,?IRD ,WORLD ,NATIONALISM & ! ,/ATE 

#aigg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS WORK CONC]NS ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS SET UP AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I 9 ECONOMICALLY UND]DEVELOP$ 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 /ATES1 DEAL+ PRIM>ILY 7= SPACE REASONS7 ) ,AFRICAN /ATES4 

,)\T 9 ! LEA/ 5DORS+ ! IMP]IALI/ POLICIES ( EI!R ! ,AM]ICAN OR ,RUSSIAN P[] BLOCS OR TRY+1 9 ANY WAY :ATSOEV]1 TO JU/IFY !IR CRIMES1 ! WIDESPREAD NOTION ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 IS A SATISFACTORY ALT]NATIVE MU/ BE DISPELL$4 ,! PATT]N ( EV5TS WAS ALREADY =E%AD[$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 9 ?IS PROPHETIC PASSAGE3 

0444! SAME NATIONALITIES :I* BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 NEV] CEAS$ TO REVOLT AGA9/ ! =EIGN OPPRESSOR1 REVEAL !MSELVES TODAY1 :5 !Y HAVE ATTA9$ 9DEP5D5CE1 AS ! WOR/ OPPRESSORS ( NATIONAL M9ORITIES )9 !IR [N JURISDICTION & 9FLICT UPON !M ! SAME MORAL & LEGAL OPPRESSIONS1 :I* :5 !Y W]E SUBJECT$ PEOPLES444 ?IS \<T TO MAKE PLA9 EV5 TO ! BL9DE/1 ?AT A H>MONI\S LIV+ TOGE!R )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! NATIONAL /ATE IS DEF9ITELY IMPOSSIBLE444 ,!SE PEOPLES :O HAVE 9 ! NAME ( LIB]ATION %AK5 (F ! YOKE ( ! HAT$ =EIGN RULE HAVE GA9$ NO?+ !REBY444 9 MO/ CASES !Y HAVE TAK5 ON A NEW YOKE :I* IS FREQU5TLY MORE OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! OLD444 
444! *ANGE ( HUMAN GR\PS 9TO NATIONS1 ?AT IS1 ,/ATE PEOPLES1 HAVE NOT OP5$ \T A NEW \TLOOK444 IT IS TODAY ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S H9DRANCES TO SOCIAL LIB]ATION444 BEH9D EV]Y?+1 ! T]M 0,NATIONAL0 /&S = ! WILL TO P[] ( SMALL M9ORITIES & ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( CA/E & CLASS444 9 ! ,/ATE4440.<#a.> 

,= ,JOSE ,M>TI1 0APO/LE0 ( ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE1 & = US1 =MAL 9DEP5D5CE IS NOT 5\<4 0,TO *ANGE ! MA/] IS NOT TO BE FREE40 ,A NATION IS REALLY 9DEP5D5T ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! PEOPLE FEEL FREE TO LEAD !IR [N LIVES4 ,!RE >E V]Y FEW1 IF ANY1 FREE AUTONOM\S UNIONS1 NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 COOP]ATIVES OR3 O!R ORGANS ( POPUL> CONTROL 9 ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD40 

,= ! #db MILLION PEOPLE ( ,AFRICA1 9DEP5D5CE HAS BR\<T LITTLE1 IF ANY MORE1 FRE$OM ?AN UND] COLONIALISM4 ,TANZANIA HAS MORE POLITICAL PRISON]S ?AN ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,ONE F\R? ( ! POPULATION ( EQUATORIAL ,GU9EA IS 9 EXILE4 

,MILIT>ISM 

,AT LEA/ N9ETE5 ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES >E UND] MILIT>Y RULE4 ,9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES HAVE GONE ?R\< TW5TY MAJOR W>S & =TY MILIT>Y C\PS 7SEIZURE ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] BY ! >M$ =CES74 

,SEIZURE ( P[] BY MILIT>Y JUNTAS IS A *RONIC AFFLICTION 9 UND]DEVELOP$ L&S4 ,MILIT>ISM 9 ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES RESEMBLES1 9 G5]AL1 ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN PATT]N4 ,>G5T9A1 ,*ILI1 ,P>AGUAY1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,P]U1 ,BRAZIL1 ,HONDURAS1 ,GUATEMALA1 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 ,NICAURAGUA1 -- ALMO/ ALL -- ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES >E1 OR W]E AT SOME TIME1 DOM9AT$ BY MILIT>Y GOV]NM5TS4 

,BETWE5 #aieb & #aifh !RE W]E OV] #g ATTEMPT$ MILIT>Y C\PS & #b  ( !M L$ TO ! 9/ITUTION ( NEW >MY-L$ GOV]NM5TS444 ,DAHOMEY 5DUR$ #f SUCCESSFUL MILIT>Y C\PS ?R\< #a#i#g#b4 ,ALG]IAN 
>MY REVOLTS 9 ,JUNE #aife DEPOS$ ,AHM$ ,B5 ,BELLA & 9/ALL$ ,H\>I ,B\M$I5E4 ,MILIT>Y REVOLTS SWEPT AWAY CIVILIAN RULE 9 ,BURUNDI1 ,UPP] ,VOLTA1 ! ,C5TRAL ,AFRICAN ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#f#f1 ,SI]RA ,LEONE1 ,<ANA1 ,NIG]IA1 ,LIBYA 9 #a#i#f#i1 ! ,MALAGASY ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#g#b1 ,RW&A1 ON ,JULY #a#i#g#c4 ,BY #aigc ONE ?IRD ( ,AFRICA'S #c MILLION PEOPLE W]E LIV+ UND] MILIT>Y RULE444.<#b.> 

,!RE HAVE BE5 #f MILIT>Y C\PS 9 ,SOMALIA BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #aig & #a#i#g#b4 ,9 ,EGYPT ON ! EVE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 A GR\P ( >MY (FIC]S 9CLUD+ ,ABDEL ,NASS] 5?USIA/ICALLY FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE SET BY ! ,ITALIAN1 ,G]MAN & ,SPANI% ,FASCI/S ORGANIZ$ ! 0,GRE5 ,%IRT ,MOVEM5T40 ,NASS] SEIZ$ P[] 9 #ai$ & SUPPRESS$ ALL OPPOSITION TO HIS ONE P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 

0,M>XI/ ,L59I/S0 & O!RS :O PRATTLE AB\T A 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE0 %\LD REVISE !IR IDEAS4 ,!Y %\LD TAKE NOTE ( ! FACT ?AT !RE IS AN UNBREAKABLE CONNECTION BETWE5 MILIT>ISM & ! ,/ATE1 ,A,L,L ,/,A,T,E,S3 CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACIES1 0WELF>E /ATES10 ,/ATE 0SOCIALI/10 MORE ACCURATELY ,/ATE CAPITALI/ REGIMES1 ETC4 ,!Y %\LD TAKE NOTE ( ! FACT ?AT MILIT>ISM FL\RI%ES 9 0SOCIALI/0 ,CUBA1 9 ! 0,SOVIET0 ,UNION & ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC0 ( ,*9A1 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,KOREA1 & ! RE/ ( ! 0,?IRD ,SOCIALI/ ,WORLD40 

,GLORIFICATION ( 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 DESPOTS FOLL[S1 9 G5]AL1 ! PATT]N SET BY TW5TIE? C5TURY TYRANTS LIKE ,MUSSOL9I1 ,HITL]1 ,/AL91 & ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG4 ,9 HIS REVEAL+ WORK ,! ,DEMI-,GODS3 ,*>ISMATIC ,LEAD]%IP 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 ,JEAN ,LEC\TRE TRACES ! C>E]S ( ,GAMEL ,ABDEL ,NASS]1 ,EGYPT2 ,HABIB ,B\RGUIBA1 ,TUNISIA2 ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH1 ,<ANA2 & ,NORODOM ,SIHAN\K1 ,CAMBODIA4 

,DEIFICATION ( ,NKRUMAH1 ! CULT ( P]SONALITY1 EXCE$$ EV5 ! HOMAGE %[]$ ON ,/AL9 & ,MAO4 ,NKRUMAH GOT HIMSELF 0ELECT$0 ,PRESID5T ( ,<ANA = LIFE4 ,HE BOA/$3 

0444,I REPRES5T NOT ONLY ,<ANA1 BUT ,AFRICA & ,I SPEAK 9 H] NAME4 ,!RE=E1 NO ,AFRICAN CAN HAVE AN OP9ION DIFF]+ FROM M9E4440.<#c.> 444:5 ATT5D+ AN ELECTORAL ASSEMBLY1 ,NKRUMAH MADE HIS APPE>ANCE 9 AN ELABORATE TRIBAL DRESS1 C>RI$ AL(T ON ! %\LD]S ( SIX R$-TURBAN$ ESCORTS444 .<#d.> 0444 9 ,AFRICA ! SUN NO LONG] RISES 9 ! EA/1 BUT 9 ! WE/ ?R\< ! P]SON ( ,NKRUMAHO444 ,NKRUMAH IS ! ,MESSIAH6 ,NKRUMAH IS ! GREATE/ ,AFRICAN ( \R G5]ATION60.<#e.> 

,NKRUMAH' S P>TY DESIGNAT$ ! H\SE 9 :I* HE WAS BORN AS A NATIONAL %R9E4 0,A =TY FOOT /ATUE ( ,NKRUMAH WAS ]ECT$ \TSIDE ( ,P>LIAM5T H\SE40.<#f.> ,HE SLEPT ON A GOLD5 B$ & HIS FACE IS /AMP$ ON CO9S & 5GRAV$ ON PAP] CURR5CY4 

,A PSY*OPHANTIC REVIEW] ( ,TUNISIAN ,PRESID5T ,HABIB ,B\RGUIBA'S BIOGRAPHY EXULTS ?AT HIS NATIVE CITY IMMORTALIZ$ HIM :ILE /ILL ALIVE4 ,! /REETS >E NAM$ 0,HABIB0 & ! AV5UES >E NAM$ 0,B\RGUIBA40 0444! SUN REFLECTS ! COLD ( HIS EYES444& ! /ORM W9DS ! TIMB] ( HIS VOICE4440.<#g.> 

,AN OLD IMPOV]I%$1 SICKLY /UCCO WORK] TE/IFI$ 9 GRATITUDE TO ,B\RGUIBA ?AT 0444WORK+ = ,B\RGUIBA ON ONE ( HIS BUILD+ PROJECTS R5EW$ HIS WILL TO LIVE444PRIDE & GRATITUDE HAVE BR\<T HIM BACK TO LIFE -- AN #he YE> OLD MAN60 7#g7 

444 ,DUR+ A VISIT TO ! ,NILE ,DELTA 9 #aie ,GAMEL ,NASS] ,EGYPTIAN ,DEMI-,GOD WAS SWUNG AL(T BY ! CR[DS & C>RI$ ALONG TO ! RHY?M ( H]OIC-M9D$ SLOGANS4 ,HE IS ! 0,GREAT10 ! 0,G5]\S10 ! 0,VICTOR10 ! 0,JU/10 ! 0,NATIONAL444 ,LIB]ATOR0 
444 LIKE ! PEOPLE HE IS EV]Y:]E444NO?+ ESCAPES HIS EYE -- NEI!R GOOD NOR EVIL444.<#h.> 

,LEC\TRE REM>KS ?AT !3 

444FUNCTIONS ( ! =M] COLONIAL GOV]NORS >E ?OSE FILL$ BY ! ,PRESID5T 9 MO/ NEW & 9DEP5D5T ,AFRICAN /ATE S4 ,ONLY ! TITLE HAS *ANG$4.<#i.> 

,C\RT+ ! ,MASSES3 ,! ,ONE ,P>TY ,/ATE 

0,?IRD ,WORLD0 DEMAGOGUES >E NOT PRIM>ILY IDEOLOGUES4 ,!Y >E1 ABOVE ALL1 POLITICAL ADV5TUR]S4 ,9 !IR LU/ = P[]1 !Y >E NOT GUID$ BY E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 AS !Y PRET5D4 ,ALL DICTATORS CONCEAL !IR TRUE VISAGE BEH9D ! FACADE ( A ONE P>TY TOTALIT>IAN /ATE1 PAY+ LIP S]VICE TO POPUL> PROGRAMS DESIGN$ TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES4 ,$W9 ,LIEUW51 = EXAMPLE1 M>%ALLS IMPRESSIVE EVID5CE3 

444 9 ,*ILI 9 #a#i#b#d1 ,MAJOR ,C>LOS ,IBANAEZ E/ABLI%$ A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ?AT WAS NOTABLY SUCCESSFUL 9 COMB9+ AU?ORIT>IAN RULE AIM$ AT MEET+ POPUL> DEM&S = GREAT] SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

444%ORT-LIV$ REVOLUTIONS TOOK PLACE DUR+ #aicf UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( Y\NG (FIC]S 9SPIR$ BY ! IDEAS O,G,B,P SOCIAL RE=MS & AU?ORIT>IAN NATIONALISM 

444 9 ,BOLIVIA A CLIQUE ( Y\NG (FIC]S CAME TO P[]1 HEAD$ BY ,MAJOR ,DAVID ,TORO & ,COLONEL ,G]MAN ,BUS*4 ,!Y CAT]$ TO ! D[NTRODD5 & PL$G$ TO BUILD A NEW NATION BAS$ ON !IR DICTATORIAL REGIME'S ATTEMPTS TO W9 MASS SUPPORT4.<#a.> 

,HI/ORIAN ,ROB]T ,W4 ,JULY PO9TS \T ?AT NATIONALI/ LEAD]S HAD3 

444ABSORB$ 9 FULL MEASURE ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ P]SPECTIVE1 A VIEW :I* 9/ILL$ AN IMAGE ( ! /ATE & ITS WELF>E PROSP]+ ?R\< ! DOCTR9E & ACTIVITIES ( A S+LE P>TY /ATE444! NEW GOV]NM5TS 9H]IT$ FROM ! COLONIAL PA/ A POSITION ( AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL :I* L$ TO ! P]PETUATION ( BUREAUCRATIC GOV]NM5T4.<#a#a.> 

,:ILE SUP]FICIALLY A POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 ! /ATE WAS OP]AT$ BY AN OLIG>*Y & ! GOV]NM5T WAS %AP$ TO ! NE$S ( ITS RUL]S444ONE P>TY GOV]NM5T CAME TO BE ! HALLM>K ( ,AFRICAN /ATES444,! ,IVORY ,COA/1 ,GU9EA1 ,MALI1 ,*AD1 ,GABON1 ,UG&A1 ,<ANA1 ,E?IOPIA1 ,SUDAN1 ,ZAIRE1 ,S5EGAL1 ,RU&A & ,BURUNDI & ,K5YA ALL ( !M >E PR$OM9ANTLY ONE P>TY /ATES444,! PROGRAM UPON :I* NEW 9DEP5D5T /ATES 9 EV]Y REGION ( ,AFRICA RAISES ! BANN] ( NATIONALISM & AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCEPTS )\T QUE/ION1 ! :OLE BAG & BAGGAGE ( ! ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATES444.<#a#b.> 

,! ,CUBAN ,DEMI-,GOD ,FIDEL ,CA/RO PRAIS$ ! MILIT>I/S ( ,PORTUGAL1 ,P]U & ,PANAMA = PLAY+ N444A DECISIVE ROLE 9 POLITICAL *ANGE444 IMPLEM5T+ AGR>IAN RE=M1 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & 9DU/RIALIZATION40.<#a#c.> ,EV5 ! ,FR5* M>XI/1 ,H5RI ,LEFEVRE1 HAIL$ ! MILIT>Y TAKEOV] ( ,P]U AS 0444ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL EV5TS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD40.<#a#d.> 

,:5 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 MILIT>Y JUNTA SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,P]U1 ! NEW MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T PROCLAIM$ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE UND]LY+ ALL 0PROGRESSIVE0 ONE P>TY MILIT>Y /ATES3 

444! F9AL AIM ( ! ,/ATE1 BE+ ! WELF>E ( ! NATION2 ! >M$ =CES BE+ ! 9/RUM5T :I* 

! /ATE USES TO IMPOSE ITS POLICIES1 !RE=E4449 ORD] TO >RIVE AT COLLECTIVE PROSP]ITY1 ! >M$ =CES HAVE ! MISSION TO WAT* OV] ! PUBLIC WELF>E -- ! F9AL AIM ( ! ,/ATE4.<#a#e.> 

,?IS IS ESS5TIALLY ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,AFRICAN MILIT>Y RUL]S4 ,?US ,GAMAL ,ABDEL ,NASS] ALSO JU/IFI$ HIS SEIZURE ( P[] 9 PRACTICALLY ! SAME T]MS3 

444! >MY1 BE+ ! LEA/ CORRUPT & MO/ RE=M-M9D$ ORGANIZATION1 CON/ITUT+ ! NEW REGIME'S ELITE444WILL EX]CISE CONC]T$ GOV]NM5T EF=TS TO IMPROVE ! PEOPLE'S EXI/5CE & ORGANIZE AGR>IAN RE=M444.<#a#f.> 

,! ASSASS9AT$ DICTATOR ( ,EGYPT1 ! LATE ,ANW> ,SADAT1 A GRADUATE ( ! ,EGYPTIAN MILIT>Y ACADEMY & SUCCESSOR TO ,NASS]1 FAI?FULLY FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( HIS M5TOR4 

,9 ,<ANA1 ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH1 ! SELF-/YL$ 0BUILD] ( ,AFRICAN SOCIALISM10 WAS AW>D$ ! ,L59 ,PEACE ,PRIZE4 ,HIS ,CONV5TION ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY WAS DESIGN$ TO ATTRACT MULTITUDES ( DISSID5TS BY FALSELY PROCLAIM+ 0SELF GOV]NM5T40 

,9 ,SUDAN1 Y\NG >MY (FIC]S SEIZ$ P[] & PROCLAIM$ A ONE P>TY 0,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE0 & 9 ,SOMALIA ! ONE P>TY DOM9AT$ 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL0 PROMIS$ TO 0ELIM9ATE CORRUPTION & E/ABLI% SOCIALISM4440 ,UG&AN ,PRESID5T ,OBOTE SEIZ+ P[] ) ! SUPPORT ( ! >MY WAS DET]M9$ TO MAKE ,UG&A 0A ,PILL> ( ,SOCIALISM0 & HIS ,PEOPLE'S ,CONGRESS ,P>TY PROMIS$ TO E/ABLI% A C5TRALIZ$ WELF>E /ATE4 ,9 ,TUNISIA ,DEMI-,GOD ,HABIB ,B\RGUIBA'S DICTATORIAL ,DE/\R ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ALSO PROCLAIM$ 0,SOCIALISM40 

,A DISPAT* TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 7,JUNE #a#h1 #a#i#h#b7 DESCRIBES ! CORRUPT ONE-P>TY TOTALIT>IAN REGIME ( ,PRESID5T ,MOBUTO ,SESE ,SEKO ( ,ZAIRE4 ,MOBUTO V[$ ?AT 0444AS LONG AS ,I AM ALIVE1 !RE WILL BE NO SECOND POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,ZAIRE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ! DISPAT*1 0444!RE IS \TRAGE\S VIOLATION ( ELEM5T>Y CIVIL RI<TS1 >BITR>Y >RE/S = POLITICAL REASONS & 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( POLITICAL PRISON]S >E DETA9$ 9 UN(FICIAL SECRET PRISONS4440 

,MOBUTO LIVES 9 GR& /YLE 9 A'DOMA9 ?REE TIMES ! SIZE ( ,TEXAS1 RI* 9 DIAMONDS1 COPP] & O!R M9]ALS4 ,:ILE 9 ,ZAIRE 0444PEOPLE LIVE 9 D>KE/ MIS]Y1 ,MOBUTO GOES (F TO ,FLORIDA ) A DELEGATION ( ?REE HUNDR$444! AM\NT SP5T ON ?AT TRIP ALONE1 C\LD HAVE F$ ,K9A%A ! CAPITAL = TWO OR ?REE MON?S4440 

,ECONOMIC ,ROLE ( ! ,/ATE 

,AS 9DICAT$ ABOVE1 ! COMPULSION ( MILIT>Y REGIMES TO %APE ! ECONOMY ALSO 9DICATES ! 9CREAS+ ROLE ( ! /ATE TO CONTROL -- TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE -- ! ECONOMY ( 0SOCIALI/0 AS WELL AS 0FREE WORLD0 /ATES4 

,9 ! LI<T ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE REVOLUTIONS1 ! PREPOND]ANT ROLE ( ! ,/ATE 9 DET]M9+ SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE1 NOT BY ! 0444 ECONOMIC =CES ( PRODUCTION40 7,M>X7 BUT BY ,D,E,C,R,E,E HAS L$ EV5 M>XI/ REVISIONI/S TO REPUDIATE ,M>X' S !ORY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA L$ ! M>XI/ ECONOMI/ ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+ TO REVISE HIS IDEAS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS NOT ONLY ! PRODUCT BUT ALSO ! CREATOR ( ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 

444! PRES5T DAY /ATE HAV+ A*IEV$ 9DEP5D5CE1 IS UNFOLD+ ITS 5ORM\S /R5G? ACCORD+ TO ITS [N LAWS1 SUBJECT+ SOCIAL =CES & COMPELL+ !M TO S]VE ITS [N 5DS444!RE=E1 NEI!R ! ,RUSSIAN1 NOR TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS 9 G5]AL1 IS DET]M9$ BY ! *>ACT] ( ! ECONOMY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! ECONOMY ?AT IS DET]M9$ BY ! RUL+ P[]444.<#a#g.> 

,>BITR>Y DECISIONS ( ! /ATE DET]M9E ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA ,D,E,C,R,E,$ BY ,/AL9 WAS A*IEV$ AT ! CO/ ( MILLIONS ( LIVES & UNTOLD MILLIONS 9 SLAVE LABOR CAMPS4 ,! 0,GREAT ,LEAP ,=W>D0 & ! 0,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION0 ,D,E,C,R,E,$ BY ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG PRACTICALLY P>ALYZ$ ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ,*9A4 

,A GOOD CASE CAN BE MADE = ! PROPOSITION ?AT ! MONOPOLY ( P[]1 IE4 ! /ATE1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R FACTOR1 %APES & P]V]TS HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,!SE TRU?S >E UN=TUNATELY CONFIRM$ BY DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD40 

444ALL 9DEP5D5T ,AFRICAN /ATES ATTEMPT444TO MANIPULATE AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION CONTROLL$ BY A RIGOR\S /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH CONT9UALLY EMPHASIZ$ ! CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 POLITICAL ACTION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T444 ,JULIUS ,NY]]E1 *IEF ( ,TANZANIA BOA/$ ( ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HE 5G9E]$444 ON A NATIONAL SCALE444 5GAG$ 9 RIGOR\S ECONOMIC PLANN+444.<#a#h.> 

,ECONOMIC ,MISMANAGEM5T 

,ECONOMIC MISMANAGEM5T & CORRUPTION BR\<T ,<ANA TO ! BR9K ( ECONOMIC DISA/]4 ,! RUL]S FAIL$ TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! REALITIES ( ,<ANA'S ECONOMY4 ,9 ! RU% TO MOD]NIZE1 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS OV]/RESS$ & AGRICULTURE D[NGRAD$4 ,A DISPAT* TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 7,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#h7 FROM IT'S ,UG&A CORRESPOND5T ILLU/RATES ! DESP]ATE ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,AN ORANGE CO/S ONE DOLL>4 ,A BASS BIG 5\< TO FE$ ONLY ONE ADULT CO/S SIX DOLL>S4 ,GOOD GRE5S >E NOT AVAILABLE 9 ,KAMPALA & ,MASALCA1 ! MO/ POPUL\S CITIES4 ,C(FEE PRODUCTION1 ! NATIONAL MA9/AY1 WAS A %AMBLES4 ,SUG> LAY ROTT+ 9 W>EH\SES BECAUSE TRUCKS & ROADS W]E NOT FUNCTION+4 ,BETWE5 #aiga & #aigi PRODUCTION ( KEY EXPORT CROPS1 TEA1 C(FEE1 SUG> & COTTON FELL #e#a.0 7,JUNE #a1 #aih DISPAT*74 

,! COMMUNI/ 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 GOV]NM5T ( ,CAMBODIA 
=C$ PEOPLE TO EVACUATE ! CITIES1 ORGANIZ$ !M 9TO SLAVE LABOR BATTALIONS TO TILL ! SOIL 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,CAMBODIA'S DECIMAT$ POPULATION DECL9$ FROM AB\T EI<T MILLION TO F\R & A HALF MILLION6 ,MILLIONS P]I%$ FROM />VATION1 DISEASE & EXHAU/ION4 

,CORRUPTION 

,LIKE GOV]NM5T MISMANAGEM5T1 WA/E & BUREAUCRATIC BUNGL+1 CORRUPTION 9 ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 IS AN 9CURABLE *RONIC 9FECTION4 ,HI/ORIAN ,JULY EMPHASIZES ?IS FACT3 

444 ,?AT CORRUPTION GREW TO BE A COMMONALITY ?R\<\T 9DEP5D5T ,AFRICA HAS LONG BE5 A TRUISM444 FROM ,MORROCO TO ,MALAWI1 FROM ,K5YA TO ,NIG]IA1 FROM ,GU9EA TO ,ZAIRE1 IT T\*$ ALL REGIMES SOCIALI/ OR CAPITALI/ ) EQUAL IMP>TIALITY4 ,IT WAS PRES5T 9 CIVIL GOV]NM5TS & MILIT>Y GOV]NM5TS2 AMONG ELECT$ (FICIALS OR APPO9T$ CIVIL S]VANTS444 .<#a#i.> 

444 9 #aifb ! WIFE ( ,KROBO ,$USI AN 9FLU5TIAL M9I/] 9 ,NKRUMAH#a S GOV]NM5T1 ORD]$ A GOLD PLAT$ B$ FROM ,LONDON AT ! CO/ ( @s#h#d & ,NKRUMAH ACCUMULAT$ A @s#f4 #e MILLION =TUNE ON SU* DEALS AS 
COLLECT+ @s#d1 # COMMISSION = ALL[+ A MULTIMILLION DOLL> CONTRACT444 .<#b.> 

444 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA ! ,SWAHILI T]M 0,WA ,B5ZA0 DESCRIBES ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS' FONDNESS = ,M]C$ES ,B5Z AUTOMOBILES444 DESPITE NATIONAL 9COMES :I* R>ELY AV]AGE @s#b A YE>1 CORRUPT (FICIALS 9 ALL ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES444 >E ABLE TO AF=D LUXURIES UTILIZ+ !IR POSITION = PRIVATE GA9444 .<#b#a.> 

,! ,PRESID5T ( ,TOGO BANKRUPT$ ! NATION1 GOT HIMSELF IMM5SELY RI* & 9DULG$ 9 ! MO/ \TRAGE\S VIOLATIONS ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,HE WAS ABLE TO BUY TWO T[N H\SES 9 ,P>IS & BUILD A SPL5DID ,PRESID5TIAL ,PALACE \TSIDE ! CAPITAL1 ,LOME4 

,! ,PRESID5T ( ,GABON BUILT HIMSELF A @s#f MILLION PALACE ) REVOLV+ DOORS & W9D[S ?AT DISAPPE> AT ! T\* ( A BUTTON4 

,! ,PRESID5T ( BANKRUPT ,ZAIRE ON AN OV]NI<T /AY 9 ,NAIROBI ) HIS 5T\RAGE1 IS ACCOMPANI$ BY TWO DOCTORS1 TWO HEADWAIT]S1 A *EF & A BEVY ( LOVELY LADIES4 

,! ,E,M,P,],O,R ( ! ,C5TRAL ,AFRICAN ,REPUBLIC1 ONE ( ! POORE/ NATIONS 9 ! WORLD1 COLLECT$ N9E PALACES1 ONE = EA* ( HIS N9E WIVES1 A MANSION 9 ,FRANCE1 & SP5T MILLIONS ( DOLL>S ON HIS CORONATION4 

,9 ,UG&A1 >M$ SOLDI]S ROAM ! CAPITAL AT NI<T1 DEM&+ CA%1 JEWELRY & SOMETIMES SEX4.<#b#b.> 

,BAKUN9 LONG AGO PO9T$ \T ?AT CORRUPTION IS A FUNDAM5TAL ATTRIBUTE ( ! /ATE4 ,/ATE FUNCTION>IES *>G$ ) 5=C+ ITS LAWS >E !MSELVES CORRUPT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 0,W\LD Y\ MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = 
ANYONE TO OPPRESS HIS FELL[ MAN8 ,SEE TO IT ?AT NO ONE HAS ! P[] TO DO SO4440 

,NEW 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 ,COLONIALISM 

,RUDOLF ,ROCK] SUMM$ UP ! 9VASIVE *>ACT] ( COLONIALISM 9 ?IS /RIK+ PASSAGE FROM HIS ,NATIONALISM & ,CULTURE3 

444A NATION 5COMPASSES A :OLE RANGE ( DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O HAVE BY MORE OR LESS VIOL5T MEANS BE5 PRESS$ 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( A COMMON ,/ATE444 !RE IS NO /ATE :I* DOES NOT CONSI/ ( A GR\P ( DIFF]5T PEOPLE :O W]E ORIG9ALLY ( DIFF]5T DESC5T & SPEE* & W]E =G$ 9TO ONE NATION 
SOLELY BY DYNA/IC1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S444.<#b#c.> 

,! AN>*I/ ,ROCK]'S CONCEPTION ( ! NATURE & ORIG9 ( ! /ATE1 DIFF]+ %>PLY FROM ! M>XI/ 9T]PRETATION1 WAS SU/A9$ AS F> BACK AS #aiai BY ! DI/+UI%$ NON-AN>*I/ POLITICAL SCI5TI/1 ,$W>D ,J5KS3 

444 O!R /ATE 9 ITS ORIG9 WAS NOT AN ECONOMIC BUT A MILIT>Y 9/ITUTION =M$ BY CONQUE/ & PLUND]444! 9VAD+ HO/S SETTL$ D[N LIKE A SW>M ( LOCU/S ON !IR PREY444FROM ITS E>LIE/ /AGES ITS POLICY HAS444 BE5 ANNEXATION OR PLUND] ( ITS [N OR ALI5 COMMUNITIES444.<#b#d.> 

,AL?\< ! B\RGEOIS HI/ORIAN ,JULY COMPLA9S ?AT 0T5ACI\S TRIBALISM COMPLICATES ALL EF=TS TO BUILD A S5SE ( SECURITY & NATIONAL PRIDE10 HE NEV]!LESS M>%ALS MASSIVE EVID5CE CONFIRM+ BO? ,ROCK]'S & ,J5KS' VIEWS3 

444! MO/ DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ,AFRICAN HI/ORY FOLL[+ ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>444WAS ! CREATION ( ,AFRICAN NATIONS LAID D[N BY ! COLONIAL P[]S444 ! IMP]IALI/S 9/ITUT$ LAWS & PROC$URES TOTALLY AT V>IANCE & ALI5 TO LOCAL CU/OM444P[]FUL E?NIC GR\PS W]E >TIFICIALLY B\ND TOGE!R 9TO ONE NATION AS A CONV5I5CE ( COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION444.<#b#e.> 

444! ,EUROPEAN RELATION%IP ) TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES DUR+ ! LA/ DECADES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY WAS 
ONE ( CONQUE/1 !N OCCUPATION & ABSORPTION 9TO EXP&+ COLONIAL T]RITORIES444.<#b#f.> 

,! P>TITION ( ,AFRICA BY ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S WAS A HI/ORICAL TRAG$Y :OSE MAGNITUDE IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ASSESS4 

,! ,FR5*1 OV]COM+ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,TU>EZ TRIBES1 OCCUPI$ ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,SAH>A4 ,! PEOPLES ( ,TOGOL&1 ! ,CAM]ROONS1 & ! ,*AD REGIONS W]E TORN AWAY FROM EA* O!R :5 !IR T]RITORIES W]E DIVID$ BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% COLONIALI/S4 ,/RUGGLES ( ! ,A%ANTI PEOPLES TO DEF5D !IR COMMUNITIES AGA9/ ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM W]E P>ALLEL$ 9 O!R ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES4 ,! ATTEMPT TO C5TRALIZE ,UG&A PRECIPITAT$ A MASSIVE REVOLT ( ,TORO1 ,BUAY>O1 ,ANKOLA1 ,B>5GA1 ,A*OLI & O!R PEOPLES4 

,! CRIM9AL P>TITION ( ,AFRICA :I* 0ROBB$ ! PEOPLE ( ALL DOM9ION OV] !MSELVES0 7,PR\DHON7 IS RE9=C$ & P]PETUAT$ BY ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 9DEP5D5T C\NTRIES4 ,LIKE ! IMP]IALI/ COLONIAL P[]S1 ! 9DEP5D5T NATIONS >E ALSO OBLIT]AT+ ! NATURAL DIV]SITY ( 9DIG5\S CULTURES & NATURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,AN >TICLE 9 ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA 7#a#i#f#d $ITION1 P4 #cf 7 FULLY SUB/ANTIATES !SE REM>KS3 

444! NEW ,AFRICAN NATIONS :I* EM]G$ AT MIDTW5TIE? C5TURY W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 TO BE BAS$ ON ! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL UNITS ( ! PRE-COLONIAL ]A4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ 9/EAD )9 ! COLONIAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* ! NATIONAL LIFE ! /ATE WAS SUP]IMPOS$ ON ! DIV]SITY ( TRADITIONAL CULTURES444 

,& !SE SELF-SAME COLONIAL ATROCITIES >E BE+ COMMITT$ BY ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 C\NTRIES AGA9/ IMPRISON$ PEOPLES TRAPP$ )9 ! BORD]S ( ! 09DEP5D5T0 /ATES SET BY BO? !IR =M] & NEW CONQU]ORS4 ,ALL ?IS :ILE REGIONAL MOVEM5TS SEEK+ A FREE F$]ATION ( PEOPLES 7 :I* W\LD ASSURE LOCAL AUTONOMY :ILE REAP+ ! B5EFITS ( UNITY & FREE ASSOCIATION 9 SOLID>ITY7 >E RU?LESSLY EXT]M9AT$4 

,CIVIL ,W> 

,CIVIL W> 9 ,AFRICA'S L>GE/ C\NTRY1 ! ,SUDAN1 WAS PRECIPITAT$ BY ! REVOLT ( ! ,NILOTIC PEOPLES 9 ! S\!RN PROV9CES :O DEM&$ A F$]ATION ( PEOPLES ) EQUAL RI<TS4 ,AT LEA/ #e1 # DI$ & OV] TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& W]E DRIV5 FROM ! C\NTRY 9 A BITT] 9TRACTABLE GU]RILLA W> LA/+ #ag YE>S4 

,RW&A & ,BURUNDI 7,RU&A-,URUNDI71 TWO HI/ORICALLY SEP>ATE REGIONS W]E DOM9AT$ BY ! ,BELGIAN-PROPP$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,TUTSI M9ORITY OV] ! ,HUTU MAJORITY4 ,RW&A SEC$$ FROM ,BURUNDI 9 #aifb AFT] A ,HUTU REVOLT 9 :I* ?\S&S ( ,TUTSIS W]E KILL$ & #a#b1 # W]E DRIV5 9TO EXILE4 ,9 #aifc AN ABORTIVE 9VASION BY ,TUTSI EXILES SP>K$ A MASSACRE ( #a#b1 # ,TUTSIS BY ! ,HUTUS4 

,ACROSS ! BORD] 9 ,BURUNDI1 A ,TUTSI M9ORITY ( #a#e.0 CONT9UES ITS DOM9ATION OV] A ,HUTU MAJORITY ( #h#d.04 ,9 #aigb A ,HUTU 9SURRECTION WAS SUPPRESS$ BY A BLOODY W> ( EXT]M9ATION 9 :I* EI<TY ?\S& REBELS W]E KILL$4 ,! REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,BURUNDI GOV]NM5T WAS CRU%$ ) ! MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC ASSI/ANCE ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES4 ,! ,NOR? ,KOREANS >E BUILD+ A NEW PALACE = ,PRESID5T ,BAGAZA4 ,CUBANS >E TRA9+ ,BURUNDI FI<T] PILOTS4 ,SOVIET MILIT>Y H>DW>E IS ON DISPLAY 9 ! ,CAPITAL & ! ,*9ESE OP5$ A TEXTILE MILL4 

,! T5 YE> /RUGGLE TO BREAK AWAY FROM ! C5TRAL ,NIG]IAN GOV]NM5T -- ,BIAFRAN ,CIVIL ,W> -- WAS M]CILESSLY CRU%$4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 P]HAPS A MILLION1 W]E KILL$1 />V$ TO DEA?1 LEFT HOMELESS OR BANI%$4 ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT BO? ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA PROVID$ MILIT>Y AID & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REFUS$ TO HELP ! REBELLI\S PEOPLES4 

,FIFTY ?\S& OPPRESS$ ,LUMPUS REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! ,ZAIRE DICTATOR%IP 9 #a#i#f#d4 ,! REBELS AB&ON$ VILLAGES1 REFUS$ TO PAY TAXES1 RESORT$ TO BRIG&AGE & KIDNAP+S & ?REAT5$ ! EXI/5CE ( ,ZAIRE4 

,! UNSUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN ( E?NIC ,SOMALI PEOPLES 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,OGAD5 TO SEC$E FROM ,E?IOPIA 9 :I* A HALF MILLION W]E KILL$1 WAS SUPPRESS$ ) ! HELP ( ,CUBAN TROOPS >M$ ) ,SOVIET WEAPONS4 ,! GU]RILLA W> CONT9UES4 

,CULTURAL ,OBLIT]ATION 

,9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA ! ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE 0,CONQUI/ADORES0 SEIZ$ ! L& ( ! NATIVES1 PLUND]$ !IR COMMUNITIES1 5SLAV$ ! POPULATION1 & WIP$ \T !IR CULTURE4 ,BY BRUTE =CE ! 9VAD]S IMPOS$ OPPRESSIVE REGIMES :I* TO ?IS DAY WEI< SO HEAVILY ON ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS ( SO MANY C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,EUROPEAN COLONIALI/S COMMITT$ SIMIL> ATROCITIES AGA9/ ! ,9DIANS4 

,9 ,AFRICA1 ! NEW 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 C\NTRIES1 TO !IR ET]NAL %AME1 >E OBLIT]AT+ RI*1 V>I$ CULTURES ON ! PRETEXT ?AT !Y >E \T TO 0MOD]NIZE & CIVILIZE ! 9F]IOR SAVAGES40 ,BUT !SE CULTURES >E 9 MANY RESPECTS F> SUP]IOR1 F> MORE HUMANE1 F> FRE] ?AN ! AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS IMPOS$ UPON !M BY W\LD-BE 0SAVIORS40 

,WE EXTRACT ! FOLL[+ 9=MATION AB\T ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( MILLIONS ( TRIBAL PEOPLES 9 ! =E/ BELT ( ,WE/ ,AFRICA & O!R WIDESPREAD REGIONS ( ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T3 

,! RELATIONS BETWE5 COMMUNITIES 0W]E NOT REGULAT$ FROM ABOVE BUT DEP5D$ ON MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS & ALLIANCES MA9TA9$ BY TRADITIONS ( COMMON DESC5T & 9T]M>RIAGE1 RATIFI$ BY COLLECTIVE C]EMONIES & FEA/S & ECONOMIC EX*ANGE40 

0,A SY/EM ( L9EAGES1 :]EBY A BODY ( K9SM5444MA9TA9$ COLLECTIVE CLAIMS TO RES\RCES1 COOP]AT+444 ) SIMIL> GR\PS = V>I\S 5DS1 APPE>S EV]Y:]E TO HAVE PROVID$ ! FIR/ ORD] ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION )9 A LOCALITY4444! L>G] GR\PS UNIT$ ON OCCASION444DISSOLV$ 9TO EV] SMALL] UNITS ON N>R[] ISSUES4440 ,DISPUTES W]E SETTL$ 0AMONG !M BY >BITRATION4440 

0,POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 SU* VILLAGES W]E (T5 ?OSE ( GIVE & TAKE BETWE5 9DEP5D5T GR\PS4 ,BUT :E!R ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WAS ONE ( PROLIF]AT+ L9EAGES OR ( 9DEP5D5T VILLAGES1 COMMUNICATION ?R\< TRADE1 9T]M>RIAGE & C]EMONIAL EX*ANGES C\LD MA9TA9 COMMON SPEE* CU/OM & PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION OV] POPULATIONS ( SEV]AL ?\S&S4 ,DESPITE ! SMALL SIZE ( ! 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL UNITS1 TE*NICAL SKILLS1 ES!TIC /YLES1 BELIEFS & RITUALS1 AS WELL AS VALU$ COMMODITIES1 C\LD BE & W]E TRANSMITT$ OV] WIDE >EAS40 

0444PEOPLES LIV+ DISP]S$ 9 SMALL HAMLETS OR CLU/]$ 9 HILL VILLAGES = PROTECTION1 HAD NO C5TRAL ORGANIZATION ( GOV]NM5T4 ,AS 9 ! =E/ BELT ! K9 GR\PS OR ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ( A LOCALITY ALLI$ !MSELVES OR DISPUT$ ) EA* O!R ON EQUAL T]MS AS ! OCCASION >OSE4 ,SOCIETIES ( 
?IS TYPE >E F\ND 9 ,M,A,N,Y ,P,>,T,S ,( ,W,E,/,],N ,S,U,D,A,N444 ,! ,9,T,],I,O,R ,( ,G,U,9,E,A ,& ,L,I,B,],I,A1 ,! ,N,O,R,!,R,N ,T,],R,I,T,O,R,I,E,S ,( ,<,A,N,A1 ,! ,N,O,R,? ,( ,D,A,H,O,M,E,Y ,& ,! ,H,I,L,L ,C,\,N,T,R,Y ,( ,N,O,R,!,R,N ,N,I,G,],I,A ,& ,! ,C,A,M,],O,O,N,S ,R,E,G,I,O,N40 7MY EMPHASIS7 .<#b#g.> 

,PRESID5T ,JULIUS ,NY]]E ( ,TANZANIA -- SURPRIS+LY 5\< -- WROTE ?AT3 

444! COMMUNITY ( ! TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN VILLAGE WAS A TRULY SOCIALI/ COMMUNITY4 ,EV]YONE WORK$4 ,EV]YONE %>$4 ,!RE W]E NO CLASSES1 NO PRIVILEGES EI!R = FOOD OR SELF-RESPECT4 ,WEAL? BELONG$ TO ALL & ALL %>$ 9 ITS ASSETS4 ,ONLY EXPLOIT]S W]E MISS+4 ,!RE W]E NO L&LORDS & NO IDL]S TO LIVE (F ! LABOR ( O!RS444 .<#b#h.> 

,CONCLUSION 

,9DIG5\S MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* I MAKE UP SO MU* ( HI/ORY1 P]SI/ 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R TO ?IS DAY4 ,:AT TO DO AB\T ! COMPLEX PROBLEMS ( 9DEP5D5CE & REGIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION IS N[ BE+ HEAT$LY DEBAT$ EV]Y:]E4 

,!RE IS AN UNBRIDGEABLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CONCEPT ( ! NATION-/ATE AS AGA9/ NATURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,! NATURAL COMMUNITY1 A CONFLU5CE ( HUMAN BE+S1 ) A COMMON HI/ORY1 A COMMON LANGUAGE & CULTURAL BACKGR\ND1 SPR+S FROM FREE SOCIAL ALLIANCES4 

,! NATION-/ATE IS NOT A NATURAL COMMUNITY4 ,! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! /ATE OV] ALL ITS SUBJECTS & !IR ASSOCIATIONS IS ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! SURVIVAL & EXPANSION ( ! /ATE4 ,NATIONALISM1 ! POLITICAL !OLOGY ( ! /ATE1 MU/ NOT BE CONF\ND$ ) ONE'S NATURAL LOVE = ! PLACE & ! PEOPLE ) :OM ONE IS RE>$4 

,! NATION-/ATE BREAKS UP ! ORGANIC UNITY ( ! NATURAL COMMUNITY4 ,! ,BASQUE COMMUNITY1 = EXAMPLE1 IS >TIFICIALLY SPLIT UP1 ) ONE P>T UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T & ! O!R UND] ! RULE ( ! ,SPANI% ,/ATE4 

,NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION IS BY NO MEANS SYNONYM\S ) ! 9T]NAL FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS & COMMUNITIES4 ,NATIVE REGIMES 9 0LIB]AT$0 9DEP5D5T /ATES 79 ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ETC47 >E NO LESS DESPOTIC & NO LESS CORRUPT ?AN >E !IR =M] RUL]S4 

,NOR IS NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION SYNONYM\S ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i7 BO? ! QUASI-9DEP5D5T ,CATALONIAN 0,G5]ALIDAD0 & ! ,BASQUE REGIME MADE COMMON CAUSE ) !IR ]/:ILE 5EMY1 ! ,C5TRAL ,REPUBLICAN ,GOV]NM5T & ! CAPITALI/S1 TO EXTIRPATE ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 & TO CRU% ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,! AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE TO NATIONALISM IS A LIB]T>IAN1 /ATELESS F$]ATION ( V>I\S PEOPLES ) ALL O!R PEOPLES ( ! WORLD"9 ,TO SURVIVE & GR[1 ! FLUID1 EV]-*ANG+ ASSOCIATIONS :I* CON/ITUTE NATURAL COMMUNITIES1 MU/ BE  CON/ANTLY R5EW$ & 5RI*$ BY FREE ASSOCIATION ) EQUALLY FREE COMMUNITIES4 ,! FREE ASSOCIATIONS MU/ TRANSC5D ! UNALT]ABLE >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES ]ECT$ BY ! /ATE4 

,REJECT+ ! >TIFICIAL NATIONAL B\ND>IES IMPOS$ BY CAPITALISM & ! /ATE TO SEGREGATE & DIVIDE ! WORK]S 9TO HO/ILE CAMPS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5 ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,M,A1 F\ND$ #a#h#f#d7 DESIGNAT$ ITS AFFILIAT$ ORGANIZATIONS ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES ,R,E,G,I,O,N,A,L ,F,$,],A,T,I,O,N,S ,( ,! ,I,W,M,A4 

,NATIONAL M9ORITIES1 /RUGGL+ TO ESCAPE ! DOM9ATION ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5TS TO E/ABLI% /ATES ( !IR [N1 WILL ONLY F9D !MSELVES %ACKL$ BY NEW RUL]S4 ,!Y WILL COME TO REALIZE1 ) ,BAKUN91 ?AT44 DESPOTISM MANIFE/S ITSELF NOT 9 ! ,=,M1 BUT 9 ! ,P,R,9,C,I,P,L,E ( ! ,/ATE4440 

,N,O,T,E,S 

,?IS PAMPHLET WAS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA AS ! ?IRD NUMB] 9 ITS PAMPHLET S]IES4 ,ADDRESS CORRESPOND5CE AB\T ?IS PAMPHLET TO3 

,REG9A ,A,C,F1 ,P,O,BOX #c#f#e#h1 ,REG9A1 ,SASK4 ,S#d,P #c,N#h1 ,CANADA 

,RESURG5CE1 ,P,O,BOX #b#h#b#d1 ,/ATION ,A1 ,*AMPAIGN1 ,I,L #f#a#h#b1 ,U4,S4,A4 

.<#a.> ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 ,NATIONALISM & ,CULTURE1 P4 #bb 

.<#b.> ,ROB]T ,W4 ,JULY1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,AFRICAN ,PEOPLE #bND $- 

.<#c.> ,JEAN ,LEC\TRE1 ,! ,DEMI-,GODS1 P4 #bef 

.<#d.> IBID4 P4 #bfb 

.<#e.> IBID4 P4 #bfc 

.<#f.> IBID4 P4 #agi 

.<#g.> IBID4 P4 #ah 

.<#h.> IBID4 P4 #ab 

.<#i.> IBID4 P4 #ab 

.<#a.> ,$W9 ,LIEUW51 ,>MS & ,POLITICS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 
PP4 #f1 #f#b1 #g#h1 #gi 

.<#a#a.> ,JULY1 #cRD $ITION1 P4 #fgd 

.<#a#b.> IBID4 P4 #fh 

.<#a#c.> ,FRANK ,KIRBY ,JONES1 ,) ,CA/RO1 PP4 #a#i#e-#a#i#f 

.<#a#d.> ,RECON/RUIR1 ,>G5T9E ,AN>*I/ ,BI-,MON?LY1 _?#d#c 

.<#a#e.> IBID4 

.<#a#f.> ,LEC\TRE1 P4 #ab 

.<#a#g.> ,SIDNEY ,HOOK1 ,M>X & ! ,M>XI/S1 P4 #bd 

.<#a#h.> ,JULY1 #bND $ITION1 P4 #fe 

.<#a#i.> ,JULY1 #cRD $ITION1 P4 #gda 

.<#b.> IBID4 P4 #gdb 

.<#b#a.> ,JULY1 #bND $ITION1 P4 #fgi 

.<#b#b.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,JUNE #h1 #aih 

.<#b#c.> ,ROCK]1 P4 #ba 

.<#b#d.> ,$W>D ,J5KS1 ,! ,/ATE & ! ,NATION1 PP4 #a#c#a-#a#c#b 

.<#b#e.> ,JULY1 #bND $ITION1 P1 #ffd 

.<#b#f.> IBID4 ,P1 #dag 

.<#b#g.> ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 #aifi $ITION1 PP4 #b#f#i-#b#g 

.<#b#h.> QUOT$ BY ,JULY1 #cRD $ITION1 P4 #fdh 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigf 3 ,?IRD ,WORLD ,NATIONALISM & ! ,/ATE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,?IRD ,WORLD ,NATIONALISM & ! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 
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