,!SES ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CREAT$ ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON ,TEXT 3 0,! WORK+ CLASS IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+40 -- ,K>L ,M>X1 ,LETT] TO ,S*WEITZ] 7,FEBRU>Y #a#c1 #a#h#f#e7 0,ALL HI/ORY WAS A PALIMPSE/1 SCRAP$ CLEAN & RE9SCRIB$ EXACTLY AS (T5 AS WAS NECESS>Y4 ,9 NO CASE W\LD IT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 ONCE ! DE$ WAS DONE1 TO PROVE ?AT ANY FALSIFICATION HAD TAK5 PLACE40 -- ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 #aihd 0,! FUNCTION ( HI/ORY W\LD !RE=E BE %[+ ?AT ! LAWS DECEIVE1 ?AT ! K+S PLAY A P>T1 ?AT P[] DELUDES & ?AT HI/ORIANS LIE40 -- ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 ,! ,G5EALOGY ( ,RACISM 0,IT IS 'NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( JUDG+ ! PA/ 9 ! NAME ( A TRU? ?AT ONLY WE CAN POSSESS 9 ! PRES5T1 BUT ( RISK+ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SUBJECT :O SEEKS KN[L$GE 9 444 ! WILL TO KN[L$GE'40 -- ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 0,NIETZS*E1 ,G5EALOGY1 ,HI/ORY0 0,! SPECTACLE1 AS ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! P>ALYZES ( HI/ORY & MEMORY1 ( ! AB&ONM5T ( HI/ORY BUILT ON ! F\NDATION ( HI/ORICAL TIME1 IS ! FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ( TIME40 -- ,GUY ,DEBORD1 ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE 0,HI/ORICAL MEMORY IS A BATTLEFIELD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE40 -- ,COMBATE POR LA HI/ORIA4 ,MANIFIE/O 7,JULY #h1 #a#i#i#i7 ,PREFACE ,HUNDR$S ( BOOKS HAVE BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! ,SPANI% ,W> & ITS HI/ORIOGRAPHY BATT]S \R M9DS ) AN ACCUMULATION ( CLONE-BOOKS1 :I* CITE EA* O!R & REPEAT ONE AFT] ANO!R ! SAME ]RORS OR ID5TICAL IDEOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS1 DEP5D+ ON ! POLITICAL T5D5CY1 )\T EXHIBIT+ EV5 ! LEA/ TRACE ( CRITICAL SPIRIT1 :5 !Y DO NOT RE/RICT !IR AMBITIONS TO SELF-JU/IFICATION OR CA/RATE !MSELVES 9 ! ,FRANCOI/ MORAL1 0?AT %\LD NEV] HAPP5 AGA904 ,! MANIPULATION ( ! FACTS1 :5 !Y >E NOT SIMPLY CONCEAL$1 ! !ORETICAL CONFUSIONISM 9 ANALYZ+ :AT TOOK PLACE & ! ]RORS ACCUMULAT$ BY HI/ORIOGRAPHY & ! COMPIL]S >E ON SU* A SCALE & MAGNITUDE ?AT REFUT+ !M W\LD REQUIRE ! 7USELESS7 WORK ( AN 5TIRE LIFETIME4 ,LET US TAKE ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ EXAMPLES3 ! QUE/ION ( ! EXI/5CE ( A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] 9 ,CATALONIA1 9VOLV+ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,?IS QUE/ION REG>D+ ! EXI/5CE ( A ,S,I,T,U,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,D,U,A,L ,P,[,] ,I,S ,U,N,D,\,B,T,$,L,Y ,F,U,N,D,A,M,5,T,A,L = ANY ANALYSIS ( ! ,SPANI% ,W>4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ SO DOGMATICALLY ?AT ANY D\BTS CONC]N+ ! EXI/5CE ( A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] MI TO BE FOOLI%NESS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 !SE GREAT EV5TS1 ) IDEOLOGIES AS DIFF]5T AS ?OSE ( ,T>RADELLAS1 ,N91 ,MONTS5Y1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,AZANA1 ETC41 D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A SITUATION ( DUAL P[]4 ,! !SES WE SET =? BEL[ >E ! PRODUCTS ( ! /UDY1 PUBLI%$ 9 V>I\S ISSUES ( ,B,A,L,A,N,C,E1 ( ! DIV]SE 9T]PRETATIONS (F]$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES ?AT 9T]V5$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,W> CONC]N+ ! HI/ORICAL FACTS & ! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGIES ( ! P]IOD1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,WE EXCLUDE1 BECAUSE IT IS ( NO 9T]E/ TO US1 ! B\RGEOIS VIEW2 NOR >E WE 9T]E/$ 9 CONFRONT+ ! 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT ISSUE FROM C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y &_/OR ,/AL9I/ CAMP4 ,! !SES WE ELABORATE H]E CON/ITUTE AN ATTEMPT TO >RIVE AT A !ORETICAL SYN!SIS CONC]N+ ! ,SPANI% ,W> & ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT >OSE 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ?AT WAS DEF5D$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES ?AT EXI/$ AT ! TIME3 ,BORDIGUI/S1 ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/S1 ,JOSEP ,REBULL & ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,AUGU/9 ,GUILLAMON ,ON BEHALF ( ,B,A,L,A,N,C,E ,!SIS NO4 #a4 ,FROM ,JULY #ag TO #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 !RE WAS A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 AN UPRIS+ ?AT WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! ,*UR*1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,>MY1 FASCI/S1 B\RGEOISIE1 L&LORDS 444 :OSE PREP>ATION HAD BE5 TOL]AT$ BY ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAD WON ! ELECTIONS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf ?ANKS TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT COALITION4 ,! MILIT>Y1 ! FASCI/S & ! P>LIAM5T>Y ,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C,A,N DEMOCRATIC & ! MON>*I/ P>TIES1 P>TIES ( ! LEFT & ( ! RIATIONS = A BLOODY C\P D'ETAT4 ,! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! MAJOR CITIES & PROVOK$1 AS A REACTION 79 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE71 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 :I* EM]G$ VICTORI\S FROM ITS >M$ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! >MY4 ,! ,DEF5SE ,CADRES & ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* HAD BE5 PREP>$ S9CE #a#i#c#a1 PLAY$ A PREPOND]ANT ROLE 9 ?IS 9SURRECTION>Y VICTORY4 ,! LOSS ( ,Z>AGOZA WAS DUE1 AMONG O!R REASONS1 TO ! LACK ( PREP>ATION & RESOLVE ON ! P>T ( A SECRET LEAD]%IP1 :I* WAS OP]AT+ FROM A HIDD5 REFUGE1 & 5GAG$ 9 CON/ANT NEGOTIATION ) ! REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES & ! 0UNDECID$0 MILIT>Y ELEM5TS1 9/EAD ( ORGANIZ+ & LEAD+ ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION ON ! BASIS ( ! ,DEF5SE ,CADRES4 ,! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf EM]G$ AS A REACTION TO A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT W\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 PLACE )\T ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,9 FACT1 S9CE ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 & ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 BO? ! ,C,N,T & ! ,P,\,M ?\E1 & AGA9/ :I* !Y W]E CONSCI5TI\SLY PREP>+ = AN >M$ CONFRONTATION1 AL?\< !Y NEV] REJECT$ MA9TA9+ TIES & COLLABORAT+ ) ! REPUBLICAN P>TIES OR ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ CANNOT BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! LEAD]%IP ( ANY POLITICAL OR TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 BUT TO ! CL&E/9E MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! CONF$]AL DEF5SE CADRES1 TO ! NEIRICADES0 9 ,B>CELONA2 & TO ! LOCAL COMMITTEES 9 ! V>I\S ,CATALONIAN T[NS4 ,!SIS NO4 #b4 ,?IS VICTORI\S >M$ 9SURRECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE1 NEUTRALIZ$ ! CO]CIVE APP>ATUS & !RE=E ! CAPACITY = REPRESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,?IS 9SURRECTION ALSO L$ TO A S]IES ( 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S0 ( A SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TYPE4 ,! REPUBLICAN /ATE BROKE UP 9TO A MULTITUDE ( LOCAL OR SECTORAL P[]S1 & MANY ( ITS FUNCTIONS W]E 0USURP$0 BY ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!,R,E ,W,A,S ,A ,V,A,C,U,U,M ,( ,/,A,T,E ,P,[,]4 ,HAV+ LO/ ITS CAPACITY = CO]CION1 ! REPUBLICAN /ATE WITNESS$ ! EM]G5CE ( AUTONOM\S REGIONAL P[]S1 TOTALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* 9 TURN 7SU* AS ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 9 ,CATALONIA7 SAW H[ ITS AU?ORITY COLLAPS$2 & H[ ! V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y1 LOCAL1 SECTORAL1 NEITY COMMITTEES & POPUL> & RE>GU>D MILITIAS P]=M$ ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS 9CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+1 BECAUSE ( ! LOSS ( ITS REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS & ! G5]AL >M+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 MANY PLACES1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I* ,MUNIS !ORIZ$ AS GOV]NM5T-COMMITTEES1 EX]CIS$ ALL P[] ON A LOCAL LEVEL1 BUT !RE WAS NO COORD9ATION OR C5TRALIZATION ( !SE LOCAL COMMITTEES3 !RE WAS ,A ,V,A,C,U,U,M ,( ,C,5,T,R,A,L ,O,R ,/,A,T,E ,P,[,]4 ,N,E,I,!,R ,! ,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C,A,N ,/,A,T,E ,N,O,R ,! ,A,U,T,O,N,O,M,\,S ,R,E,G,I,O,N,A,L ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T,S 7,G5]ALITAT7 ,E,X,],C,I,S,$ ,C,5,T,R,A,L ,P,[,]2 BUT NEI!R DID ! LOCAL COMMITTEES4 ,!SIS NO4 #c4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES--DEF5SE1 FACTORY1 NEI MILITIAS ?AT /ABILIZ$ ! FRONTS DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! W>1 & ORGANIZ$ CONTROL PATROLS & RE>GU>D MILITIAS ?AT IMPOS$ ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD] ?R\< ! VIOL5T REPRESSION ( ! ,*UR*1 EMPLOY]S1 FASCI/S & YELL[ TRADE UNIONI/S & !IR PI/OL]OS4 ,BUT !SE COMMITTEES W]E UNABLE TO COORD9ATE AMONG !MSELVES & CREATE A C5TRALIZ$ WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! 9ITIATIVES & ACTIVITIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES BYPASS$ ! LEAD]S ( ! V>I\S TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,!RE WAS A REVOLUTION 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES1 & SOME ,P,O,T,5,T,I,A,L ORGANS ( ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT3 ,! ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S1 :I* NO P>TY1 ORGANIZATION OR VANGU>D WAS ABLE OR WANT$ TO ,C,O,O,R,D,9,A,T,E1 ,R,E,9,=,C,E ,& ,T,R,A,N,S,=,M ,9,T,O ,A,U,!,N,T,I,C ,O,R,G,A,N,S ,( ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S ,P,[,]4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T OPT$ = COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 ORD] TO W9 ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S SLOGAN ( ,JULY #b#a1 0GO = BROKE01 WAS NO?+ BUT A ,L59I/ PROPOSAL = ! ,C,N,T BUREAUCRACY TO SEIZE P[]2 A PROPOSAL1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT ,OLIV] HIMSELF KNEW W\LD BE R5D]$ UNVIABLE & ABSURD :51 AT ! ,C,N,T PL5UM1 HE POS$ ! FALSE ALT]NATIVE ( 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP0 OR ANTIFASCI/ COLLABORATION4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S SPURI\S 0EXTREMI/0 PROPOSAL1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN'S W>N+ AB\T ISOLATION & =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 & ,DURRUTI'S SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y WAIT UNTIL ,Z>AGOZA WAS TAK51 L$ ! PL5UM TO VOTE = 0PROVISIONAL0 ANTIFASCI/ COLLABORATION4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE ( DE/ROY+ ! REPUBLICAN /ATE & TRANS=M+ ! COMMITTEES 9TO ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[] & ! MILITIAS 9TO A PROLET>IAN >MY WAS NEV] PROPOS$4 ,ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( A SITUATION ( DUAL P[]1 9VOLV+ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A7 & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 AT ANY TIME DUR+ ! EXI/5CE ( ! =M]1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NEV] A POLE ( C5TRALIZ$ WORK]S P[] AT ANY TIME2 WE CAN1 H[EV]1 SPEAK ( AN OPPORTUNITY1 ALREADY =FEIT$ DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 TO E/ABLI% A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,SOME TRADE UNION1 LOCAL & NEI ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 BECAUSE !Y =ESAW ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ?AT IT W\LD PLAY4 ,MANY ( ?OSE :O PLAY$ !IR P>TS 9 ! EV5TS1 ALONG ) ! HI/ORIANS1 SPEAK ( A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] BETWE5 ! ,C,C,M,A & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,IT IS A PR(\ND ]ROR1 H[EV]1 TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A WAS ANY?+ O!R ?AN :AT IT REALLY WAS3 A PACT BETWE5 ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS & ! B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 A ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 :I* REPRES5TATIVES ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICAN P>TIES1 ! ,/AL9I/S1 ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T P>TICIPAT$4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T BAS$ !IR P[] ON ! 0PROXIMITY0 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! MAJORITY ( !IR MEMB]S W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y MI/RU/$ ! COMMITTEES BECAUSE !Y DID NOT FIT 9TO !IR ORGANIZATIONAL & DOCTR9AL PLANS1 & ALSO BECAUSE1 AS A BUREAUCRACY1 !Y FELT ?REAT5$ BY !IR ACTIVITIES1 :I* !Y W]E UNABLE TO DIRECT4 ,! ,C,C,M,A 9 ,CATALONIA WAS UNLIKE ! O!R SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >OSE 9 O!R REGIONS ( ,SPA91 9S(> AS IT WAS DOM9AT$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 & DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,C,N,T [$ ITS P[] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 9 :I* ! MAJORITY ( ! ELEM5TS W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,IT WAS 9 ,CATALONIA :]E ! LATT] W]E MO/ WIDESPREAD & MO/ 5DUR+4 ,9 O!R 9/ITUTIONS SIMIL> TO ! ,C,C,M,A ?AT HAD >IS5 9 O!R P>TS ( ,SPA91 ! IMPACT1 PR(UNDITY1 SCOPE & DURATION ( ! COMMITTEES WAS MU* LESS &_/OR !Y ONLY LA/$ = A FEW DAYS OR WEEKS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES CON/ITUT$ ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 AS WAS AS ! EMBRYO ( ! ORGANS ( P[] ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT WE MU/ UND]/& !IR WEAKNESSES1 & ABOVE ALL !IR 9ABILITY TO COORD9ATE AMONG !MSELVES = ! PURPOSE ( C5TRALIZ+ PROLET>IAN P[] 9 A WORK]S /ATE4 ,!RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y P>TY OR WORK]S VANGU>D CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ !SE COMMITTEES 9TO WORK]S C\NCILS1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC ELECTION ( !IR DELEGATES 9 ASSEMBLIES1 REVOCABLE AT ANY TIME1 & CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ !IR ACTIVITIES ON A REGIONAL & NATIONAL LEVEL1 UP TO ! =MATION ( A ,/ATE ( ,WORK]S1 ,MILITIA & ,PEASANTS ,C\NCILS4 ,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ,I,S,S,U,$ ,N,O ,D,I,R,E,C,T,I,V,E,S ,T,O ,!,I,R ,M,I,L,I,T,A,N,T,S UNTIL ,JULY #b#h1 :5 !Y ?REAT5$ TO %OOT ANY 0UNCONTROLLABLES0 :O CONT9U$ TO EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE & P]SI/$ 9 TAK+ FASCI/S1 B\RGEOIS1 PRIE/S & =M] MEMB]S ( ! YELL[ TRADE UNIONS 7! PI/OL]OS ( ! EMPLOY]S7 0= A RIDE04 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ! WORK]S KNEW :AT TO DO )\T ORD]S FROM !IR LEAD]S1 & PROCE$$ TO EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE & SUPPRESS SOME ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( RULE ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE 7>MY1 ,*UR*1 POLICE71 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT !Y W5T BEYOND NOT ONLY ! /ATE /RUCTURES1 BUT ALSO !IR [N POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS2 BUT !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( ACT+ AGA9/ !IR LEAD]S1 !Y RESPECT$ ! /ATE APP>ATUS & ITS (FICIALS1 & 9 ,MAY #aicg !Y GRUDG+LY ACCEPT$1 BUT ACCEPT$ NONE!LESS1 CAPITULATION TO ! CLASS 5EMY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 AL?\< !Y W]E POT5TIALLY ! ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]1 W]E HAM/RUNG BY ! OV]:ELM+ 9FLU5CE ( ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & MANY ( !M W]E RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEES1 COMPOS$ ( WORK]S & B\RGEOISIE1 9 ! S]VICE ( ! PROGRAM ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,! 5TRY ( ! AN>*I/ M9I/]S 9 ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T1 & ( AN>*I/S & ,P,\,MI/AS 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 MADE IT POSSIBLE1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 )\T ! LEA/ >M$ RESI/ANCE1 TO DISSOLVE ! LOCAL COMMITTEES & REPLACE !M ) ! ANTIFASCI/ MUNICIPAL C\NCILS4 ,! DEF5SE & FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ALONG ) A FEW LOCAL COMMITTEES1 RESI/$1 BUT C\LD ONLY PO/PONE1 !IR F9AL DISSOLUTION4 ,!SIS NO4 #d4 ,! OV]:ELM+ PR$OM9ANCE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY RACIAL OR PSY*OLOGICAL CAUSES OR REASONS ( *>ACT]4 ,NOR CAN IT BE EXPLA9$ BY C]TA9 BACKW>D ECONOMIC TRAITS1 SU* AS ! SURVIVAL ( 0FEUDAL RELATIONS0 9 ! ,&ALUSIAN C\NTRYSIDE1 OR ! PR$OM9ANCE ( SMALL 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,& MU* LESS BY ! MY?ICAL EVANGELICAL 9FLU5CE ( ,FANELLI 9 #a#h#f#h1 & HIS 09DELIBLE0 LEGACY4 ,! EVID5T DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S MOVEM5TS1 ) REG>D TO ! CONTRA/+ PR$OM9ANCE ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S MOVEM5T & ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 IS FUNDAM5TALLY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 5GAGE 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y1 DEMOCRATIC & RE=MI/ /RUGGLE TO OBTA9 SUB/ANTIAL RE=MS 9 ! /&>D ( LIV+ & ! POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE4 ,FROM #aiai TO #a#i#b#c1 ! ,SPANI% EMPLOY]S CREAT$ & F9ANC$ A TRADE UNION ( PI/OL]OS 7! ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNION71 :I*1 ) ! HELP ( ! POLICE & ! GOV]NM5T1 PROCE$$ TO PHYSICALLY ELIM9ATE ! WORK+ CLASS LEAD]S & MILITANTS4 ,?IS UNEQUAL BATTLE CONCLUD$ ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A & ! \TLAW+ ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! P>LIAM5T>Y ROAD1 OR ! POSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ SOCIAL RE=MS1 WAS NOT OP5$ UP 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,DUR+ ! ?IRTIES ! EXTREMELY ROBU/ AN>*I/ TRADITION1 ! REC5T UN/ABLE EXP]I5CES ( ,SPANI% P>LIAM5T>ISM1 & ESPECIALLY ! EXTREME SLUGGI%NESS & TIMIDITY ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ SOCIAL & POLITICAL RE=M1 W]E FACTORS ?AT MADE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T V]Y P[]FUL & CAUS$ IT TO CONT9UE TO 5JOY ! SUPPORT ( MO/ WORK]S4 ,! COMMITTEES ?AT SPONTANE\SLY >OSE EV]Y:]E 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 W]E IMP]FECT & 9COMPLETE ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,!Y W]E UNLIKE ! WORK]S C\NCILS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! DELEGATES W]E NOT DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES 9 ! FACTORIES1 TO :OM !Y W\LD HAVE TO BE RESPONSIBLE = !IR POLICIES4 ,! COMMITTEES W]E DEP5D5T ON ! TRADE UNION OR POLITICAL BUREAUCRACIES ?AT HAD APPO9T$ !M4 ,?IS DEP5D5CY H9D]$ ! COORD9ATION ( ! COMMITTEES AMONG !MSELVES1 ! POSSIBILITY ( CREAT+ HI<] DECISION-MAK+ 9/ITUTIONS1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY CLASS UNITY1 & ! EX]CISE ( WORK]S P[] 9 ! ECONOMY OR ! MILITIAS4 ,! COMMITTEES W]E !RE=E TRANS=M$ 9TO ! SUBORD9ATE 9/ITUTIONS ( TRADE UNIONS OR P>TIES1 & ! CREATION ( P[]FUL UNIFI$ 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[] WAS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,?US1 9/EAD ( A REVOLUTION>Y >MY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A C5TRALIZ$ EXPRESSION ( WORK]S P[]1 A F$]ATION ( MILITIAS >OSE 9 :I* EA* P>TY OR TRADE UNION COMPET$ TO CREATE ITS [N >MY1 MORE OR LESS COORD9AT$ ON ! FRONT ) ! O!R WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9/EAD ( A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 DIRECT$ BY A ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS1 !RE WAS COLLECTIVIZATION ?AT UNFOLD$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A K9D ( TRADE UNION CAPITALISM1 :5 IT WAS NOT MANAG$ OR COORD9AT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 AT ! S]VICE ( ! PROGRAM ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,! 5TRY ( ! TRADE UNIONS & P>TIES 9 ! AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & 9 ! REPUBLICAN C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ( ,VAL5CIA1 ALSO MEANT ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES1 & ! 5D TO ! DANG] ?AT !Y MIIAN REVOLUTION4 ,ONE MAY SPEAK ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 A VICTORI\S 9SURRECTION1 ! 0P>TIAL0 &_/OR 0TEMPOR>Y0 DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 POLITICAL *AOS1 ! LOSS ( REAL AU?ORITY ON ! P>T ( ! REPUBLICAN ADM9I/RATION1 A ,V,A,C,U,U,M ,( ,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,$ ,P,[,] OR AN ATOMIZATION ( P[]1 BUT NOT ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,S,I,T,U,A,T,I,O,N ( ,JULY #aicf NEV] L$ TO A PROPOSAL TO E/ABLI% A WORK+ CLASS P[] 9 OPPOSITION TO ! REPUBLICAN /ATE3 !RE=E1 !RE WAS NO PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( REVOLUTION ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION RAPIDLY EVOLV$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! REPUBLICAN /ATE1 ! WEAK5+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES & ! DEF9ITIVE VICTORY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g1 ) ! \TLAW+ & POLITICAL P]SECUTION ( ! ,P,\,M 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 AS WELL AS ) ! DRIV+ UND]GR\ND ( ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,SECTION ( ,SPA9 7,S,B,L,E7 & ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 ,= ! SAME REASONS1 ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( A SITUATION ( ,D,U,A,L ,P,[,]1 S9CE !RE WAS NO POLE ( WORK]S P[] ?AT PROPOS$ TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE3 IT W\LD BE MORE PROP] TO SPEAK1 9 ! ,CATALONIAN CASE1 ( A DUPLICATION ( P[]S BETWE5 ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,! ,C,C,M,A WAS AN 9/ITUTION ( ,C,L,A,S,S ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N1 :I* ACT$ AS %OCK ABSORB] & M$IATOR BETWE5 ! MYRIAD ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & ! BROK5 D[N APP>ATUS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,BUT ! ,C,C,M,A WAS ABOVE ALL ! ONLY 9/RUM5T ( ! ANTIFASCI/ FRONT ?AT WAS ,C,A,P,A,B,L,E ( /]ILIZ+1 *ANNEL+1 TRUNCAT+ & SUBDU+ ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVES ?AT W]E UND]TAK5 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 ,B,Y ,M,E,A,N,S ,( !IR 9TEGRATION 9 AMBIGU\S 9/ITUTIONS 7SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,C,C,M,A71 :I* W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY !IR ,S,U,B,M,I,S,S,I,O,N TO ! ANTIFASCI/ PROGRAM & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE = ,SUPPLY1 ! ,RE>GU>D ,MILITIAS1 ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRIBUNALS1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION1 ! ,WORK]S ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEES1 ! ,C\NCILS ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S1 ETC41 :I* W]E CREAT$ TO ,R,E,P,L,A,C,E1 ,D,E,/,R,O,Y ,O,R ,*,A,N,G,E ,! ,C,L,A,S,S ,N,A,T,U,R,E ( ! POPUL> & WORK+ CLASS 9ITIATIVES ( A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]2 AFT] A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ( TWO OR ?REE MON?S1 DUR+ :I* TIME !Y FUNCTION$ AS 9/ITUTIONS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,C,C,M,A1 !Y W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! /RUCTURE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & W]E LAT] DISSOLV$ OR REPLAC$ BY 9/ITUTIONS ( ! REPUBLICAN /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 ?\TICIPATION ( ! ,C,N,T 7& ALSO ! ,P,\,M & ,F,A,I7 9 ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS1 ) ITS CORRESPOND+ (F] ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES1 TOGE!R ) A MASSIVE 9FLUX ( NEW TRADE UNION MEMB]S1 & ! DEP>TURE TO ! FRONT ( ! BE/ MILITANTS1 ! MO/ EXP]I5C$ 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE & ! MO/ !ORETICALLY ADVANC$1 FAVOR$ A RAPID PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS F\ND !MSELVES ISOLAT$ 9 ! ASSEMBLIES & CONDEMN$ TO A P]MAN5T M9ORITY /ATUS !Y C\LD NOT OV]COME4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM COLLAPS$ & GAVE WAY TO AN OPPORTUNISM DISGUIS$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY 70R5\NCE ! REVOLUTION TO W9 ! W>07 & ! PRAGMATISM ( LOYAL & FAI?FUL COLLABORATION ) ! P>TIES & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! EXCLUSIVE GOAL ( 5=C+ ! PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N ,B,U,R,E,A,U,C,R,A,C,Y ,( ,! ,C,N,T ,D,E,M,O,N,/,R,A,T,$ ,I,T,S ,C,\,N,T,],R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,N,A,T,U,R,E ,9 ,M,A,Y #a#i#c#g4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM WAS ! ALIBI ?AT P]MITT$ ! R5UNCIATION ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOIS /ATE1 DEF5D$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,],C4 ,! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT & ! ,C,N,T BUREAUCRACY1 :I* WAS N[ 9 ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CAMP1 WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! ,C,N,T-,U,G,T PACT ( ,M>* #ai* E/ABLI%$ A DE FACTO /ATE CAPITALISM SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* PREVAIL$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,!SIS NO4 #f4 ,NO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION EXI/$ ?AT WAS CAPABLE ( PROPOS+ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE3 !RE=E ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( A SITUATION ( DUAL P[]4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE W]E NOT ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y NUCLEI1 NOR DO WE HAVE TO D\BT ! 7SUBJECTIVE7 0REVOLUTION>Y WILL0 ( ,P,\,MI/AS OR AN>*I/S4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA91 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 HAD NOT G5]AT$ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT WAS CAPABLE ( PROPOS+ ! PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 7& ! SOCIAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT7 & ITS ,A,N,T,A,G,O,N,I,S,M TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,B,E,C,A,U,S,E ,?,I,S ,A,T,O,M,I,Z,$ ,P,[,]1 9CAPABLE ( C5TRALIZ+ ITSELF & COORD9AT+ ITSELF 9 A ,W,O,R,K,],S ,P,[,]1 CONFRONT$ ! REPUBLICAN /ATE P[]1 USURP$ ! FUNCTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 :I* W]E TAK5 FROM ! REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES AGA9/ !IR WILL1 BUT MO/ ( ALL1 ,D,U,E ,T,O ,! ,F,A,C,T ,?,A,T ,I,T ,D,I,D ,N,O,T ,H,A,V,E ,! ,N,E,C,E,S,S,>,Y ,A,B,I,L,I,T,Y ,T,O ,C,O,O,R,D,9,A,T,E ,I,T,S ,A,C,T,I,V,I,T,I,E,S ,& ,T,O ,! ,F,A,C,T ,?,A,T ,N,O ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,T,O,O,K ,! ,9,I,T,I,A,T,I,V,E ,T,O ,D,O ,S,O1 A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! VICTORI\S 9SURRECTION1 ! SITUATION ( ! ,V,A,C,U,U,M ,( ,C,5,T,R,A,L ,P,[,] CAUS$ ALL ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS TO PUT !MSELVES AT ! S]VICE ( ?IS SAME REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! PROLET>IAN COMMITTEES WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! SUBMISSIV5ESS ( ! ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEES1 OR ELSE !Y W]E REPLAC$1 AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 BY ! NEW POPUL> FRONT MUNICIPAL C\NCILS BEG9N+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f4 ,!,R,E ,W,A,S ,N,O ,W,O,R,K,],S ,P,[,] ,?,A,T ,W,A,S ,A,N,T,A,G,O,N,I,/,I,C ,T,[,>,D,S ,! ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,/,A,T,E4 ,! ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,= ,A ,W,O,R,K,],S ,/,A,T,E ,?,A,T ,W,A,S ,9,C,O,M,P,A,T,I,B,L,E ,) ,! ,E,X,I,/,5,C,E ,( ,! ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,/,A,T,E ,N,E,V,] ,T,O,O,K ,P,L,A,C,E4 ,!RE WAS NEV] A SITUATION ( DUAL P[]1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NEV] A /RUGGLE = WORK]S P[]1 NOR WAS !RE EV5 A POLE ( ATTRACTION = ! =MATION ( SU* A WORK]S P[]4 ,9 ANY EV5T 79 ,CATALONIA1 & ONLY = TWO OR ?REE MON?S71 ONE MU/ SPEAK ( A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,S,I,T,U,A,T,I,O,N POL>IZ$ BETWE5 TWO ANTAGONI/IC ALT]NATIVES3 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 ,:,I,* ,W,],E ,N,E,I,!,R ,C,O,O,R,D,9,A,T,$ ,A,M,O,N,G ,!,M,S,E,L,V,E,S ,N,O,R ,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,$1 ,& ,W,],E ,U,N,A,W,>,E ,( ,!,I,R ,[,N ,R,O,L,E2 & ! ,C,C,M,A1 ,A,N ,9,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N ,( ,C,L,A,S,S ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N =M$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! ANTIFASCI/ REPUBLICAN & WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! EXTREME LEFT ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT--! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! ,P,\,M4 ,?IS ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! COMMITTEES & ! ,C,C,M,A CANNOT BE DEF9$ AS A SITUATION ( DUAL P[]1 9S(> AS !RE WAS NEV] A WORK]S P[]1 NOT EV5 AN ATTEMPT TO COORD9ATE & C5TRALIZE !SE COMMITTEES 9 ORD] TO =M A POLE ( ATTRACTION = SU* A WORK]S P[]4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,P,\,M1 9/EAD ( RE9=C+ !SE REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES AS ORGANS ( A NEW WORK]S P[]1 FELT LEFT BEH9D & ?REAT5$ BY ! 09CONTROLADOS01 SO MU* SO ?AT NOT ONLY DID !Y NOT ISSUE ANY DIRECTIVES TO COORD9ATE ! COMMITTEES1 BUT !IR V]Y FIR/ DIRECTIVES & MEASURES CONSI/$ PRECISELY 9 ?REATS & D5UNCIATIONS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 09CONTROLADOS04 ,!SE ?REATS1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R OR NOT !RE W]E ANY ACTS ( V&ALISM1 W]E TO BE> FRUIT 9 ! SUMM>Y %OOT+1 9 OB$I5CE TO !SE DIRECTIVES 0AGA9/ ! '9CONTOLADOS'0 ISSU$ BY ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 ( ,JOSE ,G>D5AS ( ! ,CON/RUCTION ,TRADE ,UNION & ,F]N&EZ1 PRESID5T ( ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,MON?S LAT]1 ONCE ! C\NT]REVOLUTION HAD ALREADY BE5 UND]WAY = SOME TIME1 IT W\LD BE ! ,/AL9I/S & REPUBLICANS :O W\LD BE/[ ?IS UNDES]V$ MONIK] ( 09CONTROLADOS0 UPON ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T1 = ! PURPOSE ( PHYSICALLY & POLITICALLY ELIM9AT+ !M4 ,! PR$OM9ANT S*OOL ( HI/ORIOGRAPHY NOT ONLY FAILS TO VIEW ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION AS ONE POS+ TWO ANTAGONI/IC ALT]NATIVES1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES OR ! ,C,C,M,A2 IT SPEAKS ( A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] BETWE5 ! ,C,C,M,A & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT6 ,!SIS NO4 #g4 ,! CAPITALI/ /ATE WAS NOT DE/ROY$ & CONT9U$ TO P]=M 7EV5 IF 9 A 0DIM9I%$01 0NOM9AL0 OR 0P>TIAL0 CAPACITY7 ITS FUNCTIONS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! /ATE'S REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS--! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D & ! C>AB9]OS--WAS NOT DISSOLV$1 BUT CONF9$ TO !IR B>RACKS TO WAIT = BETT] TIMES1 :I* W]E TO COME A FEW MON?S LAT]4 ,! ECONOMIC 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITALISM 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( ! EPO* ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS & ! BEG9N+ ( ! EPO* ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( PROPOS+ ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & POSIT+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 REG>DLESS ( ITS PROLET>IAN COMPOSITION1 WAS DE/9$ TO FAIL4 ,GIV5 ! 9ABILITY ( ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS TO SEIZE P[]1 OR1 MORE ACCURATELY1 TO COORD9ATE & C5TRALIZE ! LOCAL P[]S ( ! V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ON A REGIONAL & NATIONAL SCALE1 9 ORD] TO CON/ITUTE A WORK]S PSEUDO-/ATE1 ! ONLY WAY LEFT WAS ?AT ( COLLABORATION ) ! O!R B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ) ! ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,/,A,T,E1 :I* C\LD HAVE NO O!R GOAL ?AN ! RE/ORATION & RE9=CEM5T ( ! REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,! BASES ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION W]E SOLID 5\< TO FACILITATE A RAPID RECOV]Y ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 :I* SOON REC\P$ ALL ITS FUNCTIONS &1 AFT] ! 09EVITABLE & NECESS>Y0 BLOODY DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 DECAPITAT$ ANY REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT ?AT ! WORK]S MOVEM5T POS$1 BY WAY ( A D\BLE POLICY ( REPRESSION ( ! 0P]MAN5T '9CONTROLADOS'0 7REVOLUTION>IES71 & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIZATION & 9TEGRATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! APP>ATUS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 VIA ! COOPTATION ( ! TRADE UNION & POLITICAL BUREAUCRACIES & !IR 9CORPORATION 9TO ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! /ATE4 ,!SIS NO4 #h4 ,! ,C,N,T & ,P,\,M W]E ! EXTREME LEFT ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,ACTUALLY1 NEI!R ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS WAS P>T ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT2 BO?1 H[EV]1 MADE A DECISIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ITS SUCCESS 9 ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f4 ,AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 BO? ORGANIZATIONS W]E LEFT BEH9D BY ! EV5TS4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EUPHORIA !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( ISSU+ ANY DIRECTIVES UNTIL ,JULY #b#h--0TO W>N ! '9CONTROLADOS'06 ,ON ,JULY #b A PLANN$ RADIO BROADCA/ ANN\NC+ A 0PROGRESSIVE0 LABOR AGREEM5T SIGN$ BY ! ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR ( ! ,COMPANYS GOV]NM5T & ! ,CATALONIAN EMPLOY]S1 :I* GRANT$ ! #d-H\R WEEK1 A #a#e.0 WAGE 9CREASE & A R$UCTION ( R5TS BY #e.01 WAS CANCEL$1 BECAUSE SEV]AL ( ! EM95T EMPLOY]S :O HAD SIGN$ ! AGREEM5T HAD RECEIV$ W>N+S NOT TO RETURN TO !IR HOMES BECAUSE PATROLS ( >M$ M5 W]E WAIT+ = !M4 ,! REVOLUTION PROCE$$ BY FITS & />TS1 & ! /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEM&S HAD BE5 SURPASS$4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES HAD SPONTANE\SLY PROCE$$ TO C>RY \T ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS NOT UND]TAK5 BECAUSE ! EMPLOY]S1 TE*NICIANS & DIRECTORS HAD FL$ & IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PAY ! WEEKLY WAGES ( ! WORK]S 7AS SOME ( ! PROTAGONI/S & HI/ORIANS HAVE CLAIM$71 BUT BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E C>RY+ \T A ME?ODICAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS 7,C,N,T & ,P,\,M7 ,P,R,O,V,I,S,I,O,N,A,L,L,Y REPLAC$ ! /ATE ) REG>D TO ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ! LATT] HAD LO/1 & CREAT$ 9/ITUTIONS ( CLASS COLLABORATION 9 COOP]ATION ) RE=MI/ & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS 7,P,S,O,E1 ,P,S,U,C1 ,P,C,E7 & B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS 7,],C1 ,E/AT ,CATALA1 ,IZQUI]DA ,REPUBLICANA7 ) ! GOAL 7CONSCI\S OR NOT7 ( RE/OR+ ALL ITS FUNCTIONS TO ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & ?US HELP$ TO FILL ! ,V,A,C,U,U,M ,( ,/,A,T,E ,P,[,] CREAT$ BY ! VICTORY ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,C,C,M,A C\LD HAVE EX]CIS$ ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( A PROVISIONAL 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I* W]E TRY+ TO COORD9ATE & C5TRALIZE !IR ACTIVITIES1 TURN$ TO ! ,C,C,M,A = HELP1 DIRECTIVES1 SOLUTIONS1 ORI5TATIONS1 ETC42 BUT ! ,C,C,M,A NEV] P]=M$ ANY O!R FUNCTION ?AN ?AT ( A ,L,I,A,I,S,O,N ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E = !SE LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES 9 !IR DEAL+S ) ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! POLICY & ! COLLABORATIONI/ NATURE ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 W]E RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEES1 & ?US LO/ !IR REVOLUTION>Y & PROLET>IAN ORIG9 & POT5TIALS4 ,!SIS NO4 #i4 ,! ,C,C,M,A WAS ! PRODUCT ( BO? ! VICTORY ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #a#i-#b & ! POLITICAL DEFEAT ( ,JULY #b#a4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 A MILIT>ILY VICTORI\S WORK]S 9SURRECTION WAS DEFEAT$ POLITICALLY ON ! V]Y NEXT DAY AFT] ITS TRIUMPH DUE TO ITS POLITICAL 9CAPACITY & ITS REFUSAL TO SEIZE P[]4 ,! ,C,C,M,A WAS NEV] AN ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S P[] OR ( DUAL P[]1 BUT AN ORGANIZATION ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,& ?IS IS JU/ :AT ,MUNIS1 ,N91 ,MOL9S1 ,T>RADELLAS1 ,COMPANYS1 ,AZANA1 ,PEIRO1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,MONTS5Y1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ETC41 HAVE ALREADY SAID1 & IT WAS ! PRODUCT ( ITS [N NATURE AS AN 9/ITUTION ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & CLASS COLLABORATION1 =M$ BY ! DIV]SE WORK]S1 RE=MI/1 ,/AL9I/ & REPUBLICAN ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ ! ,C,C,M,A1 CAPABLE ( CREAT+ AN 9/ITUTION ( COORD9ATION & C5TRALIZATION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ?AT IS1 AN ORGAN ( ,W,O,R,K,],S ,P,[,] OPPOS$ TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT-/YLE GOV]NM5T KN[N AS ! ,C,C,M,A1 & TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 A PO/]IORI1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS *>ACT]IZ$1 BY MANY ( ?OSE :O HAVE REVEAL$ ! ,C,C,M,A'S NATURE AS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 AS ! 5D ( A /AGE ( 0DUAL P[]04 ,! ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION & ! LOSS ( REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES SEEMS TO BE REFLECT$ 9 ! WEAKNESS ( ! !ORETICAL ANALYZES ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! REAL P[] ( ! ,C,C,M,A HAS ALWAYS BE5 GREATLY EXAGG]AT$4 ,AFT] ITS FIR/ MON? ( EXI/5CE ?IS P[] WAS ALREADY R$UC$1 ) ! CREATION ( O!R 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! ,SUPPLY ,COMMITTEE1 ETC41 TO ?AT ( JU/ ONE MORE ,C,N,T 9/ITUTION ( TE*NICAL COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS1 AN 9/ITUTION ( ANTIFASCI/ COLLABORATION 9 ! COMM& ( ! MILITIAS1 ?US LOS+ 7IF IT EV]Y REALLY POSSESS$ IT7 ITS CAPABILITY ( EX]CIS+ 0GOV]NM5T0 FUNCTIONS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! MILIT>Y EXP$ITION TO ,MALLORCA1 /AG$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT 9 MID-,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 9 COLLABORATION ) ! ,C,N,T ,M>ITIME ,TRANSPORT ,TRADE ,UNION1 )\T ! 9VOLVEM5T OR EV5 ! KN[L$GE ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 CON/ITUT$ IRREFUTABLE PRO( ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A DID NOT EV5 HAVE FULL CONTROL ( COMM& OV] ! MILITIAS4 ,ONCE ! ,C,N,T DECID$ ?AT ANTIFASCI/ COLLABORATION WAS NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE1 ! PRESSURE IMPOS$ BY ! GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS 7BO? ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ! AUTONOM\S REGIONAL GOV]NM5TS71 AMONG :I* ! REFUSAL TO DELIV] >MS 7OR CURR5CY TO BUY !M7 TO ! CONF$]AL MILITIAS P>TICUL>LY /&S \T1 CAUS$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S TO ACCEPT ! NECESSITY ( DISSOLV+ ! ,C,C,M,A1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & ! ,MILITIAS1 & ) !M ALL REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES1 9 ORD] TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS 7C5TRAL & AUTONOM\S REGIONS7 LIKE ANY O!R 0ANTIFASCI/0 ORGANIZATION4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #aicf ! ,C,N,T PROPOS$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A2 ?IS PROPOSAL WAS APPROV$ BY ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 :I*1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ MEET+S ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 HAD APPROV$ ! =MATION ( A NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ) REPRES5TATIVES FROM ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT =M$ ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,! ONLY O!R ?+S ?AT W]E DISCUSS$ W]E ! NAME & ! PROGRAM ?IS GOV]NM5T W\LD ADOPT4 ,A 0V]BAL0 CONCESSION WAS MADE TO ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C,N,T BY CALL+ ! NEW GOV]NM5T 0! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT01 & ITS PROGRAM W\LD BE ! ONE ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY ! EXI/+ 0,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY04 ,!SIS NO4 #a4 ,A W> 9 DEF5SE ( A DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 = ! VICTORY ( ! LATT] AGA9/ A FASCI/ /ATE1 C\LD NOT BE A REVOLUTION>Y CIVIL W>2 IT WAS A W> BETWE5 TWO FRACTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE--! FASCI/ & ! REPUBLICAN FRACTIONS--9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT HAD ,A,L,R,E,A,D,Y BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,?IS WAS NOT BECAUSE ! ,JULY 9SURRECTION WAS MILIT>ILY SUPPRESS$ 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE 7AS IT HAD BE5 9 ! FASCI/ ZONE71 BUT BECAUSE ! NATURE ( ! W> ,A,T ,! ,S,],V,I,C,E ,( ,A ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,T,I,C ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S ,/,A,T,E HAD TRANS=M$ ! CLASS NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY4 ,! ME?ODS1 GOALS & CLASS PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! ME?ODS1 GOALS & PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?AT IS1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT FIIAT IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+4 ,! PROLET>IAT EI!R FIITY1 REVOLUTION>Y MILITIAS1 DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE1 ETC47 & = ITS [N PROGRAM 7SUPPRESSION ( WAGE LABOR1 DISSOLUTION ( ! >MY & POLICE1 ABOLITION ( 9T]NATIONAL BORD]S1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ 9 WORK]S C\NCILS1 ETC471 OR IT COLLABORATES ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 R5\NC+ ITS CLASS ME?ODS & PROGRAM1 & !N IT HAS ,A,L,R,E,A,D,Y BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#a4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATIONS MEANT NO?+1 & W]E 9CAPABLE ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T 9 ! FUTURE1 IF ! CAPITALI/ /ATE WAS NOT DE/ROY$4 ,9 FACT1 ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS 5D$ UP S]V+ ! IMP]ATIVE NE$S ( A W> ECONOMY4 ,! SITUATION RAPIDLY EVOLV$1 ASSUM+ A WIDE V>IETY ( =MS BETWE5 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES FROM ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,JULY #aicf & ! MILIT>IZATION ( 9DU/RY & LABOR1 :I* L>GELY *>ACT]IZ$ ! SITUATION 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,IT WAS1 & /ILL IS1 IMPOSSIBLE TO SEP>ATE ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION FROM ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REVOLUTION4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E ALWAYS ,T,O,T,A,L,I,T,>,I,A,N1 9 BO? MEAN+S ( ! WORD3 TOTAL & AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,!,R,E ,I,S ,N,O,?,+ ,M,O,R,E ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,>,I,A,N ,?,A,N ,A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N3 EXPROPRIAT+ A FACTORY FROM ITS [N]S1 OR A RURAL E/ATE FROM ITS [N]1 WILL ALWAYS BE AN AU?ORIT>IAN IMPOSITION4 ,& IT CAN ONLY TAKE PLACE :5 ! REPRESSIVE =CES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! >MY & ! POLICE1 HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y >MY ?AT IMPOSES ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y LEGAL SY/EM ,9 ,A,N ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,>,I,A,N ,M,A,N,N,]4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM & ! ,P,\,M1 DUE TO ! !ORETICAL 9CAPACITY ( ! =M] & ! NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS1 V]BALISM & LACK ( AUDACITY ( ! LATT]1 NEV] POS$ ! QUE/ION ( P[]1 :I* !Y AB&ON$ TO ! H&S ( ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE & ! SOCIALI/S3 ,AZANA1 ,GIRAL1 ,PRIETO1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ,COMPANYS1 ,T>RADELLAS1 ,NEGR9 444 OR !Y %>$ IT ) !M1 :5 !IR P>TICIPATION WAS NECESS>Y TO ?W>T ! DEVELOPM5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE4 ,ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA91 ! HI/ORIOGRAPHIC MY? ?AT CAN BE 5COMPASS$ BY ! G5]IC CONCEPT ( 0,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N0 UND]W5T 79 ,CATALONIA7 F\R /AGES3 ,! EXPROPRIATION BY ! WORK]S 7,JULY TO ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f72 ,! ADAPTATION ( ! CONFISCAT$ 5T]PRISES TO ! ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS ,DECREE 7,OCTOB] TO ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f72 ,! ATTEMPT BY ! ,G5]ALITAT TO DIRECT ! ECONOMY & CONTROL ! COLLECTIVES1 9 CONFRONTATION ) ! ATTEMPT TO SOCIALIZE ! ECONOMY SPE>HEAD$ BY ! RADICAL SECTOR ( ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS 7,JANU>Y TO ,MAY #a#i#c#g72 ,! GRADUAL /ATE 9T]V5TION & C5TRALIZATION 7ON ! P>T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T7 IMPOS$ A W> ECONOMY & ! ,M,I,L,I,T,>,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ( LABOR 7,JUNE #aicg TO ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#i74 ,!SIS NO4 #a#b4 ,! ANTIFASCI/ IDEOLOGY1 ! SACR$ UNION ( ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ WORK+ CLASS & B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 JU/IFI$ ! AB&ONM5T ( CLASS FRONTI]S 9 FAVOR ( ! PRACTICE ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,ANTIFASCISM WAS ! EXT5SION ( ! ELECTORAL ,POPUL> ,FRONT POLICY ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 9 A SITUATION ( W>1 AFT] A VICTORI\S WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTION4 ,! NE$ = ANTIFASCI/ UNITY 9 ORD] TO W9 ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM ,A,L,R,E,A,D,Y IMPLI$ ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE4 ,FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ?IS1 & TO DEVOTE ONESELF TO MAK+ ATTEMPTS TO DIFF]5TIATE1 AS ,TROTSKY DID1 A REJECT$ ,POPUL> ,FRONTISM FROM A 0TEMPOR>Y0 ANTIFASCISM1 NECESS>Y UNTIL FASCISM HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 MEANT TO OBJECTIVELY FALL 9TO ! NETS ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 TO ! SAME DEGREE & = ID5TICAL REASONS AS ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ,P,O,P,U,L,> ,F,R,O,N,T 7AFT] ! PURG+ ( ! MO/ RITIES AFT] ,JULY #a#i7 ,& ,! ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,F,R,O,N,T ,W,],E ,N,O,T ,S,O ,D,I,F,F,],5,T1 ,& ,A,S ,! ,W,> ,P,R,O,G,R,E,S,S,$ ,!,Y ,T,5,D,$ ,T,O ,M,],G,E4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 AFT] ,MAY #aicg & ! FALL ( ! ,L>GO ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T1 :I* L$ ! MOVEM5T TO =M AN ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,P,O,P,U,L,> ,F,R,O,N,T1 AS A MEANS ( EX]T+ PRESSURE TO ONCE AGA9 OBTA9 LIB]T>IAN REPRES5TATION 9 ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS ACTUALLY L$ TO AN ACCEL]AT$ PROCESS ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIZATION ( ALL ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS ?AT RAPIDLY OBTA9$ A MAJORITY POSITION 9 ALL ( !M1 ?US BR++ AB\T ! ABSOLUTE M>G9ALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES1 :I* W]E TOTALLY RESIDUAL1 P[]LESS & V]Y CONFUS$1 :I* FACILITAT$ ! RISE & SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 ) !IR REACTION>Y1 BUT V]Y CLE> & RESOLUTE1 PROGRAM ( /R5G!N+ ! REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#c4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S0 W]E SIMULTANE\SLY ! CULM9ATION ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y VICTORY ( ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS & ! POLITICAL DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! ,C,C,M,A WAS ! PRODUCT ( ! VICTORY ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION1 BUT IT WAS ALSO ! PRODUCT ( ! 9ABILITY ( ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS1 ESPECIALLY ! ,C,N,T1 AS IT WAS ! MO/ P[]FUL =CE1 TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,!SE SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 CULTURAL1 & QUOTIDIAN 0CONQUE/S0 RESPOND$ P]FECTLY TO ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY ( APOLITICISM 0T\T C\RT01 :I* WAS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! 0SEIZURE ( P[]01 BUT ) C>RY+ \T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY DE/ROY+ ! >MY1 ABOLI%+ ! ,*UR* & TAK+ OV] MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES4 ,TO MANY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ WORK]S1 ! QUE/ION ( :E!R TO 0GO = BROKE0 OR NOT WAS ABSURD2 !Y ALREADY HAD EV]Y?+ !Y W]E 9T]E/$ 93 A GUN1 CONTROL ( ! FACTORY1 CONTROL OV] PUBLIC ORD]1 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL44446 ,:Y SEIZE P[]8 ,:Y REPLACE ! REPUBLICAN /ATE ) 0ANO!R01 WORK]S1 /ATE8 ,),\,T ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,!,O,R,Y ,!,R,E ,I,S ,N,O ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N4 ,V]Y QUICKLY ! ANTI-MILIT>I/S BECAME MILIT>I/S1 & SOON !REAFT] /AUN* ADVOCATES ( AN EFFICI5T PR(ESSIONAL B\RGEOIS >MY4 ,IT DID NOT TAKE LONG = ! ANTI-/ATI/S TO BECOME ! BE/ SUPPORT = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC HAD F\R AN>*I/ M9I/]S AMONG ITS RANKS4 ,AN>*I/ M9I/]S6 ,NOR WAS ?IS ! GREATE/ CONTRADICTION 9 :I* ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W\LD BECOME 5ME%$4 ,FAC$ ) A LACK ( ALT]NATIVES & DIRECTIVES FROM ! ,C,N,T1 ! EXPROPRIAT$ 5T]PRISES W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO COLLECTIVES1 :I* W]E NO?+ BUT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A K9D ( TRADE UNION CAPITALISM--P[]FULLY C5TRALIZ$ & COORD9AT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT--:I* DEG5]AT$ )9 A FEW MON?S 9TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! 5T]PRISES & LABOR4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#d4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES--( DEF5SE1 LABOR1 5T]PRISE1 LOCALITY1 SUPPLY1 NEIGU>D MILITIAS1 ETC4--W]E ! POT5TIAL ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]1 :I* (T5 EX]CIS$ ! ONLY REAL P[]1 ON A LOCAL OR SECTORAL LEVEL1 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,BUT !Y W]E RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEES OR TRADE UNION COMMITTEES = 5T]PRISE MANAGEM5T1 OR ELSE UND]W5T A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( DORMANCY 7LIKE ! CONF$]AL DEF5SE COMMITTEES7 OR W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 LIKE ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 :I* W]E NO?+ BUT CONTROL EX]CIS$ BY ! 7REVOLUTION>Y OR RADICAL7 09CONTROLADOS0 & ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 NEIGU>D MILITIAS 7AL?\< !Y W]E AT ! SAME TIME ! NEW ORGANIZATION ?AT SUPPLANT$ GOV]NM5T CONTROL OV] PUBLIC ORD]74 ,! AMBIGU\S & AMBIVAL5T NATURE ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! COLLECTIVES1 ! ,MILITIAS1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 & ULTIMATELY ! :OLE 0,REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i01 WAS ! DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! AMBIGUITY & AMBIVAL5T NATURE ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! EXTREME LEFT ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT !MSELVES 7! ,C,N,T & ,P,\,M71 :I* W]E NOT ONLY 9CAPABLE ( SEIZ+ P[] & *AMPION+ ! HI/ORICAL PROGRAM ( EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 BUT ALSO OPT$ = CLASS COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ! CAPITALI/ /ATE ) ! GOAL ( DEFEAT+ FASCISM4 ,!Y W]E AMBIGU\S BECAUSE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS ! PRODUCT ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,N VICTORY ( ,JULY #a#i1 BUT ALSO ( ! POLITICAL FIASCO ( ,JULY #b#a1 ,:,5 ,C,L,A,S,S ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N ,W,A,S ,A,C,C,E,P,T,$4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#e4 ,ON ,JULY #b#a1 #aicf ! ,C,N,T OPT$ = COLLABORATION ) ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 )\T ISSU+ ANY POLITICAL DIRECTIVES CONC]N+ EI!R ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! 5T]PRISES1 ! COORD9ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES OR ?AT ( ! DIFF]5T ECONOMIC & 9DU/RIAL SECTORS4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#f1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITY = COORD9AT+ & REORGANIZ+ ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY4 ,! PROVISIONAL *>ACT] ( ! 5T]PRISE EXPROPRIATIONS1 :I* W]E IMPLEM5T$ 9 ! HEAT ( ! MOM5T ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y VICTORY ( ,JULY1 9 A SITUATION ( A P[] VACUUM1 CAUS$ !M TO BE ORI5T$ T[>DS ! SOLE OBJECTIVE ( GU>ANTEE+ ! EV]YDAY FUNCTION+ ( ! 5T]PRISES4 ,ONLY 9 A FEW ECONOMIC SECTORS 7FOOD1 HEAL? & SANITATION1 $UCATION71 TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T1 & 9 SOME ISOLAT$ 5T]PRISES1 WAS !RE AN ATTEMPT TO C>RY \T A PROCESS ( SOCIALIZATION 9 :I* ! TRADE UNION ACT$ AS BO? 9ITIATOR & ORGANIZ]4 ,! ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS ,DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #aicf LEGALIZ$ A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 ?AT IS1 ! CONFISCATION ( ! 5T]PRISES BY ! WORK]S1 BUT ONLY = ! EVID5T PURPOSE ( C5TRALIZ+ ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY ?R\< ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ELIM9AT+ ! ORGANS ( WORK]S P[] FROM ! 5T]PRISES1 & NIPP+ 9 ! BUD ! SOCIALIZ+ EXP]IM5TS ( C]TA9 SECTORS & 5T]PRISES4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY UND]W5T F\R /AGES3 ,! EXPROPRIATION ( ! 5T]PRISES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I* ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES CALL$ 09CONTROLADOS01 ONCE ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 PROCE$$ TO EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 & TO TAKE PRIE/S1 B\RGEOIS1 CACIQUES & =M] MEMB]S ( ! EMPLOY]S' PI/OL]OS TRADE UNION 0= A RIDE04 ,NOT ONLY WAS !RE A TOTAL ABS5CE ( POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC DIRECTIVES FROM ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,C,C,M,A1 BUT ! LATT] ALSO ?REAT5$ TO %OOT ! 09CONTROLADOS04 ,!Y FAC$ A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 H[EV]3 ! FACTORIES HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$4 ,! ,C,N,T1 FAC$ ) ITS [N 9ABILITY & LACK ( WILL TO COORD9ATE & MANAGE ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 PROPOS$ TO ! ,G5]ALITAT ! CREATION ( A ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY3 IT H&$ OV] TO ! PETTY B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ! MANAGEM5T & COORD9ATION ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY6 ,ADAPTATION TO ! ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS ,DECREE4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 TOGE!R ) ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ! 5TRY ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! ,DECREE ON ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES--:I* W]E REPLAC$ BY ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS--& A LONG ETCET]A ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES ( LESS] IMPORTANCE1 ! ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS ,DECREE WAS APPROV$ ) ! 9DISP5SABLE SUPPORT ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,:AT IT ACTUALLY DID WAS E/ABLI% A TRADE UNION CAPITALISM 9 ! 5T]PRISES1 ) MAJOR /ATE 9T]V5TION & C5TRALIZATION ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & ?IS WAS CALL$ ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N4 ,! =M] B\RGEOISIE1 ! PRIVATE [N]S1 HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY MANAGEM5T BY ! TRADE UNION DELEGATES ( EA* 5T]PRISE1 ORGANIZ$ 9 ,WORK]S ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEES 7:I* W]E (T5 ! RESULT ( A PACT BETWE5 MANUAL1 TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE WORK]S & EV5 SOME ( ! =M] [N]S71 :OSE ACTIVITIES W]E COMPLETELY M$IAT$ BY & SUBJECT TO ! TUTELAGE ( ! 9SPECTORS APPO9T$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* NONE!LESS CONSID]$ ! 5T]PRISE TO BE ! PROP]TY ( ! TRADE UNION4 ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N V]SUS ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 7,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f-,MAY #a#i#c#g74 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 RELY+ ON ITS SOCIAL BASE ?AT CONSI/$ ( ! PETTY B\RGEOIS SECTORS--ADM9I/RATIVE1 TE*NICAL1 =M] BUS9ESS [N]S1 MEMB]S ( ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS & EV5 WORK]S PR(ESS+ A RIRADELLAS AT ,S',AG>O 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! RADICAL SECTOR ( ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS WAS ATTEMPT+ TO ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,E PRODUCTION1 :I* IMPLI$ 9CREAS+ ! P[] ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS 9 ! 5T]PRISES4 ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N1 = ?IS RADICAL SECTOR ( ! ,C,N,T1 MEANT ! DIRECTION ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY BY ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7( ! ,C,N,T7 & A BREAK ) ! DYNAMIC ( TRADE UNION CAPITALISM1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? ?AT W\LD PUT AN 5D TO ! SC&AL\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 WORK]S 9 RI* & POOR COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 & BETWE5 ! =M] & ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,SU* A =M ( DIRECTION OV] ,A ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,$ ,CATALONIAN ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y REQUIR$ 9 TURN ! CREATION ( ! NECESS>Y ORGANS )9 ! ,C,N,T1 ?AT IS1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ,S9DICATOS ,UNICOS 7:I* W]E APPROPRIATE = DIRECT+ A /RIKE1 BUT NOT = MANAG+ ! 5T]PRISES7 BY ,9DU/RIAL ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7BETT] ADAPT$ = MANAG+ ! V>I\S ECONOMIC SECTORS71 :I* WAS IMPLEM5T$ 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( #a#i#c#g4 ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY MEANT ! DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY 7& ( ! W>7 BY ! ,C,N,T1 & ?IS 9 TURN REQUIR$ ! ABOLITION ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT TO EXP& ITS CONTROL1 EXT5D+ IT TO EV]Y 5T]PRISE1 !RE=E CLA%$ HEAD-ON ) ! SOCIALIZATION PROGRAM ( ! RADICAL SECTOR ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,A /RUGGLE WAS WAG$1 ONE 5T]PRISE AT A TIME1 9 :I* ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT W]E SUPPOS$ TO VOTE = SOCIALIZATION W]E SUBJECT$ TO A WIDE V>IETY ( =MS ( PRESSURE & MANIPULATION1 FROM ! MO/ DESPICABLE POLITICAL 9TRIGUES TO ! USE ( ! POLICE4 ,9 ?IS BITT] /RUGGLE1 UNFOLD+ 9 ONE 5T]PRISE AT A TIME1 A /RUGGLE ?AT ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T NEV] WANT$ TO C5TRALIZE1 BECAUSE TO DO SO W\LD HAVE IMPLI$ BREAK+ ) ! ANTIFASCI/ UNITY PACT1 AN 9CREAS+LY MORE OBVI\S & 0PA9FUL0 DIVISION EM]G$ AMONG ! TRADE UNION MILITANTS1 BETWE5 ! COLLABORATIONI/ SECTOR & ! RADICAL SECTOR ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ?IS CAMPAIGN TO SOCIALIZE ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 ! RADICAL MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T ATTEMPT$ TO COMPETE ) ! COLLABORATIONI/ MILITANTS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO OBTA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! TRADE UNION MEMB]S4 ,! RADICAL MILITANTS1 H[EV]1 W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS 9 ! M9ORITY 9 ! FACTORY ASSEMBLIES1 DUE TO ! FLOOD ( OPPORTUNI/S :O JO9$ ! ,C,N,T 9 ! WAKE ( ,JULY #ai & ATTRITION CAUS$ BY ! REVOLUTION ITSELF AMONG ! RANKS ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 MANY ( :OM JO9$ ! ,MILITIAS OR HAD BE5 PROMOT$ TO POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! OPPOSITION TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS 7DECRE$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f7 WAS PLAY$ BY ! F\R? COMPANY ( ! ,GELSA UNIT ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 :I*1 AFT] N>R[LY AVOID+ AN >M$ CONFRONTATION ) O!R =CES ( ! ,COLUMN1 :I* SUPPORT$ ! MILIT>IZATION DECREE1 DECID$ TO AB&ON ! FRONT 79 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g7 & RETURN TO ,B>CELONA1 TAK+ !IR WEAPONS ) !M4 ,!SE MILITIAM51 TOGE!R ) O!R RADICAL ,C,N,T MILITANTS :O W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ONGO+ /RUGGLE = SOCIALIZATION 9 ! 5T]PRISES1 F\ND$ ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 :I* SOON ATTRACT$ BETWE5 F\R & FIVE ?\S& MEMB]S & CON/ITUT$1 9 ,CATALONIA1 A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! 7COLLABORATIONI/7 SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,FROM ,JUNE #aicg UNTIL ! 5D ( ! W>1 ! RADICAL SECTOR ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ! ,P,\,M W]E SUBJECT$ TO P]SECUTION1 DRIV5 9TO HID+1 & PHYSICALLY ANNIHILAT$4 ,DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD1 ! ,C,N,T 7ITS REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY HAV+ BE5 AMPUTAT$7 CONT9U$ TO COLLABORATE FAI?FULLY ) A ,/AL9I/ /ATE ?AT IMPOS$ ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR & ( LIFE1 ! MO/ DRACONIAN RATION+ & A W> ECONOMY4 ,/,A,T,E ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M CONSOLIDAT$ ITS COLLABORATIONISM ) ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 EMBRAC$ ITS PROGRAM ( VICTORY OV] FASCISM1 REPRESS$ ANY REVOLUTION>Y ?REATS )9 ITS RANKS & ASSUM$ ! TASKS ?AT >E NATURAL TO ANY BUREAUCRACY ?AT ASPIRES TO 9TEGRATE ITSELF 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#f4 ,MAY #aicg M>K$ ! >M$ DEFEAT ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ?AT WAS REQUIR$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION SO IT C\LD PROCE$ TO IMPLEM5T ITS C\NT](F5SIVE4 ,! CAUSES ( ,MAY W]E ROOT$ 9 ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+1 ! SC>CITY ( BASIC GOODS1 ! RESI/ANCE TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! CONTROL PATROLS & ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS1 & ! CON/ANT /RUGGLE BE+ WAG$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES TO PRES]VE !IR CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION 9 ! FACE ( ! GR[+ 9T]V5TIONISM ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 FACILITAT$ BY ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! ,S',AG>O ,DECREES4 ,IT WAS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT ! ,MAY EV5TS BEGAN AT A COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISE1 ! ,TELEPHONE COMPANY1 ) ! >M$ OPPOSITION M\NT$ BY ! RANK & FILE ,C,N,T WORK]S AGA9/ ITS SEIZURE BY ! ,G5]ALITAT'S =CES ( REPRESSION4 ,! RAPID EXT5SION ( ! /RUGGLE ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE CITY ( ,B>CELONA WAS ! WORK ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! NEIRICADES W]E ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 ! ,/AL9I/S ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 & ! ,CATALANI/ ,PYR5EES ,MILITIAS UND] ! COMM& ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! B>RICADES W]E ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,ONLY ! AN>*I/S ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P & ! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,SECTION ( ,SPA9 ATTEMPT$ TO PROVIDE ANY REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES TO ! /RUGGLE ( ! B>RICADES4 ,! ,C,N,T MILITANTS AS A :OLE1 H[EV]1 W]E 9CAPABLE (1 & DID NOT KN[ H[ TO ACT 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N,I,/ DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! LEAD]S & ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,SOME ACTUALLY FIR$ !IR GUNS AT RADIOS ?AT W]E BROADCA/+ ! CONCILIATORY SPEE*ES ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 BUT 9 ! 5D !Y COMPLI$ ) !IR DIRECTIVES4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P REF]R$ TO ! ACTIVITY ( !SE LEAD]S & SUP]IOR COMMITTEES AS AN 05ORM\S BETRAYAL04 ,AFT] ,MAY #aicg ! ATTEMPTS ,O,N ,! ,P,>,T ,( ,! ,S,U,P,],I,O,R ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S ,( ,! ,B,U,R,E,A,U,C,R,A,T,I,Z,$ ,C,N,T TO EXPEL ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P FROM ! ,C,N,T FAIL$1 AS NO TRADE UNION ASSEMBLY W\LD RATIFY ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,A SPLIT ?AT C\LD HAVE CL>IFI$ ! CONTRADICTORY & IRRECONCILABLE POSITIONS )9 ! ,C,N,T NEV] TOOK PLACE1 H[EV]4 ,SUBSEQU5T HI/ORIOGRAPHY UND]E/IMAT$1 OR IGNOR$1 ! IMPORTANT ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,GR\P1 & ! ,C,N,T BUREAUCRACY EV5 SUCCE$$ 9 RECUP]AT+ = ITS [N B5EFIT 0! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y PRE/IGE0 ( A ,GR\P ?AT IT HAD P]SECUT$ & ATTEMPT$ TO EXPEL FROM ITS RANKS4 ,AMBIGUITY ALWAYS FAVORS ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,& ,T,O,D,A,Y ,W,E ,C,A,N ,S,E,E1 ,),\,T ,A,N,Y,B,O,D,Y ,B,E,+ ,S,C,&,A,L,I,Z,$1 ,H,[ ,! ,C,N,T ,& ,! ,F,A,I ,C,L,A,I,M ,! 0,L,E,G,A,C,Y0 ,( ,! ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,P,R,E,/,I,G,E ,( ,! ,F,R,I,5,D,S ,( ,D,U,R,R,U,T,I ,G,R,\,P4 ,BUREAUCRACIES & CAPITALISM >E CAPABLE ( RECUP]AT+ ANY?+1 EV5 :AT !Y SL&]$ & P]SECUT$ = CON/ITUT+ A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE1 ANTAGONI/IC TO ! BUREAUCRACY & CAPITALISM4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#g4 ,! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION W]E & >E3 ,9CESSANT1 UBIQUIT\S & OMNIPOT5T POLICE T]RORISM2 ,! 9DISP5SABLE MISREPRES5TATION ( ITS [N NATURE1 & ! NATURE ( ITS 5EMIES1 ESPECIALLY ! REVOLUTION>IES2 ,EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 DIRECT$ BY ! ,P>TY-,/ATE4 ,! ,NEGR9-,/AL9 GOV]NM5T TRANS=M$ ! 9ITIAL CLASS COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 & ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 9TO ,N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,U,N,I,T,Y & ORD]LY GOV]NM5T2 IT CONV]T$ ! RE=MI/ IMPOT5CE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION ( ! SOCIALI/S1 ,CATALANI/S & AN>*OSYNDICALI/ BUREAUCRACY 9TO A COMPLETE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 :I* ABOLI%$ ! LEA/ VE/IGE ( WORK]S DEMOCRACY1 & TRANS=M$ ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 9TO ! POLICE DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,G,P,U & ! ,S,I,M4 ,! ,/AL9I/S HAVE NEV] BE5 A RE=MI/ SECTOR ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,NO COLLABORATION ( ANY K9D IS OR EV] HAS BE5 POSSIBLE ) ,/AL9ISM1 ONLY UNREMITT+ W>4 ,/AL9ISM1 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 LEADS & GUIDES ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 F9DS ITS P[] 9 ! IDEA ( NATIONAL UNITY1 9 ! PRACTICE ( A POLICY ( LAW & ORD]1 9 ITS /RUGGLE TO E/ABLI% A /RONG GOV]NM5T1 9 ! P5ETRATION ( ! MILITANTS ( ! ,/AL9I/ P>TY 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 & ABOVE ALL BY DISGUIS+ !IR REACTION>Y NATURE )9 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,!SIS NO4 #a#h4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO SET =? A *RONOLOGY1 BECAUSE A DEF5SE COMMITTEE WAS NOT ! SAME ?+ 9 #aica AS A DEF5SE COMMITTEE 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 NOR WAS ! LATT] ! SAME ?+ AS A DEF5SE COMMITTEE WAS ONE WEEK LAT]1 :5 IT MIY #aicg :5 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES HAD GONE 9TO HIB]NATION1 NOR 9 ,MAY #aicg :5 !IR EXI/5CE ROSE TO ! SURFACE ) ! 0SPONTANE\S0 ORGANIZATION ( ! 9SURRECTION1 NOR 9 ,DECEMB] #aicg :5 !Y C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 A SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISE 9 ,JULY #aicf C\LD HAVE COME UND] ! F9ANCIAL CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 9 #a#i#c#g1 & ! SAME 5T]PRISE MIIZ$ 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS1 VOLUNT>Y1 POPUL> & ( A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 AFT] SEV]AL MON?S 7BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #aicf & ,MAY #a#i#c#g7 ( DISCUSSIONS AB\T :E!R OR NOT TO ACCEPT MILIT>IZATION1 BECAME REGIM5TS OR DIVISIONS ( A REGUL> >MY1 & ! MILITIAM5 W]E TURN$ 9TO SOLDI]S4 ,?,I,S ,*,R,O,N,O,L,O,G,Y ,M,A,Y ,B,E ,C,A,T,E,G,O,R,I,Z,$ 7= ,CATALONIA7 9 F\R /AGES3 ,! REVOLUTION>Y /AGE 7,JULY #a#i1 #aicf TO ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #a#i#c#f72 ,! ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 7,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #aicf TO ,JUNE #a#f1 #a#i#c#g72 ,! REPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 7,JUNE #a#f1 #aicg TO ,APRIL #a#i#c#h72 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 7,APRIL #ai* TO ! 5D ( ! W>74 ,!SIS NO4 #a#i4 ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf TO ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #a#i#c#f3 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 /AGE OR ! /AGE ( ! VICTORY ( ! 9SURRECTION & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,V,A,C,U,U,M ,( 7,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,$7 ,/,A,T,E ,P,[,]4 ,A,T,O,M,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,P,[,] & CONFUSION ( P[]S4 ,LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & REVOLUTION>Y DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 NEI MILITIAS1 WORK]S & SOLDI]S C\NCILS1 RE>GU>D MILITIAS4 ,! B\RGEOIS /ATE WAS 0P>TIALLY BROK5 D[N0 BUT PRES]V$ ITS LEGAL AU?ORITY1 & DID NOT FAIL TO LEGALIZE & PROCLAIM ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 IT IMP$$ & H9D]$ ! CAPACITY = COORD9ATION & C5TRALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I* HELD ALL P[] AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 ,! ,C,C,M,A ACT$ AS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 AS AN 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! REAL LOCAL P[]S ( ! COMMITTEES & ! LEGAL P[] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,C,C,M,A'S ,JURIDICAL ,(FICE IMPOS$ A POPUL> JU/ICE EXTRANE\S TO ! EXI/+ LAWS 7& SUPPORT$ SPONTANE\S POPUL> JU/ICE74 ,A V]Y !ORETICAL & HI/ORICAL-ANALYTICAL ]ROR ?AT IS V]Y WIDESPREAD AMONG BO? ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,C,C,M,A & SUBSEQU5T HI/ORIANS CONSI/S 9 POSIT+ A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] BETWE5 ! ,C,C,M,A & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* IS 9 ?IS V]SION SAID TO HAVE DISAPPE>$ ) ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,WE MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A DID NOT CREATE A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] ) RESPECT TO ! ,G5]ALITAT & ?AT AT NO TIME DID ! ,C,C,M,A IMPLY ANY MORE ?AN A DUPLICATION ( P[]S PREVI\SLY EX]CIS$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* WAS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% ! AU?ORITY ( ! LATT]4 ,!SIS NO4 #b4 ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #aicf TO ,JUNE #a#f1 #a#i#c#g3 ,! ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,RETREAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & (F5SIVE BY ! ,G5]ALITAT TO RECONQU] ALL ITS FUNCTIONS 7EV5 ASSUM+ SOME ( ! P[]S ( ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T74 ,DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 5TRY ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,D,E,C,R,E,E ,D,I,S,S,O,L,V,+ ,! ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S ,& ,=,M,+ ,P,O,P,U,L,> ,F,R,O,N,T ,M,U,N,I,C,I,P,A,L ,C,\,N,C,I,L,S4 ,N91 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ABOLI%$ ! ,JURIDICAL ,(FICE4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,P,\,M FACILITAT$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & !IR REPLACEM5T BY ,POPUL> ,FRONT MUNICIPAL C\NCILS4 ,N9 & ,T>RADELLAS W5T TO ,L]IDA TO COMPEL ! LOCAL COMMITTEE !RE1 CONTROLL$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 TO SUBMIT TO ! DECREE4 ,! ,DECREE ORD]+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,9 MID-,DECEMB] ! ,/AL9I/S EXPELL$ ,N9 FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI%$ AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,],C & ! ,P,S,U,C TO R$UCE ! P[] ( ! ,C,N,T & TO ABOLI% ! 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY1 :I* W]E ONLY TEMPOR>Y CONCESSIONS & TRANSF]S ( /ATE FUNCTIONS4 ,MAY #aicg SIGNIFI$ ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,],C L$ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 BUT ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T W]E ,O,B,J,E,C,T,I,V,E,L,Y 9DISP5SABLE COLLABORATORS :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS /ILL /RONG 5\< TO CON/ITUTE A WORK]S P[]4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#a4 ,JUNE #a#f1 #aicg TO ,APRIL #a#i#c#h3 ,DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,\TLAW+ & REPRESSION ( ! ,P,\,M & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS DIVID$ 9TO A CRITICAL SECTOR ?AT WAS REPRESS$ 7OR REMOV$ FROM ITS POSITIONS & DEPRIV$ ( ITS FUNCTIONS 9 ! ORGANIZATION7 & A GOV]NM5TAL SECTOR ?AT 9TEGRAT$ ITSELF 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,JULY #aicg ! ,F,A,I R5\NC$ ITS ORGANIZATION BY AFF9ITY GR\PS & ADOPT$ A T]RITORIAL =M ( ORGANIZATION 9/EAD4 ,! AFF9ITY GR\PS BAS$ ON %>$ IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS HAD P]MITT$ ! EM]G5CE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 7BETWE5 F\R & FIVE ?\S& MEMB]S7 AS A REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! COLLABORATIONISM ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,! ,F,A,I'S NEW T]RITORIAL =M ( ORGANIZATION1 ( A PYRAMIDAL & HI]>*ICAL *>ACT]1 GRANT$ ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] ! ORGANIZATION1 & ALSO CONV]T$ ! ,F,A,I 9TO AN EFFICI5T POLITICAL P>TY1 CAPABLE ( ASSUM+ POSITIONS 9 ALL ! ADM9I/RATIVE LEVELS ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON WAS ABOLI%$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g4 ,! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES W]E DISSOLV$ BY ! MILIT>Y EXP$ITION ( ! DIVISION UND] ! COMM& BY ! ,/AL9I/ ,LI/]4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS1 ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 WAS TAK5 BY ASSAULT1 )\T ANY O!R RESPONSE ON ! P>T ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,C,N,T ?AN ! ORD] TO SURR5D]4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#b4 ,APRIL #ai* TO ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#i3 ,DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! MILITANTS :O HAD NOT BE5 ASSASS9AT$ OR IMPRISON$ TRI$ TO C>RY ON !IR WORK 9 /RICTLY CL&E/9E CONDITIONS1 JO9$ ! >MY OR W5T 9TO HID+4 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y PUBLICATIONS EI!R DISAPPE>$ OR ACQUIR$ A PURELY APOLOGETIC *>ACT]4 ,! ,C,N,T-,U,G,T UNITY PACT4 ,! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T CAMPAIGN$ = ! CREATION ( AN ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,P,O,P,U,L,> ,F,R,O,N,T AS A PRESSURE TACTIC TO OBTA9 ! READMISSION ( LIB]T>IAN REPRES5TATIVES TO ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,W> ECONOMY1 ,/AKHANOVISM & ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR & ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T ATTEMPT$ TO E/ABLI% A DICTATORIAL ,/AL9I/ /ATE4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#c4 ,! ]RORS ( ! ,P,\,M3 ,! ,P,\,M NEV] POS$ ! QUE/ION ( WORK+ CLASS P[]1 NOT 9 ,JULY #aicf & NOT AT ANY TIME DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y /AGE ( ,JULY1 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,P,\,M ACCEPT$ ! LIQUIDATION ( ! COMMITTEES1 :I* W]E ! POT5TIAL ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,?AT IS1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,\,M CALL$ = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES 9/EAD ( WORK+ = !IR EXT5SION1 DEMOCRATIZATION & COORD9ATION4 ,IT NEV] PROPOS$ A /RUGGLE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ORGANS ( P[]1 OR = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,! COMMITTEES1 AL?\< 9COMPLETE & DEFECTIVE1 W]E ! POT5TIAL ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,! TASK ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 7! ,P,\,M WAS NEV] A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY7 W\LD HAVE BE5 TO RE9=CE1 DEMOCRATIZE & COORD9ATE !SE COMMITTEES 9 SU* A WAY AS TO TRANS=M !M 9TO WORK]S C\NCILS1 ELECT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES & REVOCABLE AT ANY TIME1 CAPABLE ( CON/ITUT+ A GOV]NM5T ( WORK]S C\NCILS4 ,! ,P,\,M WAS 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ! FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 & FOLL[$ ! LATT] ROAD1 :I* L$ TO GOV]NM5T COLLABORATION4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,\,M WAS ALWAYS FOLL[+ BEH9D ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :OSE LEAD]S IT CONSID]$ TO BE REVOLUTION>IES1 9/EAD ( 5GAG+ 9 A P[]FUL1 CONSI/5T & OBJECTIVE POLEMIC AGA9/ ! S]IES ( FALSE POSITIONS ASSUM$ BY ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,\,M NEV] REALLY UND]/OOD ! RELATION BETWE5 W> & REVOLUTION1 9S(> AS IT MADE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,! SLOGAN1 0,W> OR ,REVOLUTION0 IS FALSE 9 & ( ITSELF4 ,! ,P,\,M1 ALMO/ AS RAPIDLY AS ! O!R GR\PS1 SACRIFIC$ ! REVOLUTION TO :AT SEEM$ TO BE ! 9T]E/S ( ! 0W>0 7GOV]NM5T COLLABORATION1 AN 9DECISIVE POLICY ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ! ,>MY1 ETC47 9/EAD ( CLE>LY DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! W> DID NOT M]IT ! SACRIFICES ( ! WORK+ CLASS EXCEPT TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT WAS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ?AT IS1 9S(> AS IT WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! DECISIVE QUE/ION ( P[]4 ,IT DID NO?+ TO E/ABLI% ! F\NDATIONS ( ! ORGANS ( A NEW P[] 7REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ,FRONT71 NOT EV5 9 ?OSE LOCATIONS :]E ! P>TY'S 9FLU5CE WAS PREPOND]ANT4 ,! ,P,\,M LEAD]%IP ALL[$ MEMB]S ( ! P>TY1 ! COMM&]S ( ! ,L59 DIVISION1 TO SABOTAGE ALL POLITICAL ACTIVITY ORI5T$ T[>DS ! MILITIAM51 ?US HELP+ ! PLANS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9/EAD ( FAVOR+ AGITATION = WORK]S DEMOCRACY 9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,\,M %>$ C]TA9 OBSOLETE IDEAS CONC]N+ NATIONALISM & REGIONAL AUTONOMY ) ! ,CATALONIAN PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,P,\,M NEV] 5GAG$ 9 ANY CRITIQUE ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY AS A NEW =M ( 0TRADE UNION CAPITALISM04 ,N9 DISSOLV$ ! ,F,\,S UND] ! ]RONE\S TRADE UNION SLOGAN ( 0,C,N,T-,U,G,T01 9/EAD ( ISSU+ ! DIRECTIVE1 0,NEI!R ,C,N,T NOR ,U,G,T3 ONE C5TRAL TRADE UNION04 ,! CAPITULATION ( ,MAY3 ! LEAD]%IP HAD NO 9DEP5D5T1 CLE> L9E2 IT TOOK NO 9DEP5D5T 9ITIATIVE ( ITS [N2 IT TRI$ TO PROVIDE A COV] = ! TREASON ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S2 IT LE>N$ NO?+3 IT EV5 CLAIM$ ?AT ,MAY WAS A WORK]S VICTORY4 ,MANY ( !SE ]RORS ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M W]E P]SONALLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ,N91 :E!R OR NOT HE WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M1 :O SOMETIMES OPPOS$ ,N9'S P]SONAL DECISIONS1 OR W]E NOT EV5 CONSULT$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! POLICY ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M1 :I* WAS L>GELY DET]M9$ BY ,N91 WAS CONSID]$ BY A BROAD CRITICAL SECTOR ( ! P>TY AS A CATA/ROPHIC POLICY = ! REVOLUTION1 & MOREOV] AS AN AB&ONM5T ( ! F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,P,\,M3 ,N9'S 5TRY1 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,P,\,M1 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY SIGNIFI$ ! RECOGNITION ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT'S AU?ORITY OV] & PR]OGATIVES = PLANN+ ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY4 ,! M]G] ( ! ,F,\,S 9TO ! ,U,G,T 9/EAD ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,N9'S ACCEPTANCE ( ! POSITION ( ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE 7:I* ,&RADE ALSO REF]R$ TO AS A MI/AKE7 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7:I* HE HELD FROM ,SEPTEMB] #bf TO ,DECEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 HE WAS =C$ \T AS A RESULT ( PRESSURE FROM ! ,/AL9I/S71 BECAUSE IT /R5G!N$ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 LAID ! GR\ND-WORKS = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES & CON/ITUT$ A PRACTICAL REJECTION ( ! CALLS = A WORK]S GOV]NM5T4 ,N9'S FIR/ JOB AS ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE WAS TO ACCOMPANY ,T>RADELLAS1 ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 70CONSELL] 5 CAP071 TO ,L]IDA1 :I* WAS AT ! TIME GOV]N$ BY A ,COMMITTEE DOM9AT$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,P,\,M1 TO ,R,E,E,/,A,B,L,I,% ,! ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y ,( ,! ,C,A,T,A,L,O,N,I,A,N ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T 9 ?AT CITY4 ,N9 ASS]T$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT EXI/$ 9 ,CATALONIA & ALSO 79 CONTRADICTION ) ?IS FIR/ ASS]TION7 ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE = ! WORK+ CLASS TO TAKE P[] PEACEFULLY4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT--,W,E ,M,U,/ ,N,O,T ,=,G,E,T ,?,A,T ?IS WAS MADE POSSIBLE ?ANKS TO ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T1 ,),\,T ,:,O,S,E ,9,V,O,L,V,E,M,5,T ,& ,H,E,L,P ,! ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T ,( ,! ,G,5,],A,L,I,T,A,T ,W,\,L,D ,H,A,V,E ,B,E,5 ,P,[,],L,E,S,S--WAS ABLE TO DECREE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ,( ,A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,O,R ,P,O,T,5,T,I,A,L,L,Y ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,N,A,T,U,R,E1 :I* W]E TO BE REPLAC$ BY ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS2 ON ,OCTOB] #ac A DECREE DRAFT$ & SIGN$ BY ,N9 HIMSELF NULLIFI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK ( ,B>RIOB]O 7& ( ! C5ETI/AS7 9 ! JU/ICE TRIBUNALS2 ON ,OCTOB] #bd ! DECREE ORD]+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS & ! DECREE REG>D+ PUBLIC ORD] W]E APPROV$ BY A ,JUNTA ( ,9T]NAL ,SECURITY4 ,N,9 ,W,A,S ,! ,M,9,I,/,] ,( ,J,U,/,I,C,E ,( ,! ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T ,( ,! ,G,5,],A,L,I,T,A,T ,?,A,T ,T,O,O,K ,!,S,E ,C,\,N,T,],R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,M,E,A,S,U,R,E,S4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aicg ,N9 WROTE TO ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,S,O,E PROPOS+ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,P,\,M 9 ! UNIFICATION CONF]5CES BE+ HELD BETWE5 ! ,P,S,O,E & ! ,P,C,E4 ,ONLY A FEW DAYS LAT] ! ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION ( ! ,P,\,MI/AS BEGAN 9 ,MADRID4 ,9 ,MAY #aicg HE ISSU$ AN ORD] BY TELEPHONE TO DISB& ! COLUMN =M$ 9 ,GRACIA BY MILITANTS ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T = ! PURPOSE ( SEIZ+ ! C5T] ( ! CITY HELD BY C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 ,MAY #aicg HE REJECT$ ! PLAN TO SEIZE P[] ELABORAT$ BY ,JOSEP ,REBULL 444 BECAUSE P[] WAS NOT A MILIT>Y QUE/ION1 BUT A POLITICAL ONE4 ,N9 ?\I\S LEFT ORGANIZATIONS AS ! NEC PLUS ULTRA ( ! REVOLUTION>Y POSITIONS ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,BILAN D5I$1 9 A BRILLIANT & FLAWLESS ANALYSIS 7) :I* WE AGREE71 ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION HAD TRIUMPH$ 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,BILAN ALSO CLAIM$1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 DUE TO ! LACK ( A 7,BORDIGUI/7 CLASS P>TY1 !RE WAS NOT EV5 A POSSIBILITY = A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,S,I,T,U,A,T,I,O,N 7WE ?9K ?IS IS A S]I\S ]ROR1 ) IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BILAN ! PROLET>IAT WAS IMM]S$ 9 AN ANTIFASCI/ W>1 ?AT IS1 IT WAS 5ROLL$ 9 AN IMP]IALI/ W> BETWE5 A DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE & A FASCI/ B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! ONLY APPROPRIATE POSITIONS W]E DES]TION & BOYCOTT1 OR TO WAIT = BETT] TIMES1 :5 ! 7,BORDIGUI/7 P>TY W\LD 5T] ! /AGE ( HI/ORY FROM ! W+S :]E IT HAD BE5 BID+ ITS TIME4 ,! ANALYZES ( ,BILAN HAVE ! VIRTUE ( DECISIVELY HIY SITUATION AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 BUT !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( =MULAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE4 ,9 ANY EV5T ! REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM ( AB&ON+ ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT 9TO ! H&S ( ITS RE=MI/ OR C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 AS PROPOS$ ,9 ,P,R,A,C,T,I,C,E BY ,BILAN1 WAS C]TA9LY NOT A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE4 ,! 9COH]5CE ( ,BILAN IS MADE EVID5T BY ITS ANALYSIS ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g4 ,IT TURNS \T ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION0 ( ,JULY #a#i1 :I* ONE WEEK LAT] CEAS$ TO BE A REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE ITS CLASS GOALS HAD BE5 TURN$ 9TO W> GOALS1 N[ REAPPE>S LIKE ! ,PH5IX ( HI/ORY1 LIKE A Y01 & DEF5D$ ! REVOLUTION FROM ! B>RICADES4 ,WAS IT NOT ! CASE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,BILAN1 A REVOLUTION HAD NOT TAK5 PLACE8 ,H]E1 ,BILAN GETS ALL TANGL$ UP4 ,ON ,JULY #ai 7ACCORD+ TO ,BILAN7 !RE WAS A REVOLUTION1 BUT ONE WEEK LAT]1 !RE WAS NO LONG] A REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NO 7,BORDIGUI/7 P>TY2 9 ,MAY #aicg !RE WAS ANO!R REVOLUTION>Y WEEK4 ,BUT H[ DO WE *>ACT]IZE ! SITUATION BETWE5 ,JULY #b#f1 #aicf & ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g8 ,WE >E NOT TOLD ANY?+ AB\T ?IS4 ,! REVOLUTION IS CONSID]$ TO BE AN 9T]MITT5T RIV] .<0,GUADIANA03 A RIV] 9 ,SPA9 ?AT RUNS ON ! SURFACE1 !N UND]GR\ND1 !N REAPPE>S ON ! SURFACE--,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.> ?AT EM]GES ONTO ! HI/ORICAL /AGE :5 ,BILAN WANTS TO EXPLA9 C]TA9 EV5TS ?AT IT NEI!R UND]/&S1 NOR IS CAPABLE ( EXPLA9+4 ,! REVOLUTION IS VIEW$ AS A S]IES ( WEEK-LONG EXPLOSIONS1 SEP>AT$ BY T5 MON?S ( 9EXPLICABLE & UNEXPLA9$ LIMBO4 ,& !SE REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSIONS1 ,MAY #aicg AS WELL AS ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 >E SO 9CONSI/5T ) ! !SES ( ,BILAN CONC]N+ ! NONEXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ?AT WE >E L$ TO AFFIRM ITS ABSOLUTE LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS & NATURE ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ,BILAN ACKN[L$GES ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! /RUGGLES ( ,JULY & ,MAY1 BUT ON ! O!R H& NOT ONLY D5IES !IR REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 BUT EV5 D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,?IS VIEWPO9T CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! DI/ANCE ( AN ABSOLUTELY ISOLAT$ ,P>ISIAN GR\P1 :I* PLAC$ A HI<] PRIORITY ON ITS ANALYZES ?AN ON ! /UDY ( ! ,SPANI% REALITY4 ,!RE IS NOT EV5 ONE WORD 9 ,BILAN AB\T ! REAL NATURE ( ! COMMITTEES1 OR ON ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT = SOCIALIZATION & AGA9/ COLLECTIVIZATION1 OR ON ! DEBATES & CONFRONTATIONS )9 ! ,MILITIA ,COLUMNS CONC]N+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,MILITIAS1 OR A S]I\S CRITIQUE ( ! POSITIONS ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !Y >E PRACTICALLY TOTALLY UNAW>E ( ! EXI/5CE & ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ALL !SE MATT]S4 ,IT WAS EASY TO JU/IFY ?IS IGNORANCE BY D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,BILAN'S ANALYSIS FAILS BECAUSE 9 ITS VIEW ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y 7,BORDIGUI/7 P>TY NECESS>ILY IMPLIES ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ?R\<\T ALL ( ,SPA91 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 !RE WAS A VICTORI\S WORK]S 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS 9SURRECTION1 :I* WAS DOM9AT$ BY ITS LIB]T>IAN ELEM5T1 FAC$ ! COMPETITION ( O!R POLITICAL =CES1 SU* AS ! ,P,\,M & ! REPUBLICANS1 & ( SOME UNITS ( ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 LIKE ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 :I* REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,BUT IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ! RESULT ( ?IS 9SURRECTION1 ?ANKS TO ! ASSAULT ON ! B>RACKS ( ,SAN ,&RES1 MEANT ! >M+ ( ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT1 & BY EXT5SION ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,! 9DISPUTABLE HEGEMONIC P[] ?AT RESULT$ FROM ?IS REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION WAS AN>*I/4 ,! RE/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS =CES1 ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! OV]:ELM$ =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] W]E1 9 ,CATALONIA1 9 AN ABSOLUTELY M9ORITY POSITION4 ,! PRODUCT ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION WAS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7! ,C,C,M,A74 ,! ,C,C,M,A1 H[EV]1 WAS SIMULTANE\SLY ! PRODUCT ( ?IS VICTORY & ALSO ( ! REFUSAL ( ! AN>*I/S TO SEIZE P[]4 ,! ,C,C,M,A WAS NOT AN ORGAN ( WORK]S P[] TO CONFRONT ! P[] ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT IS1 ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT AN 9/ITUTION ( COLLABORATION ( ! AN>*I/S ) ! O!R POLITICAL =CES1 BO? ! WORK+ CLASS =CES AS WELL AS ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 IT WAS !RE=E AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! ,C,C,M,A P]=M$ ! FUNCTIONS ( PUBLIC ORD]1 & RECRUIT+ & TRA9+ ANTIFASCI/ MILITIAS1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT WAS 9CAPABLE ( P]=M+4 ,! ,C,C,M,A ACT$ AS A K9D ( ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR & ,M9I/RY ( ,W> ,( ,! ,G,5,],A,L,I,T,A,T4 ,REG>DLESS ( H[ MU* AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE IT HAD1 IT WAS /ILL A ,M9I/RY ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,NEI!R ! ,C,C,M,A1 NOR ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 NOR ! ,P,\,M ISSU$ ANY DIRECTIVES 7EXCEPT ! ORD] TO 5D ! G5]AL /RIKE71 OR GAVE ANY ORI5TATION1 OR PROCLAIM$ ANY ORD]S1 UNTIL ,JULY #b#h1 :5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,C,C,M,A ISSU$ A COMMUNIQUE & DECREE1 RESPECTIVELY1 :I* CO9CID$ 9 ?REAT5+ 09CONTROLADOS0 :O W]E ACT+ )\T ! AU?ORIZATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A ) H>% REPRESSION4 ,! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai SPREAD ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION TO ! MAJORITY ( ,CATALONIAN 5T]PRISES1 ,),\,T ,A,N,Y ,D,I,R,E,C,T,I,V,E ,F,R,O,M ,! ,W,O,R,K,],S ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N,S1 ,& ,),\,T ,A,N,Y ,O,R,D,] ,O,R ,R,U,L,+ ,F,R,O,M ,! ,C,C,M,A4 ,WE MU/1 H[EV]1 CLE>LY & PRECISELY ID5TIFY ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION3 RA!R ?AN DUAL P[] 7:I* DID NOT EXI/ BECAUSE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS NOT CREAT$ TO OPPOSE ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT TO S]VE IT7 WE MU/ SPEAK ( A VACUUM ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]4 ,! P[] ( ! AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT HAD FRAGM5T$ 9TO HUNDR$S ( COMMITTEES ?AT HELD ALL P[] AT ! LOCAL & 5T]PRISE LEVEL1 MO/ ( :I* W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!SE COMMITTEES1 H[EV]1 9COMPLETE & DEFICI5T1 W]E NOT COORD9AT$ AMONG !MSELVES1 & W]E NOT RE9=C$ AS ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I W]E NEI!R CAPABLE NOR DESIR\S ( GIV+ !SE COMMITTEES ANY COORD9ATION1 ,:,I,* ,W,A,S ,E,S,S,5,T,I,A,L = ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T1 >TICULAT$ 9 ,S9DICATOS ,UNICOS1 ITS WEAKNESS RESULT+ FROM ITS REC5T P]IOD ( CL&E/9E ACTIVITY & ! TRE9TI/A SPLIT1 BUT ABOVE ALL ITS GL>+ !ORETICAL %ORTCOM+S1 R5D]$ ! ,C,N,T 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ !SE COMMITTEES1 :I* HELD ALL P[] 9 !IR H&S AT ! LOCAL & 5T]PRISE LEVELS4 ,EV5 ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE 9 ,CATALONIA1 & ! 9DISP5SABLE COORD9ATION ( ! V>I\S ECONOMIC SECTORS1 WAS LEFT 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 = :I* PURPOSE ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY WAS CREAT$ ON ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,AN UN/ABLE & TRANSITORY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION PREVAIL$1 :I* HAD DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ B\RGEOISIE & OV]:ELM$ ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ONE ?AT HAD ALSO ESCAP$ ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS !MSELVES1 :I* W]E 9CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ & DEF5D+ ! 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY & ( DECISIVELY TIPP+ ! SCALES 9 FAVOR ( ! F9AL TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION1 BY SEIZ+ P[]1 9/ALL+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & DE/ROY+ ! APP>ATUS ( ! REPUBLICAN /ATE1 SIMPLY BECAUSE AN>*OSYNDICALI/ !ORY & ORGANIZATION PROV$ TO BE ALI5 & =EIGN TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,= ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES HAS ITS LIMITS4 ,! 9ABILITY ( ! ,C,N,T ,TRADE ,UNIONS TO /ABILIZE & FUR!R MOTIVATE ! REVOLUTION WAS ACKN[L$G$ BY ! P>TICIPANTS !MSELVES4 ,! ,C,N,T1 AS A TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 WAS 9ADEQUATE & 9CAPABLE ( P]=M+ ! TASKS ?AT W\LD HAVE CORRESPOND$ ) ! MISSION ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D OR P>TY1 & ! SAME ?+ WAS TRUE ( ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS :Y ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 9/EAD ( MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( A FULL-BL[N REVOLUTION1 WAS RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT FAVOR$ A RAPID CONSOLIDATION ( ! /RUCTURES ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,NOT TAK+ P[] 9 ,JULY MEANT LEAV+ IT 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & %>+ IT ) ! B\RGEOISIE )9 ! ,C,C,M,A MEANT 0HELP+0 ! B\RGEOISIE TO RECOV] & FILL ! P[] VACUUM ?AT HAD BE5 PRODUC$ BY ! ,JULY 9SURRECTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS WAS NOT VIABLE NOR DID IT HAVE ANY MEAN+ AT ALL IF ! CAPITALI/ /ATE REMA9$ 9TACT4 ,& ?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT ! AN>*I/S COMP5SAT$ = ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT SO ?AT IT C\LD TAKE OV] PLANN+ ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 :I* IT WAS ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT TOOK 9TO ITS H&S1 BEG9N+ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 NO?+ MORE OR LESS ?AN ECONOMIC PLANN+1 F9ANC+ ( 5T]PRISES1 ! POSSIBILITY ( CONTROLL+ EV]Y 5T]PRISE ?R\< AN 9SPECTOR APPO9T$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & ! P[] TO 5ACT LAWS CONC]N+ ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS4 ,?IS WAS ! F\NDATION ( ! RAPID RECOV]Y ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,IF WE ADD TO ! =EGO+ ! FACT ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS HAD NOT BE5 DISSOLV$1 BUT ONLY CONF9$ TO !IR B>RACKS 9 ! RE>GU>D1 F> FROM ! FRONT1 WE MAY SAFELY CONCLUDE ?AT ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALONIA HAD SOME V]Y SOLID F\NDATIONS1 :I* EXPLA9 ! RAPID RE/ORATION ( ALL ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 AN IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CLAIM+ ?AT ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #aicf WAS NOT A REVOLUTION1 OR EV5 ?AT IT DID NOT 5TAIL A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 7AS ,BILAN1 ! ,I,C,C & ,ROB]T ,CAMO91 AMONG O!RS1 ASS]T7 & CLAIM+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ( ,JULY CAME TO NAUT ( ! EXI/+ WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ,JULY #aicf !RE WAS A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT IMPOS$ ! HEGEMONY ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ITS REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT ON ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE = T5 MON?S1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !RE WAS NO ,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,P,[,] ( ! WORK]S1 BECAUSE ?AT P[] HAD BE5 FRAGM5T$ 9TO HUNDR$S ( LOCAL COMMITTEES1 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES1 ! COMMITTEES ( V>I\S WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! MILITIAS ( V>I\S P>TIES1 9 CONTROL PATROLS1 ETC4 ,9 ,JULY #aicf ! WORK+ CLASS MASSES KNEW H[ TO GO 9TO ACTION )\T LEAD]S1 )\T DIRECTIVES FROM !IR TRADE UNION & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS2 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 H[EV]1 !SE SAME MASSES W]E 9CAPABLE ( ACT+ 9 OPPOSITION TO !IR LEAD]S1 & AGA9/ ! DIRECTIVES ( !IR TRADE UNION & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MAY #aicg DID NOT FALL \T ( ! CL\DS1 IT WAS ! RESULT ( ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+ & ! %ORTAGES ( /APLE FOODS & BASIC GOODS1 ( ! RESI/ANCE TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! CONTROL PATROLS & ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS1 BUT ABOVE ALL IT WAS DUE TO ! WORK+ CLASS (F5SIVE_/RESI/ANCE 9 ! 5T]PRISES1 ONE BY ONE1 TOTALLY ISOLAT$1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO CONSOLIDATE & EX]CISE CONTROL OV] ! PROCESS ( SOCIALIZ+ ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 9 CONFRONTATION ) ! LIQUIDATION ( ! 0CONQUE/S ( ,JULY04 ,! 0NORMALIZATION0 (F5SIVE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* S\O DECREES1 SIGN$ BY ,T>RADELLAS 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g1 IMPLI$ ! ELIM9ATION ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S0 & ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! LESSONS ?AT %\LD BE LE>N$ FROM ?IS >E EVID5TLY ! NE$ TO TOTALLY DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 TO DISSOLVE ITS =CES ( REPRESSION1 & TO E/ABLI% ! SOCIAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* ! AN>*I/S ORGANIZ$ 9 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ID5TIFI$ ) ! =MATION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 COMPOS$ ( ALL ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y BATTLES ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,MAY #aicg WAS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! ]RORS COMMITT$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,!RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 9 ,SPA91 BUT !RE WAS A PR(\ND & P[]FUL ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,A,C,T,I,V,I,T,Y ( ! WORK+ CLASS :I* SUPPRESS$ ! FASCI/ C\P1 \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 & :I* 9 ,MAY #aicg CONFRONT$ ,/AL9ISM1 AL?\< IT F9ALLY FAIL$ BECAUSE IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( CONFRONT+ ITS [N TRADE UNION & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 7! ,C,N,T & ,P,\,M71 :5 ! LATT] W]E DEF5D+ BO? ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ! PROGRAM ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,SPA9 BETWE5 ,JULY #aicf & ,MAY #aicg FAIL$1 & WAS TURN$ ASIDE FROM ITS CLASS GOALS T[>D ANTIFASCI/ GOALS1 DOES NOT OBVIATE ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,NO PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION HAS WON YET1 & ! FAILURE ( ! ,COMMUNE & ! SUCCESS ( ,/AL9ISM IS NO REFUTATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! ,COMMUNE & ,OCTOB]4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 )\T ! SEIZURE ( P[] & E/ABLI%M5T ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS C\LD NOT BUT FAIL1 & ?AT ALL ! COLLECTIVIZ+ EXP]I5CES W\LD BE CONDITION$ & DI/ORT$ BY ?IS ABS5CE ( ! SEIZURE ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]2 BUT IT IS NO LESS OBVI\S ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 5TAIL$ BY ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS1 ) ALL ( ITS LIMITATIONS1 WAS ! FRUIT ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,JULY4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL LESSON ( ! 0,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION0 7OR MORE PRECISELY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION7 IS ! 9ELUCTABLE NE$ = A VANGU>D ?AT W\LD DEF5D ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! TWO FIR/ /EPS ( :I* >E ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ORGANIZ$ 9 WORK]S C\NCILS1 :I* W\LD UNIFY & C5TRALIZE P[]4 ,BUT TO ASS]T ON ! BASIS ( !SE CONSID]ATIONS ?AT )\T A P>TY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION1 OR EV5 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 7AS ,BILAN1 ! ,I,C,C & ,ROB]T ,CAMO9 CLAIM7 REFLECTS ! LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT NOT ! P>TY1 BUT ! PROLET>IAT1 MAKES ! REVOLUTION1 AL?\< A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WILL 9EVITABLY FAIL IF !RE IS NO VANGU>D CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT 7AS ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI & ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,SECTION ( ,SPA9 UNSUCCESSFULLY ATTEMPT$ TO DO74 ,BILAN PUT ! C>T 9 FRONT ( ! HORSE4 ,! ANALYZES ( ?OSE :O ASS]T !IR CLAIM 0TO BE ! P>TY0 NEV] CEASE TO BE TRAGICOMIC2 !Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO SEE ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT IS UNFOLD+ RIE V]Y VALUABLE ) REG>D TO ITS D5UNCIATIONS ( ! WEAKNESSES & ]RORS ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS2 BUT !Y >E UN=TUNATE & PA!TIC :5 ITS ANALYSIS LEADS IT TO ! ABSURDITY ( D5Y+ ! REVOLUTION>Y & PROLET>IAN NATURE ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS EXP]I5C$ BY ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS BETWE5 ,JULY #aicf & ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,BILAN'S D5IAL ( ! EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION IS ! PRODUCT ( ITS ,L59I/1 TOTALIT>IAN & SUB/ITUTIONI/ CONCEPT ( ! P>TY3 IF !RE IS NO P>TY !RE IS NOT EV5 ! *ANCE = A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION TO >ISE1 REG>DLESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS D5IAL ( ! EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,CATALONIA 9 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g L$ ,BILAN TO ADVOCATE 7SOLELY ON ! !ORETICAL PLANE7 REACTION>Y POLITICAL POSITIONS SU* AS BREAK+ UP ! MILIT>Y FRONTS1 FRAT]NIZATION ) ! ,FRANCOI/ TROOPS1 CUTT+ (F WEAPONS TO ! REPUBLICAN TROOPS1 ETC4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+ ?AT ,BILAN1 OR MORE PRECISELY ! ,ITALIAN ,FRACTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT1 UND]W5T A SPLIT AS A RESULT ( OP5 DEBATE OV] ! NATURE & *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,TO SUMM>IZE3 IT IS TRUE ?AT )\T A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY OR VANGU>D1 A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WILL FAIL2 & ?IS IS ! LESSON ( ! ,SPANI% EXAMPLE & ! MAGNIFIC5T ANALYSIS ( ,BILAN4 ,BUT IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CANNOT >ISE IF A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,& ?IS CLAIM IS ! ONE ?AT L$ ,BILAN TO MAKE A FALSE ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION CREAT$ ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf 9 ,CATALONIA1 & ALSO EXPLA9S ITS FAILURE TO UND]/& ! EV5TS ?AT L$ ! PROLET>IAT TO 5GAGE 9 A SECOND REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#e4 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( %>$ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL POSITIONS ?AT ALL[ US TO DI/+UI%1 9 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i 9 ,SPA91 REVOLUTION>Y FROM RE=MI/1 B\RGEOIS OR C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS4 ,!SE POSITIONS1 :I* >E 9 ADDITION CLASS FRONTI]S1 >E BAS$ ON ! DEF5SE1 NOT JU/ !ORETICAL BUT ABOVE ALL ACTIVE & POLITICAL1 ( ! FOLL[+ PO9TS3 ,ADVOCATE ! NECESSITY ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE2 ,OPPOSITION TO POLITICAL COLLABORATION ) B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES2 ,ADVOCATE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SOCIAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT2 ,OPPOSITION TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS2 ,DEF5SE ( ! FUTURE ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]1 :I* >E USUALLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! COMMITTEES2 ,D5Y ! VALIDITY ( OR ANY FUTURE AT ALL = ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS )\T ! POLITICAL CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!SE COMMON D5OM9ATORS ?AT ID5TIFI$1 DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,W>1 ! REVOLUTION>Y AS OPPOS$ TO ! NON-REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 >E %>$1 ) GREAT] OR LESS] EMPHASIS ON ONE PO9T OR ANO!R1 & ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( !ORETICAL CL>ITY1 BY ,BALIUS & ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 ,JOSEP ,REBULL & ,CELL #gb ( ! ,P,\,M1 ,MUNIS & ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,SECTION ( ,SPA91 ,FOSCO & ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,GR\P 0,LE ,SOVIET01 AS WELL AS ! 7,BORDIGUI/7 MILITANTS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,FRACTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT1 :I* SPLIT AS A RESULT ( ITS 9T]NAL DEBATE CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ,W>4 ,! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS >E IMPORTANT1 & W]E ! \TCOME ( ! WEAKNESSES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ?AT TIME4 ,A RIGOR\S /UDY ( !SE GR\PS1 UNIMPAIR$ BY IDEOLOGICAL PREJUDICES1 :I* RE/RICT 9QUIRY TO LABEL+ &_/OR EMBALM+ !M AS AN>*I/1 ,TROTSKYI/1 ,BORDIGUI/ OR ,M>XI/1 AS WELL AS A CRITIQUE ( !IR ]RORS & ! DEFICI5CIES ( !IR POSITIONS IS R5D]$ IMP]ATIVE DUE TO ! LACK ( KN[L$GE CONC]N+ !SE ISSUES1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO MOVEM5T ) A FUTURE ?AT HAS NO KN[L$GE ( ITS PA/1 & ?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#f4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS NOT A FRATRICIDAL W>1 AS ! PROPAG&A ( ! ,FRANCOI/ DICTATOR%IP TAUS & WAS WE HAVE BE5 TOLD BY ! =MAL DEMOCRACY ( ! PO/-,FRANCO P]IOD = ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 BUT A W> ( EXT]M9ATION ( 0! R$S0 BY ! FASCI/S4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ NATIONALI/ ZONE1 FROM ,JULY TO ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 ! REBEL MILIT>Y IMPLEM5T$1 9 !IR LI ( EXT]M9ATION ( ! 5EMY1 ( AN >BITR>Y & CLASS NATURE & UTILIZ+ COLONIALI/ ME?ODS1 = ! PURPOSE ( S[+ T]ROR 9 A HO/ILE RE>GU>D & IMPOS+ POLITICAL CLEANS+1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ NEUTRAL ELEM5TS AS WELL AS POT5TIAL 5EMIES4 ,! GOAL WAS TO DE/ROY ! SOCIAL BASE ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T & ! LEFT W+ P>TIES4 ,?IS EXT]M9ATION PLAN1 C>EFULLY PLANN$ BE=E ! UPRIS+1 & JU/IFI$ BY ! NE$ TO 5SURE ! VICTORY ( A COLONIAL >MY ?AT CONFRONT$ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION ( ! C\NTRY1 WAS EXT5D$ NOT ONLY ?R\<\T ! ?REE YE>S ( W>F>E1 BUT WAS LEGALIZ$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 ! NEW ,FRANCOI/ /ATE4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#g4 ,! W> DID NOT 5D ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#c#i2 IT WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,VICTORY4 ,A ,VICTORY :OSE FIR/ PRIORITY WAS TO DE/ROY ! VANQUI%$ & QU5* ! ?IR/ = V5GEANCE ( ! VICTORS BY ASSUR+ !M TOTAL IMPUNITY4 ,AFT] A P]IOD ( MASS EXECUTIONS1 IMPRISONM5T & TORTURE ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( P]SONS1 A REGIME ( T]ROR WAS IMPOS$ 9 :I* ALL ( ,SPA9 BECAME ONE VA/ PRISON4 ,! ,FRANCOI/ /ATE WAS A G5OCIDAL /ATE1 IF WE DEF9E G5OCIDE AS ! CONDITION ( SY/EMATIC CRIM9ALIZATION ( A GR\P1 OR AS SY/EMATIC EXT]M9ATION ( A SOCIAL GR\P = RELIGI\S1 E?NIC OR POLITICAL REASONS4 ,! ESS5CE ( ! ,FRANCOI/ /ATE ?R\<\T ITS 5TIRE EXI/5CE1 & DESPITE ITS UNQUE/IONABLE EVOLUTION OV] ! C\RSE ( ! YE>S1 WAS ! P]SECUTION1 REPRESSION & EXT]M9ATION ( ! 0R$S01 A CONCEPT ?AT WAS P>TICUL>LY APPLI$ TO ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 BUT ALSO TO ! MILITANTS ( ALL ! LEFTI/1 REPUBLICAN OR LIB]AL P>TIES1 AS WELL AS ANYONE :O 5GAG$ 9 ! M]E DEF5SE ( ! MO/ BASIC DEMOCRATIC RI ( EXT]M9ATION WAG$ AGA9/ ! R$S BY ! NATIONALI/ BLOC & ! ,FRANCOI/ G5OCIDAL /ATE W]E NOT D5\NC$ AS SU* DUR+ ! ,TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY4 ,! PO/-,FRANCOI/ HEIRS GRANT$ AN AMNE/Y TO ! POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ,FRANCOISM = A H&FUL ( CRIMES ?AT W]E ONLY CRIMES BECAUSE !Y HAD BE5 LEGISLAT$ AS SU* BY ! G5OCIDAL ,FRANCOI/ /ATE4 ,! PACT BETWE5 ,FRANCOISM & ANTI-,FRANCOISM ALSO IMPOS$ ANO!R AMNE/Y3 AN AMNESIA REG>D+ ! PA/4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO EXPOSE ! NOTORI\S G5OCIDAL ACTS & TO LOCATE & ID5TIFY ! REMA9S ( ?OSE %OT OR DISAPPE>$ 9 MASS GRAVES W]E 9T]RUPT$ BY ! ATTEMPT$ C\P D'ETAT ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #a#i#h#a4 ,! FUTURE ( ! DEMOCRACY1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL /ABILITY & ECONOMIC PROGRESS ( ! C\NTRY SEEM$ TO BE DEP5D5T ON ! =GETT+ ( HI/ORY & ( ! ,FRANCOI/ G5OCIDE AS WELL AS ON ! R5UNCIATION ( ANY ATTEMPT TO ID5TIFY ! BODIES ( ?OSE :O W]E MURD]$ & BURI$ 9 MASS GRAVES1 & EV5 ! M]E MEMORY ( ! LOCATION ( !SE GRAVES4 ,! FE> ( ! VANQUI%$ WAS PROLONG$ 9 ! =M ( ! FE> ( ! *ILDR5 ( ! VANQUI%$1 :I* CONT9U$ TO PREVAIL 9 ?IS CURI\S 0VIGILANT & 5DANG]$0 DEMOCRACY4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS NICELY WRAPP$ UP4 ,!SIS NO4 #b#i4 ,G5OCIDE & CRIMES AGA9/ HUMANITY1 H[EV]1 >E NOT SUBJECT TO ANY /ATUE ( LIMITATIONS4 ,! ,FRANCOI/ G5OCIDE CANNOT BE =GOTT54 ,IT IS NO LONG] A MATT] ( PROSECUT+ 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ( ! RI*IVAL MAT]IALS4 ,IT IS A MATT] ( V9DICAT+ ! MEMORY ( ?OSE :O W]E DISAPPE>$1 ASSASS9AT$1 %OT & ?R[N 9TO MASS GRAVES1 ! EXILES & ALL ?OSE FI1 :OM ! ,FRANCOI/ /ATE S\Y1 REACTION>Y B\RGEOISIE1 BIG L&[N]S1 ,FALANGI/S & ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,IT IS ALSO AB\T DE/ROY+ OR TRANS=M+ ?OSE PLACES1 MONUM5TS OR PLAQUES ?AT COMMEMORATE FASCI/ CRIMES & W> CRIMES4 ,ESPECIALLY ! 0,WALL ( ?OSE :O ,DI$ = ,GOD & ,SPA901 BUILT BY 5SLAV$ PRISON]S ( W>4 ,& IT IS ABOVE ALL AB\T RECOV]+ HI/ORICAL MEMORY & UNCOV]+ CONCEPTS ?AT HAVE BE5 HIDD5 UND] ! FLOOD ( FASCI/ & CL]ICAL PROPAG&A3 ,! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> WAS NOT A FRATRICIDAL W>1 BETWE5 BRO!RS3 IT WAS A W> ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ ! 0R$S02 ,ACADEMIC DEBATES AB\T :E!R ! ,FRANCO DICTATOR%IP WAS A FASCI/ OR AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME >E ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE2 9 ANY EV5T IT WAS A G5OCIDAL /ATE1 BAS$ ON NO?+ BUT ! VICTORY ( ! MILIT>Y1 ! CL]GY & ! FASCI/S 9 A W> AGA9/ ! PEOPLE & ! WORK+ CLASS2 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* SUFF]$ FROM RELIGI\S P]SECUTION 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE DUR+ ! FIR/ T5 MON?S ( ! W> ?AT PRODUC$ A TOTAL ( SEV5 ?\S& M>TYRS 7:O HAVE N[ BE5 BEATIFI$72 BUT IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT IT WAS AN ACTIVE & T]RIBLE ACCOMPLICE1 NECESS>Y & 9DISP5SABLE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! W>1 9 ITS *>ACT] AS A W> ( EXT]M9ATION & 9 ! SUBSEQU5T G5OCIDE ( ! DEFEAT$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/ /ATE4 ,IT WAS A M>TYR = T5 MON?S & EXECUTION] = =TY YE>S4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,!SES ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CREAT$ ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,!SES ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CREAT$ ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/