IAL SUB/ANCES1 BUT ! S5SATIONS WE RECEIVE ( :AT HE CALLS ! SECOND>Y HAV+ NO PROP] RESEMBLANCE TO ! CAUSES ?AT PRODUCE !M4 

,N[1 IF WE PROCE$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( SEV]E ANALYSIS TO EXAM9E ! PRIM>Y QUALITIES ( MATT]1 WE %ALL NOT P]HAPS F9D SO M>K$ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?OSE & ! SECOND>Y1 AS ! /ATEM5T ( ,LOCKE W\LD HAVE L$ US TO IMAG9E4 

,! ,OPTICS ( ,NEWTON W]E PUBLI%$ F\RTE5 YE>S LAT] ?AN ,LOCKE'S ,ESSAY CONC]N+ ,HUMAN ,UND]/&+4 

,9 5DEAVOR+ TO ACC\NT = ! UN9T]RUPT$ TRANSMISSION ( RAYS ( LI<T ?R\< TRANSP>5T SUB/ANCES1 H[EV] H>D !Y MAY BE F\ND TO BE1 ,NEWTON HAS !SE OBS]VATIONS4 

0,BODIES >E MU* MORE R>E & POR\S1 ?AN IS COMMONLY BELIEV$4 

,WAT] IS N9ETE5 TIMES LI<T]1 & BY CONSEQU5CE N9ETE5 TIMES R>]1 ?AN GOLD2 & GOLD IS SO R>E1 AS V]Y READILY1 & )\T ! LEA/ OPPOSITION1 TO TRANSMIT ! MAGNETIC EFFLUVIA1 & EASILY TO ADMIT QUICKSILV] 9TO ITS PORES1 & TO LET WAT] PASS ?R\< IT4 ,FROM ALL :I* WE MAY CONCLUDE1 ?AT GOLD HAS MORE PORES ?AN SOLID P>TS1 & BY CONSEQU5CE ?AT WAT] HAS ABOVE =TY TIMES MORE PORES ?AN P>TS4 ,& HE ?AT %ALL F9D \T AN HYPO!SIS1 BY :I* WAT] MAY BE SO R>E1 & YET NOT CAPABLE ( COMPRESSION BY =CE1 MAY D\BTLESS1 BY ! SAME HYPO!SIS1 MAKE GOLD1 & WAT]1 & ALL O!R BODIES1 AS MU* R>] AS HE PLEASES1 SO ?AT LI<T MAY F9D A READY PASSAGE ?R\< TRANSP>5T SUB/ANCES#b40 

,AGA93 0,! COLORS ( BODIES >ISE FROM ! MAGNITUDE ( ! P>TICLES ?AT REFLECT !M4 ,N[1 IF WE CONCEIVE !SE P>TICLES ( BODIES TO BE SO DISPOS$ AMONG !MSELVES1 ?AT ! 9T]VALS1 OR EMPTY SPACES BETWE5 !M1 MAY BE EQUAL 9 MAGNITUDE TO !M ALL2 & ?AT !SE P>TICLES MAY BE COMPOS$ ( O!R P>TICLES MU* SMALL]1 :I* HAVE AS MU* EMPTY SPACE BETWE5 !M AS EQUALS ALL ! MAGNITUDES ( !SE SMALL] P>TICLES2 & ?AT 9 LIKE MANN] !SE SMALL] P>TICLES >E AGA9 COMPOS$ ( O!RS MU* SMALL]1 ALL :I* TOGE!R >E EQUAL TO ALL ! PORES1 OR EMPTY SPACES1 BETWE5 !M2 & SO ON P]PETUALLY TILL Y\ COME TO SOLID P>TICLES1 SU* AS HAVE NO PORES1 OR EMPTY SPACES )9 !M3 & IF 9 ANY GROSS BODY !RE BE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?REE SU* DEGREES ( P>TICLES1 ! LEA/ ( :I* >E SOLID2 ?IS BODY WILL HAVE SEV5 TIMES MORE PORES ?AN SOLID P>TS4 ,BUT IF !RE BE F\R SU* DEGREES ( P>TICLES1 ! LEA/ ( :I* >E SOLID1 ! BODY WILL HAVE FIFTE5 TIMES MORE PORES ?AN SOLID P>TS4 ,IF !RE BE FIVE DEGREES1 ! BODY WILL HAVE ONE & ?IRTY TIMES MORE PORES ?AN SOLID P>TS4 ,IF SIX DEGREES1 ! BODY WILL HAVE SIXTY & ?REE TIMES MORE PORES ?AN SOLID P>TS4 

,& SO ON P]PETUALLY#c40 

,9 ! ,QU]IES ANNEX$ TO ! ,OPTICS1 ,NEWTON FUR!R SUGGE/S AN OP9ION1 ?AT ! RAYS ( LI<T >E REPELL$ BY BODIES )\T IMM$IATE CONTACT4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT3 

0,:]E ATTRACTION CEASES1 !RE A REPULSIVE VIRTUE \<T TO SUCCE$4 ,& ?AT !RE IS SU* A VIRTUE1 SEEMS TO FOLL[ FROM ! REFLEXIONS & 9FLECTIONS ( ! RAYS ( LI<T4 ,= ! RAYS >E REPELL$ BY BODIES1 9 BO? !SE CASES1 )\T ! IMM$IATE CONTACT ( ! REFLECT+ OR 9FLECT+ BODY4 ,IT SEEMS ALSO TO FOLL[ FROM ! EMISSION ( LI<T2 ! RAY1 SO SOON AS IT IS %AK5 (F FROM A %9+ BODY BY ! VIBRAT+ MOTION ( ! P>TS ( ! BODY1 & GETS BEYOND ! REA* ( ATTRACTION1 BE+ DRIV5 AWAY ) EXCE$+ GREAT VELOCITY4 ,= ?AT =CE1 :I* IS SUFFICI5T TO TURN IT BACK 9 REFLEXION1 MAY BE SUFFICI5T TO EMIT IT4 ,IT SEEMS ALSO TO FOLL[ FROM ! PRODUCTION ( AIR & VAPOR3 ! P>TICLES1 :5 !Y >E %AK5 (F FROM BODIES BY HEAT OR F]M5TATION1 SO SOON AS !Y >E BEYOND ! REA* ( ! ATTRACTION ( ! BODY1 REC$+ FROM IT & ALSO FROM ONE ANO!R1 ) GREAT /R5G?2 & KEEP+ AT A DI/ANCE1 SO AS SOMETIMES TO TAKE UP A MILLION ( TIMES MORE SPACE ?AN !Y DID BE=E1 9 ! =M ( A D5SE BODY40 

,NEWTON WAS ( OP9ION ?AT MATT] WAS MADE UP1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 ( EXCE$+LY SMALL SOLID P>TICLES1 HAV+ NO PORES1 OR EMPTY SPACES )9 !M4 ,PRIE/LEY1 9 HIS ,DISQUISITIONS RELAT+ TO ,MATT] & ,SPIRIT1 C>RIES ! !ORY ONE /EP F>!R2 &1 AS ,NEWTON SURR\NDS HIS EXCE$+LY SMALL P>TICLES ) SPH]ES ( ATTRACTION & REPULSION1 PRECLUD+ 9 ALL CASES !IR ACTUAL CONTACT1 ,PRIE/LEY IS DISPOS$ TO REG>D ! C5T] ( !SE SPH]ES AS MA!MATICAL PO9TS ONLY4 ,IF !RE IS NO ACTUAL CONTACT1 !N BY ! V]Y T]MS NO TWO P>TICLES ( MATT] W]E EV] SO NE> TO EA* O!R1 BUT ?AT !Y MI<T BE BR\<T NE>]1 IF A SUFFICI5T =CE C\LD BE APPLI$ = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,Y\ HAD ONLY ANO!R SPH]E ( REPULSION TO CONQU]2 &1 AS !RE NEV] IS ACTUAL CONTACT1 ! :OLE WORLD IS MADE UP ( ONE SPH]E ( REPULSION AFT] ANO!R1 )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( EV] >RIV+ AT AN 5D4 

0,! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,NEWTONIAN PHILOSOPHY10 SAYS \R AU?OR1 0W]E NO SOON] KN[N1 ?AN IT WAS SE5 H[ FEW 9 COMP>ISON1 ( ! PH5OM5A ( NATURE1 W]E [+ TO SOLID MATT]1 & H[ MU* TO P[]S1 :I* W]E ONLY SUPPOS$ TO ACCOMPANY & SURR\ND ! SOLID P>TS ( MATT]4 ,IT HAS BE5 ASS]T$1 & ! ASS]TION HAS NEV] BE5 DISPROV$1 ?AT = ANY ?+ WE KN[ TO ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ! SOLID MATT] 9 ! SOL> SY/EM MI<T BE CONTA9$ )9 A NUT%ELL#d40 

,IT IS !N ) S5SES1 FROM ! IMPRESSIONS UPON :I* WE >E IMPELL$ TO DRAW SU* FALSE CONCLUSIONS1 & ?AT PRES5T US ) IMAGES ALTOGE!R UNLIKE ANY ?+ ?AT EXI/S \T ( \RSELVES1 ?AT WE COME TO OBS]VE ! PH5OM5A ( :AT WE CALL ! UNIV]SE4 ,! FIR/ OBS]VATION ?AT IT IS H]E 9CUMB5T ON US TO MAKE1 & :I* WE \<T TO KEEP EV] AT H&1 TO BE APPLI$ AS OCCASION MAY (F]1 IS ! WELL KN[N APHORISM ( ,SOCRATES1 ?AT 0WE KN[ ONLY ?IS1 ?AT WE KN[ NO?+40 ,WE HAVE NO COMPASS TO GUIDE US ?R\< ! PA?LESS WAT]S ( SCI5CE2 WE HAVE NO REVELATION1 AT LEA/ ON ! SUBJECT ( A/RONOMY1 & ( ! UNNUMB]$ 9HABITABLE WORLDS ?AT FLOAT 9 ! OCEAN ( E!R2 & WE >E B\ND !RE=E TO SAIL1 AS ! M>9]S ( ANCI5T TIMES SAIL$1 ALWAYS )9 SI<T ( L&4 ,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ MAXIMS ( ORD9>Y PRUD5CE1 IS ?AT WE \<T EV] TO CORRECT ! REPORTS ( ONE S5SE BY ! ASSI/ANCE ( ANO!R S5SE4 ,! ?+S WE H]E SPEAK ( >E NOT MATT]S ( FAI?2 & 9 !M !RE=E IT IS BUT REASON1 ?AT WE %\LD IMITATE ! CONDUCT ( ,DIDYMUS ! APO/LE1 :O SAID1 0,EXCEPT ,I PUT MY F+]S 9TO ! PR9TS ( ! NAILS1 & ?RU/ MY H& 9TO HIS SIDE1 ,I WILL NOT BELIEVE40 ,MY EYES REPORT TO ME AN OBJECT1 AS HAV+ A C]TA9 MAGNITUDE1 TEXTURE1 & R\<NESS OR SMOO?NESS2 BUT ,I REQUIRE ?AT MY H&S %\LD CONFIRM TO ME ! EVID5CE ( MY EYES4 ,I SEE SOME?+ ?AT APPE>S TO BE AN ISL& AT AN UNC]TA9 DI/ANCE FROM ! %ORE2 BUT1 IF ,I AM ACTUAT$ BY A LAUDABLE CURIOSITY1 & WI% TO POSSESS A REAL KN[L$GE1 ,I TAKE A BOAT1 & PROCE$ TO ASC]TA9 BY NE>] 9SPECTION1 :E!R ?AT :I* ,I IMAG9$ TO BE AN ISL& IS AN ISL& OR NO4 

,!RE >E 9DE$ MANY OBJECTS ) :I* WE >E CONV]SANT1 ?AT >E 9 SO V>I\S WAYS SIMIL> TO EA* O!R1 ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ C>EFULLY EXAM9$ A FEW1 WE >E SATISFI$ UPON SLI<T] 9VE/IGATION TO ADMIT ! DIM5SIONS & *>ACT] ( O!RS4 ,?US1 HAV+ MEASUR$ ) A QUADRANT ! HEI<T ( A T[]1 & F\ND ON ! N>R[E/ SE>* & COMP>ISON ?AT ! REPORT ( MY 9/RUM5T WAS RI<T1 ,I YIELD CR$IT TO ?IS PROCESS 9 ANO!R 9/ANCE1 )\T BE+ AT ! TR\BLE TO V]IFY ITS RESULTS 9 ANY MORE ELABORATE ME?OD4 

,! REASON :Y WE ADMIT ! 9F]5CE FL[+ FROM \R EXAM9ATION 9 ! SECOND 9/ANCE1 & SO ONW>D1 ) LESS SCRUPULOSITY & SKEPTICISM ?AN 9 ! FIR/1 IS ?AT !RE IS A /RICT RESEMBLANCE & ANALOGY 9 ! TWO CASES4 ,EXP]I5CE IS ! BASIS ( \R CONCLUSIONS & \R CONDUCT4 ,I /RIKE AGA9/ A GIV5 OBJECT1 A NAIL = EXAMPLE1 ) A C]TA9 DEGREE ( =CE1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE REM>K$ 9 MYSELF & O!RS ! EFFECT ( SU* A /ROKE4 ,I TAKE FOOD & MA/ICATE IT1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE F\ND ?AT ?IS PROCESS CONTRIBUTES TO ! S\ND CONDITION ( MY BODY & M9D4 ,I SCATT] C]TA9 SE$S 9 MY FIELD1 & DIS*>GE ! O!R FUNCTIONS ( AN AGRICULTURI/1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT 9 DUE TIME ! RESULT ( ?IS 9DU/RY IS A CROP4 ,ALL ! PROPRIETY ( !SE PROCE$+S DEP5DS UPON ! EXACT ANALOGY BETWE5 ! OLD CASE & ! NEW ONE4 ,! /ATE ( ! AFFAIR IS /ILL ! SAME1 :5 MY BUS9ESS IS M]ELY ?AT ( AN OBS]V] & A TRAVEL]4 ,I KN[ WAT] FROM E>?1 L& FROM SEA1 & M\NTA9S FROM VALLIES1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE HAD EXP]I5CE ( !SE OBJECTS1 & CONFID5TLY 9F] ?AT1 :5 C]TA9 APPE>ANCES PRES5T !MSELVES TO MY ORGANS ( SI<T1 ,I %ALL F9D ! SAME RESULTS TO ALL MY O!R S5SES1 AS ,I F\ND :5 SU* APPE>ANCES OCCURR$ TO ME BE=E4 

,BUT ! 9T]VAL ?AT DIVIDES ! OBJECTS :I* OCCUR UPON & UND] ! E>?1 & >E ACCESSIBLE 9 ALL WAYS TO \R EXAM9ATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! LI<TS :I* >E SUSP5D$ OV] \R HEADS 9 ! HEAV5S ON ! O!R1 IS ( ! BROADE/ & MO/ MEMORABLE NATURE4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 9 ! 9FANCY ( ! WORLD1 W]E CONT5T$ REV]5TLY TO BEHOLD !SE 9 !IR CALMNESS & BEAUTY1 P]HAPS TO WOR%IP !M1 & TO REM>K ! EFFECTS ?AT !Y PRODUC$1 OR SEEM$ TO PRODUCE1 UPON MAN & ! SUBJECTS ( HIS 9DU/RY4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT ASPIRE TO MEASURE !IR DIM5SIONS1 TO 9QUIRE 9TO !IR 9T]NAL FRAME1 OR TO EXPLA9 ! USES1 F> REMOV$ FROM \R SPH]E ( EXI/5CE1 :I* !Y MI<T BE 9T5D$ TO S]VE4 

,IT IS H[EV] ONE ( ! EFFECTS ( ! IMPROVEM5T ( \R 9TELLECT1 TO 5L>GE \R CURIOSITY4 ,! D>+NESS ( HUMAN 5T]PRISE IS ONE ( ! PRIME GLORIES ( \R NATURE4 ,IT IS \R BOA/ ?AT WE UND]TAKE TO 0MEASURE E>?1 WEI< AIR1 & /ATE ! TIDES40 ,&1 :5 SUCCESS CR[NS ! BOLDNESS ( \R ASPIRATIONS AFT] :AT VULG> & TIMOR\S PRUD5CE HAD PRON\NC$ IMPOSSIBLE1 IT IS !N *IEFLY ?AT WE >E SE5 TO P>TICIPATE ( AN ESS5CE DIV9E4 

,:AT HAS NOT MAN EFFECT$ BY ! BOLDNESS ( HIS CONCEPTIONS & ! ADV5TUR\SNESS ( HIS SPIRIT8 ,! A*IEVEM5TS ( HUMAN G5IUS HAVE APPE>$ SO 9CR$IBLE1 TILL !Y W]E ?OR\<LY EXAM9$1 & SL[LY E/ABLI%$ !IR RI<T TO G5]AL ACCEPTANCE1 ?AT ! GREAT H]OES ( 9TELLECT W]E UNIV]SALLY REG>D$ BY !IR CONTEMPOR>IES AS DEAL]S 9 MAGIC1 & IMPLEM5TS ( ! DEVIL4 ,! 9V5TOR ( ! >T ( PR9T+1 ?AT GLORI\S 9/RUM5T = ADVANC+ ! M>* ( HUMAN IMPROVEM5T1 & ! DISCOV]] ( ! MORE QUE/IONABLE >T ( MAK+ GUNP[D]1 ALIKE SUFF]$ UND] ?IS IMPUTATION4 ,WE HAVE R5D]$ ! SEAS & ! W9DS 9/RUM5TS ( \R PLEASURE1 0EXHAU/$ ! OLD WORLD1 & !N DISCOV]$ A NEW ONE10 HAVE DRAWN D[N LI<TN+ FROM HEAV51 & EXHIBIT$ EQUAL RI<TS & 9DEP5D5CE TO MANK9D4 ,/ILL H[EV] IT IS 9CUMB5T ON US TONO LESS W>Y & SUSPICI\S ?AN WE >E BOLD1 & NOT TO IMAG9E1 BECAUSE WE HAVE DONE MU*1 ?AT WE >E !RE=E ABLE TO EFFECT EV]Y ?+4 

,AS WAS /AT$ 9 ! COMM5CEM5T ( ?IS ,ESSAY1 WE KN[ \R [N S5SATIONS1 & WE KN[ LITTLE MORE4 ,MATT]1 :E!R 9 ITS PRIM>Y OR SECOND>Y QUALITIES1 IS C]TA9LY NOT ! SORT ( ?+ ! VULG> IMAG9E IT TO BE4 ,! ILLU/RI\S ,B]KELEY HAS TAU<T MANY TO D\BT ( ITS EXI/5CE ALTOGE!R2 & LAT] !ORI/S HAVE GONE F>!R ?AN ?IS1 & 5DEAVOR$ TO %EW1 ?AT EA* MAN1 HIMSELF :ILE HE SPEAKS ON ! SUBJECT1 & Y\ & ,I :ILE WE HE>1 HAVE NO CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE TO CONV9CE US1 ?AT WE MAY NOT1 EA* ( US1 = AU<T WE KN[1 BE ! ONLY ?+ ?AT EXI/S1 AN 5TIRE UNIV]SE TO \RSELVES4 

,WE WILL NOT H[EV] FOLL[ !SE +5I\S P]SONS TO ! />TL+ EXTREME TO :I* !IR SPECULATIONS W\LD LEAD US4 ,BUT1 )\T DO+ SO1 IT WILL NOT MISBECOME US TO BE CAUTI\S1 & TO REFLECT :AT WE DO1 BE=E WE TAKE A LEAP 9TO ILLIMITABLE SPACE4 

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0,! SUN10 WE >E TOLD1 0IS A SOLID BODY1 N9ETY-FIVE MILLIONS ( MILES DI/ANT FROM ! E>? WE 9HABIT1 ONE MILLION TIMES L>G] 9 CUBIC MEASUREM5T1 & TO SU* A DEGREE IMPREGNAT$ ) HEAT1 ?AT A COMET1 APPROA*+ TO IT )9 A C]TA9 DI/ANCE1 WAS BY ?AT APPROXIMATION RAIS$ TO A HEAT TWO ?\S& TIMES GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( R$-HOT IRON40 

,IT WILL BE ACKN[L$G$1 ?AT !RE IS 9 ?IS /ATEM5T MU* TO BELIEVE2 & WE %ALL NOT BE EXPOS$ TO REASONABLE BLAME1 IF WE REFUSE TO SUBSCRIBE TO IT1 TILL WE HAVE RECEIV$ IRRESI/IBLE EVID5CE ( ITS TRU?4 

,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 OBS]V$1 ?AT1 = ! GREAT] P>T ( :AT WE IMAG9E WE KN[ ON ! SURFACE OR 9 ! B[ELS ( ! E>?1 WE HAVE1 OR MAY HAVE IF WE PLEASE1 ! EVID5CE ( MORE ?AN ONE ( \R S5SES1 COMB9+ TO LEAD TO ! SAME CONCLUSION4 ,= ! PROPOSITIONS ( A/RONOMY WE HAVE NO S5SIBLE EVID5CE1 BUT ?AT ( SI<T1 & AN IMP]FECT ANALOGY1 LEAD+ FROM ?OSE VISIBLE IMPRESSIONS :I* WE CAN V]IFY1 TO A RELIANCE UPON ?OSE :I* WE CANNOT4 

,! FIR/ C>D9AL P>TICUL> WE MEET ) 9 ! ABOVE /ATEM5T CONC]N+ ! SUN1 IS ! T]M1 DI/ANCE4 ,N[1 ALL ?AT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 WE CAN AFFIRM RESPECT+ ! SUN & O!R HEAV5LY BODIES1 IS ?AT WE HAVE ! SAME S]IES ( IMPRESSIONS RESPECT+ !M1 ?AT WE HAVE RESPECT+ T]RE/RIAL OBJECTS NE> OR REMOTE1 & ?AT !RE IS AN IMP]FECT ANALOGY BETWE5 ! ONE CASE & ! O!R4 

,BE=E WE AFFIRM ANY ?+1 AS ( \R [N KN[L$GE & COMPET5CE1 RESPECT+ HEAV5LY BODIES :I* >E SAID TO BE MILLIONS ( MILLIONS ( MILES REMOV$ FROM US1 IT W\LD NOT P]HAPS BE AMISS ?AT WE %\LD POSSESS \RSELVES ( A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9CONTE/IBLE 9=MATION1 AS TO ! ?+S :I* EXI/ ON ! E>? WE 9HABIT4 ,AMONG !SE1 ONE ( ! SUBJECTS ATT5D$ ) A GREAT DEGREE ( D\BT & OBSCURITY1 IS ! HEI<T ( ! M\NTA9S ) :I* ! SURFACE ( ! GLOBE WE 9HABIT IS DIV]SIFI$4 ,IT IS AFFIRM$ 9 ! RECEIV$ BOOKS ( ELEM5T>Y GEOGRAPHY1 ?AT ! ,&ES >E ! HI<E/ M\NTA9S 9 ! WORLD4 ,MORSE1 9 HIS ,AM]ICAN ,GAZETTE]1 ?IRD $ITION1 PR9T$ AT ,BO/ON 9 #a#h#a#e1 SAYS1 0,! HEI<T ( ,*IMBORAZZO1 ! MO/ ELEVAT$ PO9T ( ! VA/ *A9 ( ! ,&ES1 IS #b1#b#h FEET ABOVE ! LEVEL ( ! SEA1 :I* IS #gab FEET HI<] ?AN ANY O!R M\NTA9 9 ! KN[N WORLD30 ?US MAK+ ! ELEVATION ( ! M\NTA9S ( ,?IBET1 OR :ATEV] O!R RIS+ GR\ND ! COMPIL] HAD 9 HIS ?\<T1 PRECISELY #a#c1#a#g#h FEET ABOVE ! LEVEL ( ! SEA1 & NO MORE4 ,?IS DECISION H[EV] HAS LATELY BE5 CONTRADICT$4 ,MR4 ,HU< ,MURRAY1 9 AN ,ACC\NT ( ,DISCOV]IES & ,TRAVELS 9 ,ASIA1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#b1 HAS COLLAT$ ! REPORTS ( V>I\S REC5T TRAVEL]S 9 C5TRAL ,ASIA2 & HE /ATES ! HEI<T ( ,*UMUL>EE1 :I* HE SPEAKS ( AS ! MO/ ELEVAT$ PO9T ( ! M\NTA9S ( ,?IBET1 AS NE>LY #c1 FEET ABOVE ! LEVEL ( ! SEA4 

,! ELEVATION ( M\NTA9S1 TILL LATELY1 WAS 9 NO WAY ATTEMPT$ TO BE ASC]TA9$ BUT BY ! USE ( ! QUADRANT7 & !IR HEI<T WAS SO G5]ALLY EXAGG]AT$1 ?AT ,RICCIOLI1 ONE ( ! MO/ EM95T A/RONOM]S ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 GIVES IT AS HIS OP9ION ?AT M\NTA9S1 LIKE ! ,CAUCASUS1 MAY HAVE A P]P5DICUL> ELEVATION ( FIFTY ,ITALIAN MILES#f4 ,LAT] OBS]V]S HAVE UND]TAK5 TO CORRECT ! 9ACCURACY ( !SE RESULTS ?R\< ! APPLICATION ( ! B>OMET]1 & ?US1 BY 9=M+ !MSELVES ( ! WEI<T ( ! AIR AT A C]TA9 ELEVATION1 PROCE$+ TO 9F] ! HEI<T ( ! SITUATION4 

,!RE >E MANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 :I* >E CALCULAT$ TO 9DUCE A CIRCUMSPECT 5QUIR] TO REG>D ! AFFIRMATIVE POSITIONS ( A/RONOMY1 AS !Y >E DELIV]$ BY ! MO/ APPROV$ MOD]N WRIT]S1 ) CONSID]ABLE DIFFID5CE4 

,!Y >E F\ND$1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 NEXT TO ! EVID5CE ( \R S5SES1 UPON ! D$UCTIONS ( MA!MATICAL KN[L$GE4 

,MA!MATICS >E EI!R PURE OR MIX$4 

,PURE MA!MATICS >E CONC]N$ ONLY ) AB/RACT PROPOSITIONS1 & HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! REALITIES ( NATURE4 ,!RE IS NO SU* ?+ 9 ACTUAL EXI/5CE AS A MA!MATICAL PO9T1 L9E OR SURFACE4 ,!RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A CIRCLE OR SQU>E4 ,BUT ?AT IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE4 ,WE CAN DEF9E !M 9 WORDS1 & REASON AB\T !M4 ,WE CAN DRAW A DIAGRAM1 & SUPPOSE ?AT L9E TO BE /RAI<T :I* IS NOT REALLY /RAI<T1 & ?AT FIGURE TO BE A CIRCLE :I* IS NOT /RICTLY A CIRCLE4 ,IT IS CONCEIV$ !RE=E BY ! G5]ALITY ( OBS]V]S1 ?AT MA!MATICS IS ! SCI5CE ( C]TA9TY4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT /RICTLY ! CASE4 ,MA!MATICS >E LIKE ?OSE AB/RACT & IMAG9>Y EXI/5CES AB\T :I* !Y >E CONV]SANT4 ,!Y MAY CON/ITUTE 9 !MSELVES1 & 9 ! APPREH5SION ( AN 9FALLIBLE BE+1 A SCI5CE ( C]TA9TY4 ,BUT !Y COME TO US MIX$ & 9CORPORAT$ ) \R IMP]FECTIONS4 ,\R FACULTIES >E LIMIT$2 & WE MAY BE EASILY DECEIV$1 AS TO :AT IT IS ?AT WE SEE ) TRANSP>5T & UN]R+ CLE>NESS1 & :AT IT IS ?AT COMES TO US ?R\< A CROOK$ M$IUM1 REFRACT+ & DI/ORT+ ! RAYS ( PRIMITIVE TRU?4 ,WE (T5 SEEM CLE>1 :5 9 REALITY ! TWILI<T ( UNDI/+UI%+ NI<T HAS CREPT FA/ & F> UPON US4 ,9 A TRA9 ( D$UCTIONS1 AS 9 ! /EPS ( AN >I?METICAL PROCESS1 AN ]ROR MAY HAVE 9S9UAT$ ITSELF IMP]CEPTIBLY AT A V]Y E>LY /AGE1 R5D]+ ALL ! SUBSEQU5T /EPS A W&]+ F>!R & F>!R FROM ! UNADULT]AT$ TRU?4 ,HUMAN MA!MATICS1 SO TO SPEAK1 LIKE ! L5G? ( LIFE1 >E SUBJECT TO ! DOCTR9E ( *ANCES4 ,MA!MATICS MAY BE ! SCI5CE ( C]TA9TY TO CELE/IAL NATURES1 BUT NOT TO MAN4 

,BUT1 IF 9 ! CASE ( PURE MA!MATICS1 WE >E EXPOS$ TO ! *ANCES ( ]ROR & DELUSION1 IT IS MU* WORSE ) MIX$ MA!MATICS4 ,! MOM5T WE /EP \T ( ! HI< REGION ( AB/RACTION1 & APPLY \RSELVES TO :AT WE CALL EXT]NAL NATURE1 WE HAVE =FEIT$ ?AT SACR$ *>ACT] & IMMUNITY1 :I* WE SEEM$ 5TITL$ TO BOA/1 SO LONG AS WE REMA9$ 5CLOS$ 9 ! SANCTU>Y ( UNM+L$ TRU?4 ,AS HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 WE KN[ :AT PASSES 9 ! !AT] ( ! M9D2 BUT WE CANNOT BE SAID ABSOLUTELY TO KN[ ANY ?+ MORE4 ,9 \R SPECULATIONS UPON ACTUAL EXI/5CES WE >E NOT ONLY SUBJECT TO ! DISADVANTAGES :I* >ISE FROM ! LIMIT$ NATURE ( \R FACULTIES1 & ! ]RORS :I* MAY 9S5SIBLY CREEP UPON US 9 ! PROCESS4 ,WE >E FUR!R EXPOS$ TO ! OP]ATION ( ! UNEV5NESSES & IRREGUL>ITIES ?AT P]PETUALLY OCCUR 9 EXT]NAL NATURE1 ! IMP]FECTION ( \R S5SES1 & ( ! 9/RUM5TS WE CON/RUCT TO ASSI/ \R OBS]VATIONS1 & ! DISCREPANCY :I* WE FREQU5TLY DETECT BETWE5 ! ACTUAL NATURE ( ! ?+S AB\T US & \R IMPRESSIONS RESPECT+ !M4 

,?IS IS OBVI\S1 :5EV] WE UND]TAKE TO APPLY ! PROCESSES ( >I?METIC TO ! REALITIES ( LIFE4 ,>I?METIC1 UNSUBJECT$ TO ! IMPULSES ( PASSION & ! ACCID5TS ( CREAT$ NATURE1 HOLDS ON ITS C\RSE2 BUT1 9 ! PH5OM5A ( ! ACTUAL WORLD1 0TIME & *ANCE HAPP5E? TO !M ALL40 

,?US IT IS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! >I?METICAL & GEOMETRICAL RATIOS1 SET UP 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY BY ! CELEBRAT$ ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 ,HIS NUMB]S WILL GO ON SMOO?LY 5\<1 #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #a#f1 #c#b1 AS REPRES5T+ ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION AMONG MANK9D1 & #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE2 BUT RE/IFF & UNCOMPLY+ NATURE REFUSES TO CON=M H]SELF TO HIS DICTA4 

,DR4 ,PRICE HAS CALCULAT$ ! PRODUCE ( ONE P5NY1 PUT \T AT ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A TO FIVE P]C5T COMP\ND 9T]E/1 & F9DS ?AT 9 ! YE> #agia IT W\LD HAVE 9CREAS$ TO A GREAT] SUM ?AN W\LD BE CONTA9$ 9 ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( E>?S1 ALL SOLID GOLD4 ,BUT :AT HAS ?IS TO DO ) ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE8 ,DID EV] ANY ONE PUT \T HIS P5NY TO 9T]E/ 9 ?IS FA%ION = EI<TE5 HUNDR$ YE>S8 ,&1 IF HE DID1 :]E WAS ! GOLD TO BE F\ND1 TO SATISFY HIS DEM&8 

,MORSE1 9 HIS ,AM]ICAN ,GAZETTE]1 PROCE$+ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ,MAL?US1 TELLS US ?AT1 IF ! CITY ( ,NEW ,YORK GOES ON 9CREAS+ = A C5TURY 9 A C]TA9 RATIO1 IT WILL BY ?AT TIME CONTA9 #e1#b#e#g1#d#i#c 9HABITANTS4 ,BUT DOES ANY ONE1 = HIMSELF OR HIS PO/]ITY1 EXPECT TO SEE ?IS REALIZ$8 

,BLACK/ONE1 9 HIS ,COMM5T>IES ON ! ,LAWS ( ,5GL&1 HAS OBS]V$ ?AT1 AS EV]Y MAN HAS TWO ANCE/ORS 9 ! FIR/ ASC5D+ DEGREE1 & F\R 9 ! SECOND1 SO 9 ! TW5TIE? DEGREE HE HAS MORE ?AN A MILLION1 & 9 ! =TIE? ! SQU>E ( ?AT NUMB]1 OR UPW>DS ( A MILLION MILLIONS4 ,?IS /ATEM5T !RE=E W\LD HAVE A GREAT] T5D5CY TO PROVE ?AT MANK9D 9 REMOTE AGES W]E NUM]\S1 ALMO/ BEYOND ! P[] ( FIGURES TO REPRES5T1 ?AN ! OPPOSITE DOCTR9E ( ,MAL?US1 ?AT !Y HAVE A P]PETUAL T5D5CY TO SU* 9CREASE AS W\LD 9FALLIBLY BR+ D[N ! MO/ TREM5D\S CALAMITIES ON \R PO/]ITY4 

,B]KELEY1 :OM ,I HAVE ALREADY REF]R$ TO ON ANO!R SUBJECT1 & :O IS ADMITT$ TO BE ONE ( \R PR(\NDE/ PHILOSOPH]S1 HAS WRITT5 A TREATISE#g TO PROVE1 ?AT ! MA!MATICIANS1 :O OBJECT TO ! MY/]IES SUPPOS$ TO EXI/ 9 REVEAL$ RELIGION1 0ADMIT MU* GREAT] MY/]IES1 & EV5 FAL%OODS 9 SCI5CE1 ( :I* HE ALLEGES ! DOCTR9E ( FLUXIONS AS AN EM95T EXAMPLE#h40 ,HE OBS]VES1 ?AT !IR CONCLUSIONS >E E/ABLI%$ BY VIRTUE ( A TW(OLD ]ROR1 & ?AT !SE ]RORS1 BE+ 9 CONTR>Y DIRECTIONS1 >E SUPPOS$ TO COMP5SATE EA* O!R1 ! EXP\ND]S ( ! DOCTR9E ?US >RIV+ AT :AT !Y CALL TRU?1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO %EW H[1 OR BY :AT MEANS !Y HAVE >RIV$ AT IT4 

,IT IS A MEMORABLE & A CURI\S SPECULATION TO REFLECT1 UPON H[ SLI<T GR\NDS ! DOCTR9E ( 0?\S&S & ?\S&S ( SUNS1 MULTIPLI$ )\T 5D1 & RANG$ ALL >\ND US1 AT IMM5SE DI/ANCES FROM EA* O!R1 & ATT5D$ BY T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S& WORLDS10 M5TION$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS ,ESSAY1 IS BUILT4 ,IT MAY BE ALL TRUE4 ,BUT1 TRUE OR FALSE1 IT CANNOT BE )\T ITS USE TO US1 C>EFULLY TO SURVEY ! ROAD UPON :I* WE >E ADVANC+1 ! PI] :I* HUMAN 5T]PRISE HAS D>$ TO ?R[ \T 9TO ! VA/ OCEAN ( ,CIMM]IAN D>KNESS4 ,WE HAVE CON/RUCT$ A PYRAMID1 :I* ?R[S 9TO UNSPEAKABLE CONTEMPT ! VE/IGES ( ANCI5T ,EGYPTIAN 9DU/RY3 BUT IT /&S UPON ITS APEX2 IT TREMBLES ) EV]Y BREEZE2 & MOM5T>ILY ?REAT5S TO OV]:ELM 9 ITS RU9S ! FE>LESS UND]TAK]S ?AT HAVE SET IT UP4 

,IT GIVES US A MI<TY & SUBLIME IDEA ( ! NATURE ( MAN1 TO ?9K ) :AT COMPOSURE & CONFID5CE A SUCCESSION ( P]SONS ( ! GREATE/ G5IUS HAVE LAUN*$ !MSELVES 9 ILLIMITABLE SPACE1 ) :AT 9V9CIBLE 9DU/RY !Y HAVE PROCE$$1 WA/+ ! MIDNI<T OIL1 RACK+ !IR FACULTIES1 & ALMO/ WE>+ !IR ORGANS TO DU/1 9 MEASUR+ ! DI/ANCE ( ,SIRIUS & ! O!R FIX$ />S1 ! VELOCITY ( LI<T1 & 0! MYRIADS ( 9TELLIG5T BE+S =M$ = 5DLESS PROGRESSION 9 P]FECTION & FELICITY10 ?AT PEOPLE ! NUMB]LESS WORLDS ( :I* !Y DISC\RSE4 ,! ILLU/RI\S NAMES ( ,COP]NICUS1 ,GALILEO1 ,GASS5DI1 ,KEPL]1 ,HALLEY & ,NEWTON IMPRESS US ) AWE2 &1 IF ! A/RONOMY !Y HAVE OP5$ BE=E US IS A ROMANCE1 IT IS AT LEA/ A ROMANCE MORE S]I\SLY & P]SEV]+LY H&L$ ?AN ANY O!R 9 ! ANNALS ( LIT]ATURE4 

,A VULG> & A PLA9 MAN W\LD UNAVOIDABLY ASK ! A/RONOM]S1 ,H[ CAME Y\ SO FAMILI>LY ACQUA9T$ ) ! MAGNITUDE & QUALITIES ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES1 A GREAT PORTION ( :I*1 BY Y\R [N ACC\NT1 >E MILLIONS ( MILLIONS ( MILES REMOV$ FROM US8 ,BUT1 ,I BELIEVE1 IT IS NOT ! FA%ION ( ! PRES5T DAY TO />T SO RUDE A QUE/ION4 ,I HAVE JU/ TURN$ OV] AN >TICLE ON ,A/RONOMY 9 ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,LOND95SIS1 CONSI/+ ( ONE HUNDR$ & ?IRTY-?REE V]Y CLOSELY PR9T$ QU>TO PAGES1 & 9 NO CORN] ( ?IS >TICLE IS ANY EVID5CE SO MU* AS H9T$ AT4 ,IS IT NOT 5\<8 ,NEWTON & HIS COMPE]S HAVE SAID IT4 

,! :OLE DOCTR9E ( A/RONOMY RE/S UPON TRIGONOMETRY1 A BRAN* ( ! SCI5CE ( MA!MATICS :I* TEA*ES US1 HAV+ TWO SIDES & ONE ANGLE1 OR TWO ANGLES & ONE SIDE1 ( A TRIANGLE GIV5 US1 TO CON/RUCT ! :OLE4 ,TO APPLY ?IS PR9CIPLE !RE=E TO ! HEAV5LY BODIES1 IT IS NECESS>Y = US TO TAKE TWO /ATIONS1 ! MORE REMOTE FROM EA* O!R ! BETT]1 FROM :I* \R OBS]VATIONS %\LD BE MADE4 ,= ! SAKE ( ILLU/RATION WE WILL SUPPOSE !M TO BE TAK5 AT ! EXTREMES ( ! E>?'S DIAMET]1 9 O!R WORDS1 NE>LY EI<T ?\S& MILES AP>T FROM EA* O!R1 ! ?+ ITSELF HAV+ NEV] BE5 REALIZ$ TO ?AT EXT5T4 ,FROM EA* ( !SE /ATIONS WE WILL IMAG9E A L9E TO BE DRAWN1 T]M9AT+ 9 ! SUN4 ,N[ IT SEEMS EASY1 BY MEANS ( A QUADRANT1 TO F9D ! >* ( A CIRCLE 79 O!R WORDS1 ! ANGLE7 9CLUD$ BETWE5 !SE L9ES T]M9AT+ 9 ! SUN1 & ! BASE =M$ BY A RI<T L9E DRAWN FROM ONE ( !SE /ATIONS TO ! O!R1 :I* 9 ?IS CASE IS ! L5G? ( ! E>?'S DIAMET]4 ,I HAVE !RE=E N[ ! ?REE P>TICUL>S REQUIR$ TO 5ABLE ME TO CON/RUCT MY TRIANGLE4 ,&1 ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ APPROV$ A/RONOMICAL OBS]VATIONS HI!RTO MADE1 ,I HAVE AN ISOSCELES TRIANGLE1 EI<T ?\S& MILES BROAD AT ITS BASE1 & N9ETY-FIVE MILLIONS ( MILES 9 ! L5G? ( EA* ( ! SIDES REA*+ FROM ! BASE TO ! APEX4 

,IT IS H[EV] OBVI\S TO ! MO/ 9DIFF]5T OBS]V]1 ?AT ! MORE ANY TRIANGLE1 OR O!R MA!MATICAL DIAGRAM1 FALLS )9 ! LIMITS :I* \R S5SES CAN CONV5I5TLY EMBRACE1 ! MORE SECURELY1 :5 \R BUS9ESS IS PRACTICAL1 & \R PURPOSE TO APPLY ! RESULT TO EXT]NAL OBJECTS1 CAN WE RELY ON ! ACCURACY ( \R RESULTS4 ,9 A CASE !RE=E LIKE ! PRES5T1 :]E ! BASE ( \R ISOSCELES TRIANGLE IS TO ! O!R TWO SIDES AS EI<T UNITS TO TWELVE ?\S&1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO P]CEIVE ?AT IT BEHOOVES US TO BE S+UL>LY DIFFID5T AS TO ! CONCLUSION AT :I* WE HAVE >RIV$1 OR RA!R IT BEHOOVES US TO TAKE = GRANT$ ?AT WE >E NOT UNLIKELY TO FALL 9TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT ]ROR4 ,WE HAVE SATISFI$ \RSELVES ?AT ! SIDES ( ! TRIANGLE 9CLUD+ ! APEX1 DO NOT =M AN ANGLE1 TILL !Y HAVE >RIV$ AT ! EXT5T ( N9ETY-FIVE MILLIONS ( MILES4 ,H[ >E WE SURE ?AT !Y DO !N8 ,MAY NOT L9ES :I* HAVE REA*$ TO SO AMAZ+ A L5G? )\T MEET+1 BE 9 REALITY P>ALLEL L9ES8 ,IF AN ANGLE IS NEV] =M$1 !RE CAN BE NO RESULT4 ,! :OLE QUE/ION SEEMS TO BE 9COMM5SURATE TO \R FACULTIES4 

,IT BE+ OBVI\S ?AT ?IS WAS A V]Y UNSATISFACTORY S*EME = >RIV+ AT ! KN[L$GE DESIR$1 ! CELEBRAT$ ,HALLEY SUGGE/$ ANO!R ME?OD1 9 ! YE> #a#g#a#f1 BY AN OBS]VATION TO BE TAK5 AT ! TIME ( ! TRANSIT ( ,V5US OV] ! SUN#i4 

,IT WAS SUPPOS$ ?AT WE W]E ALREADY PRETTY ACCURATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! DI/ANCE ( ! MOON FROM ! E>?1 IT BE+ SO MU* NE>] TO US1 BY OBS]V+ ITS P>ALLAX1 OR ! DIFF]5CE ( ITS PLACE 9 ! HEAV5S AS SE5 FROM ! SURFACE ( ! E>?1 FROM ?AT 9 :I* IT W\LD APPE> IF SE5 FROM ITS C5T]#a4 ,BUT ! P>ALLAX ( ! SUN IS SO EXCE$+LY SMALL1 AS SC>CELY TO AF=D ! BASIS ( A MA!MATICAL CALCULATION#a#a4 ,! P>ALLAX ( ,V5US IS H[EV] ALMO/ F\R TIMES AS GREAT AS ?AT ( ! SUN2 & !RE MU/ !RE=E BE A V]Y S5SIBLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TIMES 9 :I* ,V5US MAY BE SE5 PASS+ OV] ! SUN FROM DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! E>?4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS ACC\NT APPREH5D$1 ?AT ! P>ALLAX ( ! SUN1 BY MEANS ( OBS]VATIONS TAK5 FROM DIFF]5T PLACES AT ! TIME ( ! TRANSIT ( ,V5US 9 #agfa & #a#g#f#i1 MI<T BE ASC]TA9$ ) A GREAT DEGREE ( PRECISION#a#b4 

,BUT ! IMP]FECTNESS ( \R 9/RUM5TS & MEANS ( OBS]VATION HAVE NO SMALL T5D5CY TO BAFFLE ! AMBITION ( MAN 9 !SE CURI\S 9VE/IGATIONS4 

0,! TRUE QUANTITY ( ! MOON'S P>ALLAX10 SAYS ,BONNYCA/LE1 0CANNOT BE ACCURATELY DET]M9$ BY ! ME?ODS ORD9>ILY RESORT$ TO1 ON ACC\NT ( ! V>Y+ DECL9ATION ( ! MOON1 & ! 9CON/ANCY ( ! HORIZONTAL REFRACTIONS1 :I* >E P]PETUALLY *ANG+ ACCORD+ TO ! /ATE ! ATMOSPH]E IS 9 AT ! TIME4 ,= ! MOON CONT9UES BUT = A %ORT TIME 9 ! EQU9OCTIAL1 & ! REFRACTION AT A MEAN RATE ELEVATES H] APP>5T PLACE NE> ! HORIZON1 HALF AS MU* AS H] P>ALLAX DEPRESSES IT#a#c40 

0,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! P>ALLAX ( ! SUN CAN NEV] EXCE$ N9E SECONDS1 OR ! F\R-HUNDR$? P>T ( A DEGREE#a#d40 0,OBS]VATIONS10 SAYS ,HALLEY1 0MADE UPON ! VIBRATIONS ( A P5DULUM1 TO DET]M9E !SE EXCE$+LY SMALL ANGLES1 >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY ACCURATE TO BE DEP5D$ UPON2 = BY ?IS ME?OD ( ASC]TA9+ ! P>ALLAX1 IT WILL SOMETIMES COME \T TO BE NO?+1 OR EV5 NEGATIVE2 ?AT IS1 ! DI/ANCE WILL EI!R BE 9F9ITE1 OR GREAT] ?AN 9F9ITE1 :I* IS ABSURD4 ,&1 TO CONFESS ! TRU?1 IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE = A P]SON TO DI/+UI% SECONDS ) C]TA9TY BY ANY 9/RUM5TS1 H[EV] SKILLFULLY !Y MAY BE MADE2 & !RE=E IT IS NOT TO BE WOND]$ AT1 ?AT ! EXCESSIVE NICETY ( ?IS MATT] %\LD HAVE ELUD$ ! MANY +5I\S 5DEAVORS ( ! MO/ ABLE OPETATORS#a#e4 

,SU* >E ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT BESET ! SUBJECT ON EV]Y SIDE4 ,IT IS = ! IMP>TIAL & DISPASSIONATE OBS]V]S :O HAVE MA/]$ ALL ! SUBTLETIES ( ! SCI5CE1 IF SU* CAN BE F\ND1 TO DET]M9E :E!R ! REM$IES ?AT HAVE BE5 RESORT$ TO TO OBVIATE ! ABOVE 9ACCURACIES & !IR CAUSES1 HAVE FULFILL$ !IR 5D1 & >E NOT EXPOS$ TO SIMIL> ]RORS4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE VA9 TO EXPECT ! P]SONS1 :O HAVE 0SCORN$ DELI<TS1 & LIV$ LABORI\S DAYS0 TO POSSESS !MSELVES ( ! MY/]IES ( A/RONOMY1 %\LD BE IMP>TIAL & DISPASSIONATE1 OR BE DISPOS$ TO CONFESS1 EV5 TO !IR [N M9DS1 ?AT !IR RESE>*ES W]E USELESS1 & !IR LABORS 5D$ 9 NO?+4 

,IT IS FUR!R WOR?Y ( \R ATT5TION1 ?AT ! 9/RUM5TS ) :I* WE MEASURE ! DI/ANCE ( ! E>? FROM ! SUN & ! PLANETS1 >E ! V]Y 9/RUM5TS :I* HAVE BE5 PRON\NC$ UPON AS 9COMPET5T 9 MEASUR+ ! HEI<TS ( M\NTA9S#a#f4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE !RE=E WE HAVE SUB/ITUT$ A DIFF]5T MODE = >RIV+ AT ! TRU?1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ATT5D$ ) GREAT] PRECISION3 BUT WE HAVE NO SUB/ITUTE TO :I* WE CAN RESORT1 TO CORRECT ! MI/AKES 9TO :I* WE MAY FALL RESPECT+ ! HEAV5LY BODIES4 

,! RESULT ( ! UNC]TA9TY :I* ADH]ES TO ALL A/RONOMICAL OBS]VATIONS IS SU* AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$4 ,COMMON READ]S >E ONLY 9=M$ ( ! LATE/ ADJU/M5T ( ! QUE/ION1 & >E !RE=E UNAVOIDABLY L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! DI/ANCE ( ! SUN FROM ! E>?1 EV] S9CE A/RONOMY BECAME 5TITL$ TO ! NAME ( A SCI5CE1 HAS BY UNIV]SAL CONS5T BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS N9ETY-FIVE MILLIONS ( MILES1 OR1 AS NE> AS MAY BE1 TW5TY-F\R ?\S& SEMI-DIAMET]S ( ! E>?4 ,BUT H[ DOES ! CASE REALLY /&8 ,COP]NICUS & ,TY*O ,BRAHE HELD ! DI/ANCE TO BE TWELVE HUNDR$ SEMI-DIAMET]S2 ,KEPL]1 :O IS RECEIV$ TO HAVE BE5 P]HAPS ! GREATE/ A/RONOM] ?AT ANY AGE HAS PRODUC$1 PUTS IT D[N AS ?REE ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$ SEMI-DIAMET]S2 S9CE HIS TIME1 ,RICCIOLI AS SEV5 ?\S&2 ,HEVELIUS AS FIVE ?\S& TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY#a#g2 SOME LAT] A/RONOM]S1 M5TION$ BY ,HALLEY1 AS F\RTE5 ?\S&2 & ,HALLEY HIMSELF AS SIXTE5 ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$#a#h4 

,! DOCTR9E ( FLUXIONS IS LIKEWISE CALL$ 9 BY ! A/RONOM]S 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO ASC]TA9 ! DI/ANCE & MAGNITUDE ( ! DIFF]5T CELE/IAL BODIES :I* COMPOSE ! SOL> SY/EM2 & 9 ?IS WAY !IR CONCLUSIONS BECOME SUBJECT TO ALL ! DIFFICULTIES :I* ,B]KELEY HAS ALLEG$ AGA9/ ?AT DOCTR9E4 

,KEPL] HAS ALSO SUPPLI$ US ) ANO!R MODE ( >RIV+ AT ! DI/ANCE & SIZE ( ! SUN & ! PLANETS3 HE HAS HAZ>D$ A CONJECTURE1 ?AT ! SQU>ES ( ! TIMES ( ! REVOLUTION ( ! E>? & ! O!R PLANETS >E 9 PROPORTION TO ! CUBES ( !IR DI/ANCES FROM ! SUN1 !IR COMMON C5T]2 &1 AS BY OBS]VATION WE CAN >RIVE ) TOL]ABLE C]TA9TY AT A KN[L$GE ( ! TIMES ( !IR REVOLUTIONS1 WE MAY FROM H5CE PROCE$ TO ! O!R MATT]S WE >E DESIR\S TO ASC]TA94 ,& ?AT :I* ,KEPL] SEEM$1 AS BY A DIV9E 9SPIRATION1 TO HAZ>D 9 ! WAY ( CONJECTURE1 ,NEWTON PR(ESSES TO HAVE DEMON/RATIVELY E/ABLI%$4 ,BUT ! DEMON/RATION ( ,NEWTON HAS NOT BE5 CONSID]$ AS SATISFACTORY BY ALL M5 ( SCI5CE S9CE HIS TIME4 

,?US F> H[EV] WE PROCE$ AS WE MAY1 RESPECT+ \R PROPOSITIONS ON ! SUBJECT ( ! SOL> SY/EM4 ,BUT1 BEYOND ?IS1 ALL SCI5CE1 REAL OR PRET5D$1 DES]TS US4 ,WE HAVE NO ME?OD = MEASUR+ ANGLES1 :I* CAN BE APPLI$ TO ! FIX$ />S2 & WE KN[ NO?+ ( ANY REVOLUTIONS !Y P]=M4 ,ALL H]E !RE=E SEEMS GRATUIT\S3 WE REASON FROM C]TA9 ALLEG$ ANALOGIES2 & WE CAN DO NO MORE4 

,HUYG5S 5DEAVOR$ TO ASC]TA9 SOME?+ ON ! SUBJECT1 BY MAK+ ! AP]TURE ( A TELESCOPE SO SMALL1 ?AT ! SUN %\LD APPE> ?R\< IT NO L>G] ?AN ,SIRIUS1 :I* HE F\ND TO BE ONLY 9 ! PROPORTION ( #a TO #b#g1#f#f#d TIMES HIS DIAMET]1 AS SE5 BY ! NAK$ EYE4 ,H5CE1 SUPPOS+ ,SIRIUS TO BE A GLOBE ( ! SAME MAGNITUDE AS ! SUN1 IT MU/ BE #b#g1#f#f#d TIMES AS DI/ANT FROM US AS ! SUN1 9 O!R WORDS1 AT A DI/ANCE SO CONSID]ABLE AS TO EQUAL #cde MILLION DIAMET]S ( ! E>?#a#i4 ,EV]Y ONE MU/ FEEL ON H[ SL5D] A ?READ ?IS CONCLUSION IS SUSP5D$4 

,& YET1 FROM ?IS SMALL PO/ULATE1 ! A/RONOM]S PROCE$ TO D$UCE ! MO/ A/\ND+ CONCLUSIONS4 ,!Y TELL US1 ?AT ! DI/ANCE ( ! NE>E/ FIX$ /> FROM ! E>? IS AT LEA/ #g1#f111 MILES1 & ( ANO!R !Y NAME1 NOT LESS ?AN #* MILLIONS ( MILLIONS ( MILES4 ,A CANNON-BALL !RE=E1 PROCE$+ AT ! RATE ( AB\T TW5TY MILES 9 A M9UTE W\LD BE #g#f1 YE>S 9 PASS+ FROM US TO ! NE>E/ FIX$ />1 & #c1#h1 9 PASS+ TO ! SECOND /> ( :I* WE SPEAK4 ,HUYG5S ACCORD+LY CONCLUD$1 ?AT IT WAS NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT !RE MI<T BE />S AT SU* 9CONCEIVABLE DI/ANCES FROM US1 ?AT !IR LI<T HAS NOT YET REA*$ ! E>? S9CE ITS CREATION#b4 

,! RECEIV$ SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 F\ND$ UPON !SE SO CALL$ DISCOV]IES1 IS ?AT EA* ( ! />S IS A SUN1 HAV+ PLANETS & COMETS REVOLV+ R\ND IT1 AS \R SUN HAS ! E>? & O!R PLANETS REVOLV+ R\ND HIM4 ,IT HAS BE5 F\ND ALSO BY ! SUCCESSIVE OBS]VATIONS ( A/RONOM]S1 ?AT A /> N[ & !N IS TOTALLY LO/1 & ?AT A NEW /> MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE :I* HAD NEV] BE5 REM>K$ BE=E3 & ?IS !Y EXPLA9 9TO ! CREATION ( A NEW SY/EM FROM TIME TO TIME BY ! ,ALMI<TY AU?OR ( ! UNIV]SE1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( AN OLD SY/EM WORN \T ) AGE#b#a4 ,WE MU/ ALSO REMEMB] ! P[] ( ATTRACTION EV]Y :]E DIFFUS$ ?R\< 9F9ITE SPACE1 BY MEANS ( :I*1 AS ,H]S*EL ASSURES US1 9 GREAT L5G? ( TIME A NEBULA1 OR CLU/] ( />S1 MAY BE =M$1 :ILE ! PROJECTILE =CE !Y RECEIV$ 9 ! BEG9N+ MAY PREV5T !M FROM ALL COM+ TOGE!R1 AT LEA/ = MILLIONS ( AGES4 ,SOME ( !SE NEBULAE1 HE ADDS1 CANNOT WELL BE SUPPOS$ TO BE AT A LESS DI/ANCE FROM US ?AN SIX OR EI<T ?\S& TIMES ! DI/ANCE ( ,SIRIUS#b#b4 ,KEPL] H[EV] D5IES ?AT EA* />1 ( ?OSE :I* DI/9CTLY PRES5T !MSELVES TO \R SI<T1 CAN HAVE ITS SY/EM ( PLANETS AS \R SUN HAS1 & CONSID]S !M AS ALL FIX$ 9 ! SAME SURFACE OR SPH]E2 S9CE1 IF ONE ( !M W]E TWICE OR ?RICE AS REMOTE AS ANO!R1 IT W\LD1 SUPPOS+ !IR REAL MAGNITUDES TO BE EQUAL1 APPE> TO BE TWICE OR ?RICE AS SMALL1 :]EAS !RE IS NOT 9 !IR APP>5T MAGNITUDES ! SLI<TE/ DIFF]5CE#b#c4 

,C]TA9LY ! A/RONOM]S >E A V]Y =TUNATE & PRIVILEG$ RACE ( M51 :O TALK TO US 9 ?IS ORACUL> WAY ( 0! UNSE5 ?+S ( ,GOD FROM ! CREATION ( ! WORLD10 HANG+ UP !IR CONCLUSIONS UPON 9VISIBLE HOOKS1 :ILE ! RE/ ( MANK9D SIT LI/5+ GRAVELY TO !IR RESPONSES1 & UNRES]V$LY 0ACKN[L$G+ ?AT !IR SCI5CE IS ! MO/ SUBLIME1 ! MO/ 9T]E/+1 & ! MO/ USEFUL ( ALL ! SCI5CES CULTIVAT$ BY MAN#b#d40 

,WE HAVE A S5SATION1 :I* WE CALL ! S5SATION ( DI/ANCE4 ,IT COMES TO US FROM \R SI<T & \R O!R S5SES4 ,IT DOES NOT COME IMM$IATELY BY ! ORGAN ( SI<T4 ,IT HAS BE5 PROV$1 ?AT ! OBJECTS WE SEE1 PREVI\SLY TO ! COMP>ISON & CORRECTION ( ! REPORTS ( ! ORGAN ( SI<T ) ?OSE ( ! O!R S5SES1 DO NOT SUGGE/ TO US ! IDEA ( DI/ANCE1 BUT ?AT ON ! CONTR>Y :ATEV] WE SEE SEEMS TO T\* ! EYE1 EV5 AS ! OBJECTS ( ! S5SE ( FEEL+ T\* ! SK94 

,BUT1 9 PROPORTION AS WE COMP>E ! IMPRESSIONS MADE UPON \R ORGANS ( SI<T ) ! IMPRESSIONS MADE ON ! O!R S5SES1 WE COME GRADUALLY TO CONNECT ) ! OBJECTS WE SEE ! IDEA ( DI/ANCE4 ,I PUT \T MY H&1 & F9D AT FIR/ ?AT AN OBJECT ( MY S5SE ( SI<T IS NOT )9 ! REA* ( MY H&4 ,I PUT \T MY H& F>!R1 OR BY WALK+ ADVANCE MY BODY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! OBJECT1 & ,I AM 5ABL$ TO REA* IT4 ,FROM SMALL] EXP]IM5TS ,I PROCE$ TO GREAT]4 ,I WALK T[>DS A TREE OR A BUILD+1 ! FIGURE ( :I* PRES5TS ITSELF TO MY EYE1 BUT :I* ,I F9D UPON TRIAL TO HAVE BE5 F> FROM ME4 ,I TRAVEL T[>DS A PLACE ?AT ,I CANNOT SEE1 BUT :I* ,I AM TOLD LIES 9 A C]TA9 DIRECTION4 ,I >RIVE AT ! PLACE4 ,IT IS ?US1 ?AT BY REPEAT$ EXP]IM5TS ,I ACQUIRE ! IDEA ( REMOTE DI/ANCES4 

,TO CONF9E \RSELVES H[EV] TO ! QUE/ION ( OBJECTS1 :I* )\T *ANGE ( PLACE ,I CAN DISCOV] BY ! S5SE ( SI<T4 ,I CAN SEE A T[N1 A T[]1 A M\NTA9 AT A CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCE4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ! LIMIT ( MY SI<T1 SO F> AS RELATES TO OBJECTS ON ! E>?1 IS ONE HUNDR$ MILES4 ,I CAN TRAVEL T[>DS SU* AN OBJECT1 & ?US ASC]TA9 BY MEANS ( MY O!R S5SES :AT IS ITS REAL DI/ANCE4 ,I CAN ALSO EMPLOY C]TA9 9/RUM5TS1 9V5T$ BY MAN1 TO MEASURE HEI<TS1 SUPPOSE ( A T[]1 &1 BY EXP]IM5TS MADE 9 WAYS 9DEP5D5T ( !SE 9/RUM5TS1 V]IFY OR O!RWISE ! REPORT ( !SE 9/RUM5TS4 

,! HEI<T ( ! ,MONUM5T ( ,LONDON IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ FEET4 ,O!R ELEVATIONS1 ! PRODUCE ( HUMAN LABOR1 >E CONSID]ABLY HI<]4 ,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ! M9D1 ?AT WE CONCLUDE FROM ! OBS]VATION ?AT WE HAVE V]IFI$1 TO ! ACCURACY ( ANO!R1 BE>+ A /RIK+ ANALOGY TO ! =M]1 ?AT WE HAVE NOT V]IFI$4 ,BUT ANALOGY HAS ITS LIMITS4 ,IS IT ( IRRESI/IBLE C]TA9TY1 OR IS IT 9 FACT TO BE CONSID]$ AS APPROA*+ TO C]TA9TY1 BECAUSE WE HAVE V]IFI$ AN OBS]VATION EXT5D+ TO SEV]AL HUNDR$ FEET1 ?AT AN OBS]VATION EXT5D+ TO N9ETY-FIVE MILLIONS ( MILES1 OR TO ! 9CR$IBLE DI/ANCES ( :I* ,H]S*EL SO FAMILI>LY TALKS1 IS TO BE TREAT$ AS A FACT1 OR LAID D[N AS A PR9CIPLE 9 SCI5CE8 ,IS IT REASONABLE TO CONSID] TWO PROPOSITIONS AS ANALOG\S1 :5 ! ?+ AFFIRM$ 9 ! ONE IS 9 DIM5SION MANY MILLION TIMES AS GREAT AS ! ?+ AFFIRM$ 9 ! O!R8 ,! EXP]I5CE WE HAVE HAD AS TO ! TRU? ( ! SMALL]1 DOES IT AU?ORIZE US TO CONSID] ! L>G] AS UNQUE/IONABLE8 ,?AT :I* ,I SEE ) A BAY ( ! SEA OR A WIDE RIV] BETWE51 ?\< IT MAY APPE> V]Y LIKE SOME?+ ) :I* ,I AM FAMILI> AT HOME1 DO ,I IMM$IATELY AFFIRM IT TO BE ( ! SAME SPECIES & NATURE1 OR DO ,I NOT REG>D IT ) A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SKEPTICISM1 ESPECIALLY IF1 ALONG ) ! RESEMBLANCE 9 SOME PO9TS1 IT DIFF]S ESS5TIALLY1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 MAGNITUDE1 9 O!R PO9TS8 ,WE HAVE A S5SATION1 & WE 9QUIRE 9TO ITS CAUSE4 ,?IS IS ALWAYS A QUE/ION ( SOME UNC]TA9TY4 ,IS ITS CAUSE SOME?+ ( ABSOLUTE & SUB/ANTIVE EXI/5CE )\T ME1 OR IS IT NOT8 ,IS ITS CAUSE SOME?+ ( ! V]Y SAME NATURE1 AS ! ?+ ?AT GAVE ME A SIMIL> S5SATION 9 A MATT] ( COMP>ATIVELY A PYGMY & DIM9UTIVE EXT5SION8 

,ALL !SE QUE/IONS AN UNTRA9$ & 9QUISITIVE M9D WILL ASK ITSELF 9 ! PROPOSITIONS ( A/RONOMY4 ,WE MU/ BELIEVE OR NOT1 AS WE ?9K PROP] OR REASONABLE4 ,WE HAVE NO WAY ( V]IFY+ ! PROPOSITIONS BY ! TRIAL ( \R S5SES4 ,!RE !Y LIE1 TO BE RECEIV$ BY US 9 ! CON/RUCTION ?AT FIR/ SUGGE/S ITSELF TO US1 OR NOT4 ,!Y >E SOME?+ LIKE AN AGREEABLE IMAG9ATION OR FICTION3 & A SOB] OBS]V]1 9 COLD BLOOD1 WILL BE DISPOS$ DELIB]ATELY TO WEI< BO? SIDES ( ! QUE/ION1 & TO JUDGE :E!R ! PROBABILITY LIES 9 FAVOR ( ! ACTUAL AFFIRMATION ( ! MILLIONS ( MILLIONS ( MILES1 & ! O!R 9CR$IBLE PROPOSITIONS ( ! TRAVEL+ ( LI<T1 & ! RE/1 :I* EV5 ! MO/ CAUTI\S & SKEPTICAL ( ! RETA9]S ( MOD]N A/RONOMY1 F9D !MSELVES COMPELL$ TO RECEIVE4 

,BUT ,I %ALL BE TOLD1 ?AT ! RESULTS ( \R OBS]VATIONS ( ! DI/ANCES ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES >E UNV>I$4 ,WE HAVE MEASUR$ ! DI/ANCES & O!R PH5OM5A ( ! SUN1 ! MOON1 ,M]CURY1 ,V5US1 ,M>S1 ,JUPIT]1 ,SATURN1 & !IR SATELLITES1 & !Y ALL FALL 9TO A GR& SY/EM1 SO AS TO CONVEY TO EV]Y UNPREJUDIC$ M9D ! CONVICTION ?AT ?IS SY/EM IS ! TRU? ITSELF4 ,IF WE LOOK AT !M DAY AFT] DAY1 & YE> AFT] YE>1 WE SEE !M = EV] ! SAME1 & P]=M+ ! SAME DIV9E H>MONY4 ,SUCCESSIVE A/RONOM]S 9 DIFF]5T AGES & C\NTRIES HAVE OBS]V$ ! CELE/IAL ORBS1 & SWEPT ! HEAV5S1 & = EV] BR+ US BACK ! SAME /ORY ( ! NUMB]1 ! DIM5SIONS1 ! DI/ANCES1 & ! >RANGEM5T ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES :I* =M ! SUBJECT ( A/RONOMICAL SCI5CE4 

,?IS WE HAVE SE5 9DE$ NOT TO BE EXACTLY ! CASE4 ,BUT1 IF IT W]E1 IT W\LD GO A V]Y LITTLE WAY T[>DS PROV+ ! PO9T IT WAS BR\<T TO PROVE4 ,IT W\LD %EW ?AT1 ! S5SATIONS & RESULTS BE+ SIMIL>1 ! CAUSES ( ?OSE RESULTS MU/ BE SIMIL> TO EA* O!R1 BUT IT W\LD NOT %EW ?AT ! CAUSES W]E SIMIL> TO ! S5SATIONS PRODUC$4 ,?US1 9 ! S5SATIONS :I* BELONG TO TA/E1 SMELL1 S\ND1 COLOR1 & TO ?OSE ( HEAT & COLD1 !RE IS ALL ! UNI=MITY :I* W\LD >ISE1 :5 ! REAL EXT]NAL CAUSES BORE ! MO/ EXACT SIMILITUDE TO ! P]CEPTIONS !Y G5]ATE2 & YET IT IS N[ UNIV]SALLY CONFESS$ ?AT TA/ES1 SC5TS1 S\NDS1 COLORS1 & HEAT & COLD DO NOT EXI/ \T ( \RSELVES4 ,ALL ?AT WE >E 5TITL$ !RE=E TO CONCLUDE AS TO ! MAGNITUDES & DI/ANCES ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES1 IS1 ?AT ! CAUSES ( \R S5SATIONS & P]CEPTIONS1 :ATEV] !Y >E1 >E NOT LESS UNI=M ?AN ! S5SATIONS & P]CEPTIONS !MSELVES4 

,IT IS FUR!R ALLEG$1 ?AT WE CALCULATE ECLIPSES1 & REGI/] ! V>I\S PH5OM5A ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES4 ,?ALES PR$ICT$ AN ECLIPSE ( ! SUN1 :I* TOOK PLACE NE>LY SIX HUNDR$ YE>S BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A4 ,! ,BABYLONIANS1 ! ,P]SIANS1 ! ,H9DUS1 & ! ,*9ESE E>LY TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO A/RONOMY4 ,MANY ( !IR OBS]VATIONS W]E ACCURATELY RECORD$2 & !IR TABLES EXT5D TO A P]IOD ( ?REE ?\S& YE>S BE=E ! BIR? ( ,*RI/4 ,DOES NOT ALL ?IS /RONGLY >GUE ! SOLIDITY ( ! SCI5CE TO :I* !Y BELONG8 ,:O1 AFT] ?IS1 WILL HAVE ! PRESUMPTION TO QUE/ION1 ?AT ! M5 :O PR(ESS A/RONOMY PROCE$ ON REAL GR\NDS1 & HAVE A PR(\ND KN[L$GE ( !SE ?+S1 :I* AT FIR/ SI<T MI<T APPE> TO BE SET AT A DI/ANCE SO F> REMOV$ FROM \R K58 

,! ANSW] TO ?IS IS EASY4 ,I BELIEVE 9 ALL ! A/RONOMY ?AT WAS BELIEV$ BY ,?ALES4 ,I DO NOT QUE/ION ! /ATEM5TS RELATIVE TO ! HEAV5LY BODIES ?AT W]E DELIV]$ BY ! WISE M5 ( ! ,EA/4 ,BUT ! SUPPOS$ DISCOV]IES ?AT W]E MADE 9 ! EI<TE5?1 & EV5 9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 PURPORT+ TO ASC]TA9 ! PRECISE DI/ANCE ( ! SUN1 ! PLANETS1 & EV5 ( ! FIX$ />S1 >E MATT]S 5TIRELY DI/9CT FROM ?IS4 

,AMONG ! E>LIE/ A/RONOM]S ( ,GREECE W]E ,?ALES1 ,ANAXIM&]1 ,ANAXIM5ES & ,ANAXAGORAS4 ,?ALES1 WE >E TOLD1 HELD ?AT ! E>? IS A SPH]E OR GLOBE1 ,ANAXIM5ES ?AT IT IS LIKE A R\ND1 FLAT TABLE2 ,ANAXIM&] ?AT ! SUN IS LIKE A *>IOT-:EEL1 & IS TW5TY-EI<T TIMES L>G] ?AN ! E>?4 ,ANAXAGORAS WAS PUT 9 PRISON = AFFIRM+ ?AT ! SUN WAS BY MANY DEGREES L>G] ?AN ! :OLE ,PELOPONNESUS#b#e4 ,KEPL] IS ( OP9ION ?AT ALL ! />S >E AT AN EQUAL DI/ANCE FROM US1 & >E FIX$ 9 ! SAME SURFACE OR SPH]E4 

,9 REALITY ! OBS]VATIONS & ! FACTS ( A/RONOMY DO NOT DEP5D EI!R UPON ! MAGNITUDES OR ! DI/ANCES ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES4 ,!Y PROCE$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE UPON :AT MAY LIE SE5 ) ! NAK$ EYE4 ,!Y REQUIRE AN ACCURATE & P]SEV]+ ATT5TION4 ,!Y MAY BE ASSI/$ BY TELESCOPES4 ,BUT !Y RELATE ONLY TO ! SUN & ! PLANETS4 ,WE >E B\ND TO ASC]TA91 AS NE>LY AS POSSIBLE1 ! ORBITS DESCRIB$ BY ! DIFF]5T BODIES 9 ! SOL> SY/EM3 BUT ?IS HAS /ILL NO?+ TO DO1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 ) !IR MAGNITUDES OR DI/ANCES4 ,IT IS REQUIR$ ?AT WE %\LD KN[ !M 9 !IR RELATIONS TO EA* O!R2 BUT IT IS NO PRELIM9>Y ( JU/1 ( PRACTICAL1 IT MI<T ALMO/ BE SAID1 ( LIB]AL SCI5CE1 ?AT WE %\LD KN[ ANY ?+ ( !M ABSOLUTELY4 

,! UNLIMIT$ AMBITION ( ! NATURE ( MAN HAS DISCOV]$ ITSELF 9 NO?+ MORE ?AN ?IS1 ! AMAZ+ SUP]/RUCTURE :I* ! VOT>IES ( CONTEMPLATION )9 ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S HAVE BUILT UPON ! SIMPLE A/RONOMY ( ! ANCI5TS4 ,HAV+ BEGUN TO COMPUTE ! DI/ANCES ( MILES BY MILLIONS1 IT APPE>S CLE>LY ?AT NO?+ CAN >RE/ ! MORE ?AN EAGLE-FLI<T ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,! DI/ANCE ( ! NE>E/ FIX$ /> FROM ! E>?1 WE >E 9=M$1 IS AT LEA/ #g1111 MILES1 & ( ANO!R :I* ! A/RONOM]S NAME1 NOT LESS ?AN #* MILLIONS ( MILLIONS ( MILES4 ,! P>TICLES ( LI<T >E SAID TO TRAVEL #a#i#c1#i#d MILES 9 EV]Y SECOND1 :I* IS ABOVE A MILLION TIMES SWIFT] ?AN ! PROGRESS ( A CANNON-BALL#b#f4 ,& ,H]S*EL HAS CONCLUD$1 ?AT ! LI<T ISSU+ FROM ! FA9TE/ NEBULAE HE HAS DISCOV]$1 MU/ HAVE BE5 AT ?IS RATE TWO MILLIONS ( YE>S 9 REA*+ ! ,B>?#b#g4 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I,I 

,G,O ,B,A,C,K ,T,O ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I 

,G,O ,T,O ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,V 

,! NEXT PROCESS ( ! MOD]N A/RONOM] IS TO AFFIRM ! 9NUM]ABLE ORBS >\ND US1 DISCOV]$ ) ! NAK$ EYE1 OR ) :I* WE >E MADE ACQUA9T$ BY ! AID ( TELESCOPES1 TO BE ALL /OCK$ ) RATIONAL 9HABITANTS4 ,! >GUM5T = ?IS IS1 ?AT AN ALL-WISE & OMNIPOT5T CREATOR C\LD NEV] HAVE PRODUC$ SU* IMM5SE BODIES1 DISP]S$ ?R\< 9F9ITE SPACE1 = ANY MEAN] PURPOSE1 ?AN ?AT ( PEOPL+ !M ) 09TELLIG5T BE+S1 =M$ = 5DLESS PROGRESSION 9 P]FECTION & FELICITY#b#h40 

,N[ IT APPE>S TO ME1 ?AT1 9 !SE ASS]TIONS1 ! MOD]N A/RONOM]S >E TAK+ UPON !MSELVES SOME:AT TOO BOLDLY1 TO EXP\ND ! C\NSELS ( ?AT MY/]I\S P[]1 TO :I* ! UNIV]SE IS 9DEBT$ = ITS >RANGEM5T & ORD]4 

,WE KN[ NO?+ ( ,GOD BUT FROM HIS WORKS4 ,C]TA9 SPECULATIVE M5 HAVE ADV5TUR$ TO REASON UPON ! S\RCE ( ALL ! SY/EM & ! WOND]S ?AT WE BEHOLD1 A PRIORI1 &1 HAV+ F\ND ?AT ! CREATOR IS ALL P[]FUL1 ALL WISE1 & ( 9F9ITE GOODNESS1 ACCORD+ TO !IR IDEAS ( P[]1 WISDOM & GOODNESS1 HAVE FROM !NCE PROCE$$ TO DRAW !IR 9F]5CES1 & TO %EW US 9 :AT MANN] ! WORKS ( HIS H&S >E >RANG$ & CONDUCT$ BY HIM4 ,?IS NO D\BT !Y HAVE DONE ) ! PURE/ 9T5TIONS 9 ! WORLD2 BUT IT IS NOT C]TA91 ?AT !IR DISCRETION HAS EQUAL$ ! BOLDNESS ( !IR UND]TAK+4 

,! WORLD ?AT WE 9HABIT1 ?IS LITTLE GLOBE ( E>?1 IS TO US AN 9F9ITE MY/]Y4 ,HUMAN IMAG9ATION IS UNABLE TO CONCEIVE ANY ?+ MORE CONSUMMATE ?AN ! GREAT \TL9E ( ?+S BEL[4 ,! TREES & ! SKIES1 ! M\NTA9S & ! SEAS1 ! RIV]S & ! SPR+S1 APPE> AS IF ! DESIGN HAD BE5 TO REALIZE ! IDEA ( P>ADISE4 ,! FRE%NESS ( ! AIR1 ! SILV]Y LI<T ( DAY1 ! MAGNIFIC5CE ( ! CL\DS1 ! GORGE\S & SOO?+ COLOR+ ( ! WORLD1 ! PR(USION & EXQUISIT5ESS ( ! FRUITS & FL[]S ( ! E>?1 >E AS IF NO?+ BUT JOY & DELICI\S S5SATIONS HAD BE5 9T5D$ = US4 ,:5 WE ASC5D TO ! ANIMAL CREATION1 ! SC5E IS /ILL MORE ADMIRABLE & TRANSPORT+4 ,! BIRDS & ! BEA/S1 ! 9SECTS ?AT SKIM ! AIR1 & ! FI%ES ?AT LIVE 9 ! GREAT DEEP1 >E A MAGAZ9E ( WOND]S1 ?AT WE MAY /UDY = EV]1 )\T FE> ( >RIV+ AT ! 5D ( !IR EXCELL5CE4 ,LA/ ( ALL1 COMES ! CR[N ( ! CREATION1 MAN1 =M$ ) LOOKS ]ECT1 TO COMM]CE ) ! SKIES4 ,:AT A MA/]PIECE ( WORKMAN%IP IS HIS =M1 :ILE ! BEAUTY & 9TELLIG5CE ( ,GODS SEEMS TO MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 HIS C\NT5ANCE6 ,LOOK AT ?AT MO/ CONSUMMATE ( ALL IMPLEM5TS1 ! HUMAN H&2 ?9K ( HIS UND]/&+1 H[ COMPOS$ & P5ETRAT+2 ( ! WEAL? ( HIS IMAG9ATION2 ( ! RESPL5D5T VIRTUES HE IS QUALIFI$ TO DISPLAY6 0,H[ WOND]FUL >E ?Y WORKS1 ,OH ,GOD2 9 WISDOM HA/ ?\ CREAT$ !M ALL60 

,BUT !RE >E O!R P>TS ( ! SY/EM 9 :I* WE LIVE1 :I* DO NOT SEEM TO CORRESPOND ) ?OSE ALREADY 5UM]AT$4 ,BE=E WE PROCE$ TO PEOPLE 9F9ITE SPACE1 IT W\LD BE AS WELL1 IF WE SURVEY$ ! SURFACE ( ! E>? WE 9HABIT4 ,:AT VA/ DES]TS DO WE F9D 9 IT2 :AT IMM5SE TRACKS ( BURN+ S&S6 ,ONE HALF ( ! GLOBE IS P]HAPS IRRECLAIMABLE TO ! USE ( MAN4 ,!N LET US ?9K ( E>?QUAKES & TEMPE/S1 ( WA/+ HURRICANES1 & ! NUMB] ( VESSELS1 FREI<T$ ) HUMAN BE+S1 ?AT >E YE>LY BURI$ 9 ! CAV]NS ( ! OCEAN4 ,LET US CALL TO M9D 9 MAN1 ! PRIME ORNAM5T ( ! CREATION1 ALL ! DISEASES TO :I* HIS FRAME IS SUBJECT1 

,CONVULSIONS1 EPILEPSIES1 FI]CE CAT>RHS1 

,9TE/9E /ONE & ULC]1 COLIC PANGS1 

,DEMONIAC FR5ZY1 MOP+ MELAN*OLY1 

,& MOON-/RUCK MADNESS1 P9+ ATROPHY1 

,M>ASMUS1 & WIDE-WA/+ PE/IL5CE1 

,DROPSIES1 & A/HMAS1 & JO9T-RACK+ RHEUMS4 

,! V]Y IDEA ( \R KILL+1 & SUBSI/+ UPON ! FLE% ( ANIMALS1 SURELY SOME:AT J>S ) \R CONCEPTIONS ( 9F9ITE B5EVOL5CE4 

,BUT1 :5 WE LOOK AT ! POLITICAL HI/ORY ( MAN1 ! CASE IS 9F9ITELY WORSE4 ,?IS TOO (T5 SEEMS ONE TISSUE ( MIS]Y & VISE4 ,W>1 CONQUE/1 OPPRESSION1 TYRANNY1 SLAV]Y1 9SURRECTIONS1 MASSACRES1 CRUEL PUNI%M5TS1 DEGRAD+ CORPORAL 9FLICTION1 & ! EXT9CTION ( LIFE UND] ! =MS ( LAW1 >E TO BE F\ND 9 ALMO/ EV]Y PAGE4 ,IT IS AS IF AN EVIL DEMON W]E LET LOOSE UPON US1 & :OLE NATIONS1 FROM ONE DECAD ( YE>S TO ANO!R1 W]E /RUCK ) ! MO/ P]NICI\S MADNESS4 ,C]TA9 REASON]S TELL US ?AT ?IS IS [+ TO ! FRE$OM ( WILL1 )\T :I* MAN C\LD NOT EXI/4 ,BUT H]E WE >E PRES5T$ ) AN ALT]NATIVE1 FROM :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = HUMAN UND]/&+ TO ESCAPE4 ,EI!R ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO \R IDEAS ( B5EVOL5CE1 W\LD REMOVE EVIL \T ( ! WORLD1 & CANNOT2 OR HE CAN1 & WILL NOT4 ,IF HE HAS ! WILL & NOT ! P[]1 ?IS >GUES WEAKNESS2 IF HE HAS ! P[] & NOT ! WILL1 ?IS SEEMS TO BE MALEVOL5CE4 

,LET US DESC5D FROM ! GREAT /AGE ( ! NATIONS1 & LOOK 9TO ! OBSCURITIES ( PRIVATE MIS]Y4 ,:I* ( US IS HAPPY8 ,:AT BITT] SPR+S ( MIS]Y OV]FL[ ! HUMAN HE>T1 & >E BORNE BY US 9 SIL5CE6 ,:AT CRUEL DISAPPO9TM5TS BESET US6 ,TO :AT /RUGGLES >E WE DOOM$1 :ILE WE /RUGGLE (T5 9 VA96 ,! HUMAN HE>T SEEMS FRAM$1 AS IF TO BE ! CAPACI\S RECEPTACLE ( ALL IMAG9ABLE SORR[S4 ,! HUMAN FRAME SEEMS CON/RUCT$1 AS IF ALL ITS FIB]S W]E PREP>$ TO SU/A9 V>IETIES ( TORM5T4 0,9 ! SWEAT ( ?Y BR[ %ALT ?\ EAT BREAD1 TILL ?\ RETURN TO ! E>?40 ,BUT H[ (T5 DOES ?AT SWEAT PROVE 9EFFECTIVE6 ,!RE >E M5 ( :OM SORR[ SEEMS TO BE ! DE/9Y1 FROM :I* !Y CAN NEV] ESCAPE4 ,!RE >E HE>TS1 9TO :I* BY !IR CON/ITUTION IT APPE>S AS IF S]5ITY & CONT5T C\LD NEV] 5T]1 BUT :I* >E GIV5 UP TO ALL ! FURI\S PASSIONS1 OR >E = EV] ! PREY ( REP9+ & DEPRESSION4  
  

,AH1 LITTLE ?9K ! GAY1 LIC5TI\S PR\D1 

 ,:OM PLEASURE1 P[] & AFFLU5CE SURR\ND1 

 ,H[ MANY P9E 9 WANT6 ,H[ MANY %R9K 

 ,9TO ! SORDID HUT1 H[ MANY DR9K 

 ,! CUP ( GRIEF1 & EAT ! BITT] BREAD 

 ,( MIS]Y6 

,&1 :I* AGGRAVATES ! EVIL1 ALMO/ ALL ! WOR/ VISES1 ! MO/ UNPR9CIPL$ ACTS1 & ! D>KE/ PASSIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 >E BR$ \T ( POV]TY & DI/RESS4 ,SATAN1 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,JOB1 SAYS TO ! ,ALMI<TY1 0,?\ HA/ BLESS$ ! WORK ( ?Y S]VANT1 & HIS SUB/ANCE IS 9CREAS$ 9 ! L&4 ,BUT PUT =? ?Y H& N[1 & TAKE AWAY ALL ?AT HE HA?2 & HE WILL CURSE !E TO ?Y FACE40 ,! PRAY] ( ,AG> RUNS1 0,FE$ ME ) FOOD CONV5I5T = ME2 LE/ ,I BE POOR1 & /EAL1 & TAKE ! NAME ( MY ,GOD 9 VA940 

,IT IS ) A DEEP KN[L$GE ( ! SC5ES ( LIFE1 ?AT ! PROPHET PRON\NCES1 0,MY ?\<TS >E NOT Y\R ?\<TS2 NEI!R >E Y\R WAYS MY WAYS1 SAI? ! ,LORD40 

,ALL REFLECT+ P]SONS1 :O HAVE SURVEY$ ! /ATE ( ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE1 HAVE BE5 /RUCK ) ! CONTR>IETIES ( SUBLUN>Y ?+S2 & MANY HYPO!SES HAVE BE5 9V5T$ TO SOLVE ! 5IGMA4 ,SOME HAVE MA9TA9$ ! DOCTR9E ( TWO PR9CIPLES1 ,OROMASDES & ,>IMANIUS1 ! G5IUS ( GOOD & ( EVIL1 :O >E P]PETUALLY CONT5D+ ) EA* O!R :I* %ALL HAVE ! GREATE/ SWAY 9 ! =TUNES ( ! WORLD1 & EA* ALT]NATELY ACQUIR+ ! UPP] H&4 ,O!RS HAVE 9CULCAT$ ! !ORY ( ! FALL ( MAN1 ?AT ,GOD AT FIR/ MADE ALL ?+S BEAUTIFUL & GOOD1 BUT ?AT MAN HAS 9CURR$ HIS DISPLEASURE1 & BE5 TURN$ \T ( ! P>ADISE = :I* HE WAS DE/9$4 ,H5CE1 !Y SAY1 HAS >IS5 ! CORRUPTION ( \R NATURE4 0,!RE IS NONE ?AT CLO? GOOD1 NO1 NOT ONE4 ,?AT EV]Y M\? MAY BE /OPP$1 & ALL ! WORLD BECOME GUILTY BE=E ,GOD40 ,BUT ! SOLUTION ?AT HAS BE5 MO/ G5]ALLY ADOPT$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 LAT] DAYS1 IS ?AT ( A FUTURE /ATE ( RETRIBUTION1 9 :I* ALL ! 9EQUALITIES ( \R PRES5T CONDITION %ALL BE REMOV$1 ! TE>S ( ! UN=TUNATE & ! SUFF]] %ALL BE WIP$ FROM !IR EYES1 & !IR AGONIES & MIS]IES COMP5SAT$4 ,?IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! LI<T ( REVELATION1 IS TO 9F] 9F9ITE WISDOM & B5EVOL5CE FROM :AT WE SEE1 & !N1 F9D+ ! ACTUAL PH5OM5A NOT TO CORRESPOND ) \R !ORIES1 TO 9V5T SOME?+ ( :I* WE HAVE NO KN[L$GE1 TO SUPPLY ! DEFICI5CY4 

,! A/RONOM] H[EV] PROCE$S FROM :AT WE SEE ( ! GLOBE ( E>?1 TO FA%ION O!R WORLDS ( :I* WE HAVE NO DIRECT KN[L$GE4 ,F9D+ ?AT !RE IS NO P>T ( ! SOIL ( ! E>? 9TO :I* \R W&]+S CAN P5ETRATE1 ?AT IS NOT TURN$ TO ! ACC\NT ( RATIONAL & HAPPY BE+S1 CREATURES CAPABLE ( KN[+ & ADOR+ !IR CREATOR1 ?AT NATURE DOES NO?+ 9 VA91 & ?AT ! WORLD IS FULL ( ! EVID5CES ( HIS UNM+L$ B5EFIC5CE1 ACCORD+ TO \R N>R[ & IMP]FECT IDEAS ( B5EFIC5CE1 7= SU* \<T TO BE \R PREMISES7 WE PROCE$ TO CON/RUCT MILLIONS ( WORLDS UPON ! PLAN WE HAVE IMAG9$4 ,! E>? IS A GLOBE1 ! PLANETS >E GLOBES1 & SEV]AL ( !M L>G] ?AN \R E>?3 ! E>? HAS A MOON2 SEV]AL ( ! PLANETS HAVE SATELLITES3 ! GLOBE WE DWELL 9 MOVES 9 AN ORBIT R\ND ! SUN2 SO DO ! PLANETS3 UPON !SE PREMISES1 & NO MORE1 WE HOLD \RSELVES AU?ORIZ$ TO AFFIRM ?AT !Y CONTA9 0MYRIADS ( 9TELLIG5T BE+S1 =M$ = 5DLESS PROGRESSION 9 P]FECTION & FELICITY40 ,HAV+ GONE ?US F>1 WE NEXT F9D ?AT ! FIX$ />S BE> A C]TA9 RESEMBLANCE TO ! SUN2 &1 AS ! SUN HAS A NUMB] ( PLANETS ATT5DANT ON HIM1 SO1 WE SAY1 HAS EA* ( ! FIX$ />S1 COMPOS+ ALL TOGE!R 0T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S&0 HABITABLE WORLDS4 

,ALL ?IS IS WELL1 SO LONG AS WE VIEW IT AS A BOLD & +5I\S CONJECTURE4 ,ON ANY O!R SUBJECT IT W\LD BE SO REG>D$2 & WE %\LD CONSID] IT AS RES]V$ = ! AMUSEM5T & GRATIFICATION ( A FANCIFUL VISION>Y 9 ! H\R1 :5 HE GIVES UP ! RE9S TO HIS IMAG9ATION4 ,BUT1 BACK$ AS IT IS BY A COMPLEXITY ( GEOMETRICAL RI<T L9ES & CURVES1 & H&$ =? TO US 9 L>GE QU>TOS1 /UFF$ ) CALCULATIONS1 IT EXP]I5CES A V]Y DIFF]5T =TUNE4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT1 0BY ! KN[L$GE WE D]IVE FROM A/RONOMY1 \R FACULTIES >E 5L>G$1 \R M9DS EXALT$1 & \R UND]/&+S CLE>LY CONV9C$1 & AFFECT$ ) ! CONVICTION1 ( ! EXI/5CE1 WISDOM1 P[]1 GOODNESS1 IMMUTABILITY & SUP]9T5D5CY ( ! SUPREME BE+2 SO ?AT1 )\T AN HYP]BOLE1 'AN UNDEV\T A/RONOM] IS MAD.<E.>#b#i4'0 

,IT IS S+UL>1 H[ DEEPLY ,I WAS IMPRESS$ ) ?IS REPRES5TATION1 :ILE ,I WAS A S*OOLBOY1 & WAS SO L$ TO PROPOSE A DIFFICULTY TO ! WIFE ( ! MA/]4 ,I SAID1 0,I F9D ?AT WE HAVE MILLIONS ( WORLDS R\ND US PEOPL$ ) RATIONAL CREATURES4 ,I KN[ NOT ?AT WE HAVE ANY DECISIVE REASON = SUPPOS+ !SE CREATURES MORE EXALT$1 ?AN ! WOND]FUL SPECIES ( :I* WE >E 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE >E IMP]FECT2 !Y >E IMP]FECT4 ,WE FELL2 IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT !Y HAVE FALL5 ALSO4 ,IT BECAME NECESS>Y = ! SECOND P]SON 9 ! TR9ITY TO TAKE UPON HIM \R NATURE1 & BY SUFF]+ = \R S9S TO APPEASE ! WRA? ( HIS FA!R4 ,I AM UNWILL+ TO BELIEVE ?AT HE HAS LESS COMMIS]ATION = ! 9HABITANTS ( O!R PLANETS4 ,BUT 9 ?AT CASE IT MAY BE SUPPOS$ ?AT S9CE ! CREATION HE HAS BE5 MAK+ A CIRCUIT ( ! PLANETS1 & DY+ ON ! CROSS = ! S9S ( RATIONAL CREATURES 9 UN9T]RUPT$ SUCCESSION40 ,! LADY WAS WIS] ?AN ,I1 ADMONI%$ ME ( ! DANG] ( BE+ OV]-9QUISITIVE1 & SAID WE %\LD ACT MORE DISCREETLY 9 LEAV+ ?OSE QUE/IONS TO ! JUDGM5T ( ! ,ALMI<TY4 

,BUT ?US F> WE HAVE REASON$ ONLY ON ONE SIDE ( ! QUE/ION4 ,\R PI\S S5TIM5TS HAVE L$ US TO MAGNIFY ! ,LORD 9 ALL HIS WORKS1 &1 H[EV] IMP]FECT ! ANALOGY1 & H[EV] OBSCURE ! CONCEPTION WE CAN =M ( ! MYRIADS ( RATIONAL CREATURES1 ALL ( !M NO D\BT 9F9ITELY V>I$ 9 !IR NATURE1 !IR /RUCTURE & FACULTIES1 YET TO VIEW ! :OLE S*EME ) AN UND\BT+ P]SUASION ( ITS TRU?4 ,IT IS H[EV] SOME:AT 9 OPPOSITION TO ! IDEAS ( PIETY =M$ BY \R LESS ADV5TUR\S ANCE/ORS1 ?AT WE %\LD USURP ! ?RONE ( ,GOD1 

,SNAT* FROM HIS H& ! BALANCE & ! ROD1 

&1 BY MEANS ( \R TELESCOPES & \R CALCULATIONS1 P5ETRATE 9TO MY/]IES NOT ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ = US4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! RECEIV$ ,MOSAIC *RONOLOGY WE >E N[ 9 ! FIVE ?\S& EI<T HUNDR$ & ?IRTY-FIF? YE> FROM ! CREATION3 ! ,SAM>ITAN V]SION ADDS TO ?IS DATE4 ,IT IS !RE=E SC>CELY 9 ! SPIRIT ( A ,*RI/IAN1 ?AT ,H]S*EL TALKS TO US ( A LI<T1 :I* MU/ HAVE BE5 TWO MILLIONS ( YE>S 9 REA*+ ! E>?4 

,MOSES DESCRIBES ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ,ALMI<TY1 9 ONE ( ! SIX DAYS DEVOT$ TO ! WORK ( CREATION1 AS BE+ TO PLACE 0LI<TS 9 ! FIRMAM5T ( HEAV51 TO DIVIDE ! DAY FROM ! NI<T1 TO BE = SIGNS & = SEASONS1 & = DAYS & YE>S1 & TO GIVE LI<T UPON ! E>?2 TWO GREAT LI<TS1 ! GREAT] TO RULE ! DAY1 & ! LESS] ! NI<T2 & ! />S ALSO40 ,& ,*RI/1 PROPHESY+ :AT IS TO HAPP5 9 ! LATT] DAYS1 SAYS1 0,! SUN %ALL BE D>K5$1 & ! MOON %ALL NOT GIVE H] LI<T1 & ! />S %ALL FALL FROM HEAV540 ,:ATEV] !RE=E BE ! PIETY ( ! P]SONS1 :O TALK TO US ( 0T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S& WORLDS1 ALL PEOPL$ ) RATIONAL CREATURES10 IT C]TA9LY IS NOT A PIETY 9 PRECISE ACCORDANCE ) ! ,*RI/IAN SCRIPTURES4 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,V 

,G,O ,B,A,C,K ,T,O ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I,I 

,G,O ,B,A,C,K ,T,O ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I 

,IT IS ALSO NO MORE ?AN JU/1 ?AT WE %\LD BE> 9 M9D ! APP>5T FITNESS OR O!RWISE1 ( !SE BODIES1 SO F> AS WE >E ACQUA9T$ ) !M1 = ! DWELL+-PLACE ( RATIONAL CREATURES4 ,NOT TO M5TION ! PROBABLE EXTREME COLDNESS ( ,JUPIT] & ,SATURN1 ! HEAT ( ! SUNBEAMS 9 ! PLANET ,M]CURY IS UND]/OOD TO BE SU* AS ?AT WAT] W\LD UNAVOIDABLY BOIL & BE C>RI$ AWAY#c1 & WE CAN SC>CELY IMAG9E ANY LIV+ SUB/ANCE ?AT W\LD NOT BE DISSOLV$ & DISP]S$ 9 SU* AN ATMOSPH]E4 ,! MOON1 ( :I*1 AS BE+ SO MU* NE>] TO US1 WE MAY NATURALLY BE SUPPOS$ TO KN[ MO/1 WE >E TOLD BY ! A/RONOM]S HAS NO WAT] & NO ATMOSPH]E1 OR1 IF ANY1 SU* AN ATMOSPH]E AS W\LD NOT SU/A9 CL\DS & ASC5D+ VAPOR4 ,TO \R EYE1 AS SE5 ?R\< ! TELESCOPE1 IT APPE>S LIKE A METALLIC SUB/ANCE1 :I* HAS BE5 BURN$ BY FIRE1 & SO R$UC$ 9TO ! RU9$ & RAGG$ CONDITION 9 :I* WE SEEM TO BEHOLD IT4 ,! SUN APPE>S TO BE /ILL LESS AN APPROPRIATE HABITATION = RATIONAL1 OR = LIV+ CREATURES1 ?AN ANY ( ! PLANETS4 ,! COMETS1 :I* DESCRIBE AN ORBIT SO EXCE$+LY ECC5TRIC1 & >E SUBJECT TO ALL ! EXCESSIVE VICISSITUDES ( HEAT & COLD1 >E1 WE >E TOLD1 ADMIRABLY ADAPT$ = A SC5E ( ET]NAL1 OR ( L5G!N$ PUNI%M5T = ?OSE :O HAVE ACQUITT$ !MSELVES ILL 9 A PREVI\S /ATE ( PROBATION4 ,BUFFON IS ( OP9ION1 ?AT ALL ! PLANETS 9 ! SOL> SY/EM W]E ONCE SO MANY PORTIONS ( \R GREAT LUM9>Y1 /RUCK (F FROM ! SUN BY ! BL[ ( A COMET1 & SO HAV+ RECEIV$ A PROJECTILE IMPULSE CALCULAT$ TO C>RY !M =W>D 9 A RI<T L9E1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! P[] ( ATTRACTION C\NT]ACTS ?IS IMPULSE1 & GIVES !M ?AT COMP\ND PR9CIPLE ( MOTION :I* RETA9S !M 9 AN ORBICUL> C\RSE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ALL ! PLANETS W]E SUNS2 :ILE ON ! CONTR>Y ,H]S*EL PRON\NCES1 ?AT ! SUN ITSELF IS A PLANET1 AN OPAKE BODY1 RI*LY /OR$ ) 9HABITANTS#c#a4 

,! MOD]N A/RONOM]S GO ON TO ACC\NT TO US = ! TOTAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( A /> 9 C]TA9 CASES1 :I*1 !Y SAY1 MAY BE 9 REALITY ! DE/RUCTION ( A SY/EM1 SU* AS ?AT ( \R SUN & ITS ATT5DANT PLANETS1 :ILE ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW /> MAY1 9 LIKE MANN]1 BE ! OCCASIONAL CREATION ( A NEW SY/EM ( PLANETS4 0,WE \<T P]HAPS10 SAYS ,H]S*EL1 0TO LOOK UPON C]TA9 CLU/]S ( />S1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( A /> N[ & !N 9 SOME ?\S&S ( AGES1 AS ! V]Y MEANS BY :I* ! :OLE IS PRES]V$ & R5EW$4 ,!SE CLU/]S MAY BE ! LABORATORIES ( ! UNIV]SE1 :]E9 ! MO/ SALUT>Y REM$IES = ! DECAY ( ! :OLE >E PREP>$#c#b40 

,ALL ?IS MU/ APPE> TO A SOB] M9D1 UNBITT5 BY ! RAGE :I* GR[S \T ( ! HEAT ( !SE NEW DISCOV]]S1 TO BE NO?+ LESS ?AN A/RONOMY RUN MAD4 ,?IS OCCASIONAL CREATION ( NEW SY/EMS & WORLDS1 IS 9 LITTLE ACCORDANCE ) ! ,*RI/IAN SCRIPTURES1 OR1 ,I BELIEVE1 ) ANY SOB] SPECULATION UPON ! ATTRIBUTES ( ! CREATOR4 ,! A/RONOM] SEIZES UPON SOME H9T SO F9E AS SC>CELY BY ANY +5UITY TO BE >RE/$1 IMM$IATELY LAUN*ES =? 9TO 9F9ITE SPACE1 & 9 AN 9/ANT RETURNS1 & PRES5TS US ) MILLIONS ( WORLDS1 EA* ( !M PEOPL$ ) T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S& 9HABITANTS4 

,WE SPOKE A :ILE S9CE ( ! APP>5T UNFITNESS ( MANY ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES = ! RECEPTION ( LIV+ 9HABITANTS4 ,BUT = ALL ?IS !SE DISCOV]]S HAVE A REM$Y4 ,!Y REM9D US H[ UNLIKE !SE 9HABITANTS MAY BE TO \RSELVES1 HAV+ O!R ORGANS ?AN \RS1 & BE+ ABLE TO LIVE 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T TEMP]ATURE4 0,! GREAT HEAT 9 ! PLANET ,M]CURY IS NO >GUM5T AGA9/ ITS BE+ 9HABIT$2 S9CE ! ,ALMI<TY C\LD AS EASILY SUIT ! BODIES & CON/ITUTIONS ( ITS 9HABITANTS TO ! HEAT ( !IR DWELL+1 AS HE HAS DONE \RS TO ! TEMP]ATURE ( \R E>?4 ,& IT IS V]Y PROBABLE ?AT ! PEOPLE !RE HAVE SU* AN OP9ION ( US1 AS WE HAVE ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ,JUPIT] & ,SATURN2 NAMELY1 ?AT WE MU/ BE 9TOL]ABLY COLD1 & HAVE V]Y LITTLE LI<T AT SO GREAT A DI/ANCE FROM ! SUN40 

,!SE >E ! REM>KS ( ,F]GUSON#c#c4 ,ONE ( \R LATE/ A/RONOM]S EXPRESSES HIMSELF TO ! SAME PURPOSE4 

0,WE HAVE NO >GUM5T AGA9/ ! PLANETS BE+ 9HABIT$ BY RATIONAL BE+S1 & CONSEQU5TLY BY WITNESSES ( ! CREATOR'S P[]1 MAGNIFIC5CE & B5EVOL5CE1 UNLESS IT BE SAID ?AT SOME >E MU* NE>] ! SUN ?AN ! E>? IS1 & !RE=E MU/ BE UN9HABITABLE FROM HEAT1 & ?OSE MORE DI/ANT FROM COLD4 ,:ATEV] OBJECTION ?IS MAY BE AGA9/ !IR BE+ 9HABIT$ BY RATIONAL BE+S1 ( AN ORGANIZATION SIMIL> TO ?OSE ON ! E>?1 IT CAN HAVE LITTLE =CE1 :5 URG$ ) RESPECT TO RATIONAL BE+S 9 G5]AL4 

0,BUT WE MAY EXAM9E )\T 9DULG+ TOO MU* 9 CONJECTURE1 :E!R IT BE NOT POSSIBLE ?AT ! PLANETS MAY BE POSSESS$ BY RATIONAL BE+S1 & CONTA9 ANIMALS & VEGETABLES1 EV5 LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ) :I* WE >E FAMILI>4 

0,IS ! SUN ! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ! TEMP]ATURE ( ! E>?8 ,WE HAVE REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT IT IS NOT4 ,! MEAN TEMP]ATURE ( ! E>?1 AT A SMALL DEP? FROM ! SURFACE1 SEEMS CON/ANT 9 SUMM] & 9 W9T]1 & IS PROBABLY COEVAL ) ITS FIR/ =MATION4 

0,AT ! PLANET ,M]CURY1 ! DIRECT HEAT ( ! SUN1 OR ITS P[] ( CAUS+ HEAT1 IS SIX TIMES GREAT] ?AN ) US4 ,IF WE SUPPOSE ! MEAN TEMP]ATURE ( ,M]CURY TO BE ! SAME AS ( ! E>?1 & ! PLANET TO BE SURR\ND$ ) AN ATMOSPH]E1 D5S] ?AN ?AT ( ! E>?1 LESS CAPABLE ( TRANSMITT+ HEAT1 OR RA!R ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SUN TO EXTRICATE HEAT1 & AT ! SAME TIME MORE READILY CONDUCT+ IT TO KEEP UP AN EV5NESS ( TEMP]ATURE1 MAY WE NOT SUPPOSE ! PLANET ,M]CURY FIT = ! HABITATION ( M51 & ! PRODUCTION ( VEGETABLES SIMIL> TO \R [N8 

0,AT ! ,GEORGIUM ,SIDUS1 ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! SUN IS #cf TIMES LESS ?AN AT ! E>?1 & ! SUN IS !RE SE5 AT AN ANGLE NOT MU* GREAT] ?AN ?AT UND] :I* WE BEHOLD ,V5US1 :5 NE>E/4 ,YET MAY NOT ! MEAN TEMP]ATURE ( ! ,GEORGIUM ,SIDUS BE NE>LY ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! E>?8 ,MAY NOT ITS ATMOSPH]E MORE EASILY TRANSMIT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SUN1 & MAY NOT ! MATT] ( HEAT BE MORE COPI\SLY COMB9$1 & MORE READILY EXTRICAT$1 ?AN ) US8 ,:5CE *ANGES ( SEASON SIMIL> TO \R [N MAY TAKE PLACE4 ,EV5 9 ! COMETS WE MAY SUPPOSE NO GREAT *ANGE ( TEMP]ATURE TAKES PLACE1 AS WE KN[ ( NO CAUSE :I* WILL DEPRIVE !M ( !IR MEAN TEMP]ATURE1 & P>TICUL>LY IF WE SUPPOSE1 ?AT ON !IR APPROA* T[>DS ! SUN1 !RE IS A PROVISION = !IR ATMOSPH]E BECOM+ D5S]4 ,! TAILS !Y EXHIBIT1 :5 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ! SUN1 SEEM 9 SOME MEASURE TO C\NT5ANCE ?IS IDEA4 

0,WE CAN H>DLY SUPPOSE ! SUN1 A BODY ?REE HUNDR$ TIMES L>G] ?AN ALL ! PLANETS TOGE!R1 WAS CREAT$ ONLY TO PRES]VE ! P]IODIC MOTIONS1 & GIVE LI<T & HEAT TO ! PLANETS4 ,MANY A/RONOM]S HAVE ?\<T ?AT ITS ATMOSPH]E ONLY IS LUM9\S1 & ITS BODY OPAKE1 & PROBABLY ( ! SAME CON/ITUTION AS ! PLANETS4 ,ALL[+ !RE=E ?AT ITS LUM9\S ATMOSPH]E ONLY EXTRICATES HEAT1 WE SEE NO REASON :Y ! SUN ITSELF %\LD NOT BE 9HABIT$#c#d40 

,!RE IS C]TA9LY NO 5D TO ! SUPPOSITIONS ?AT MAY BE MADE BY AN +5I\S A/RONOM]4 ,MAY WE NOT SUPPOSE ?AT WE MI<T DO NE>LY AS WELL ALTOGE!R )\T ! SUN1 :I* IT APPE>S IS AT PRES5T ( LITTLE USE TO US AS TO W>M? & HEAT8 ,AS TO LI<T1 ! GREAT CREATOR MI<T1 = AU<T WE KN[1 F9D A SUB/ITUTE2 FEEL]S1 = EXAMPLE1 5DU$ ) A C]TA9 ACUT5ESS ( S5SE3 OR1 AT ALL EV5TS1 ! LEA/ IMAG9ABLE DEGREE ( LI<T MI<T ANSW] EV]Y PURPOSE TO ORGANS ADAPT$ TO ?IS K9D ( TWILI<T4 ,9 ?AT WAY ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,GEORGIUM ,SIDUS >E ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY PROVID$ =2 !Y APPE> TO HAVE AS LITTLE B5EFIT ( ! LI<T AS ( ! HEAT ( ! SUN4 ,H[ ! SATELLITES ( ! DI/ANT PLANETS >E SUPPLI$ ) LI<T IS A MY/]Y1 S9CE !IR PR9CIPALS HAVE SC>CELY ANY4 ,UNLESS 9DE$1 LIKE ! SUN1 !Y HAVE A LUM9\S ATMOSPH]E1 COMPET5T TO 5LI<T5 A :OLE SY/EM1 !MSELVES BE+ OPAKE4 ,BUT 9 TRU? LI<T 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE SEEMS SC>CELY WOR?Y ( A ?\<T1 S9CE ! 9HABITANTS ( ! PLANET ,M]CURY HAVE NOT !IR EYES PUT \T BY A LI<T1 SC>CELY 9F]IOR 9 RADIANCE TO ?AT :I* IS REFLECT$ BY ?OSE PLATES ( BURN+ BRASS1 ) :I* TYRANTS 9 SOME AGES W]E ACCU/OM$ TO EXT+UI% ! S5SE ( VISION 9 !IR UN=TUNATE VICTIMS4 ,! COMETS ALSO MU/ BE A DELECTABLE RESID5CE2 ?AT ( #afh COMPLET+ ITS ORBIT 9 #egf YE>S1 & BE+ AT ITS GREATE/ DI/ANCE AB\T ELEV5 ?\S& TWO HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( MILES FROM ! SUN1 & AT ITS LEA/ )9 LESS ?AN A ?IRD P>T ( ! SUN'S SEMI-DIAMET] FROM ITS SURFACE#c#e4 ,!Y MU/ !RE=E HAVE DELI<TFUL VICISSITUDES ( LI<T & ! CONTR>Y2 =1 AS TO HEAT1 ?AT IS ALREADY PROVID$ =4 ,>*DEACON ,BR9KLEY'S PO/ULATE IS1 ?AT !SE BODIES >E 0POSSESS$ BY RATIONAL BE+S1 & CONTA9 ANIMALS & VEGETABLES1 LITTLE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ) :I* WE >E FAMILI>40 

,N[ ! ONLY REASON WE HAVE TO BELIEVE 9 !SE EXTRAORD9>Y PROPOSITIONS1 IS ! KN[L$GE WE POSSESS ( ! DIV9E ATTRIBUTES4 ,FROM ! =CE ( ?IS CONSID]ATION IT IS >GU$ ?AT ,GOD WILL NOT LEAVE ANY S5SIBLE >EA ( MATT] UNOCCUPI$1 & !RE=E ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT SU* VA/ ORBS AS WE BELIEVE SURR\ND US EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( 9F9ITE SPACE1 %\LD NOT BE 0RI*LY /OR$ ) RATIONAL BE+S1 ! CAPABLE WITNESSES ( HIS P[]1 MAGNIFIC5CE & B5EVOL5CE40 ,ALL DIFFICULTIES >IS+ FROM ! CONSID]ATIONS ( LI<T1 & HEAT1 & A ?\S& O!R OB/ACLES1 >E TO GIVE WAY TO ! P]FECT 9SI<T WE HAVE AS TO H[ ! DEITY WILL CONDUCT HIMSELF 9 EV]Y CASE ?AT CAN BE PROPOS$4 ,I AM NOT P]SUAD$ ?AT ?IS IS AGREEABLE TO RELIGION2 & ,I AM /ILL LESS CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS COMPATIBLE ) ! SOBRIETY & S$AT5ESS ( COMMON S5SE4 

,IT IS ) SOME DEGREE ( SATISFACTION ?AT ,I P]CEIVE LORD ,BR\<AM1 ! REPUT$ AU?OR ( ! ,PRELIM9>Y ,DISC\RSE TO ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,USEFUL ,KN[L$GE1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE /ATES ! DIM5SIONS & DI/ANCES ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES 9 ! USUAL WAY1 SAYS NOT A WORD ( !IR 9HABITANTS4 

,IT IS SOME:AT REM>KABLE ?AT1 S9CE ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 F\R NEW PLANETS HAVE BE5 ADD$ TO ?OSE =M]LY CONTA9$ 9 ! 5UM]ATION ( ! SOL> SY/EM4 ,!Y LIE BETWE5 ! PLANETS ,M>S & ,JUPIT]1 & HAVE BE5 NAM$ ,VE/A1 ,JUNO1 ,C]ES & ,PALLAS4 ,BR9KLEY SPEAKS ( !M 9 ?IS MANN]4 0,! V]Y SMALL MAGNITUDES ( ! NEW PLANETS ,C]ES & ,PALLAS1 & !IR NE>LY EQUAL DI/ANCES FROM ! SUN1 9DUC$ ,DR4 ,OLB]S1 :O DISCOV]$ ,PALLAS 9 #a#h#b1 NE>LY 9 ! SAME PLACE :]E HE HAD OBS]V$ ,C]ES A FEW MON?S BE=E1 TO CONJECTURE ?AT !Y W]E FRAGM5TS ( A L>G] PLANET1 :I* HAD BY SOME UNKN[N CAUSE BE5 BROK5 TO PIECES4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ! LAW ( GRAVITY1 BY :I* ! PLANETS >E RETA9$ 9 !IR ORBITS1 ?AT EA* FRAGM5T W\LD AGA91 AFT] EV]Y REVOLUTION AB\T ! SUN1 PASS NE>LY ?R\< ! PLACE 9 :I* ! PLANET WAS :5 ! CATA/ROPHE HAPP5$1 & BESIDES ! ORBIT ( EA* FRAGM5T W\LD 9T]SECT ! CONT9UATION ( ! L9E JO9+ ?IS PLACE & ! SUN4 ,!NCE IT WAS EASY TO ASC]TA9 ! TWO P>TICUL> REGIONS ( ! HEAV5S ?R\< :I* ALL !SE FRAGM5TS W\LD PASS4 ,ALSO1 BY C>EFULLY NOT+ ! SMALL />S !REAB\T1 & EXAM9+ !M FROM TIME TO TIME1 IT MI<T BE EXPECT$ ?AT MORE ( ! FRAGM5TS W\LD BE DISCOV]$4--,M4 ,H>D+ DISCOV]$ ! PLANET ,JUNO 9 ONE ( !SE REGIONS2 & ,DR4 ,OLB]S HIMSELF ALSO1 BY C>EFULLY EXAM9+ !M .<! SMALL />S.> FROM TIME TO TIME1 DISCOV]$ ,VE/A40 

,!SE ADDITIONS C]TA9LY AF=D US A NEW EPO* 9 ! ANNALS ( ! SOL> SY/EM1 & ( A/RONOMY ITSELF4 ,IT IS SOME:AT REM>KABLE1 ?AT ,H]S*EL1 :O 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS OBS]VATIONS TRAC$ C]TA9 NEBULAE1 ! LI<T FROM :I* MU/ HAVE BE5 TWO MILLIONS ( YE>S 9 REA*+ ! E>?1 %\LD NEV] HAVE REM>K$ !SE PLANETS1 :I*1 SO TO SPEAK1 LAY AT HIS FEET4 ,IT REM9DS ONE ( ,ESOP'S A/ROLOG]1 :O1 TO ! AMUSEM5T ( HIS IGNORANT C\NTRYM51 :ILE HE WAS :OLLY OCCUPI$ 9 SURVEY+ ! HEAV5S1 SUDD5LY F\ND HIMSELF PLUNG$ 9 A PIT4 ,!SE NEW PLANETS ALSO WE >E TOLD >E FRAGM5TS ( A L>G] PLANET3 H[ CAME ?IS L>G] PLANET NEV] TO HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$8 

,TILL ,H]S*EL'S TIME WE W]E CONT5T ) SIX PLANETS & ! SUN1 MAK+ UP ! CABALI/ICAL NUMB] SEV54 ,HE ADD$ ANO!R4 ,BUT !SE F\R NEW ONES 5TIRELY D]ANGE ! S*EME4 ,! A/RONOM]S HAVE NOT YET HAD OPPORTUNITY TO DIGE/ !M 9TO !IR PLACES1 & =M NEW WORLDS ( !M4 ,?IS IS ALL UNPLEASANT4 ,!Y >E1 IT SEEMS1 0FRAGM5TS ( A L>G] PLANET1 :I* HAD BY SOME UNKN[N CAUSE BE5 BROK5 TO PIECES40 ,!Y !RE=E >E PROBABLY NOT 9HABIT$4 ,H[ DOES ?IS CORRESPOND ) ! GOODNESS ( ,GOD1 :I* WILL SUFF] NO MASS ( MATT] 9 HIS CREATION TO REMA9 UNOCCUPI$8 ,H]S*EL TALKS AT HIS EASE ( :OLE SY/EMS1 SUNS ) ALL !IR ATT5DANT PLANETS1 BE+ CONSIGN$ TO DE/RUCTION4 ,BUT H]E WE HAVE A CATA/ROPHE HAPP5+ BE=E \R EYES1 & CANNOT AVOID BE+ %OCK$ BY IT4 0,GOD DOES NO?+ 9 VA940 ,= :I* ( HIS L(TY PURPOSES HAS ?IS PLANET BE5 BROK5 TO PIECES1 & ITS FRAGM5TS LEFT TO DE=M ! SY/EM ( :I* WE >E 9HABITANTS2 AT LEA/ TO HUMBLE ! PRIDE ( MAN1 & LAU< TO SCORN HIS PRESUMPTION8 ,/ILL !Y P]=M !IR REVOLUTIONS1 & OBEY ! PROJECTILE & GRAVITAT+ =CES1 :I* HAVE 9DUC$ US TO PEOPLE T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S& WORLDS4 ,IT IS TIME1 ?AT WE %\LD LE>N MODE/Y1 TO REV]E 9 SIL5CE ! GREAT CAUSE TO :I* ! UNIV]SE IS 9DEBT$ = ITS MAGNIFIC5CE1 ITS BEAUTY & H>MONY1 & TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT WE DO NOT POSSESS ! KEY ?AT %\LD UNLOCK ! MY/]IES ( CREATION4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT LESSONS ?AT CAN BE IMPRESS$ ON ! HUMAN M9D1 IS ?AT ( SELF-KN[L$GE & A JU/ APPREH5SION ( :AT IT IS ?AT WE >E COMPET5T TO A*IEVE4 ,WE CAN DO MU*4 ,WE >E CAPABLE ( MU* KN[L$GE & MU* VIRTUE4 ,WE HAVE PATI5CE1 P]SEV]ANCE & SUBTLETY4 ,WE CAN PUT =? CONSID]ABLE 5]GIES1 & N]VE \RSELVES TO RESI/ GREAT OB/ACLES & MU* SUFF]+4 ,\R +5UITY IS V>I\S & CONSID]ABLE4 ,WE CAN =M MA*9ES1 & ]ECT MI<TY /RUCTURES4 ,! 9V5TION ( MAN = ! EASE ( HUMAN LIFE1 & = PROCUR+ IT A MULTITUDE ( PLEASURES & ACCOMMODATIONS1 IS TRULY A/ONI%+4 ,WE CAN DISSECT ! HUMAN FRAME1 & ANATOMIZE ! M9D4 ,WE CAN /UDY ! SC5E ( \R SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 & MAKE EXTRAORD9>Y IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 & 9 SECUR+ TO \RSELVES ?AT G]M ( ALL \R NOBLE/ VIRTUES1 CIVIL & POLITICAL LIB]TY4 ,WE CAN /UDY ! E>?1 ITS /RATA1 ITS SOIL1 ITS ANIMALS1 & ITS PRODUCTIONS1 0FROM ! C$> ?AT IS 9 ,LEBANON1 TO ! HYSSOP ?AT SPR+E? \T ( ! WALL40 

,BUT MAN IS NOT OMNIPOT5T4 ,IF HE ASPIRES TO BE WOR?Y ( HONOR1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT HE %\LD COMPUTE HIS P[]S1 & :AT IT IS !Y >E COMPET5T TO A*IEVE4 ,! GLOBE ( E>?1 ) 0ALL ?AT IS !RE910 IS \R E/ATE & \R EMPIRE4 ,LET US BE CONT5T ) ?AT :I* WE HAVE4 ,IT W]E A PITIFUL ?+ TO SEE SO NOBLE A CREATURE /RUGGL+ 9 A FIELD1 :]E IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = HIM TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF1 OR TO EFFECT ANY ?+ REAL4 ,!RE IS NO SITUATION 9 :I* ANY ONE CAN APPE> MORE LITTLE & LUDICR\S1 ?AN :5 HE 5GAGES 9 VA9 ESSAYS1 & SEEKS TO ACCOMPLI% ?AT1 :I* A MOM5T'S SOB] ?\<T W\LD TEA* HIM WAS UTT]LY HOPELESS4 

,EV5 A/RONOMY IS TO A C]TA9 DEGREE \R [N4 ,WE CAN MEASURE ! C\RSE ( ! SUN1 & ! ORBITS ( ! PLANETS4 ,WE CAN CALCULATE ECLIPSES4 ,WE CAN NUMB] ! />S1 ASSIGN TO !M !IR PLACES1 & =M !M 9TO :AT WE CALL CON/ELLATIONS4 ,BUT1 :5 WE PRET5D TO MEASURE MILLIONS ( MILES 9 ! HEAV5S1 & TO MAKE \RSELVES ACQUA9T$ ) ! 9HABITANTS ( T5 ?\S& TIMES T5 ?\S& WORLDS & ! ACCOMMODATIONS :I* ! CREATOR HAS PROVID$ = !IR COM=T & FELICITY1 WE PROBABLY 5GAGE 9 SOME?+ MORE FRUITLESS & IDLE1 ?AN ! PYGMY :O %\LD UND]TAKE TO B5D ! B[ ( ,ULYSSES1 OR /RUT & P]=M ! (FICE ( A W>RIOR CLAD 9 ! >MOR ( ,A*ILLES4 

,H[ BEAUTIFUL IS ! 0FIRMAM5T2 ?IS MAJE/ICAL RO( FRETT$ ) GOLD5 FIRE60 ,LET US BEW>E H[ WE M> ! MAGNIFIC5T SC5E ) \R 9T]POLATIONS & COMM5T>IES6 ,SIMPLICITY IS ( ! ESS5CE ( ! TRULY GREAT4 ,LET US LOOK AT ! OP]ATIONS ( ?AT MI<TY P[] FROM :I* WE \RSELVES D]IVE \R EXI/5CE1 ) HUMILITY & REV]5TIAL AWE6 ,IT MAY WELL BECOME US4 ,LET US NOT 0PRESUME 9TO ! HEAV5 ( HEAV5S10 UNBIDD51 UNAU?ORIZ$ GUE/S6 ,LET US ADOPT ! C\NSEL ( ! APO/LE1 & ALL[ NO MAN TO 0SPOIL US ?R\< VA9 PHILOSOPHY40 ,! BUS9ESS ( HUMAN LIFE IS S]I\S2 ! USEFUL 9VE/IGATIONS 9 :I* WE MAY 5GAGE >E MULTIPLI$4 ,IT IS EXCELL5T TO SEE A RATIONAL BE+ CONSCI\S ( HIS G5U9E PROV9CE1 & NOT IDLY WA/+ P[]S ADAPT$ = ! NOBLE/ USES 9 UNMEASUR$ ESSAYS & ILL-CONCOCT$ ATTEMPTS4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

#a ,! >TICLE ,A/RONOMY1 9 ?IS BOOK1 APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 
WRITT5 BY ! WELL KN[N ,JAMES ,F]GUSON4 

#b ,NEWTON1 ,OPTICS1 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 ,PROP4 VIII4 

#c ,IBID4 

#d ,PRIE/LEY1 ,DISQUISITIONS1 ,SECTION ,I,I4 ,I KN[ NOT BY :OM 
?IS ILLU/RATION WAS FIR/ EMPLOY$4 ,AMONG O!R AU?ORS1 ,I 
F9D1 9 ,FIELD+ 7,JOSEPH ,&REWS1 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,I,I71 A SECT ( 
PHILOSOPH]S SPOK5 (1 :O 0CAN R$UCE ALL ! MATT] ( ! 
WORLD 9TO A NUT%ELL40 

#e ,>TICLE1 ,&ES4 

#f ,REES1 ,5CYCLOP$IA2 >TICLE1 ,M\NTA9S4 

#g,! ,ANALY/4 

#h ,LIFE ( ,B]KELEY1 PREFIX$ TO HIS ,WORKS4 

#i,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSACTIONS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,I,X1 P4 #d#e#d4 

#a ,BONNYCA/LE1 ,A/RONOMY1 #g? $ITION1 P4 #b#f#b1 ET SEQ4 

#aa ,IBID1 P4 #b#f#h4  

#a#b,PHIL4 ,TRANSACTIONS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,I,X1 P4 #d#e#g4 

#a#c,A/RONOMY1 P4 #b#f#e4 

#ad ,IBID1 P4 #b#f#h4 

#a#e,PHIL4 ,TRANSACTIONS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,I,X1 P4 #d#e#f4 

#af ,SEE ABOVE1 ,ESSAY ,X,X,I4 
#ag ,!Y W]E AB\T ?IRTY & =TY YE>S Y\NG] ?AN ,KEPL] RESPECTIVELY4 

#ah ,HALLEY1 APUD ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSACTIONS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,I,X1 P4 #d#e#e4 

#a#i,5CYCLOP$IA ,LOND95SIS1 ,VOL4 #a#a1 P4 #d#g4 

#b ,IBID1 P4 #d#h4 

#b#a,5CYCL4 ,LONDON ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #d#a#a4 

#bb ,IBID1 P4 #c#d#h4 

#bc ,IBID1 P4 #d#a#a4 

#bd ,F]GUSON1 ,A/RONOMY1 ,SECTION #a4 

#be ,PLUT>*1 ,DE ,PLACITIS ,PHILOSOPHORUM4 ,DIOG5ES ,LA]TIUS4 

#bf ,F]GUSON1 ,SECTION #b#a#f4 0,LI<T MOVES10 SAYS ,BREW/]1 
,OPTICS1 P4 #b1 0FROM ONE POLE ( ! E>? TO ! O!R 9 ! #b#d? P>T ( A SECOND3 A VELOCITY :I* SURPASSES ALL COMPREH5SION4 

#bg ,BR9KLEY1 ,A/RONOMY1 P4 #a#c4 

#bh ,SEE ABOVE1 ,ESSAY ,X,X,I4 

#bi ,F]GUSON1 ,A/RONOMY1 ,SECTION ,I4 

#c,5CYCLOP$IA ,LOND95SIS1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #c#e#e4 

#c#a,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSACTIONS = #a#g#i#e1 P4 #f#h4 

#c#b,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSACTIONS = #a#g#h#e1 P4 #b#a#g4 

#c#c,A/RONOMY1 ,SECTION #b#b4 

#cd ,BR9KLEY1 ,ELEM5TS ( ,A/RONOMY1 ,*AP4 ,I,X4 

#ce ,F]GUSON1 ,SECTION #i#c4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahc 3 ,*APT] #ba -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ba -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/